Stefano Brusaporci
Stefano Brusaporci is Associate Professor of Architectural Representation, Drawing, Survey, and Modeling at the University of L’Aquila (Italy) - Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering. He graduated with honours in Building Engineering, and he is a PhD in "Conservation, Planning and Preservation of Settlements and Territorial Contexts of Elevated Environmental and Landscape Value". He is teacher of Architectural Representation and he has been teacher of Computer Graphics. He is a member of the scientific society U.I.D. (Italian Union for Drawing). His research fields are: Surveying and historical-critical analysis of architecture and historical urban contexts; Surveying, classification, documentation, interpretation, communication, and enhancement of architectonical heritage; Digital surveying, 3D modeling, computer based visualization, integrated information systems for architectural and urban heritage.
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the realization of L’Aquila Smart City (Italy). Its realization roots on the possibly given by the realization of a smart tunnel with a net of optical fibers and by 5G mobile networking. This system of real time and diffused data computing and transmission allows the project of a ubiquitous Augmented Reality (AR) application. It favors the relationship between buildings and urban spaces with different kind of information, mainly of visual nature, such as 3D models, images, videos, texts. This interdisciplinary study gives the opportunity to develop a theoretical and methodological reflection on AR as mixed-media and on the relation that it establishes between tangible heritage and information, also in relation with the current post-digital approach to cultural heritage.
The Handbook of Research on Emerging Digital Tools for Architectural Surveying, Modeling, and Representation presents expansive coverage on the latest trends and digital solutions being applied to architectural heritage. Spanning two volumes of research-based content, this publication is an all-encompassing reference source for scholars, IT professionals, engineers, architects, and business managers interested in current methodologies, concepts, and instruments being used in the field of architecture.
CASE STUDIES IN ABRUZZO
English abstract
Between Thirties and Forties many social buildings were realized in Italy, according to an ethical and propagandist policy of modernization and new mass society creation, made by fascist government.
Usually these buildings are related to initiatives of historical cities’ renewal; elsewhere, when isolated interventions, often they direct the urban development.
The social buildings wanted to be new directional and service centers for community. It follows specific formal and typological issues. In particular social buildings had to be able to arrange many different activities, such as gyms and parade halls; libraries; cinemas; refectories; didactic, free-time, social and health assistance services rooms; bathrooms and showers, etc. last but not least political offices.
The intellectual had strong controversy about the definition of the best and most functional architectural language to built and to represent the government. The debate focused on the role of the architecture in country reorganization; the relationship between “modernity” and “tradition” was essential, although interpreted in different ways, accordingly to the themes of “monumentality” and of "classic esprit”.
In social buildings definition, the rule of the public bodies was very important. They assigned the tasks and developed standards, manuals and typologies. At the same time public bodies checked the projects according to functional and economical standards. In general this centralized contracting system not ever meant homologation. Rather the Balilla National Organization, especially under Moretti direction, proposed some of the most interesting examples of Italian rationalism. The same happened for the Fascist Houses, where the public competition favoured the experimentation. Practically the government didn’t express any preference about the architectonical buildings’ style: mainly it was interested in buildings’ ideological and social value. Also the aim of “monumentality” could be reached both with eclectic or rational architectonical language.
About the constructive systems the theme of “tradition” combined with the one of “nationality” and “autarchy”. The autarchy also suggested the returning to traditional constructive technique, this aspect supported also by political and economic reasons. So masonries were the most diffused, many times coupled with concrete systems. The use of concrete and steel was essentials to realise floors larger than the traditional ones. Sometimes the structure was hidden into masonries, without correlation between structure and architectural language as in international rationalism. So techniques could be used independently by figurative settings.
The local situation was similar to the national one: not only different styles and techniques, but often the same building presented complex influences. As in the whole country, in Abruzzo many buildings were realised. Architects, planning buildings in provincial region, free from constraints of greater representative context, enjoyed greater freedom, experimenting solutions of particular value. The buildings are expression of a transition period where the renewal is implemented in continuity.
The research is related to studies on traditional building techniques, made by Architecture and Town Planning Department of L'Aquila University.
The territory of the south side of Gran Sasso is defined by the synthesis of geo-morphological characteristic and men's
modifications. Different buildings' kinds can be correlated to the process of "fortification", as walled towns, enclosure-walls, towers, castles, strongholds, fortified palaces, castle-residences. These structures are characterized by historical stratification, frequently by notable transformative processes connected to the reuse as habitations. The stratification, witness element of historical and architectonical values, make the direct inquire determinant, especially for the scarcity of docuniental data.
If we take in consideration technological characteristics, the study of masonry is based on the analysis of stone's material, of morphology, working and size of components, on modality of assembly. Nevertheless masonries have aesthetical qualities, especially if they are not plastered. The architecture is characterized by its own materials. The oriental region presents compact lime stones, the west region marls; sometimes there are sandstones. The stones have different colours: the lime stones are white, beige, pink and red; the marls are grey, ochre and brown. The colours of the historical cities are often related to other factors, such as biological crusts.
The kind of stones used in masonry shows that usually the quarry is near the building. Ancient rornan buildings have often been used as caves; the use of ancient stones concerns all the greatest factories of the territory.
The morphology of the stones is connected to the characteristics of the material and to the submitted works.
It's proposed a classification of the stone's elements, based on the kind of materials, morphology, dimensions and finishing.
The region is poor of clayey grounds, so the use of bricks is limited. They are used as inserts in masonries. Near the ancient roman buildings, perhaps the bricks originate from the ruins.
The mortars are entirely constituted by calcium carbonate, with aggregates produced by shattering the stones in site. We can fìnd better gradation-curves in religious buildings.
We have the following kinds of stone's assemblage: irregular, with irregular courses, with doubled or convergent courses,
with undulated courses, with sub-horizontal courses, with horizontal and parallel courses. Parameters for the individualization
of classes of hangings are: the kind of stone material; the kind of element; the dimensions and morphology of the elements; their finishing; the kind of assemblage.
The nucleuses of masonries can be divided in four classes: nucleuses made with elements inserted among tlie hangings; nucleuses
with constipated material; nucleuses with casting of the elements; masonries with a cut-stone's facing of the wall.
The masonries are classifìed according to the hangings and to the kind of nucleus.
Through a comparative analysis, the classification allows to indicate affinity among the masonries of different buildings.
The definition of masonry's kinds and the construction of a comparative matrix, give the possibility to compare masonries, locations and chronological data.
Analyzing the variation of the stones dimension for the so called apparecchio aquilano, we can indicate a reduction of their dimensions from the XII century to the beginning of the XIII century; the ineasures are constant or decrease during the XIII
century; they are constant or increase from the end of the XIII century. The chronological matrix indicates that masonries made with irregular stones are datable among the XIII and the XIV century; masonries made with regular draft stones are present from the XII to the XIV century; masonries made with small ashlars persist from the XI century to the XIV century; the typologies in cut-stones are attested around the XI-XIII century.
Papers
is to offer a critical reflection on characteristics of architectural heritage and how digital heritage has influenced the discipline, to define references on which root interdisciplinary collaboration, underline peculiar aspects and suggest critical approaches for a wise use of digital tools, foster the study of experiences made in different fields, and support a useful collaboration between researchers of different fields.
The “Colonia” offers a scheme and a settlement typical of hospital buildings, such as the “Ospedale Civile” in Bolzano (1934) of the same author. Between the end of the Sixties and the beginning of the Seventies of the XX century, the building was modified to become university center. Today it still presents the serious damages caused by the earthquake of 2009.
The integrated surveying made by laser-scanning allows the realization of a restitutive complex model of the current state, and of a reconstructive model of the building as it was at its inauguration. According to the volumetric and distributive articulation, the models favor the study and understanding of typological and spatial characteristics of the building. The paper focuses on the use of complex 3-D models for the historical-architectural and typological analysis as well as for the restoration project.
Several researches aim to realize BIMs from surveying data – in particular point clouds – collected using laser scanning, photogrammetry or other traditional survey instruments (HBIM). Other works focus on BIM in order to support the information management during the investigation and the restoration phases (BHIM - Built Heritage Information Modeling).
According to this line, this research deals with the opportunity of collecting and managing not only the geometric-dimensional data, but also the huge quantity of historical and recent documents related to built heritage. Indeed, documentation includes many heterogeneous and critical aspects and information, such as drawings, images, or digital models, or analysis on construction materials and technologies, surface degradation, historical building phases, building conservation state, etc.
The paper proposes an approach for architectural heritage documentation and safeguard, with the aim to improve BIM potentiality for information computing. BIM model – according to its semantization – is related to an information system and, in this way, 3-D modeling and database modeling are the two sides of a Complex Model for the knowledge of historical buildings.
Keywords: BIM; Architectural Heritage; Database; Documentation.
Aim of the paper is to present a study on BIM as tool both for 3D and archival data and information management and analysis, correlating the 3D model with a dedicated digital archive. Therefore 3D modeling and database modeling are developed symmetrically, according to a common semantization organization and levels of detail.
the realization of L’Aquila Smart City (Italy). Its realization roots on the possibly given by the realization of a smart tunnel with a net of optical fibers and by 5G mobile networking. This system of real time and diffused data computing and transmission allows the project of a ubiquitous Augmented Reality (AR) application. It favors the relationship between buildings and urban spaces with different kind of information, mainly of visual nature, such as 3D models, images, videos, texts. This interdisciplinary study gives the opportunity to develop a theoretical and methodological reflection on AR as mixed-media and on the relation that it establishes between tangible heritage and information, also in relation with the current post-digital approach to cultural heritage.
The Handbook of Research on Emerging Digital Tools for Architectural Surveying, Modeling, and Representation presents expansive coverage on the latest trends and digital solutions being applied to architectural heritage. Spanning two volumes of research-based content, this publication is an all-encompassing reference source for scholars, IT professionals, engineers, architects, and business managers interested in current methodologies, concepts, and instruments being used in the field of architecture.
CASE STUDIES IN ABRUZZO
English abstract
Between Thirties and Forties many social buildings were realized in Italy, according to an ethical and propagandist policy of modernization and new mass society creation, made by fascist government.
Usually these buildings are related to initiatives of historical cities’ renewal; elsewhere, when isolated interventions, often they direct the urban development.
The social buildings wanted to be new directional and service centers for community. It follows specific formal and typological issues. In particular social buildings had to be able to arrange many different activities, such as gyms and parade halls; libraries; cinemas; refectories; didactic, free-time, social and health assistance services rooms; bathrooms and showers, etc. last but not least political offices.
The intellectual had strong controversy about the definition of the best and most functional architectural language to built and to represent the government. The debate focused on the role of the architecture in country reorganization; the relationship between “modernity” and “tradition” was essential, although interpreted in different ways, accordingly to the themes of “monumentality” and of "classic esprit”.
In social buildings definition, the rule of the public bodies was very important. They assigned the tasks and developed standards, manuals and typologies. At the same time public bodies checked the projects according to functional and economical standards. In general this centralized contracting system not ever meant homologation. Rather the Balilla National Organization, especially under Moretti direction, proposed some of the most interesting examples of Italian rationalism. The same happened for the Fascist Houses, where the public competition favoured the experimentation. Practically the government didn’t express any preference about the architectonical buildings’ style: mainly it was interested in buildings’ ideological and social value. Also the aim of “monumentality” could be reached both with eclectic or rational architectonical language.
About the constructive systems the theme of “tradition” combined with the one of “nationality” and “autarchy”. The autarchy also suggested the returning to traditional constructive technique, this aspect supported also by political and economic reasons. So masonries were the most diffused, many times coupled with concrete systems. The use of concrete and steel was essentials to realise floors larger than the traditional ones. Sometimes the structure was hidden into masonries, without correlation between structure and architectural language as in international rationalism. So techniques could be used independently by figurative settings.
The local situation was similar to the national one: not only different styles and techniques, but often the same building presented complex influences. As in the whole country, in Abruzzo many buildings were realised. Architects, planning buildings in provincial region, free from constraints of greater representative context, enjoyed greater freedom, experimenting solutions of particular value. The buildings are expression of a transition period where the renewal is implemented in continuity.
The research is related to studies on traditional building techniques, made by Architecture and Town Planning Department of L'Aquila University.
The territory of the south side of Gran Sasso is defined by the synthesis of geo-morphological characteristic and men's
modifications. Different buildings' kinds can be correlated to the process of "fortification", as walled towns, enclosure-walls, towers, castles, strongholds, fortified palaces, castle-residences. These structures are characterized by historical stratification, frequently by notable transformative processes connected to the reuse as habitations. The stratification, witness element of historical and architectonical values, make the direct inquire determinant, especially for the scarcity of docuniental data.
If we take in consideration technological characteristics, the study of masonry is based on the analysis of stone's material, of morphology, working and size of components, on modality of assembly. Nevertheless masonries have aesthetical qualities, especially if they are not plastered. The architecture is characterized by its own materials. The oriental region presents compact lime stones, the west region marls; sometimes there are sandstones. The stones have different colours: the lime stones are white, beige, pink and red; the marls are grey, ochre and brown. The colours of the historical cities are often related to other factors, such as biological crusts.
The kind of stones used in masonry shows that usually the quarry is near the building. Ancient rornan buildings have often been used as caves; the use of ancient stones concerns all the greatest factories of the territory.
The morphology of the stones is connected to the characteristics of the material and to the submitted works.
It's proposed a classification of the stone's elements, based on the kind of materials, morphology, dimensions and finishing.
The region is poor of clayey grounds, so the use of bricks is limited. They are used as inserts in masonries. Near the ancient roman buildings, perhaps the bricks originate from the ruins.
The mortars are entirely constituted by calcium carbonate, with aggregates produced by shattering the stones in site. We can fìnd better gradation-curves in religious buildings.
We have the following kinds of stone's assemblage: irregular, with irregular courses, with doubled or convergent courses,
with undulated courses, with sub-horizontal courses, with horizontal and parallel courses. Parameters for the individualization
of classes of hangings are: the kind of stone material; the kind of element; the dimensions and morphology of the elements; their finishing; the kind of assemblage.
The nucleuses of masonries can be divided in four classes: nucleuses made with elements inserted among tlie hangings; nucleuses
with constipated material; nucleuses with casting of the elements; masonries with a cut-stone's facing of the wall.
The masonries are classifìed according to the hangings and to the kind of nucleus.
Through a comparative analysis, the classification allows to indicate affinity among the masonries of different buildings.
The definition of masonry's kinds and the construction of a comparative matrix, give the possibility to compare masonries, locations and chronological data.
Analyzing the variation of the stones dimension for the so called apparecchio aquilano, we can indicate a reduction of their dimensions from the XII century to the beginning of the XIII century; the ineasures are constant or decrease during the XIII
century; they are constant or increase from the end of the XIII century. The chronological matrix indicates that masonries made with irregular stones are datable among the XIII and the XIV century; masonries made with regular draft stones are present from the XII to the XIV century; masonries made with small ashlars persist from the XI century to the XIV century; the typologies in cut-stones are attested around the XI-XIII century.
is to offer a critical reflection on characteristics of architectural heritage and how digital heritage has influenced the discipline, to define references on which root interdisciplinary collaboration, underline peculiar aspects and suggest critical approaches for a wise use of digital tools, foster the study of experiences made in different fields, and support a useful collaboration between researchers of different fields.
The “Colonia” offers a scheme and a settlement typical of hospital buildings, such as the “Ospedale Civile” in Bolzano (1934) of the same author. Between the end of the Sixties and the beginning of the Seventies of the XX century, the building was modified to become university center. Today it still presents the serious damages caused by the earthquake of 2009.
The integrated surveying made by laser-scanning allows the realization of a restitutive complex model of the current state, and of a reconstructive model of the building as it was at its inauguration. According to the volumetric and distributive articulation, the models favor the study and understanding of typological and spatial characteristics of the building. The paper focuses on the use of complex 3-D models for the historical-architectural and typological analysis as well as for the restoration project.
Several researches aim to realize BIMs from surveying data – in particular point clouds – collected using laser scanning, photogrammetry or other traditional survey instruments (HBIM). Other works focus on BIM in order to support the information management during the investigation and the restoration phases (BHIM - Built Heritage Information Modeling).
According to this line, this research deals with the opportunity of collecting and managing not only the geometric-dimensional data, but also the huge quantity of historical and recent documents related to built heritage. Indeed, documentation includes many heterogeneous and critical aspects and information, such as drawings, images, or digital models, or analysis on construction materials and technologies, surface degradation, historical building phases, building conservation state, etc.
The paper proposes an approach for architectural heritage documentation and safeguard, with the aim to improve BIM potentiality for information computing. BIM model – according to its semantization – is related to an information system and, in this way, 3-D modeling and database modeling are the two sides of a Complex Model for the knowledge of historical buildings.
Keywords: BIM; Architectural Heritage; Database; Documentation.
Aim of the paper is to present a study on BIM as tool both for 3D and archival data and information management and analysis, correlating the 3D model with a dedicated digital archive. Therefore 3D modeling and database modeling are developed symmetrically, according to a common semantization organization and levels of detail.
Architectural Heritage. Moving from topics of transparency and from the experiences in using paradata
in different fields to state model’s source, the degree of reliability of virtual re-constructions, and to made
the digital model testable by other professionals, transparency and paradata are studied and declined
for a dedicated application to historical buildings. In fact paradata is useful for model’s design, use,
management, diffusion, archiving, and interoperability. This according to an aim of model’s intellectual
transparency, and scientific computing and visualization of historic buildings. Follows issues about: the
relationship between physical and digital heritage, the design of the digital 3D model and the database,
the communication of transparency through spatial visualizations and multiple windowed representations,
the transparency as possible methodological workflow for scientific analysis.
digital tools are used indifferently and simultaneously in dissimilar research fields, and scholars of different fields work and publish together. A clear definition of the ontologies, principles and procedures for advanced surveying, modeling, and visualization could allow the interdisciplinary collaboration.
But cornerstone is the awareness of the disciplinary characteristics of the architectural heritage’s issues for its critical digital representation.