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Centuries of charcoal making has profoundly shaped European mountain forest ecosystems. However, it remains difficult to assess this impact due to a lack of knowledge about the full operational sequence and related silvicultural systems.... more
Centuries of charcoal making has profoundly shaped European mountain forest ecosystems. However, it remains difficult to assess this impact due to a lack of knowledge about the full operational sequence and related silvicultural systems. To accurately reconstruct such practices and shed light on the resulting legacies, we carried out an interdisciplinary study in the Bernadouze forest, a 46 ha mountain forest of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the French Pyrenees. We performed a multi-proxy analysis of 7990 charcoal fragments from 28 charcoal kilns to assess the long-term changes in forest composition and structure, but also in harvesting practices and related silvicultural systems. In addition, we assessed the legacy of such practices on the forest’s main features, by evaluating the biodiversity on 13 one-hectare plots using the Index of Potential Biodiversity (IBP). The 18 radiocarbon dates showed that charcoal making took place at least from the 9th-10th c. to the 19th-20th c. Beech and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) were the main species used. We discerned sustainable silvicultural practices performed over the centuries without significant change. Charcoal burners harvested well calibrated wood pieces mostly from the end of the growing season until the early spring, and charred after a seasoning period. The forest was managed as a beech coppice with fir standard before being progressively transformed, between the mid 15th-mid 17th c. period, into a monospecific beech coppice, probably treated in a coppice selection system. While this management allowed forest cover to be continuously sustained, it also resulted in the homogeneity of the forest today, both in composition and structure, and led to low hosting capacity for biodiversity. Nevertheless, this ancient forest, which constitutes a high biocultural legacy due to immemorial use rights, needs dedicated management.
Human activities have profoundly transformed mountain woodland landscapes, particularly in the Pyrenees where they have intensified and diversified since the Bronze Age. Quantification of the role played by past practices with regard to... more
Human activities have profoundly transformed mountain woodland landscapes, particularly in the Pyrenees where they have
intensified and diversified since the Bronze Age. Quantification of the role played by past practices with regard to woodland
cover is critical for accurate assessment of how ongoing global environmental change may affect its dynamics in the future.
A local study was made of charcoal remains from an ancient charcoal-making woodland (ca. 30 ha), the forêt de Bernadouze,
located on a north-facing slope in the Vicdessos valley in the French central Pyrenees. This valley is well known as having
had a long history of human influence related to pastoralism, iron ore mining and smelting. A total of 1,695 charcoal pieces
from soils in three sampling pits were extracted, identified, quantified and dated in order to identify tree canopy openings
and patterns of change in the woodland driven by past human uses. The results provide new and original insights regarding
1, the past higher biodiversity and the ancient character of the forêt de Bernadouze, 2, the dynamics and history of the main
trees and 3, successive phases of human activity. We show that the current woodland has resulted from several millennia of
human activities such as pasturing and use of the wood for making charcoal. From the Bronze Age, humans have progressively
transformed a natural fir-dominated woodland into a managed beech-dominated one, and caused the elimination of
Taxus baccata L. (yew).
Since 1998, a multi-disciplinary research programme has been underway in the southern French Alps, under the direction of Kevin Walsh (Depart. of Archaeology, University of York) and Florence Mocci (Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS... more
Since 1998, a multi-disciplinary research programme has been underway in the southern French Alps, under the direction of Kevin Walsh (Depart. of Archaeology, University of York) and Florence Mocci (Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS -Université de la Méditerranée). Concentrating on the Argentiérois area (Hautes-Alpes), it studies settlement and economy from the prehistoric period to the Middle Ages. Ten phases of activity between 1600 and 2700 metres have been identified as a result of prospections and excavations. However, four major phases of activity stand out: the Mesolithic, the Neolithic, the Bronze Age and the Mediaeval period. Integrating both archaeological and environmental evidence, this article presents the development of an exploited landscape, as well as the originality and the importance of human activity, from the late glacial period to the beginning of Antiquity. The Mesolithic is linked to seasonal exploration, essentially hunting activities in high altitude areas which are accessible since the end of the glacial period. The Neolithic and the Bronze Age are characterised by an increase in the number of sites that represent a change in the exploitation of the mountain zone. The landscape is affected by human activities that include the use of cultivated zones and the development of alpine pastures. Since the beginning of the Bronze Age, one important development is the appearance of pastoral structures between 2067 and 2303 metres, dated by 14C.
Des programmes de recherche pluridisciplinaires sur l’occupation du sol et le pastoralisme de la Préhistoire au Moyen Âge dans le sud du massif alpin sont menés, depuis 1998, sur les massifs du Haut Champsaur, de Freissinières et de... more
Des programmes de recherche pluridisciplinaires sur l’occupation du sol et le pastoralisme de la Préhistoire au Moyen Âge dans le sud du massif alpin sont menés, depuis 1998, sur les massifs du Haut Champsaur, de Freissinières et de l’Argentièrois (Hautes-Alpes). Des dix phases d’occupation et d'activité agropastorale mises en évidence (prospections pédestres et fouilles), entre 1 600 et 2 700 m d’altitude, trois se distinguent : la fin du Néolithique, l’âge du Bronze et la période médiévale. Au travers des premières données archéologiques et environnementales, cet article présente, depuis le milieu du IIIe millénaire au début du Ier millénaire, les grandes caractéristiques de l’occupation du sol mais aussi l’originalité et l’importance de l’activité humaine dans cette zone alpine. La fin du Néolithique et l’âge du Bronze correspondent à une multiplication des gisements archéologiques marquant de façon évidente une rupture dans la gestion de l'espace montagnard. Les paysages sont largement façonnés par les activités humaines et l’entretien des terres cultivées, des prairies et des alpages, paraît continu. À la lumière des données de terrain, l’une des évolutions qui apparaît sur les sites d’altitude durant cette période concerne l’apparition de structures pastorales bâties entre 2 067 et 2 303 m d’altitude (datation 14C).
Le gisement de mégafossiles ligneux de Bourret est le plus important identifié à ce jour en vallée de Garonne. La datation 14C de 8 des 17 troncs subfossiles de Quercus extraits s’échelonne entre 8 300 et 4 200 ans cal. BP. Elles... more
Le gisement de mégafossiles ligneux de Bourret est le plus important identifié à ce jour en vallée de Garonne. La datation 14C de 8 des 17 troncs subfossiles de Quercus extraits s’échelonne entre 8 300 et 4 200 ans cal. BP. Elles attestent du caractère partiellement remanié du gisement. Certains de ces bois ont subi une ou des phases de stockage temporaire d’une durée comprise entre 4 100 et 1 000 ans avant d’être incorporés définitivement dans la basse plaine. Les bois les plus anciens ont donc connu une histoire complexe comportant une phase d’injection dans le chenal, de stockage dans des unités intermédiaires, puis une érosion et une nouvelle phase de dépôt avec la charge de fond. Les bois les plus jeunes résultent quant à eux d’une injection directe depuis la ripisylve dans le système fluvial. L’agrégation des dates obtenues sur ce site et sur les sites découverts antérieurement s’organisent en 3 agrégats (env. 8 200, 5 200 et 4 200 ans cal. BP). Ceci suggère que l’injection des bois dans le système fluvial est liée à des phases de forte activité hydrosédimentaire. Le synchronisme avec les Rapid Climate Changes (RCC) suggère un contrôle climatique sur ce processus, ce qui nous amène à proposer un schéma conceptuel de formation des gisements de bois fossiles.
Recent changes in the fluvial dynamics of the middle Garonne river (SW France) are approached by combining historical maps and data field (cores and Electrical Resistivity Tomographies – ERT). This study is carried out at the scale of a 5... more
Recent changes in the fluvial dynamics of the middle Garonne river (SW France) are approached by combining historical maps and data field (cores and Electrical Resistivity Tomographies – ERT). This study is carried out at the scale of a 5 km length reach in the Grenades-Ondes area, 22.5 km N-NW of Toulouse. The results retrace the changes of the system over a period of about one millennium. These results show a significant modification between: 1) a state of reduced hydro-dynamism during the central Middle-Age (XIth XIIIth centuries AD); 2) a revival in the fluvial dynamics during the modern period, related to the Little Ice Age (early XIXth century); and 3) a current trend to contraction and simplification of the channel, started from the mid-nineteenth century, probably as a result of combined effects of local human and hydro geomorphological factors and a decrease in major flood related to the end of the LIA.
A large amount of well-preserved timbers was found during several archaeological excavations of the Faravel mining site (Southern French Alps, between 1950- and 2150m a.s.l.). 232 of these timbers were sampled for dendrochronological... more
A large amount of well-preserved timbers was found during several archaeological excavations of the Faravel mining site (Southern French Alps, between 1950- and 2150m a.s.l.). 232 of these timbers were sampled for dendrochronological analysis and 67% of them were dated. These 156 larch (Larix decidua Mill.) series, crossdated against existing reference chronologies, were averaged for a site chronology spanning from 777 to 1243. From this dataset, 33 timbers with (almost) complete sapwood allowed us to obtain tree felling years with seasonal resolution. The chronological distribution of these felling years highlights nine distinct mining phases that occurred between 1059 and 1243, revealing a discontinuous exploitation of the study site during the medieval period. In addition, the presence of late wood in the vast majority of complete samples, demonstrates that logging mainly occurred during late fall and early winter. These results, combined with historical, palynological and archaeological investigations, plead for short, seasonal, and low-intensity, mining campaigns, mainly carried out after the bulk of agropastoral activities using rudimentary techniques with limited impact on the forest cover.
L’habitat protohistorique de Cuciurpula est implanté à flanc de montagne, à une altitude de 1000 m, au coeur de la province de l’Alta Rocca, dans le sud de la Corse. Initiée en 2008, sa fouille révèle la plus importante unité villageoise... more
L’habitat protohistorique de Cuciurpula est implanté à flanc de montagne, à une altitude de 1000 m, au coeur de la province de l’Alta Rocca, dans le sud de la Corse. Initiée en 2008, sa fouille révèle la plus importante unité villageoise connue dans l’île pour cette époque avec près d’une quarantaine d’habitations répertoriées sur un espace couvrant plusieurs hectares. Leur chronologie s’étire entre les VIIIe et VIe siècles avant J.-C. Sont développés ici les aspects liés à l’exploitation des ressources végétales selon diverses perspectives. En premier lieu, il s’agit de présenter les témoins d’utilisation de bois de gros calibre pour la réalisation des charpentes. En second lieu, les résultats d’une étude anthracologique préliminaire concernant des charbons de bois issus du combustible domestique sont exposés. Ils renseignent sur certaines activités du quotidien et contribuent à documenter de façon partielle le milieu végétal proche. Les adhésifs utilisés pour la réparation de la vaisselle sont ensuite évoqués. Enfin, nous concluons par une étude de l’évolution pédologique des horizons sédimentaires, rythmée par l’intensité du charbonnage dans le massif, depuis la fin du Moyen Âge jusqu’aux années 1940.
Dans les Alpes méridionales françaises, les premiers témoignages d’une présence humaine reconnus dès la Préhistoire s’inscrivent au sein de programmes de recherche pluridisciplinaires et diachroniques portant sur les hauts massifs de... more
Dans les Alpes méridionales françaises, les premiers témoignages d’une présence humaine reconnus dès la Préhistoire s’inscrivent au sein de programmes de recherche pluridisciplinaires et diachroniques portant sur les hauts massifs de l’Argentiérois et du Champsaur dans le Parc National des Ecrins (Hautes-Alpes) et de l’Ubaye dans le Parc national du Mercantour (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). Corrélant données archéologiques et paléoenvironnementales d’altitude, ces travaux révèlent plus particulièrement, entre 2067 et 2359 m d’altitude, dès la seconde moitié du III e millénaire et au cours du II e millénaire BC (fin du Néolithique
final-âge du Bronze), l’apparition successive de structures pastorales bâties datées par 14C. Durant cette période, les paysages sont largement façonnés par les activités humaines ; l’entretien des terres et des alpages paraît continu et le milieu, exploité de manière durable.
This paper focuses on past woodland changes and land uses in an ancient mining area of the Eastern Pyrenees (Ariège, France). The area discussed is located at the western entrance of the Vicdessos, a valley with significant steel... more
This paper focuses on past woodland changes and land uses in an ancient mining area of the Eastern Pyrenees (Ariège, France). The area discussed is located at the western entrance of the Vicdessos, a valley with significant steel production, and it is crossed by the road used from the 14th c. to the end of the 18th c. for the iron-charcoal exchange with the forest Province of Couserans. The introduction of this singular exchange and the silver ore mining history of this border area raise the question of their impact on forest cover changes and changes in human practices and their link with anthropisation processes. To deal with this issue, we put in place an interdisciplinary approach involving archaeology, charcoal analysis, ecological history and geochemistry. The archaeological investigations and fourteen radiocarbon ages allowed characterising and dating of mining and charcoal-making remains. They situate the emergence of metal ore mining during the Second Iron Age and charcoal making activity between the 15th and 17th c. The geochemical analysis of 9 galena samples showed some different isotopic signatures between ores extracted in ancient times and those mined during the modern period. The charcoal analysis of (i) 2442 charcoals from 31 charcoal kilns (ii) 500 from one pedoarchaeological pit excavated in a waste heap related to firesetting, and (iii) 250 from two pedoanthracological sampling points carried out in the charcoal burning forest, permits a detailed reconstruction of the woodland cover changes from the Second Iron Age to the 19th c. Furthermore, the combination of data from different disciplines allows for a long-term reconstruction of human practices history and woodland management for different uses. In particular, the results show the transformation of the fir-beech forest, still dominated by fir around the turn of the Roman era, into pure beech wood managed on northern slopes for human daily needs, occasionally mining, lumber and mainly charcoal production until the 19th c. The elimination of fir dates back to the 17th c. This assumes the end of lumber activities in that period. Pedoanthracological and palynological data suggest that southern slopes, progressively deforested since the Bronze Age, were entirely devoted to permanent agropastoral activities probably at least since the end of the medieval period.
In the north-western Mediterranean area, the first Iron Age is characterized by intense contacts and cultural interactions between populations. Archaeological remains such as ceramic vessels or metal and glass objects are usually good... more
In the north-western Mediterranean area, the first Iron Age is characterized by intense contacts and cultural interactions between populations. Archaeological remains such as ceramic vessels or metal and glass objects are usually good indicators of the nature and the intensity of these exchanges, but can also be used to determine the way in which these populations were living at their time. In contrast, organic substances, despite their importance in a wide variety of activities, are rarely investigated due to their low degree of preservation. The recent discovery of a series of amorphous organic residues with adhesive properties at the site of Cuciurpula provided a unique opportunity to address questions related to the types of natural substances exploited, their provenance, their uses and their informational input to intercultural relationships. Our results, based on GC and GC–MS analysis of organic residues preserved at the site of Cuciurpula, provide strong evidence for the most southern use of birch bark tar in Western Europe, and also for the simultaneous use of this substance with pine resin. Beeswax was also identified in some samples. The combined study of residue composition, aspect and location on ceramic sherds reveals a variety of uses, highlighting a complex technical system.
Cet article de synthèse propose une restitution des dynamiques de la végétation et des anthroposystèmes d’altitude, à l’échelle de la haute vallée de Freissinières (Hautes-Alpes), en s’appuyant sur l’analyse anthracologique de dépôts... more
Cet article de synthèse propose une restitution des dynamiques de la végétation et des anthroposystèmes d’altitude, à l’échelle de la haute vallée de Freissinières (Hautes-Alpes), en s’appuyant sur l’analyse anthracologique de dépôts carbonisés miniers et (agro-) pastoraux datés de l’Âge du Bronze à la Renaissance. Les particularités archéologiques et chronologiques des différents contextes de dépôt et les méthodes d’échantillonnage et d’analyse en laboratoire sont explicitées. L’ensemble des données livrées est mis en perspective dans des diagrammes de
synthèse et des tentatives de modélisation spatiale de la dynamique de la végétation et des aires d’approvisionnement en combustible pastoral et minier. De la sorte, l’étude cerne les grands changements floristiques subalpins opérés depuis l’Âge du Bronze, le développement des prés boisés et l’abaissement de la limite supérieure de la forêt dense associé à l’expansion des landes et des fourrés. En outre, elle caractérise l’évolution des pratiques d’approvisionnement et la gestion de l’inculte – en particulier durant le Moyen Âge – et saisit le cycle du fourrage de feuilles, attesté par les charbons de bois au tournant de l’ère moderne.
This review paper outlines the reconstruction of vegetation and altitude anthroposystem dynamics, at the scale of the Freissinières high valley, based on the anthracological analysis of mining and (agro-) pastoral carbonised deposits, dating from the Bronze Age to the Renaissance. Archaeological and chronological features of the various deposit contexts, sampling protocol and laboratory methods used, have been outlined. All the obtained data has been summarized in diagrams, and attempts have been made to model vegetation dynamics and areas of firewood supply for mining and pastoral activities.
Thus, this study identifies the major subalpine floristic changes that have occurred since the Bronze Age, the development of wood pasture and the lowering of the upper limit of dense forest associated with heathlands and thicket expansion. In addition, this study characterises the evolution of supply
practices of fuel wood and the management of uncultivated area – particularly during the Middle Ages – and grasps the leaf-fodder cycle, documented by charcoals at the turn of the Modern era.
"The upper Durance valley contains the largest silverelead mines of the French Southern Alps. We investigated the characterisation and impact of these mining activities and associated forestry in the Argentière (L’Argentière-La Bessée)... more
"The upper Durance valley contains the largest silverelead mines of the French Southern Alps. We investigated the characterisation and impact of these mining activities and associated forestry in the Argentière (L’Argentière-La Bessée) and Faravel (Freissinières) districts using a multidisciplinary approach that includes archaeological, palynological, geochemical, anthracological and dendrochronological studies applied to mining remnants and a peat bog (Fangeas, in the Faravel district). More specifically, we studied the occurrence of lead contamination episodes, the chronology of mining activities and their link to the evolution in woodland cover. Our chronology is based on mining archaeology, radiocarbon dating of about thirty charcoal samples and the dendrochronological analysis of more than 170 specimens of exhumed waterlogged wood. The anthracological analysis was established with more than 10,000 charcoals from firesetting. The main geochemical approach was based on the analysis of lead and its stable isotopes in sediment fractions from a peat core. The combination of palynological records and lead isotope imprints were used to characterise (i) a Roman contamination episode unknown to archaeology, (ii) the development of medieval mining activities and (iii) the reactivation of mining during the Modern period and the Industrial Revolution. Medieval mining coincides with an extension of the high mountain agropastoral areas. The in situ continuous human activities in the same industrial territory
led to rational communal management of subalpine forests, but also to their parcelling that reached its peak in the High Middle Ages. Mining during the Modern period coincides with significant stress on woodland areas that also appears to be related to lumber and fuel timber production for shipyards (French Royal Navy) as well as the functioning of several military fortresses. The mining reactivation during the 19th c. matched public measures of forest protection that took shape in the afforestation programme of the uplands."
Subfossil tree trunks deposits are common in large rivers, but their status as a source for dating alluvial sequences and palaeoenvironmental studies is still discussed. Particularly their origin and the process(es) of deposition as well... more
Subfossil tree trunks deposits are common in large rivers, but their status as a source for dating alluvial sequences and palaeoenvironmental studies is still discussed. Particularly their origin and the process(es) of deposition as well as a possible remobilization were pointed as a limit to their use to document river alluvial changes. In this work we report the discovery of the largest subfossil trunks deposits in the Garonne valley. These new data are compared to the previous ones. A set of 17 tree trunks and more than 300 smaller wood fragments were collected. The xylologic study shows the prevalence of Quercus and a single occurrence of Ulmus. These two hardwood species are commonly associated with riparian forest. The 14C dating carried out on seven trunks and a single branch of Quercus on the outermost identified growth rings, indicates age ranging from 8400–8000 cal. BP for the oldest fragment (bough) to 4300–4000 cal. BP for the most recent tree trunk. Radiocarbon ages of the trunks are aggregated into two main periods: 5300–5600 cal. BP (four trunks) and 4300–4000 cal. BP (three trunks). The radiocarbon (charcoal) dating of the top of the alluvial sequence overlaying the trunks gives an age between 1965–1820
and 1570–1810 cal. BP, i.e. between the 2nd and the 5th c. AD. In addition, the discovery of two unpublished subfossil tree trunks deposits in Finhan are reported (six trunks). At the light of these results, we discuss previously proposed models for the Garonne floodplain building.
The interweaving of historical (charters and notarial sources, literary sources, iconography), archaeological and ethnoarchaeological data focuses on three major questions : how are tools made partially from wood made to work this same... more
The interweaving of historical (charters and notarial sources, literary sources, iconography), archaeological and ethnoarchaeological data focuses on three major questions : how are tools made partially from wood made to work this same material, how can they be identified and recognized in technical processes, and what are the technical gestures used . The results underline the great variability in the way of using the same tools in different stages of different technical processes. Technical innovation and intensive change in craft production during the lower Middle Ages is also discussed.
This anthracological study of fuel wood used in the Faravel mines is part of a doctorate research programme conducted on the interrelationship between mines and forests of the Southern Alps during the Middle Ages. The study area is... more
This anthracological study of fuel wood used in the Faravel mines is part of a doctorate research programme conducted on the interrelationship between mines and forests of the Southern Alps during the Middle Ages. The study area is situated in the upper Durance valley, a major mining region from the 11th to the end of the 13th century. Man sought and extracted silver-bearing ore from the valley bottoms to the summit of the mountains. He employed firesetting to attack the hard gneiss bedrock. The study of residual charcoal has been used to measure the impact of the mining economy on the development of mountain forests. The example of the small district of Faravel situated in an upper mountainous region (1900-2150m altitude), illustrates a supply anchored at subalpine level with a gradual extension of the source area towards the timberline. The anthracological spectra document extinction of Pinus cembra L. at subalpine level and the lowering of the upper limit of the dense forest dominated by Larix decidua Mill. These changes are the result of agropastoral and mining pressure, as testified by both surviving manuscripts and archaeology.
The Fournel silver mine was in operation between the tenth and fourteenth century. The extant texts concern the twelfth century mature phase and the mid-thirteenth century slowdown. Several vein panels were exploited from outcroppings, in... more
The Fournel silver mine was in operation between the tenth and fourteenth century. The extant texts concern the twelfth century mature phase and the mid-thirteenth century slowdown. Several vein panels were exploited from outcroppings, in steep rocky cliffs, to the bottom of a gorge. Because of the extreme hardness of the rock, the miners used firesetting. The topography of the site greatly facilitated vein exploration, initiating opencast sites and mine organisation. The stopes stretch up to 150 m from daylight, and were assisted by access levels by sledge, high perched ventilation ducts and drainage
adits open to base level. These works reflect an opportunist support organisation in the mine, facilitated by relief and deposit geology. Sedimentological analysis of backfill and the use of anthracology associated with serial experiments, enable characterisation of the operative chain techniques of firesetting and its impact on high altitude forest management up to tree level, between the higher pastures and the mines.
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A thick layer of carbonised seeds was encountered in an 11th century a.d. room situated in the seigneurial part of the village of La Gravette. This paper presents the first results of charcoal and seed analyses which give information on... more
A thick layer of carbonised seeds was encountered in an 11th century a.d. room situated in the seigneurial part of the village of La Gravette. This paper presents the first results of charcoal and seed analyses which give information on the food products stored in the granary and on their arrangement there. Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum was by far the most important stored crop, while Avena sp., then Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Triticum monococcum and Vitis vinifera were secondary. Weeds were poorly represented. Charcoals were dominated by deciduous Quercus sp., and 11 additional wood taxa were recorded, including especially Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus sp., Rosaceae, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre and Ulmus sp. According to the charcoal distribution, Quercus and Fagus were probably building materials while most of other taxa would have been used for basketry, wattling or joinery work. In the western part of the granary, naked wheat was stored in bulk. In the eastern part, various crops (at least naked wheat, barley, rye, oat and grape) were stored in small amounts, most of which were probably separated by light wooden structures. The cereal crops had largely been processed and cleaned. The stored products probably represent taxes paid to the lord who owned the granary.
This paper aims to present the preliminary results and discussions from the interdisciplinary project FODYNA, performed within the Observatory Human-Environment (OHM) Haut-Vicdessos. It focuses on past mining and ore processing cycles,... more
This paper aims to present the preliminary results and discussions from the interdisciplinary project FODYNA, performed within the Observatory Human-Environment (OHM) Haut-Vicdessos. It focuses on past mining and ore processing cycles, and their impact on the changes and the trajectories of woodland cover, in a Pyrenean mining area, from Antiquity to the 19th century. The chronology of activities is based on new archaeological and geochemical approaches, as well as several radiocarbon dates. These new approaches and dates concern mining and charcoal kiln evidence. All the archaeological remains, staggered between 1 400 and 1 700 m. a.s.l., were spatialized and included in GIS. The archaeological observations were compared with data from historical archives, which document medieval times and the reactivation of mining activities during the 18th and 19th centuries. The past forests and their management for charcoal production were explored through historical ecology, anthracological a...
This poster present the first results of the anthracological and dendroanthracological study of FODYNA project realize in the beech forest of Bernadouze. This is an ancient charcoal-making forest marked by several centuries of... more
This poster present the first results of the anthracological and dendroanthracological study of FODYNA project realize in the beech forest of Bernadouze. This is an ancient charcoal-making forest marked by several centuries of charcoal-making activities. The main objective is to reconstruct with high spatio-temporal resolution the past forest dynamics and characterize the charcoal-making activities and its temporalities.
Research Interests:
Voici une histoire de la forêt médiévale, des forêts de France et des contrées voisines, du Ve au XVe siècle. Une histoire qui place en regard de forêts légendaires, les forêts réelles, celles de la chasse et de l’élevage, celles du bois... more
Voici une histoire de la forêt médiévale, des forêts de France et des contrées voisines, du Ve au XVe siècle. Une histoire qui place en regard de forêts légendaires, les forêts réelles, celles de la chasse et de l’élevage, celles du bois de chauffage et des bois de charpente utilisés dans les habitations et les cathédrales, celles indispensables à une industrie où fours,
forges, verreries, salines se multiplient. Une histoire qui rappelle comment, durant ce millénaire, les espaces cultivés s’étendent au détriment des forêts, dans quelle mesure les crises, conflits et épidémies accélèrent le processus ou le ralentissent, ou encore pourquoi il est nécessaire de créer des institutions chargées de gérer les espaces forestiers. Inédit en son genre, ce Tour des forêts est mené par des spécialistes de disciplines peu, voire pas représentées habituellement dans les ouvrages historiques (archéologie,
palynologie, ou dendrochronologie), et met en forme des données à la pointe de la recherche. Spécialistes de littérature médiévale, linguistes, juristes, historiens des religions et des
institutions, archéologues, spécialistes de la végétation ancienne, de la construction des cathédrales, du transport du bois, des mines, de la production de la chaux, de la poix, du sel, etc. ont oeuvré à donner le panorama le plus complet de la forêt médiévale et ainsi offrent un ensemble qui ne s’était encore jamais fait sur ce sujet. Grâce à cette somme foisonnante et richement illustrée, chacun pourra se faire une idée précise de l’évolution de « sa »
forêt, celle qui lui est proche, qu’il parcourt parfois, et qui aujourd’hui fait pleinement partie de son quotidien
Dès les années 80, grâce à l’émergence d’outils empruntés à la biologie, les traces du végétal conservées en contexte archéologique deviennent un matériau d’étude de l’histoire. Mais ce n’est vraiment qu’à partir des années 90 qu’elles... more
Dès les années 80, grâce à l’émergence d’outils empruntés à la biologie, les traces du végétal conservées en contexte archéologique deviennent un matériau d’étude de l’histoire. Mais ce n’est vraiment qu’à partir des années 90 qu’elles sont plus systématiquement relevées, échantillonnées et analysées. De la sorte, elles contribuent à une lecture renouvelée du territoire, du terroir et appréhendent la forêt, les espaces incultes et les systèmes agraires jusqu’alors peu ou pas documentés par les sources écrites antérieures au xiiie siècle. En corolaire au développement des stratégies d’échantillonnage et de prélèvement sur le terrain, les outils d’analyse se sont affinés et les approches se sont enrichies de nouvelles convergences pluridisciplinaires. Cette évolution se traduit par une lecture plus aiguisée des dynamiques interactives entre l’homme et son milieu et de leur complexité sur des échelles de temps plus seulement diachroniques, mais intégrant la courte durée, les pratiques et leur mobilité. En outre, cette adaptation de l’outil biologique au contexte archéologique et aux problématiques historiques a permis d’orienter des recherches sur des territoires peu étudiés et mal perçus comme la haute montagne. À ce titre, plusieurs programmes pluridisciplinaires portant sur les relations entre l’homme et son environnement sur le versant méditerranéen des Alpes ont vu le jour au début des années 20003. C’est dans ce cadre que des cabanes agropastorales médiévales implantées au-dessus de 1900 m d’altitude ont été partiellement ou entièrement fouillées. À l’image du mode de vie de leurs occupants, le mobilier archéologique est pauvre. Le dénominateur commun de ces vestiges est la présence systématique de dépôts de charbons de bois. Ils sont conservés dans les foyers et les niveaux d’occupation ou dans des niveaux de destruction et d’abandon avec les vestiges de constructions en bois incendiées. Ils constituent pour l’anthracologue4 un objet d’étude nouveau5 pour appréhender l’histoire des forêts de montagne et saisir leur gestion par les communautés alpestres.

2En s’appuyant sur l’analyse anthracologique des charbons de bois échantillonnés dans cinq cabanes datées de l’époque carolingienne au très bas Moyen Âge (xve-xvie siècles), cette contribution propose d’étudier, à l’échelle d’un haut vallon, les traces carbonisées des usages du bois des paysans montagnards. Loin d’être immémoriaux ou immobiles, nous verrons notamment combien leur organisation et leur évolution font écho à la capacité de résilience des communautés de montagne face aux changements environnementaux.
Actes du colloque international organisé à Chambéry, du 12 au 14 septembre 2012 Comme l'homme privilégiait les plaines et les plateaux faciles à cultiver, la montagne fut tardivement colonisée, mais il la fréquentait comme chasseur ou... more
Actes du colloque international organisé à Chambéry, du 12 au 14 septembre 2012 Comme l'homme privilégiait les plaines et les plateaux faciles à cultiver, la montagne fut tardivement colonisée, mais il la fréquentait comme chasseur ou comme cueilleur. L'habitat permanent étant limité, la forêt de montagne, inviolée ou éloignée, fut réputée inhospitalière et mystérieuse. C'était le domaine des dieux, des esprits et des génies. Dans certaines civilisations, c'était celui des âmes et dans d'autres, celui des ermites et des religieux. Cette approche spirituelle n'excluait pas une conception matérielle : l'exploitation des richesses naturelles. Cela signifiait prélever leur flore pour la pharmacopée, leur faune pour la pelleterie, leurs arbres, enfin, grumes destinées à la construction civile et navale, bûches et charbons nécessaires aux foyers domestiques et sidérurgiques. C'est dire l'importance économique de la forêt de montagne aux époques ancienne...
At the centre of concerns related to curbing thedecline in forest biodiversity caused by increasing anthropogenic pressure andglobal change, old-growth forests are mainly characterised by the continuity oftheir tree cover. This has been... more
At the centre of concerns related to curbing thedecline in forest biodiversity caused by increasing anthropogenic pressure andglobal change, old-growth forests are mainly characterised by the continuity oftheir tree cover. This has been defined mainly by their appearance onhistorical maps and by ecological criteria dating back to certain temporalcut-off points (about two centuries). Inherited over hundreds, even thousands,of years of interaction between Man and Nature, these ancient forests have beenmanaged and shaped by past societies to meet their various needs, both domesticand industrial. Also, studying the historical trajectories of such forests,their responses to environmental and anthropogenic stress, and the long-termconsequences of past human activities, is essential in order to betterunderstand their current ecology and rethink their conservation. Thedevelopment of pluridisciplinary and interdisciplinary research (ecology,paleoecology, history, archaeology, geography, sociology) now makes it possiblenot only to push back the hitherto accepted thresholds of ancientness, but inparticular to understand old forests in their entirety and complexity over thelonger term.
Mémoire de maîtrise inédit
La Haute-Durance a été le théâtre d’une importante activité minière au Moyen Âge central. Les mineurs ont recherché et extrait des minerais de plomb argentifère depuis le bas des versants jusque dans les terroirs agropastoraux... more
La Haute-Durance a été le théâtre d’une importante activité minière au
Moyen Âge central. Les mineurs ont recherché et extrait des minerais de
plomb argentifère depuis le bas des versants jusque dans les terroirs
agropastoraux d’altitude (2000-2200 m d’alt.). Le recours à l’abattage par le
feu pour attaquer des roches encaissantes dures a généré des stratégies
d’exploitation qui ont conditionné la forme des ouvrages, l’organisation des
aires de travail, la composition des remblais, le traitement des matériaux et
l’exploitation de la forêt. La localisation de l’aire d’approvisionnement en
altitude répond à une gestion raisonnée des disponibilités forestières pour
satisfaire les besoins des activités minières et agropastorales. L’étude croisée
des vestiges miniers et de leur chronologie, des biofacts ligneux, des
témoignages écrits, du mode opératoire de l’abattage par le feu grâce à
l’expérimentation sérielle, apporte des éléments nouveaux pour dépeindre le
travail à la mine, les usages et les techniques du bois associés.
Cette prospection inventaire s’insère dans le projet FODYNA financé par l’OHM (INEE/CNRS). Il s’inscrit en complémentarité de deux autres projets : DYVAH (dir. D. Galop, GEODE) et ASTAHÉM (dir. G. le Roux, EcoLab). Le projet FODYNA... more
Cette prospection inventaire s’insère dans le projet FODYNA financé par l’OHM (INEE/CNRS). Il s’inscrit en complémentarité de deux autres projets : DYVAH (dir. D. Galop, GEODE) et ASTAHÉM (dir. G. le Roux, EcoLab). Le projet FODYNA s’articule en trois principaux volets : 1) la relecture archéologique des mines polymétalliques de montagne (en particulier Les Argentières et Lacore) avec le prélèvement de minerais en place (si possible datés) et de biofacts (charbons de bois et bois) ; 2) l’analyse spatiale et bioarchéologique des charbonnières qui constituent les vestiges carbonisés des anciennes forêts ; 3) l’analyse pédoanthracologique des sols associés aux espaces miniers et charbonnés. Cette étude interdisciplinaire vise à acquérir de nouvelles données pour dater et caractériser plus finement les activités minières et métallurgiques. À travers l’étude des charbonnières et des mines ouvertes par le feu, les forêts exploitées (localisation, étendue, composition, morphologie) et leur...
Research Interests:
Les prélèvements forestiers intensifs dans les vieilles forêts (anciennes et matures) des Carpates roumaines interpellent la communauté internationale. En effet, ces forêts à forte naturalité sont indispensables au maintien d'une... more
Les prélèvements forestiers intensifs dans les vieilles forêts (anciennes et matures) des Carpates roumaines
interpellent la communauté internationale. En effet, ces forêts à forte naturalité sont indispensables au
maintien d'une biodiversité unique et offrent des services écosystémiques d'adaptation aux changements
globaux sous-évalués. Les études récentes (cartographie, télédétection) montrent l'ampleur des prélèvements
de bois, mais peu d'entre elles analysent leurs changements holocènes récents et les processus socioenvironnementaux
qui ont conduit à la situation actuelle. Face à l'urgence, ce projet interdisciplinaire
propose leur diagnostic diachronique et une évaluation de leurs vulnérabilités en vue de leur préservation et
de leur gestion durable. Il s’est focalisé sur les forêts de la région minière de Băiuț, dans le județ de
Maramureș, dont l’une d’elles vient de faire l’objet d’un classement au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO
en tant que Primeval beeh forests of the Carpathians and other regions of Europe.
Journées d'études, Paris-Créteil, 7-8 avril 2022
Prolongation de l'appel à communications jusqu'au 5 janvier 2022