Papers by Enrica Petrucci
The paper considers the alterations to the lower valley of the Tronto River (province of Ascoli P... more The paper considers the alterations to the lower valley of the Tronto River (province of Ascoli Piceno, region of the Marche) in the 19th and the 20th century. The process of landscape transformation is documented by archival documents, and by photographs portraying the works of the Consorzio di Bonifica. The photographs attest to the technical efforts for the rearrangement of the local orographic and hydraulic systems, for purposes of agricultural development. The study first examines the irreversible modifications to the river's flow rate, primarily through comparison to the previous situation, as described in the Pius-Gregorian cadastral maps. The study then examines how these engineering strategies transformed the rural landscape, at that time still linked to ancient traditions, into a "planned" area characterized by intensive farming, and where new residential and industrial districts were also built as the decades progressed.
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This paper analyzes measures aimed at the conservation and enhancement of archaeological finds an... more This paper analyzes measures aimed at the conservation and enhancement of archaeological finds and focuses on the those undertaken by the Administration and by the local Superintendence of the Marche region, which represents an interesting case study for the richness and diffusion of sites. The Region, supported by laws, has recently outlined the framework of the local archaeological system, consisting of parks, sites or specific structures, defining priorities and procedures for an intervention plan. Among them, the implementation of the Carta Archeologica delle Marche (CAM), conceived as an operative tool for data collection and for their integration with different planning means. In case of excavations within the regional archaeological parks, protection techniques are usually based on two types of approaches: temporary structures, built during excavation works, that finally become permanent; stable structures, designed for the musealization of the archeological area, whose forma...
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The theme of energy performance planning in historical city centers is discussed, starting with a... more The theme of energy performance planning in historical city centers is discussed, starting with an innovative vision that requires coordination and an interdisciplinary approach in order to organize and correlate existing knowledge and new information. The research aims to apply the concept of “geocluster”, which includes a group of buildings, sufficiently homogeneous to be treated like a system; the studied buildings are associated through a series of indicators and parameters. The final goal is the development of a tool for managing the energy and environmental performance of the buildings/monumental heritage through computational analysis, with measurement campaigns and simulations to help understand the energy requirements of the context analyzed, thus allowing to identify the best strategies and management actions.
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This paper presents a study on the behaviour of the walls of the Rocca Roveresca of Senigallia in... more This paper presents a study on the behaviour of the walls of the Rocca Roveresca of Senigallia in Italy built in the 14th century AD on the ruins of a former Roman defensive structure. This is a peculiar example of a fortress that had undergone in the 15th century AD modifications of the plant to enhance its defensive performances. A TOF laser scanner survey complemented with an endoscopic survey was necessary to highlight all the traces and the architectural stratifications occurred over time. A linear finite element model is first developed in order to understand the dynamic behaviour of a generic portion of the wall and to detect the probable incipient failure mechanisms. A subsequent static nonlinear analysis is carried out to investigate the formation of the cracking layout and to detect the position of plastic hinges. The last analysis level is carried out with a tailored macro-element constituted by three bodies, namely the two external curtains and the inner fill for which a degradation of the behaviour is considered. The results obtained demonstrates the efficiency of the wall against earthquakes characterized by return times typical for ultimate limit states. Same issues that deserve further investigation are highlighted.
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The paper presents the results of an experiment which aims on the one hand to the elaboration of ... more The paper presents the results of an experiment which aims on the one hand to the elaboration of a "missing" cartography able to illustrate with suitable graphic codes the main evolutionary phases of the urban fabric of the city of Ascoli Piceno taken from archival sources and historical maps and on the other hand the experimentation aims to verify the functionality and the possibilities that the use of Spatial Augmented Reality projection-based offers in the field of communication of cartographic heritage.
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ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2014
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Preventive and Planned Conservation Conference (PPC Conference), 2014
European Union has been promoting research actions on cultural heritage, recognizing and underlin... more European Union has been promoting research actions on cultural heritage, recognizing and underlining its central role for the community policies and establishing its safeguard and valorisation as urgent priorities for the future. A research on rational tools for establishing seismic risk, intervention priorities, and decision-making on renovation of historical buildings and museums, just started at the University of Camerino, School of Architecture and Design, is described in this paper. The basic idea of the research is to develop a probabilistic methodology for the assessment of seismic risk of cultural heritage starting from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) approach, consisting of a general framework where the risk problem is decomposed into its three main features (i.e. seismic hazard, vulnerability and losses), analysed in a rigorous and consistent interdependent manner. The application of this methodology to cultural heritage requires investigations and original proposals on various open issues. This paper reports some results concerning the general methodology and preliminary analyses of a case study.
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COMPDYN 2015 - 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2015
Historical defensive walls are often characterized by peculiarities deriving from the retrofit of... more Historical defensive walls are often characterized by peculiarities deriving from the retrofit of existing systems in order to withstand the shots of improved offensive weapons. In particular, with the advent of cannons in the XV century, obsolete defensive walls were strengthened by constructing a second line of walls and by filling with incoherent or slightly coherent material (stones or resulting materials) the space in between so that the derived systems were such to absorb the energy of fire weapon shots. The juxtaposed strata are characterized by different behaviours and by well definite discontinuity surfaces and the assessment of seismic vulnerability of such kind of defensive walls requires the definition of tailored failure mechanisms.
This paper presents a study on the behavior of the walls of the Rocca Roveresca of Senigallia in Italy built in the XIV century on the ruins of a former Roman defensive structure. This is a peculiar example of a small fortress that had undergone in the XV century important modifications of the plant in order to enhance its defensive performances. A linear finite element model is first developed in order to understand the dynamic behavior of a generic portion of the wall and to detect the probable incipient failure mechanisms. A subsequent static nonlinear analysis is then carried out, with the same finite element model, to investigate the formation of the cracking layout and to detect the position of plastic hinges. The last analysis level is carried out by supposing the wall to behave as a set of rigid blocks constituting a kinematic chain subjected to a finite displacement field typical for the collapse situation by introducing the degradation of the behavior of the inner (the less consistent) stratum. The results obtained demonstrates the efficiency of the wall against earthquakes characterized by return times typical for ultimate limit states.
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Conference: AID Monuments, 2015
Il presente contributo ha lo scopo di illustrare il percorso metodologico utilizzato per gli stud... more Il presente contributo ha lo scopo di illustrare il percorso metodologico utilizzato per gli studi sulla vulnerabilità sismica della Rocca di Senigallia, all’interno della quale è ospitato un museo statale.
Gli studi per la definizione della pericolosità sismica sono stati sviluppati nell’ambito di una ricerca riguardante la verifica della sicurezza sismica dei musei statali, in accordo con il MIBAC. Lo scopo dello studio è quello di valutare le azioni sismiche per la verifica delle strutture museali tenendo conto dei fenomeni di risposta sismica locale, cioè delle modifiche in ampiezza, contenuto in frequenza e durata del moto sismico dovute alle condizioni geologiche, morfologiche e geotecniche locali. Si è, inoltre, tenuto conto delle specificità della Rocca di Senigallia, per individuare le vulnerabilità che possono generare meccanismi di rottura non usuali, attraverso specifici metodi di analisi, a partire dagli approfondimenti preliminari degli aspetti storico - critici e geometrico – tipologici, per consentire l’individuazione delle varie fasi di trasformazione della fabbrica e la relativa evoluzione costruttiva e materica.
La rocca, monumento simbolo della città si presenta, oggi, nella sua configurazione tardo quattrocentesca - edificio simmetrico, geometricamente semplice, di forma quadrangolare con quattro torrioni circolari nei vertici. L’antica costruzione offre lo spunto per riflettere sulla complessità delle strutture di difesa, le quali presentano specificità di natura tipologico – costruttiva. Essa possiede, infatti, caratteristiche strutturali molto diverse rispetto agli edifici in muratura ordinari: i vani sono in buona parte ricavati all’interno di masse murarie disomogenee, presentano complesse articolazioni nello spazio e le murature nascondono al loro interno superfici di discontinuità dovute alle continue trasformazioni, ottenute principalmente per successive addizioni di rinforzo, in relazione alle modifiche dei sistemi di difesa nel tempo. La complessità della fabbrica è stata analizzata attraverso un rilievo geometrico integrato mediante utilizzo di laserscanner. Tale metodica ha consentito di rilevare con accurata precisione le verticalità e gli allineamenti delle pareti, lo spessore delle murature e le caratteristiche dei sistemi voltati, il posizionamento dei vani scavati all’interno dei torrioni. Le informazioni ottenute hanno permesso di definire le variazioni delle quote altimetriche che si riferiscono alle varie zone del complesso e che rappresentano uno dei aspetti più complessi nell’analisi della costruzione. Attraverso una sintesi delle informazioni raccolte e soprattutto mediante una discretizzazione degli elementi costruttivi, si è pervenuti alla realizzazione di un modello di studio, sul quale sono in corso una serie di approfondimenti strutturali per la definizione dei criteri tecnico-scientifici di verifica dello stato di sicurezza.
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Conference "Fortificazioni, memoria, paesaggio", 2014
Il presente contributo ha lo scopo di illustrare il percorso metodologico utilizzato per gli stud... more Il presente contributo ha lo scopo di illustrare il percorso metodologico utilizzato per gli studi sulla vulnerabilità sismica della Rocca di Senigallia. La rocca, monumento simbolo della città si presenta, oggi, nella sua configurazione tardo quattrocentesca - edificio simmetrico, geometricamente semplice, di forma quadrangolare con quattro torrioni circolari nei vertici. L’antica costruzione offre lo spunto per riflettere sulla complessità delle strutture di difesa, le quali presentano specificità di natura tipologico – costruttiva. Essa possiede, infatti, caratteristiche strutturali molto diverse rispetto agli edifici in muratura ordinari: i vani sono in buona parte ricavati all’interno di masse murarie disomogenee, presentano complesse articolazioni nello spazio e le murature nascondono al loro interno superfici di discontinuità dovute alle continue lavorazioni, ottenute principalmente per successive addizioni, in relazione alle modifiche dei sistemi di difesa nel tempo.
La complessità della fabbrica è stata analizzata attraverso un rilievo geometrico integrato mediante utilizzo di laser-scanner. Le informazioni ottenute hanno permesso di definire le variazioni delle quote altimetriche che si riferiscono alle varie zone del complesso e che rappresentano uno dei aspetti più complessi della costruzione. La ricerca delle vulnerabilità nascoste, che possono generare meccanismi di rottura non usuali, ha richiesto specifici metodi di analisi, a partire dagli approfondimenti preliminari degli aspetti storico - critici e geometrico – tipologici, per consentire l’ individuazione delle varie fasi di trasformazione della fabbrica e la relativa evoluzione costruttiva e materica.
Attraverso una sintesi delle informazioni raccolte e soprattutto mediante una discretizzazione degli elementi costruttivi, si è pervenuti alla realizzazione di un modello di studio e sul quale sono in corso una serie di approfondimenti strutturali per la definizione dei criteri tecnico-scientifici di verifica dello stato di sicurezza.
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Throughout history metal tie-rods and anchor plates have been installed to deal with structural p... more Throughout history metal tie-rods and anchor plates have been installed to deal with structural problems, reinforce the masonry structure, and absorb the outward pressure. In the 13th–16th centuries, arches, vaults and domes were made by
inserting metal or wooden reinforcement elements during the construction or the restoration phase. Many writers recommended their use in various guises to raise walls and construct vaults. The effectiveness of these elements was questioned by some authors because they felt that the tie-rods lose their effectiveness over time.
Despite the discussion surrounding the efficacy and aesthetics of tie-rods, since the 15th century, coinciding with an improvement in the quality of iron, they have been
used as common engineering practice. The tie-rods were then blocked with anchor plates or wall washers. In some cases the anchor plate was also in the shape of a slab. The anchor bar or slab put the tie-rod in traction and distributed the force
exerted on the masonry over a greater area.
In many countries, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries, the preference was to confer a particular aesthetic value on anchor plates with ornamentation, using the most suitable design for their neat entry on the façade. The tie-rods were studied with a more correct, scientific method. More recently, this has become a favoured method for seismic safety improvements with the activation and development of local mechanisms, and they represent one of the most commonly
used devices in restoration. The technical solutions are varied, in fact, from more traditional metal tie-rods with simple bar anchors to solutions that look for special aesthetic effects in the realization of the head plate. In a review of the solutions
analyzed, the case history is particularly extensive, and it induces a reflection on their indiscriminate use in restoration, studying the most effective and most aesthetically pleasant systems.
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Articles by Enrica Petrucci
The paper aims at presenting some results of a point cloud-based survey carried out through integ... more The paper aims at presenting some results of a point cloud-based survey carried out through integrated methodologies based on active and passive 3D acquisition techniques in order to define a workflow for processing 3D models useful to describe and support complex architectures.
This experiment is part of a research project still in progress (PRO-CULT: PRObabilistic performance-based methodology for seismic risk assessment of CULTural heritage), conducted by an interdisciplinary team from the School of Architecture and Design of Ascoli Piceno and funded by the University of Camerino.
Case Study. We describe an experiment conducted on the convent of San Francesco located in the highest part of Monterubbiano town center (Marche, Italy). The whole complex was subjected to several functional changes and has undergone a number of substantial changes since the year of its foundation in 1247 until the most recent restoration completed in 2007 following the earthquake that damaged the whole area in 1997. These events define its present day aspect consisting of many rooms, placed at different levels, all linked together in a way they generate a complex spatial organization.
Data acquisition. A survey was necessary in order to highlight all the traces and the architectural stratifications occurred over time through the analysis of the entire structure. The survey was based on an approach blending range-based 3D data acquired by a TOF laser scanner and image-based 3D acquired using an UAV equipped with an optical digital system camera; The use of an UAV was necessary in order to survey some external walls difficult to reach with the laser scanner, the multilevel roof, as well as the richly molded bell tower.
Data process. The various points clouds originated by the different passive (93 photographs taken by UAV) and active technologies (83 TOF stations) were subsequently processed, oriented, scaled (image based dense clouds only), optimized and registered in order to obtain an high density point cloud-based model.
Data evaluation and conclusion. The integration of two acquisition methods allowed us the definition of a workflow suitable to achieve dense 3D models from which we generated high poly and low poly 3D models for different purposes such as photorealistic representations of the current state as well as for the historical documentation of the complex. These 3D models are also useful for risk assessment analyses based on Finite Element Methods (FEM).
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Papers by Enrica Petrucci
This paper presents a study on the behavior of the walls of the Rocca Roveresca of Senigallia in Italy built in the XIV century on the ruins of a former Roman defensive structure. This is a peculiar example of a small fortress that had undergone in the XV century important modifications of the plant in order to enhance its defensive performances. A linear finite element model is first developed in order to understand the dynamic behavior of a generic portion of the wall and to detect the probable incipient failure mechanisms. A subsequent static nonlinear analysis is then carried out, with the same finite element model, to investigate the formation of the cracking layout and to detect the position of plastic hinges. The last analysis level is carried out by supposing the wall to behave as a set of rigid blocks constituting a kinematic chain subjected to a finite displacement field typical for the collapse situation by introducing the degradation of the behavior of the inner (the less consistent) stratum. The results obtained demonstrates the efficiency of the wall against earthquakes characterized by return times typical for ultimate limit states.
Gli studi per la definizione della pericolosità sismica sono stati sviluppati nell’ambito di una ricerca riguardante la verifica della sicurezza sismica dei musei statali, in accordo con il MIBAC. Lo scopo dello studio è quello di valutare le azioni sismiche per la verifica delle strutture museali tenendo conto dei fenomeni di risposta sismica locale, cioè delle modifiche in ampiezza, contenuto in frequenza e durata del moto sismico dovute alle condizioni geologiche, morfologiche e geotecniche locali. Si è, inoltre, tenuto conto delle specificità della Rocca di Senigallia, per individuare le vulnerabilità che possono generare meccanismi di rottura non usuali, attraverso specifici metodi di analisi, a partire dagli approfondimenti preliminari degli aspetti storico - critici e geometrico – tipologici, per consentire l’individuazione delle varie fasi di trasformazione della fabbrica e la relativa evoluzione costruttiva e materica.
La rocca, monumento simbolo della città si presenta, oggi, nella sua configurazione tardo quattrocentesca - edificio simmetrico, geometricamente semplice, di forma quadrangolare con quattro torrioni circolari nei vertici. L’antica costruzione offre lo spunto per riflettere sulla complessità delle strutture di difesa, le quali presentano specificità di natura tipologico – costruttiva. Essa possiede, infatti, caratteristiche strutturali molto diverse rispetto agli edifici in muratura ordinari: i vani sono in buona parte ricavati all’interno di masse murarie disomogenee, presentano complesse articolazioni nello spazio e le murature nascondono al loro interno superfici di discontinuità dovute alle continue trasformazioni, ottenute principalmente per successive addizioni di rinforzo, in relazione alle modifiche dei sistemi di difesa nel tempo. La complessità della fabbrica è stata analizzata attraverso un rilievo geometrico integrato mediante utilizzo di laserscanner. Tale metodica ha consentito di rilevare con accurata precisione le verticalità e gli allineamenti delle pareti, lo spessore delle murature e le caratteristiche dei sistemi voltati, il posizionamento dei vani scavati all’interno dei torrioni. Le informazioni ottenute hanno permesso di definire le variazioni delle quote altimetriche che si riferiscono alle varie zone del complesso e che rappresentano uno dei aspetti più complessi nell’analisi della costruzione. Attraverso una sintesi delle informazioni raccolte e soprattutto mediante una discretizzazione degli elementi costruttivi, si è pervenuti alla realizzazione di un modello di studio, sul quale sono in corso una serie di approfondimenti strutturali per la definizione dei criteri tecnico-scientifici di verifica dello stato di sicurezza.
La complessità della fabbrica è stata analizzata attraverso un rilievo geometrico integrato mediante utilizzo di laser-scanner. Le informazioni ottenute hanno permesso di definire le variazioni delle quote altimetriche che si riferiscono alle varie zone del complesso e che rappresentano uno dei aspetti più complessi della costruzione. La ricerca delle vulnerabilità nascoste, che possono generare meccanismi di rottura non usuali, ha richiesto specifici metodi di analisi, a partire dagli approfondimenti preliminari degli aspetti storico - critici e geometrico – tipologici, per consentire l’ individuazione delle varie fasi di trasformazione della fabbrica e la relativa evoluzione costruttiva e materica.
Attraverso una sintesi delle informazioni raccolte e soprattutto mediante una discretizzazione degli elementi costruttivi, si è pervenuti alla realizzazione di un modello di studio e sul quale sono in corso una serie di approfondimenti strutturali per la definizione dei criteri tecnico-scientifici di verifica dello stato di sicurezza.
inserting metal or wooden reinforcement elements during the construction or the restoration phase. Many writers recommended their use in various guises to raise walls and construct vaults. The effectiveness of these elements was questioned by some authors because they felt that the tie-rods lose their effectiveness over time.
Despite the discussion surrounding the efficacy and aesthetics of tie-rods, since the 15th century, coinciding with an improvement in the quality of iron, they have been
used as common engineering practice. The tie-rods were then blocked with anchor plates or wall washers. In some cases the anchor plate was also in the shape of a slab. The anchor bar or slab put the tie-rod in traction and distributed the force
exerted on the masonry over a greater area.
In many countries, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries, the preference was to confer a particular aesthetic value on anchor plates with ornamentation, using the most suitable design for their neat entry on the façade. The tie-rods were studied with a more correct, scientific method. More recently, this has become a favoured method for seismic safety improvements with the activation and development of local mechanisms, and they represent one of the most commonly
used devices in restoration. The technical solutions are varied, in fact, from more traditional metal tie-rods with simple bar anchors to solutions that look for special aesthetic effects in the realization of the head plate. In a review of the solutions
analyzed, the case history is particularly extensive, and it induces a reflection on their indiscriminate use in restoration, studying the most effective and most aesthetically pleasant systems.
Articles by Enrica Petrucci
This experiment is part of a research project still in progress (PRO-CULT: PRObabilistic performance-based methodology for seismic risk assessment of CULTural heritage), conducted by an interdisciplinary team from the School of Architecture and Design of Ascoli Piceno and funded by the University of Camerino.
Case Study. We describe an experiment conducted on the convent of San Francesco located in the highest part of Monterubbiano town center (Marche, Italy). The whole complex was subjected to several functional changes and has undergone a number of substantial changes since the year of its foundation in 1247 until the most recent restoration completed in 2007 following the earthquake that damaged the whole area in 1997. These events define its present day aspect consisting of many rooms, placed at different levels, all linked together in a way they generate a complex spatial organization.
Data acquisition. A survey was necessary in order to highlight all the traces and the architectural stratifications occurred over time through the analysis of the entire structure. The survey was based on an approach blending range-based 3D data acquired by a TOF laser scanner and image-based 3D acquired using an UAV equipped with an optical digital system camera; The use of an UAV was necessary in order to survey some external walls difficult to reach with the laser scanner, the multilevel roof, as well as the richly molded bell tower.
Data process. The various points clouds originated by the different passive (93 photographs taken by UAV) and active technologies (83 TOF stations) were subsequently processed, oriented, scaled (image based dense clouds only), optimized and registered in order to obtain an high density point cloud-based model.
Data evaluation and conclusion. The integration of two acquisition methods allowed us the definition of a workflow suitable to achieve dense 3D models from which we generated high poly and low poly 3D models for different purposes such as photorealistic representations of the current state as well as for the historical documentation of the complex. These 3D models are also useful for risk assessment analyses based on Finite Element Methods (FEM).
This paper presents a study on the behavior of the walls of the Rocca Roveresca of Senigallia in Italy built in the XIV century on the ruins of a former Roman defensive structure. This is a peculiar example of a small fortress that had undergone in the XV century important modifications of the plant in order to enhance its defensive performances. A linear finite element model is first developed in order to understand the dynamic behavior of a generic portion of the wall and to detect the probable incipient failure mechanisms. A subsequent static nonlinear analysis is then carried out, with the same finite element model, to investigate the formation of the cracking layout and to detect the position of plastic hinges. The last analysis level is carried out by supposing the wall to behave as a set of rigid blocks constituting a kinematic chain subjected to a finite displacement field typical for the collapse situation by introducing the degradation of the behavior of the inner (the less consistent) stratum. The results obtained demonstrates the efficiency of the wall against earthquakes characterized by return times typical for ultimate limit states.
Gli studi per la definizione della pericolosità sismica sono stati sviluppati nell’ambito di una ricerca riguardante la verifica della sicurezza sismica dei musei statali, in accordo con il MIBAC. Lo scopo dello studio è quello di valutare le azioni sismiche per la verifica delle strutture museali tenendo conto dei fenomeni di risposta sismica locale, cioè delle modifiche in ampiezza, contenuto in frequenza e durata del moto sismico dovute alle condizioni geologiche, morfologiche e geotecniche locali. Si è, inoltre, tenuto conto delle specificità della Rocca di Senigallia, per individuare le vulnerabilità che possono generare meccanismi di rottura non usuali, attraverso specifici metodi di analisi, a partire dagli approfondimenti preliminari degli aspetti storico - critici e geometrico – tipologici, per consentire l’individuazione delle varie fasi di trasformazione della fabbrica e la relativa evoluzione costruttiva e materica.
La rocca, monumento simbolo della città si presenta, oggi, nella sua configurazione tardo quattrocentesca - edificio simmetrico, geometricamente semplice, di forma quadrangolare con quattro torrioni circolari nei vertici. L’antica costruzione offre lo spunto per riflettere sulla complessità delle strutture di difesa, le quali presentano specificità di natura tipologico – costruttiva. Essa possiede, infatti, caratteristiche strutturali molto diverse rispetto agli edifici in muratura ordinari: i vani sono in buona parte ricavati all’interno di masse murarie disomogenee, presentano complesse articolazioni nello spazio e le murature nascondono al loro interno superfici di discontinuità dovute alle continue trasformazioni, ottenute principalmente per successive addizioni di rinforzo, in relazione alle modifiche dei sistemi di difesa nel tempo. La complessità della fabbrica è stata analizzata attraverso un rilievo geometrico integrato mediante utilizzo di laserscanner. Tale metodica ha consentito di rilevare con accurata precisione le verticalità e gli allineamenti delle pareti, lo spessore delle murature e le caratteristiche dei sistemi voltati, il posizionamento dei vani scavati all’interno dei torrioni. Le informazioni ottenute hanno permesso di definire le variazioni delle quote altimetriche che si riferiscono alle varie zone del complesso e che rappresentano uno dei aspetti più complessi nell’analisi della costruzione. Attraverso una sintesi delle informazioni raccolte e soprattutto mediante una discretizzazione degli elementi costruttivi, si è pervenuti alla realizzazione di un modello di studio, sul quale sono in corso una serie di approfondimenti strutturali per la definizione dei criteri tecnico-scientifici di verifica dello stato di sicurezza.
La complessità della fabbrica è stata analizzata attraverso un rilievo geometrico integrato mediante utilizzo di laser-scanner. Le informazioni ottenute hanno permesso di definire le variazioni delle quote altimetriche che si riferiscono alle varie zone del complesso e che rappresentano uno dei aspetti più complessi della costruzione. La ricerca delle vulnerabilità nascoste, che possono generare meccanismi di rottura non usuali, ha richiesto specifici metodi di analisi, a partire dagli approfondimenti preliminari degli aspetti storico - critici e geometrico – tipologici, per consentire l’ individuazione delle varie fasi di trasformazione della fabbrica e la relativa evoluzione costruttiva e materica.
Attraverso una sintesi delle informazioni raccolte e soprattutto mediante una discretizzazione degli elementi costruttivi, si è pervenuti alla realizzazione di un modello di studio e sul quale sono in corso una serie di approfondimenti strutturali per la definizione dei criteri tecnico-scientifici di verifica dello stato di sicurezza.
inserting metal or wooden reinforcement elements during the construction or the restoration phase. Many writers recommended their use in various guises to raise walls and construct vaults. The effectiveness of these elements was questioned by some authors because they felt that the tie-rods lose their effectiveness over time.
Despite the discussion surrounding the efficacy and aesthetics of tie-rods, since the 15th century, coinciding with an improvement in the quality of iron, they have been
used as common engineering practice. The tie-rods were then blocked with anchor plates or wall washers. In some cases the anchor plate was also in the shape of a slab. The anchor bar or slab put the tie-rod in traction and distributed the force
exerted on the masonry over a greater area.
In many countries, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries, the preference was to confer a particular aesthetic value on anchor plates with ornamentation, using the most suitable design for their neat entry on the façade. The tie-rods were studied with a more correct, scientific method. More recently, this has become a favoured method for seismic safety improvements with the activation and development of local mechanisms, and they represent one of the most commonly
used devices in restoration. The technical solutions are varied, in fact, from more traditional metal tie-rods with simple bar anchors to solutions that look for special aesthetic effects in the realization of the head plate. In a review of the solutions
analyzed, the case history is particularly extensive, and it induces a reflection on their indiscriminate use in restoration, studying the most effective and most aesthetically pleasant systems.
This experiment is part of a research project still in progress (PRO-CULT: PRObabilistic performance-based methodology for seismic risk assessment of CULTural heritage), conducted by an interdisciplinary team from the School of Architecture and Design of Ascoli Piceno and funded by the University of Camerino.
Case Study. We describe an experiment conducted on the convent of San Francesco located in the highest part of Monterubbiano town center (Marche, Italy). The whole complex was subjected to several functional changes and has undergone a number of substantial changes since the year of its foundation in 1247 until the most recent restoration completed in 2007 following the earthquake that damaged the whole area in 1997. These events define its present day aspect consisting of many rooms, placed at different levels, all linked together in a way they generate a complex spatial organization.
Data acquisition. A survey was necessary in order to highlight all the traces and the architectural stratifications occurred over time through the analysis of the entire structure. The survey was based on an approach blending range-based 3D data acquired by a TOF laser scanner and image-based 3D acquired using an UAV equipped with an optical digital system camera; The use of an UAV was necessary in order to survey some external walls difficult to reach with the laser scanner, the multilevel roof, as well as the richly molded bell tower.
Data process. The various points clouds originated by the different passive (93 photographs taken by UAV) and active technologies (83 TOF stations) were subsequently processed, oriented, scaled (image based dense clouds only), optimized and registered in order to obtain an high density point cloud-based model.
Data evaluation and conclusion. The integration of two acquisition methods allowed us the definition of a workflow suitable to achieve dense 3D models from which we generated high poly and low poly 3D models for different purposes such as photorealistic representations of the current state as well as for the historical documentation of the complex. These 3D models are also useful for risk assessment analyses based on Finite Element Methods (FEM).