The aim of the study was to determine the diet of an historical human population using the trace ... more The aim of the study was to determine the diet of an historical human population using the trace elements in dental tissues and dental buccal microwear. Although 38 individuals had been buried in the cemetery, preservation of the remains did not allow analysis of all of them. A total of 13 individuals were analysed, of which the samples for trace-element analysis consisted of 12 permanent premolars from 12 individuals. Buccal microwear was studied in a sample of nine teeth from nine individuals. Both trace-element and microwear analyses were performed on eight individuals. All analyzed teeth were intact, with fully developed roots, without dental calculus and macro-abrasion. Concentrations of Sr, Zn, and Ca, and their ratios, were used to determine the relative proportions of plant and animal protein in the diet. Samples were analyzed using optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The values of the Sr and Zn concentrations indicate that a diet of the investigated population was of a mixed character with approximately the same proportion of plants and meat in their food. Buccal microwear was studied in molds ofbuccal surfaces and observed at 100x magnification with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Length and orientation of striations were determined with the SigmaScan Pro 5.0 image analysis program. The results obtained from microwear analysis correspond with those from trace-element analysis and showed that the population consumed a mixed diet. The density of the scratches indicates that the diet contained a considerable vegetable component. The high number of vertical scratches and their high average length suggest that individuals also consumed a large portion of meat. The results of both analyses showed that there were also individuals whose diet had probably been poor, i.e. richer in animal protein, which probably could be related to their health or social status in the population.
Orofacial clefts are a common developmental anomaly in living individuals; however, skulls with c... more Orofacial clefts are a common developmental anomaly in living individuals; however, skulls with clefts are relatively rarely found in archaeological specimens. The presented research is dealing with the first and only historical skeletal case of cleft lip and palate from the territory of Slovakia. The skeletal remains belonged to a juvenile male impiously buried in a storage pit together with an adult male. The position of the skeletons strongly suggests that the deposition of the two bodies was a single event, dated to the mid-seventeenth century or in the late eighteenth century calAD. A juvenile male found in a squatting position at the bottom of the pit was affected by an incomplete unilateral cleft palate combined with a right-sided cleft lip. The defect was associated with dental anomalies and defects such as supernumerary teeth and enamel hypoplasia, as well as dysmorphology of the facial complex. Both the affected juvenile male and the adult male consumed meat, indicating their stable, if not higher, social status. That, coupled with the fact that the individual with cleft lived to the age of 16–18 years, suggests that at least this younger male must have been well cared for and lived in an economically and socially stable environment. The buried males were not biologically related and were probably of Western European origin. All these facts indicate that they were travelling foreigners from the higher class who died unexpectedly with a possibility of a violent death.
The paper presents results of the dental state analysis in non-adult and adult individuals from t... more The paper presents results of the dental state analysis in non-adult and adult individuals from the Early Bronze Age cemetery in Pata (Diely site), southwestern Slovakia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and periapical inflammatory processes and compare it with the populations living in the territory of Slovakia during the Bronze and Early Middle Ages. Non-adults consisted of individuals both with deciduous and mixed dentition. The children with deciduous dentition had all teeth intact. In group of non-adults with mixed dentition, four individuals had deciduous teeth affected by dental caries (F-CE = 12.5%, I-CE = 5.7%). In adults, the analysis was carried out in 134 individuals (54 males, 69 females and 11 individuals of undetermined sex). The caries frequency (F-CE) reached 53.7%. The caries intensity (I-CE), consisting of the frequency of carious teeth (% C = 5.2%) and ante-mortem tooth loss (% E = 8.1%), reached 13.3%. Both the F-CE and I-CE h...
The stature and the body weight as part of the biological profile can aid the personal identifica... more The stature and the body weight as part of the biological profile can aid the personal identification. The dimensions of the human foot, as well as the footprint, can be used for the prediction due to the existence of its positive correlation with the stature and body weight. Five diagonal axes and ball breadth of bilateral static footprints of 132 young Slovak adults were obtained. All diameters were larger in a male group than female group. No bilateral differences were found except the first diagonal axis and ball breadth. A positive correlations between the selected footprint diameters with the stature (r = 0.37-0.64) and the body weight (r = 0.29-0.71) were confirmed. The linear and multiple regression prediction equations were developed. A stature prediction equation using the most lateral diameters (the fourth and fifth diagonal axis) exhibited the highest accuracy ranging from 4 to 7.5 cm. Similar results were found for the body weight estimation of the male and mixed group....
The state of the dentition was evaluated in 86 subadult individuals from the Slav-Avar burial gro... more The state of the dentition was evaluated in 86 subadult individuals from the Slav-Avar burial ground at Sebastovce village(Eastern Slovakia). Caries frequency, ie the percentage of individuals affected by dental decay, comes to 27. 91%, Caries intensity, ie the percentage ...
Traumatic lesions in skeletal remains of the Three Košice Martyrs. We analysed skeletal remains o... more Traumatic lesions in skeletal remains of the Three Košice Martyrs. We analysed skeletal remains of Stephen Pongracz, Melchior Grodziecki and Marko Krizin, and confirmed that the remains belonged to male individuals. On the basis of the age at death estimation, we found that some bones of the postcranial skeleton of Melchior Grodziecki (stored in Trnava) and Marko Krizin (stored in Esztergom) were probably exchanged in the past. Pathological lesions found on skeletal remains are likely to be the result of torture and may indicate the cause of death of the martyrs. We consider that Stephen Pongracz could have died due to stabbing in the left side of his neck where carotid could have been cut. As regards the decapitation of Melchior Grodziecki, mentioned in historical documents, we tend to believe that the head was cut off post-mortem. On the right scapula of Marko Krizin, we found a fissure that could have occurred after a halberd stabbing in the chest.
The aim of the study was to determine the diet of the historical human population using trace ele... more The aim of the study was to determine the diet of the historical human population using trace elements in dental tissues and dental buccal microwear. Although 466 individuals had been buried in the cemetery, preservation of the remains did not allow analysis of all of them. 34 permanent premolars and one permanent molar from 35 individuals were analysed for trace elements. Dental microwear was studied in 26 permanent molars of the same individuals. Both trace-element and microwear analyses were performed on 26 individuals, of the remaining nine individuals’ only trace elements were analysed. All analysed teeth were intact, with fully developed roots, without dental calculus and macro-abrasion. Concentrations of Sr, Zn, and Ca, and their ratios, were used to determine the relative proportions of plant and animal protein in the diet. Samples were analysed using optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The values of the Sr and Zn concentrations indicate that a diet of the examined population was of a mixed character. A higher intake of animal protein was detected in individuals of higher social status. Apparently, within the population there were individuals whose content of trace elements in dental tissue did not reflect the way of feeding, resp. social status, but was instead related to their health. Buccal microwear was studied in molds of buccal surfaces and observed at 100× magnification with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Length and orientation of striations were determined with the SigmaScan Pro 5.0 image analysis program. The results obtained from microwear analysis correspond with those from trace-element analysis and showed that the population consumed a mixed diet, which contained higher proportion of abrasive components. The way of feeding of this historical population could be similar to recent populations of hunters and gatherers, and the greater density and length of scratches may have been caused by other technology of food preparing.
Cremation graves from the locality of Bratislava-Devín, Záhrady site (Slovakia, 9 th century BC).... more Cremation graves from the locality of Bratislava-Devín, Záhrady site (Slovakia, 9 th century BC). The burned skeletal remains from three urns deposited in Objects 70 and 71 were analysed. We examined the volume and weight of the skeletal remains, the size of bone fragments and degree of burning. We assume that only one individual was buried in Object 70. In Object 71, the situation is more complicated. Since the burned bones were found in two urns, it is possible that the remains belonged to one individual but have been stored in two vessels. However, the remains could belong to two or more individuals. In all three urns, small quantities of minute to medium sized burned bone fragments were present. Perfect to chalk, respectively perfect degree of burn prevailed. Sex and the age at death could not be estimated in any individual. Úvod Archeologický výskum prebiehal v rokoch 2014-2015 juhovýchodne od bratislavskej mestskej časti Devín v polohe Záhrady. Lokalita je situovaná na výraznom juhozápadnom svahu (17-25°) zvažujúcom sa k ramenu rieky Dunaj. Celkovo sa odkrylo 98 objektov, pričom väčšina z nich bola datovaná do dvoch časových horizontov-do staršej doby železnej (halštatskej) a do mladšej doby železnej (laténskej). Za najvýznamnejšie objekty na lokalite je možné považovať dva žiarové urnové hroby datované do doby halštatskej (Objekt 70 a 71). V Objekte 70 sa nachádzalo šesť nádob, pričom nádoba 5 bola uložená vo vnútri nádoby 2 a nádoba 6 v nádobe 3. Kostrové pozostatky boli uložené v nádobe 1. V hrobe bol priložený nožík a mäsitá potrava (obr. 1). V Objekte 71 bolo uložených až 10 nádob, pričom, podobne ako v predchádzajúcom prípade, nádoba 9 bola vložená v nádobe 4 a nádoba 10 v nádobe 1. V tomto hrobe však boli dve urny-nádoba 1 a 5. Do hrobu bol takisto vložený nožík a mäsitá potrava (obr. 2). Oba hroby boli bez zistenej povrchovej úpravy. Na lokalite bolo odkrytých niekoľko zahĺbených polozemníc datovaných do mladšej doby halštatskej a do doby laténskej (Chmelo et al. 2015). Významným nálezom je tiež ľudská kostra uložená v laténskej chate dvojkolovej konštrukcie (Objekt 74), ktorú analyzoval Kolena (2015). Materiál a metódy Predmetom antropologickej analýzy boli spálené kostrové pozostatky pochádzajúce z troch nádob, ktoré sa nachádzali v objekte 70 a 71. Zisťovali sme objem a hmotnosť kostrových pozostatkov, veľkosť kostných úlomkov a stupeň ich spálenia. Na stanovenie objemu kostrových pozostatkov sme použili odmerný valec, na zistenie hmotnosti laboratórnu váhu. Objem pozostatkov sme zisťovali v kubických centimetroch (cm 3) a rozlišovali sme päť objemových skupín podľa Stloukala (1968, 1982): veľmi malé množstvo-menej ako 100 cm 3 , malé množstvo-101 až 490 cm 3 , stredné množstvo-500 až 950 cm 3 , veľké množstvo-951 až 1500 cm 3 a veľmi veľké množstvo-viac ako 1501 cm 3 .
Monitoring the body composition changes in 18-to 21-year-old students of Comenius University in B... more Monitoring the body composition changes in 18-to 21-year-old students of Comenius University in Bratislava. In recent years, overweight and obesity are considered to be the risk factors that cause serious diseases. Masked obesity is the specific type of obesity occuring mainly among young people who have BMI lower than 25, but the fat is higher than 25% in males and higher than 30% in females. The aim of the study is to assess the body composition and somatotypes of the students of the Comenius University in Bratislava. The observed study group consists of 808 university students, of these 502 females and 306 males. Ten anthropometric indicators needed for the calculation of somatotypes were measured. In a group of 18-years-old females, we found masked obesity, which indicates inadequate physical activity and inadequate diet. In this age group, we have ascertained significantly lower body weight, lower circumference of arm stretched and lower bi-epicondylar width of humerus, as well as significantly higher endomorphic and ectomorphic component. Úvod Súčasné alarmujúce trendy v prevalencii nadhmotnosti a obezity u detí a mládeže predstavujú závažný zdravotný problém nielen pre dnešnú mladú generáciu, ale i pre nasledujúce generácie. Nadhmotnosť a obezita v detstve vedie k obezite v dospelosti najmä vtedy, ak sú i rodičia obézni (Regecová et al. 2015). Potvrdilo sa, že telesnú stavbu detí a mládeže ovplyvňujú endogénne genetické, ako aj environmentálne, socioekonomické a psychosociálne faktory. Exogénne faktory sa premietajú do spôsobu života v rodinách a spoločnosti. Ovplyvňujú výživu, spôsob stravovania a denné aktivity detí a mládeže (Branca et al. 2007, Lobstein a Frelut 2003). Závažný poznatok získali Fatrcová-Šramková, Gregušová a Tináková (2010) z výskumu stredoškolských študentov. Zistili vysoké hodnoty telesného tuku, a to u 24,53 % študentov bez štatisticky významného rozdielu medzi dievčatami a chlapcami. Pritom takmer tretina súboru mala vysoké, veľmi vysoké až extrémne hodnoty BMI (29,78 %). Nízke hodnoty telesného tuku pozorovali u 36,20 % probandov, kým takmer štvrtina súboru mala nízke alebo veľmi nízke BMI. Norme pre tuk zodpovedalo 39,27 % študentov bez signifikantných rozdielov podľa pohlavia, pričom rozdiely sa podobne nepotvrdili ani pri stredných hodnotách BMI. Obezita je závažné chronické, metabolické ochorenie modernej doby, pričom je výsledkom interakcie medzi environmentálnymi a genetickými faktormi (Přidalová et al. 2011). Na určovanie stupňa obezity v klinickej a pediatrickej praxi sa stále viac zaraďuje odhad telesného zloženia (Stříbrná, Kopecký a Charamza 2016). Obezita je charakterizovaná patologickou akumuláciou tuku pri pozitívnej energetickej bilancii, čiže pri väčšom príjme potravy a menšom výdaji energie (Fábryová 2008). Skrytá obezita je špecifický typ obezity vyskytujúci sa
An attempt to identify the mummified human remains from the Krásna Hôrka castle (Rožňava district... more An attempt to identify the mummified human remains from the Krásna Hôrka castle (Rožňava district, Slovakia). In the castle chapel, the mummified body in a glass sarcophagus is exhibited. According to a legend, the body belongs to Countess Zsofia Andrássy (nee Serédy). Macroscopic examination of the body showed that the mummified remains are well preserved; the skin is dried, but still slightly elastic. CT scan confirmed that all the internal organs, including brain, are present. Only little degenerative-productive changes in vertebrae were found. No signs of healed fractures are present. The cortical bone of long bones is relatively thick, and the trabecular structure in humeral and femoral heads decreased only slightly. The age at death of the woman was estimated to 40±5 years. Superimposition of skull into the historical portraits showed that the mummified remains most probably do not belong to Theresa Dőry. Based on the above facts, we can conclude that the body could belong to Zsofia Andrássy, but we are not yet able to prove it.
abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate intersexual differences between boys and girls from... more abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate intersexual differences between boys and girls from seven to nine years of age attending elementary school in the Bratislava Region. We also compare monitored group with group of Slovak children from 1976 (Hajniš, Brůžek, & Blažek 1989). A total of 265 chil dren were measured, 141 boys and 124 girls. There were investigated eight body parameters, and then calculated four indices of body dimensions to confirm differen ces between boys and girls, and to evaluate body composition in Slovak children after 40 years. There were used five body parameters and one index to compare these differences. The obtained results showed that boys at the age of eight and nine years achieve higher mean values in almost all body di mensions, which affirm the fact that in this period boys are hea vier and taller than girls. In comparison to Slovak population from 1976, higher mean values of stature and body weight were observed in monitored group. These findings provide existence of secular trend. Slovak population were only distinguished by the higher values of head width, in contrast to monitored chi ldren who have higher mean values of length of head, which confirm debrachycephalisation trend. Úvod V ostatných dvoch storočiach pozorujeme relatívne výraznú zmenu rastového a vývinového tempa, ako aj zmeny v hodno tách niektorých telesných znakov. Deti v jednotlivých veko vých kategóriách rastú a vyvíjajú sa rýchlejšie ako ich roves níci v minulosti, vstupujú skôr do obdobia dospelosti a skôr sa u nich končí rast (akcelerácia). Okrem veľkosti telesných častí sa však mení aj proporci onalita tela, tzn., že priemerné hodnoty telesných parametrov súčasnej dospelej populácie sú vyššie ako boli u dospelých v minulosti. Túto skutočnosť označuje termín sekulárny trend, ktorý sa týka najmä telesnej výšky, pričom hovorí o tom, že dospelí jedinci sú v súčasnosti vyšší ako boli tí pred viac ako storočím (Rebato, 2007). Tento trend však zahŕňa aj detskú po puláciu. Deti sú priemerne v dospelosti vyššie ako ich rodičia, pričom to platí zvlášť pre ženy a zvlášť pre mužov. Sekulárny trend bol zaznamenaný aj v hodnotách telesnej hmotnosti u detí aj dospelých, čo súvisí nielen so zmenou telesnej výšky (veľ kosti tela), ale aj spomínanej proporcionality a telesnej stavby (Cole, 2003). Vo všeobecnosti dochádza k zvyšovaniu teles nej hmotnosti populácie, ako dospelej, tak aj detí. Tak ako sa zvyšuje priemerná telesná hmotnosť, zvyšuje sa aj priemerná telesná výška, čo potvrdzuje pozitívny sekulárny trend telesnej výšky. V ostatnej dobe však dochádza k spomaľovaniu tohto trendu, najmä u dievčat, u chlapcov naopak tento trend pokra čuje, výraznejší je v predpubertálnom období.
Skeletal remains from Hronovce (Levice district, Slovakia) dated to the Eneolithic. The skeletal ... more Skeletal remains from Hronovce (Levice district, Slovakia) dated to the Eneolithic. The skeletal remains and pottery from the site Hronovce-Vozokany were dated to the Middle Eneolithic Period, exactly to the late classical Baden culture (Baden III-IVa). Skeletal remains belonged to a female in the age of 35–45 years (adultus II–maturus I). The distal ends of both ulnae were deformed. The traumatic changes (e.g. the injury of distal radioulnar joint or Colles' fracture) which led to a nutritional disorder of carpal joints and weakening of the bones are considered. The degenerative-productive changes are present in the cervical vertebrae; arthritis is most pronounced on the body of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae. The heavy occlusal tooth wear was found in all teeth, and may not only be related to the consumption of abrasive food, but in this case it is possible to consider the use of teeth as the work tool. The analysis of stable isotopes δ13C and δ15N (-19.9, resp. +10.7) showed that a female had consumed terrestrial food typical for the temperate zone of Central Europe (cereals, vegetable food, meat from domestic and wild animals). Úvod V máji roku 2009 boli v obci Hronovce (okr. Levice), v miestnej časti Vozokany, objavené kostrové pozostatky ľudského jedinca. Archeologická lokalita sa nachádza na severovýchodnom okraji obce a je situovaná na vysokej sprašovej terase na pravom brehu rieky Hron, pokrytej pomerne hrubou vrstvou černozeme. Nálezisko leží v nadmorskej výške 136 m n. m. a prevýšenie od súčasnej riečnej hladiny predstavuje približne 10 m. Ľudský skelet spolu s nálezmi keramiky a zvieracích kostí bol nájdený na pozemku pána Raczkiho. Kostrové pozostatky " vypadli " v dôsledku erózie nespevnenej klenby zo stropu pivnice. Všetky nálezy prevzal od pána Raczkiho pán Szabó, ktorý ich uschoval do roku 2014. Následne si ich od neho prevzal archeológ Peter Tóth, ktorý nálezovú situáciu aj zdokumentoval.
The incidence of foot deformities in children from Bratislava schools (Slovakia). The most common... more The incidence of foot deformities in children from Bratislava schools (Slovakia). The most common foot deformity is flat foot (pes planus), high arch of foot (pes excavatus) and juvenile bunion (hallux valgus). In our study, we focused on the presence of these deformities in the population of Bratislava children aged 6–12 years. We used the method of Chippaux-Šmiřák index for analysis of the arch of foot. The results indicate that in the measured children aged 6–12 years the normal arched foot is most common. The occurrence of flat foot is more frequent than high foot and more common in boys. The high body mass has a major impact on long-term loading arch of the foot and it is the main cause of flat foot. The angle of the thumb magnifies in older girls, which increases the risk of hallux valgus deformity. Key words: pes planus, pes excavatus, hallux valgus, children aged 6 to 12 years, Central Europe Úvod Noha je veľmi dômyselne vytvorený aparát slúžiaci k pohybu človeka. Narušenie prirodzeného vývinu obvykle vedie k postihnutiu funkčnej kapacity nohy (Kamínek, Gallo a Ditmar 2003). K najčastejším deformitám nohy patrí plochá a vysoká noha a vbočený palec. Plochá noha (pes planus) je deformita charakterizovaná výrazným znížením pozdĺžnej klenby nohy. V období rastu vzniká často flexibilná detská plochá noha, kedy dochádza k zvýšenému ochabnutiu väzív. Jej príčinou môže byť aj obezita, malnutrícia, chronická únava alebo nevhodná obuv (Adamec 2005). Pri vysokej nohe (pes excavatus) je abnormálne vyklenutá pozdĺžna klenba nohy. Jej príčinou je nerovnováha činnosti svalov nohy a lýtka na kĺby nohy a často vzniká pri vrodených alebo získaných neurologických ochoreniach (Novotná 2001). Vbočený palec (hallux valgus) je u detí pomerne málo častá deformita nohy. Pacienti pred 20. rokom života sa obyčajne sťažujú iba na pretrvávajúci pľuzgier a jeho kozmetický vzhľad. Odhaduje sa, že približne 40 až 50 % pľuzgierov v dospelosti má svoj počiatok už v detstve (Chell a Dhar 2014). V tejto štúdii sme sa zamerali na výskyt deformít v populácii detí z Bratislavy vo veku 6 až 12 rokov, kde hodnotíme, ako sa výskyt deformít mení vekom zvlášť u dievčat a chlapcov, a ako sa mení so zvyšujúcou sa telesnou hmotnosťou. Súbor a metódy Výskumu zaoberajúcim sa deformitou nohy sa dobrovoľne, so súhlasom zákonného zástupcu, zúčastnilo 297 detí (158 dievčat a 139 chlapcov) vo veku 6 až 12 rokov zo ZŠ Turnianskej a Spojenej školy Tilgnerovej v Bratislave. Plantografickou metódou, metódou odtlačkov nôh, sme hodnotili najväčšiu a najmenšiu šírku odtlačku nohy. Tieto rozmery sme použili na analýzu klenby
The basic anthropological characteristic of individuals from the cemetery near the Premonstratens... more The basic anthropological characteristic of individuals from the cemetery near the Premonstratensian monastery in Leles (district Trebišov, Slovakia, 10 th −16 th century AD). The aim of this study was anthropological analysis of skeletal remains from cemetery near the Premonstratensian monastery in Leles dated to the 10 th –16 th century AD. The analyzed population consisted of 60 individuals: 17 (28.33%) male adults, 28 (46.67%) female adults, 14 (23.33%) juveniles and one adult (1.67%) of undetermined sex. The life expectancy of this population was quite high (e 0 = 31.1). The highest probability of death (q x) was found in the age group of 50−59 years. Index of masculinity (MI) reached 440.0 units, so the number of 1000 females theoretically fits with 440.0 males. On average, males had long, narrow, medium-high neurocranium, a low face with a medium-wide forehead. Females had medium-long, narrow and high neurocranium, a medium-high face with a medium-wide forehead. The average stature was 169.69±5.69 cm in males, and 156.10±7.65 cm in females. Both males and females were of over medium stature. Úvod Objektom skúmania bol premonštrátsky kláštor nachádzajúci sa v obci Leles (v nadmorskej výške 112 metrov n. m.) v Potiskej nížine v okrese Trebišov (Juránková 2012, Škubla 2015). Budova kláštora je situovaná okolo obdĺžnikového rajského dvora (obr. 1). Z južnej strany sa k budove pripája kláštorný kostol. V juhovýchodnom rohu kláštora sa nachádza sakristia a hneď vedľa nej je kapitulná sieň, v súčasnosti označovaná ako Kaplnka sv. Michala. Kapitulná sieň je tvorená tromi podlažiami – dvomi nadzemnými a jedným podzemným. Všetky steny v minulosti pokrývala rozsiahla stredoveká maľba (Juránková 2012). Archeologicko-pamiatkový výskum prebiehal v dvoch sezónach, od júna do septembra v roku 2013 a od júla do októbra v roku 2014. Výskum bol realizovaný firmou Triglav Archeologická spoločnosť, s. r. o. pod vedením Mgr. Petra Šimčíka. V interiéri kláštora (rajský dvor, obr. 1) sa realizoval archeologický výskum ako súčasť projektu obnovy národnej kultúrnej pamiatky kláštora premonštrátov. Cieľom výskumu bolo zdokumentovať priebeh jednotlivých kultúrnych vrstiev, doskúmať stredoveké aj novoveké objekty a zachytené pohrebisko až na sterilné piesčité podložie. Počas archeologického výskumu bolo vytýčených celkovo sedem sond. Sonda I/2013 bola situovaná v strede rajského dvora a svojim tvarom pripomínala písmeno Y (obr. 1). Práve v tejto sonde boli zachytené hroby a väčšina objektov. Sonda prechádzala sektormi A až F, mala rozmery 22,53 x 1,79 m s dlhšou stranou v smere J – S. Všetky hroby boli zahĺbené do piesčitého podložia a celkovo ich bolo zachytených 57. Najstaršie kostrové pozostatky (hrob č. 50) boli datované do mladšej doby rímskej na základe prítomnosti keramiky pochádzajúcej práve z tohto historického
Assessment of foot health condition from footprints parameters in students from Comenius Universi... more Assessment of foot health condition from footprints parameters in students from Comenius University in Bratislava. The aim of the study was to analyse foot arch and foot deformities – hallux varus, hallux valgus and digitus quintus varus from static footprints in young adults. Study sample consisted of 80 males and 90 females. Stature and body weight, metatarsal width and the narrowest part, angles of big and little toes were measured from recorded static footprints according to the standard anthropometric procedures. The arch of foot was evaluated by index Chippaux-Šmiřák, angles of big and little toes were evaluated by Weisflog method. Results showed the incidence of three levels of flat foot in both sexes, however mostly in males. The significant correlation between BMI (Body Mass Index), body weight and flat foot was observed only in males. For the reference of big toe´s deformities, there was the main abundance in females, in particular hallux valgus. In males there was detected the highest percentage of varus position of big toe. Deformities of little toes were proven in both sexes. In conclusion, our analysis confirmed monitored foot deformities in young adults, although these were not officially diagnosed by physicians in any of them. Úvod DiMaggio a Vernon (2011) definujú plantogram ako kompletný odtlačok, ktorý zahŕňa päť prstov, metatarzálnu časť chodidla, odtlačok päty, profil klenby a bočné časti klenby. Ľudská noha so zdravou klenbou má veľmi dôležitú úlohu v živote každého človeka. Zdravá noha je definovaná ako noha, ktorej kostrová sústava, svaly, kĺby a ani nervy nie sú postihnuté žiadnou vrodenou alebo získanou chybou s trvalými následkami (Potůček a Oberdörfer 1990). Klenba tlmí otrasy, a preto je dôležitým faktorom pre pružnosť chôdze, môžeme povedať, že je tzv. shock absorber (Riegerová a Přidalová 2006). V prípade, že nohu často zaťažujeme dlhým státím, môže sa klenba znížiť, prípadne až vymiznúť. Tento typ sa nazýva plochá noha – pes planus (Drobný 1998, 2001). Faktorov, ktorými sa zo zdravej nohy stane patologická, čiže s deformitami klenby alebo prstov, je viacero. Môže to byť nevhodná obuv, úraz, zápaly šliach alebo väzov, obezita, zvyšujúci sa vek alebo reumatoidná artritída (Calabro 1983). Medzi pomerne časté deformity prstov patrí hallux valgus (vbočený palec), ktorý je komplexnou vadou, na ktorej vzniku sa podieľajú dedičné faktory v kombinácii s nevhodnou, príliš špicatou obuvou, ktorá vychyľuje palec z osi a obmedzuje svalovú činnosť, a takisto preťažovaním prednej časti nohy. Vbočený palec je často spájaný aj s problémom priečne plochej nohy, kedy vzniká preťažovaním hlavného kĺbu palca a nesprávnym typom chôdze (Riegerová a Přidalová 2006). Termínom hallux varus označujeme vychýlenie palca do mediálnej strany. Najčastejšou príčinou vzniku je následok po nie vždy vydarenej chirurgickej korekcie hallux valgus (Miller 1975).
During a paleopathological analysis of skeletal remains from the Late Medieval to Early Modern Ag... more During a paleopathological analysis of skeletal remains from the Late Medieval to Early Modern Age cemetery at Janí-ky (district Dunajská Streda, Slovakia) some interesting pathological cases were observed. In the collection of 64 burials 71 individuals were found (18 males, 10 females, eight adults of undetermined sex and 35 non-adults of undetermined sex). Four rare pathological cases were macroscopically diagnosed. An interesting paleopathological case was found in a child at the age of 7–14 years from the grave 10. TBC likely caused of pathological lesions of the elbow and knee joints. In one case, Perthes disease was diagnosed (in a non-adult individuals at the age of 7–14 years from the grave 9b). Another case was an ossified cyst that was diagnosed as a proba ble ossified lymphatic node. These units were present in two adults (in a male at the age of 20–30 years from the grave 20 and in a adult individuals at the age of 40–50 years from the grave x/7490). On the sacrum of two adults (in a male at the age of 30–40 years from the grave 2b and in a female at the age of 20–30 years from the grave 18) were visible signs of cancer disease (neurilemmoma) or perineural cysts.
The area of the oral vestibule is often a place where pathologies appear (e.g., peripheral odonto... more The area of the oral vestibule is often a place where pathologies appear (e.g., peripheral odontomas). The origin of these pathologies is not fully understood. In the present study, we traced a cell population expressing Sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the beginning of tooth development using Cre-LoxP system in the lower jaw of wild-type (WT) mice. We focused on Shh expression in the area of the early appearing rudimentary incisor germs located anteriorly to the prospective incisors. The localization of the labelled cells in the incisor germs and also in the inner epithelial layer of the vestibular anlage showed that the first very early developmental events in the lower incisor area are common to the vestibulum oris and the prospective incisor primordia in mice. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of human historical tooth-like structures found in the vestibular area of jaws confirmed their relation to teeth and thus the capability of the vestibular tissue to form teeth. The location of labelled cells descendant of the early appearing Shh expression domain related to the rudimentary incisor anlage not only in the rudimentary and functional incisor germs but also in the externally located anlage of the oral vestibule documented the odontogenic potential of the ves-tibular epithelium. This potential can be awakened under pathological conditions and become a source of pathologies in the vestibular area.
The aim of the study was to determine the diet of an historical human population using the trace ... more The aim of the study was to determine the diet of an historical human population using the trace elements in dental tissues and dental buccal microwear. Although 38 individuals had been buried in the cemetery, preservation of the remains did not allow analysis of all of them. A total of 13 individuals were analysed, of which the samples for trace-element analysis consisted of 12 permanent premolars from 12 individuals. Buccal microwear was studied in a sample of nine teeth from nine individuals. Both trace-element and microwear analyses were performed on eight individuals. All analyzed teeth were intact, with fully developed roots, without dental calculus and macro-abrasion. Concentrations of Sr, Zn, and Ca, and their ratios, were used to determine the relative proportions of plant and animal protein in the diet. Samples were analyzed using optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The values of the Sr and Zn concentrations indicate that a diet of the investigated population was of a mixed character with approximately the same proportion of plants and meat in their food. Buccal microwear was studied in molds ofbuccal surfaces and observed at 100x magnification with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Length and orientation of striations were determined with the SigmaScan Pro 5.0 image analysis program. The results obtained from microwear analysis correspond with those from trace-element analysis and showed that the population consumed a mixed diet. The density of the scratches indicates that the diet contained a considerable vegetable component. The high number of vertical scratches and their high average length suggest that individuals also consumed a large portion of meat. The results of both analyses showed that there were also individuals whose diet had probably been poor, i.e. richer in animal protein, which probably could be related to their health or social status in the population.
Orofacial clefts are a common developmental anomaly in living individuals; however, skulls with c... more Orofacial clefts are a common developmental anomaly in living individuals; however, skulls with clefts are relatively rarely found in archaeological specimens. The presented research is dealing with the first and only historical skeletal case of cleft lip and palate from the territory of Slovakia. The skeletal remains belonged to a juvenile male impiously buried in a storage pit together with an adult male. The position of the skeletons strongly suggests that the deposition of the two bodies was a single event, dated to the mid-seventeenth century or in the late eighteenth century calAD. A juvenile male found in a squatting position at the bottom of the pit was affected by an incomplete unilateral cleft palate combined with a right-sided cleft lip. The defect was associated with dental anomalies and defects such as supernumerary teeth and enamel hypoplasia, as well as dysmorphology of the facial complex. Both the affected juvenile male and the adult male consumed meat, indicating their stable, if not higher, social status. That, coupled with the fact that the individual with cleft lived to the age of 16–18 years, suggests that at least this younger male must have been well cared for and lived in an economically and socially stable environment. The buried males were not biologically related and were probably of Western European origin. All these facts indicate that they were travelling foreigners from the higher class who died unexpectedly with a possibility of a violent death.
The paper presents results of the dental state analysis in non-adult and adult individuals from t... more The paper presents results of the dental state analysis in non-adult and adult individuals from the Early Bronze Age cemetery in Pata (Diely site), southwestern Slovakia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and periapical inflammatory processes and compare it with the populations living in the territory of Slovakia during the Bronze and Early Middle Ages. Non-adults consisted of individuals both with deciduous and mixed dentition. The children with deciduous dentition had all teeth intact. In group of non-adults with mixed dentition, four individuals had deciduous teeth affected by dental caries (F-CE = 12.5%, I-CE = 5.7%). In adults, the analysis was carried out in 134 individuals (54 males, 69 females and 11 individuals of undetermined sex). The caries frequency (F-CE) reached 53.7%. The caries intensity (I-CE), consisting of the frequency of carious teeth (% C = 5.2%) and ante-mortem tooth loss (% E = 8.1%), reached 13.3%. Both the F-CE and I-CE h...
The stature and the body weight as part of the biological profile can aid the personal identifica... more The stature and the body weight as part of the biological profile can aid the personal identification. The dimensions of the human foot, as well as the footprint, can be used for the prediction due to the existence of its positive correlation with the stature and body weight. Five diagonal axes and ball breadth of bilateral static footprints of 132 young Slovak adults were obtained. All diameters were larger in a male group than female group. No bilateral differences were found except the first diagonal axis and ball breadth. A positive correlations between the selected footprint diameters with the stature (r = 0.37-0.64) and the body weight (r = 0.29-0.71) were confirmed. The linear and multiple regression prediction equations were developed. A stature prediction equation using the most lateral diameters (the fourth and fifth diagonal axis) exhibited the highest accuracy ranging from 4 to 7.5 cm. Similar results were found for the body weight estimation of the male and mixed group....
The state of the dentition was evaluated in 86 subadult individuals from the Slav-Avar burial gro... more The state of the dentition was evaluated in 86 subadult individuals from the Slav-Avar burial ground at Sebastovce village(Eastern Slovakia). Caries frequency, ie the percentage of individuals affected by dental decay, comes to 27. 91%, Caries intensity, ie the percentage ...
Traumatic lesions in skeletal remains of the Three Košice Martyrs. We analysed skeletal remains o... more Traumatic lesions in skeletal remains of the Three Košice Martyrs. We analysed skeletal remains of Stephen Pongracz, Melchior Grodziecki and Marko Krizin, and confirmed that the remains belonged to male individuals. On the basis of the age at death estimation, we found that some bones of the postcranial skeleton of Melchior Grodziecki (stored in Trnava) and Marko Krizin (stored in Esztergom) were probably exchanged in the past. Pathological lesions found on skeletal remains are likely to be the result of torture and may indicate the cause of death of the martyrs. We consider that Stephen Pongracz could have died due to stabbing in the left side of his neck where carotid could have been cut. As regards the decapitation of Melchior Grodziecki, mentioned in historical documents, we tend to believe that the head was cut off post-mortem. On the right scapula of Marko Krizin, we found a fissure that could have occurred after a halberd stabbing in the chest.
The aim of the study was to determine the diet of the historical human population using trace ele... more The aim of the study was to determine the diet of the historical human population using trace elements in dental tissues and dental buccal microwear. Although 466 individuals had been buried in the cemetery, preservation of the remains did not allow analysis of all of them. 34 permanent premolars and one permanent molar from 35 individuals were analysed for trace elements. Dental microwear was studied in 26 permanent molars of the same individuals. Both trace-element and microwear analyses were performed on 26 individuals, of the remaining nine individuals’ only trace elements were analysed. All analysed teeth were intact, with fully developed roots, without dental calculus and macro-abrasion. Concentrations of Sr, Zn, and Ca, and their ratios, were used to determine the relative proportions of plant and animal protein in the diet. Samples were analysed using optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The values of the Sr and Zn concentrations indicate that a diet of the examined population was of a mixed character. A higher intake of animal protein was detected in individuals of higher social status. Apparently, within the population there were individuals whose content of trace elements in dental tissue did not reflect the way of feeding, resp. social status, but was instead related to their health. Buccal microwear was studied in molds of buccal surfaces and observed at 100× magnification with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Length and orientation of striations were determined with the SigmaScan Pro 5.0 image analysis program. The results obtained from microwear analysis correspond with those from trace-element analysis and showed that the population consumed a mixed diet, which contained higher proportion of abrasive components. The way of feeding of this historical population could be similar to recent populations of hunters and gatherers, and the greater density and length of scratches may have been caused by other technology of food preparing.
Cremation graves from the locality of Bratislava-Devín, Záhrady site (Slovakia, 9 th century BC).... more Cremation graves from the locality of Bratislava-Devín, Záhrady site (Slovakia, 9 th century BC). The burned skeletal remains from three urns deposited in Objects 70 and 71 were analysed. We examined the volume and weight of the skeletal remains, the size of bone fragments and degree of burning. We assume that only one individual was buried in Object 70. In Object 71, the situation is more complicated. Since the burned bones were found in two urns, it is possible that the remains belonged to one individual but have been stored in two vessels. However, the remains could belong to two or more individuals. In all three urns, small quantities of minute to medium sized burned bone fragments were present. Perfect to chalk, respectively perfect degree of burn prevailed. Sex and the age at death could not be estimated in any individual. Úvod Archeologický výskum prebiehal v rokoch 2014-2015 juhovýchodne od bratislavskej mestskej časti Devín v polohe Záhrady. Lokalita je situovaná na výraznom juhozápadnom svahu (17-25°) zvažujúcom sa k ramenu rieky Dunaj. Celkovo sa odkrylo 98 objektov, pričom väčšina z nich bola datovaná do dvoch časových horizontov-do staršej doby železnej (halštatskej) a do mladšej doby železnej (laténskej). Za najvýznamnejšie objekty na lokalite je možné považovať dva žiarové urnové hroby datované do doby halštatskej (Objekt 70 a 71). V Objekte 70 sa nachádzalo šesť nádob, pričom nádoba 5 bola uložená vo vnútri nádoby 2 a nádoba 6 v nádobe 3. Kostrové pozostatky boli uložené v nádobe 1. V hrobe bol priložený nožík a mäsitá potrava (obr. 1). V Objekte 71 bolo uložených až 10 nádob, pričom, podobne ako v predchádzajúcom prípade, nádoba 9 bola vložená v nádobe 4 a nádoba 10 v nádobe 1. V tomto hrobe však boli dve urny-nádoba 1 a 5. Do hrobu bol takisto vložený nožík a mäsitá potrava (obr. 2). Oba hroby boli bez zistenej povrchovej úpravy. Na lokalite bolo odkrytých niekoľko zahĺbených polozemníc datovaných do mladšej doby halštatskej a do doby laténskej (Chmelo et al. 2015). Významným nálezom je tiež ľudská kostra uložená v laténskej chate dvojkolovej konštrukcie (Objekt 74), ktorú analyzoval Kolena (2015). Materiál a metódy Predmetom antropologickej analýzy boli spálené kostrové pozostatky pochádzajúce z troch nádob, ktoré sa nachádzali v objekte 70 a 71. Zisťovali sme objem a hmotnosť kostrových pozostatkov, veľkosť kostných úlomkov a stupeň ich spálenia. Na stanovenie objemu kostrových pozostatkov sme použili odmerný valec, na zistenie hmotnosti laboratórnu váhu. Objem pozostatkov sme zisťovali v kubických centimetroch (cm 3) a rozlišovali sme päť objemových skupín podľa Stloukala (1968, 1982): veľmi malé množstvo-menej ako 100 cm 3 , malé množstvo-101 až 490 cm 3 , stredné množstvo-500 až 950 cm 3 , veľké množstvo-951 až 1500 cm 3 a veľmi veľké množstvo-viac ako 1501 cm 3 .
Monitoring the body composition changes in 18-to 21-year-old students of Comenius University in B... more Monitoring the body composition changes in 18-to 21-year-old students of Comenius University in Bratislava. In recent years, overweight and obesity are considered to be the risk factors that cause serious diseases. Masked obesity is the specific type of obesity occuring mainly among young people who have BMI lower than 25, but the fat is higher than 25% in males and higher than 30% in females. The aim of the study is to assess the body composition and somatotypes of the students of the Comenius University in Bratislava. The observed study group consists of 808 university students, of these 502 females and 306 males. Ten anthropometric indicators needed for the calculation of somatotypes were measured. In a group of 18-years-old females, we found masked obesity, which indicates inadequate physical activity and inadequate diet. In this age group, we have ascertained significantly lower body weight, lower circumference of arm stretched and lower bi-epicondylar width of humerus, as well as significantly higher endomorphic and ectomorphic component. Úvod Súčasné alarmujúce trendy v prevalencii nadhmotnosti a obezity u detí a mládeže predstavujú závažný zdravotný problém nielen pre dnešnú mladú generáciu, ale i pre nasledujúce generácie. Nadhmotnosť a obezita v detstve vedie k obezite v dospelosti najmä vtedy, ak sú i rodičia obézni (Regecová et al. 2015). Potvrdilo sa, že telesnú stavbu detí a mládeže ovplyvňujú endogénne genetické, ako aj environmentálne, socioekonomické a psychosociálne faktory. Exogénne faktory sa premietajú do spôsobu života v rodinách a spoločnosti. Ovplyvňujú výživu, spôsob stravovania a denné aktivity detí a mládeže (Branca et al. 2007, Lobstein a Frelut 2003). Závažný poznatok získali Fatrcová-Šramková, Gregušová a Tináková (2010) z výskumu stredoškolských študentov. Zistili vysoké hodnoty telesného tuku, a to u 24,53 % študentov bez štatisticky významného rozdielu medzi dievčatami a chlapcami. Pritom takmer tretina súboru mala vysoké, veľmi vysoké až extrémne hodnoty BMI (29,78 %). Nízke hodnoty telesného tuku pozorovali u 36,20 % probandov, kým takmer štvrtina súboru mala nízke alebo veľmi nízke BMI. Norme pre tuk zodpovedalo 39,27 % študentov bez signifikantných rozdielov podľa pohlavia, pričom rozdiely sa podobne nepotvrdili ani pri stredných hodnotách BMI. Obezita je závažné chronické, metabolické ochorenie modernej doby, pričom je výsledkom interakcie medzi environmentálnymi a genetickými faktormi (Přidalová et al. 2011). Na určovanie stupňa obezity v klinickej a pediatrickej praxi sa stále viac zaraďuje odhad telesného zloženia (Stříbrná, Kopecký a Charamza 2016). Obezita je charakterizovaná patologickou akumuláciou tuku pri pozitívnej energetickej bilancii, čiže pri väčšom príjme potravy a menšom výdaji energie (Fábryová 2008). Skrytá obezita je špecifický typ obezity vyskytujúci sa
An attempt to identify the mummified human remains from the Krásna Hôrka castle (Rožňava district... more An attempt to identify the mummified human remains from the Krásna Hôrka castle (Rožňava district, Slovakia). In the castle chapel, the mummified body in a glass sarcophagus is exhibited. According to a legend, the body belongs to Countess Zsofia Andrássy (nee Serédy). Macroscopic examination of the body showed that the mummified remains are well preserved; the skin is dried, but still slightly elastic. CT scan confirmed that all the internal organs, including brain, are present. Only little degenerative-productive changes in vertebrae were found. No signs of healed fractures are present. The cortical bone of long bones is relatively thick, and the trabecular structure in humeral and femoral heads decreased only slightly. The age at death of the woman was estimated to 40±5 years. Superimposition of skull into the historical portraits showed that the mummified remains most probably do not belong to Theresa Dőry. Based on the above facts, we can conclude that the body could belong to Zsofia Andrássy, but we are not yet able to prove it.
abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate intersexual differences between boys and girls from... more abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate intersexual differences between boys and girls from seven to nine years of age attending elementary school in the Bratislava Region. We also compare monitored group with group of Slovak children from 1976 (Hajniš, Brůžek, & Blažek 1989). A total of 265 chil dren were measured, 141 boys and 124 girls. There were investigated eight body parameters, and then calculated four indices of body dimensions to confirm differen ces between boys and girls, and to evaluate body composition in Slovak children after 40 years. There were used five body parameters and one index to compare these differences. The obtained results showed that boys at the age of eight and nine years achieve higher mean values in almost all body di mensions, which affirm the fact that in this period boys are hea vier and taller than girls. In comparison to Slovak population from 1976, higher mean values of stature and body weight were observed in monitored group. These findings provide existence of secular trend. Slovak population were only distinguished by the higher values of head width, in contrast to monitored chi ldren who have higher mean values of length of head, which confirm debrachycephalisation trend. Úvod V ostatných dvoch storočiach pozorujeme relatívne výraznú zmenu rastového a vývinového tempa, ako aj zmeny v hodno tách niektorých telesných znakov. Deti v jednotlivých veko vých kategóriách rastú a vyvíjajú sa rýchlejšie ako ich roves níci v minulosti, vstupujú skôr do obdobia dospelosti a skôr sa u nich končí rast (akcelerácia). Okrem veľkosti telesných častí sa však mení aj proporci onalita tela, tzn., že priemerné hodnoty telesných parametrov súčasnej dospelej populácie sú vyššie ako boli u dospelých v minulosti. Túto skutočnosť označuje termín sekulárny trend, ktorý sa týka najmä telesnej výšky, pričom hovorí o tom, že dospelí jedinci sú v súčasnosti vyšší ako boli tí pred viac ako storočím (Rebato, 2007). Tento trend však zahŕňa aj detskú po puláciu. Deti sú priemerne v dospelosti vyššie ako ich rodičia, pričom to platí zvlášť pre ženy a zvlášť pre mužov. Sekulárny trend bol zaznamenaný aj v hodnotách telesnej hmotnosti u detí aj dospelých, čo súvisí nielen so zmenou telesnej výšky (veľ kosti tela), ale aj spomínanej proporcionality a telesnej stavby (Cole, 2003). Vo všeobecnosti dochádza k zvyšovaniu teles nej hmotnosti populácie, ako dospelej, tak aj detí. Tak ako sa zvyšuje priemerná telesná hmotnosť, zvyšuje sa aj priemerná telesná výška, čo potvrdzuje pozitívny sekulárny trend telesnej výšky. V ostatnej dobe však dochádza k spomaľovaniu tohto trendu, najmä u dievčat, u chlapcov naopak tento trend pokra čuje, výraznejší je v predpubertálnom období.
Skeletal remains from Hronovce (Levice district, Slovakia) dated to the Eneolithic. The skeletal ... more Skeletal remains from Hronovce (Levice district, Slovakia) dated to the Eneolithic. The skeletal remains and pottery from the site Hronovce-Vozokany were dated to the Middle Eneolithic Period, exactly to the late classical Baden culture (Baden III-IVa). Skeletal remains belonged to a female in the age of 35–45 years (adultus II–maturus I). The distal ends of both ulnae were deformed. The traumatic changes (e.g. the injury of distal radioulnar joint or Colles' fracture) which led to a nutritional disorder of carpal joints and weakening of the bones are considered. The degenerative-productive changes are present in the cervical vertebrae; arthritis is most pronounced on the body of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae. The heavy occlusal tooth wear was found in all teeth, and may not only be related to the consumption of abrasive food, but in this case it is possible to consider the use of teeth as the work tool. The analysis of stable isotopes δ13C and δ15N (-19.9, resp. +10.7) showed that a female had consumed terrestrial food typical for the temperate zone of Central Europe (cereals, vegetable food, meat from domestic and wild animals). Úvod V máji roku 2009 boli v obci Hronovce (okr. Levice), v miestnej časti Vozokany, objavené kostrové pozostatky ľudského jedinca. Archeologická lokalita sa nachádza na severovýchodnom okraji obce a je situovaná na vysokej sprašovej terase na pravom brehu rieky Hron, pokrytej pomerne hrubou vrstvou černozeme. Nálezisko leží v nadmorskej výške 136 m n. m. a prevýšenie od súčasnej riečnej hladiny predstavuje približne 10 m. Ľudský skelet spolu s nálezmi keramiky a zvieracích kostí bol nájdený na pozemku pána Raczkiho. Kostrové pozostatky " vypadli " v dôsledku erózie nespevnenej klenby zo stropu pivnice. Všetky nálezy prevzal od pána Raczkiho pán Szabó, ktorý ich uschoval do roku 2014. Následne si ich od neho prevzal archeológ Peter Tóth, ktorý nálezovú situáciu aj zdokumentoval.
The incidence of foot deformities in children from Bratislava schools (Slovakia). The most common... more The incidence of foot deformities in children from Bratislava schools (Slovakia). The most common foot deformity is flat foot (pes planus), high arch of foot (pes excavatus) and juvenile bunion (hallux valgus). In our study, we focused on the presence of these deformities in the population of Bratislava children aged 6–12 years. We used the method of Chippaux-Šmiřák index for analysis of the arch of foot. The results indicate that in the measured children aged 6–12 years the normal arched foot is most common. The occurrence of flat foot is more frequent than high foot and more common in boys. The high body mass has a major impact on long-term loading arch of the foot and it is the main cause of flat foot. The angle of the thumb magnifies in older girls, which increases the risk of hallux valgus deformity. Key words: pes planus, pes excavatus, hallux valgus, children aged 6 to 12 years, Central Europe Úvod Noha je veľmi dômyselne vytvorený aparát slúžiaci k pohybu človeka. Narušenie prirodzeného vývinu obvykle vedie k postihnutiu funkčnej kapacity nohy (Kamínek, Gallo a Ditmar 2003). K najčastejším deformitám nohy patrí plochá a vysoká noha a vbočený palec. Plochá noha (pes planus) je deformita charakterizovaná výrazným znížením pozdĺžnej klenby nohy. V období rastu vzniká často flexibilná detská plochá noha, kedy dochádza k zvýšenému ochabnutiu väzív. Jej príčinou môže byť aj obezita, malnutrícia, chronická únava alebo nevhodná obuv (Adamec 2005). Pri vysokej nohe (pes excavatus) je abnormálne vyklenutá pozdĺžna klenba nohy. Jej príčinou je nerovnováha činnosti svalov nohy a lýtka na kĺby nohy a často vzniká pri vrodených alebo získaných neurologických ochoreniach (Novotná 2001). Vbočený palec (hallux valgus) je u detí pomerne málo častá deformita nohy. Pacienti pred 20. rokom života sa obyčajne sťažujú iba na pretrvávajúci pľuzgier a jeho kozmetický vzhľad. Odhaduje sa, že približne 40 až 50 % pľuzgierov v dospelosti má svoj počiatok už v detstve (Chell a Dhar 2014). V tejto štúdii sme sa zamerali na výskyt deformít v populácii detí z Bratislavy vo veku 6 až 12 rokov, kde hodnotíme, ako sa výskyt deformít mení vekom zvlášť u dievčat a chlapcov, a ako sa mení so zvyšujúcou sa telesnou hmotnosťou. Súbor a metódy Výskumu zaoberajúcim sa deformitou nohy sa dobrovoľne, so súhlasom zákonného zástupcu, zúčastnilo 297 detí (158 dievčat a 139 chlapcov) vo veku 6 až 12 rokov zo ZŠ Turnianskej a Spojenej školy Tilgnerovej v Bratislave. Plantografickou metódou, metódou odtlačkov nôh, sme hodnotili najväčšiu a najmenšiu šírku odtlačku nohy. Tieto rozmery sme použili na analýzu klenby
The basic anthropological characteristic of individuals from the cemetery near the Premonstratens... more The basic anthropological characteristic of individuals from the cemetery near the Premonstratensian monastery in Leles (district Trebišov, Slovakia, 10 th −16 th century AD). The aim of this study was anthropological analysis of skeletal remains from cemetery near the Premonstratensian monastery in Leles dated to the 10 th –16 th century AD. The analyzed population consisted of 60 individuals: 17 (28.33%) male adults, 28 (46.67%) female adults, 14 (23.33%) juveniles and one adult (1.67%) of undetermined sex. The life expectancy of this population was quite high (e 0 = 31.1). The highest probability of death (q x) was found in the age group of 50−59 years. Index of masculinity (MI) reached 440.0 units, so the number of 1000 females theoretically fits with 440.0 males. On average, males had long, narrow, medium-high neurocranium, a low face with a medium-wide forehead. Females had medium-long, narrow and high neurocranium, a medium-high face with a medium-wide forehead. The average stature was 169.69±5.69 cm in males, and 156.10±7.65 cm in females. Both males and females were of over medium stature. Úvod Objektom skúmania bol premonštrátsky kláštor nachádzajúci sa v obci Leles (v nadmorskej výške 112 metrov n. m.) v Potiskej nížine v okrese Trebišov (Juránková 2012, Škubla 2015). Budova kláštora je situovaná okolo obdĺžnikového rajského dvora (obr. 1). Z južnej strany sa k budove pripája kláštorný kostol. V juhovýchodnom rohu kláštora sa nachádza sakristia a hneď vedľa nej je kapitulná sieň, v súčasnosti označovaná ako Kaplnka sv. Michala. Kapitulná sieň je tvorená tromi podlažiami – dvomi nadzemnými a jedným podzemným. Všetky steny v minulosti pokrývala rozsiahla stredoveká maľba (Juránková 2012). Archeologicko-pamiatkový výskum prebiehal v dvoch sezónach, od júna do septembra v roku 2013 a od júla do októbra v roku 2014. Výskum bol realizovaný firmou Triglav Archeologická spoločnosť, s. r. o. pod vedením Mgr. Petra Šimčíka. V interiéri kláštora (rajský dvor, obr. 1) sa realizoval archeologický výskum ako súčasť projektu obnovy národnej kultúrnej pamiatky kláštora premonštrátov. Cieľom výskumu bolo zdokumentovať priebeh jednotlivých kultúrnych vrstiev, doskúmať stredoveké aj novoveké objekty a zachytené pohrebisko až na sterilné piesčité podložie. Počas archeologického výskumu bolo vytýčených celkovo sedem sond. Sonda I/2013 bola situovaná v strede rajského dvora a svojim tvarom pripomínala písmeno Y (obr. 1). Práve v tejto sonde boli zachytené hroby a väčšina objektov. Sonda prechádzala sektormi A až F, mala rozmery 22,53 x 1,79 m s dlhšou stranou v smere J – S. Všetky hroby boli zahĺbené do piesčitého podložia a celkovo ich bolo zachytených 57. Najstaršie kostrové pozostatky (hrob č. 50) boli datované do mladšej doby rímskej na základe prítomnosti keramiky pochádzajúcej práve z tohto historického
Assessment of foot health condition from footprints parameters in students from Comenius Universi... more Assessment of foot health condition from footprints parameters in students from Comenius University in Bratislava. The aim of the study was to analyse foot arch and foot deformities – hallux varus, hallux valgus and digitus quintus varus from static footprints in young adults. Study sample consisted of 80 males and 90 females. Stature and body weight, metatarsal width and the narrowest part, angles of big and little toes were measured from recorded static footprints according to the standard anthropometric procedures. The arch of foot was evaluated by index Chippaux-Šmiřák, angles of big and little toes were evaluated by Weisflog method. Results showed the incidence of three levels of flat foot in both sexes, however mostly in males. The significant correlation between BMI (Body Mass Index), body weight and flat foot was observed only in males. For the reference of big toe´s deformities, there was the main abundance in females, in particular hallux valgus. In males there was detected the highest percentage of varus position of big toe. Deformities of little toes were proven in both sexes. In conclusion, our analysis confirmed monitored foot deformities in young adults, although these were not officially diagnosed by physicians in any of them. Úvod DiMaggio a Vernon (2011) definujú plantogram ako kompletný odtlačok, ktorý zahŕňa päť prstov, metatarzálnu časť chodidla, odtlačok päty, profil klenby a bočné časti klenby. Ľudská noha so zdravou klenbou má veľmi dôležitú úlohu v živote každého človeka. Zdravá noha je definovaná ako noha, ktorej kostrová sústava, svaly, kĺby a ani nervy nie sú postihnuté žiadnou vrodenou alebo získanou chybou s trvalými následkami (Potůček a Oberdörfer 1990). Klenba tlmí otrasy, a preto je dôležitým faktorom pre pružnosť chôdze, môžeme povedať, že je tzv. shock absorber (Riegerová a Přidalová 2006). V prípade, že nohu často zaťažujeme dlhým státím, môže sa klenba znížiť, prípadne až vymiznúť. Tento typ sa nazýva plochá noha – pes planus (Drobný 1998, 2001). Faktorov, ktorými sa zo zdravej nohy stane patologická, čiže s deformitami klenby alebo prstov, je viacero. Môže to byť nevhodná obuv, úraz, zápaly šliach alebo väzov, obezita, zvyšujúci sa vek alebo reumatoidná artritída (Calabro 1983). Medzi pomerne časté deformity prstov patrí hallux valgus (vbočený palec), ktorý je komplexnou vadou, na ktorej vzniku sa podieľajú dedičné faktory v kombinácii s nevhodnou, príliš špicatou obuvou, ktorá vychyľuje palec z osi a obmedzuje svalovú činnosť, a takisto preťažovaním prednej časti nohy. Vbočený palec je často spájaný aj s problémom priečne plochej nohy, kedy vzniká preťažovaním hlavného kĺbu palca a nesprávnym typom chôdze (Riegerová a Přidalová 2006). Termínom hallux varus označujeme vychýlenie palca do mediálnej strany. Najčastejšou príčinou vzniku je následok po nie vždy vydarenej chirurgickej korekcie hallux valgus (Miller 1975).
During a paleopathological analysis of skeletal remains from the Late Medieval to Early Modern Ag... more During a paleopathological analysis of skeletal remains from the Late Medieval to Early Modern Age cemetery at Janí-ky (district Dunajská Streda, Slovakia) some interesting pathological cases were observed. In the collection of 64 burials 71 individuals were found (18 males, 10 females, eight adults of undetermined sex and 35 non-adults of undetermined sex). Four rare pathological cases were macroscopically diagnosed. An interesting paleopathological case was found in a child at the age of 7–14 years from the grave 10. TBC likely caused of pathological lesions of the elbow and knee joints. In one case, Perthes disease was diagnosed (in a non-adult individuals at the age of 7–14 years from the grave 9b). Another case was an ossified cyst that was diagnosed as a proba ble ossified lymphatic node. These units were present in two adults (in a male at the age of 20–30 years from the grave 20 and in a adult individuals at the age of 40–50 years from the grave x/7490). On the sacrum of two adults (in a male at the age of 30–40 years from the grave 2b and in a female at the age of 20–30 years from the grave 18) were visible signs of cancer disease (neurilemmoma) or perineural cysts.
The area of the oral vestibule is often a place where pathologies appear (e.g., peripheral odonto... more The area of the oral vestibule is often a place where pathologies appear (e.g., peripheral odontomas). The origin of these pathologies is not fully understood. In the present study, we traced a cell population expressing Sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the beginning of tooth development using Cre-LoxP system in the lower jaw of wild-type (WT) mice. We focused on Shh expression in the area of the early appearing rudimentary incisor germs located anteriorly to the prospective incisors. The localization of the labelled cells in the incisor germs and also in the inner epithelial layer of the vestibular anlage showed that the first very early developmental events in the lower incisor area are common to the vestibulum oris and the prospective incisor primordia in mice. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of human historical tooth-like structures found in the vestibular area of jaws confirmed their relation to teeth and thus the capability of the vestibular tissue to form teeth. The location of labelled cells descendant of the early appearing Shh expression domain related to the rudimentary incisor anlage not only in the rudimentary and functional incisor germs but also in the externally located anlage of the oral vestibule documented the odontogenic potential of the ves-tibular epithelium. This potential can be awakened under pathological conditions and become a source of pathologies in the vestibular area.
Uploads
Papers
Buccal microwear was studied in molds of buccal surfaces and observed at 100× magnification with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Length and orientation of striations were determined with the SigmaScan Pro 5.0 image analysis program. The results obtained from microwear analysis correspond with those from trace-element analysis and showed that the population consumed a mixed diet, which contained higher proportion of abrasive components. The way of feeding of this historical population could be similar to recent populations of hunters and gatherers, and the greater density and length of scratches may have been caused by other technology of food preparing.
Buccal microwear was studied in molds of buccal surfaces and observed at 100× magnification with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Length and orientation of striations were determined with the SigmaScan Pro 5.0 image analysis program. The results obtained from microwear analysis correspond with those from trace-element analysis and showed that the population consumed a mixed diet, which contained higher proportion of abrasive components. The way of feeding of this historical population could be similar to recent populations of hunters and gatherers, and the greater density and length of scratches may have been caused by other technology of food preparing.