Richard Lazenby

A slight and gradual loss of bone mass is characteristic of all aging primates, if they live long enough (Garn, 1970; Burr, 1980). Nevertheless, the observation of reduced bone mass among ancestral human skeletal remains is limited to relatively recent populations. Since the domestication of plants roughly 12,000 years ago, skeletal remains from disparate parts of the world have occasionally shown low bone mass. Perhaps earlier populations did not suffer age-related bone loss because they died at young ages (Pfeiffer, 1990), or perhaps their diet or lifestyle facilitated effective bone maintenance. Past human populations were more dependent on local natural resources and their own physical labor for subsistence, a cultural pattern maintained by only a few geographically isolated aboriginal groups today. These “anthropological populations” have been portrayed as natural paradigms whose dietary habits might be studied as representations of our species’ natural “set point” for nutritional requirements, and against which we might evaluate modern regimens and their biological consequences (Eaton et al., 1988; Eaton and Nelson, 1991).

This study seeks to understand the interaction of cortical bone strength and mass within individuals and across age-groups in male and female adults from a relatively active, long-lived nineteenth-century Euro-Canadian population. Strength and relative cortical area are measured in paired femora (weight-bearing elements) and metacarpals (manipulative elements) from 139 adults (M = 82; F = 52). Sex and age patterns are tested using linear multiple regression and analysis of covariance. Intra-individual divergence between femora and metacarpals is quantified using the Pearson residual from regression of femur on metacarpal values. Association of residuals with age is tested with curve estimation, factorial analysis of variance and X(2) tests. Strength is maintained but cortical mass declines with age. In females, the slope of cortical mass against age is steeper in the metacarpal than in the femur. However, the degree of divergence between femur and metacarpal within individuals does not increase clearly with age. Age change in bone strength is systemically controlled and homeostatic, but change in bone mass may vary with limb-specific mechanical environment, particularly in females. However, the distribution of within-individual divergence between femur and metacarpal values suggests that idiosyncratic factors, rather than age, have the strongest influence on intraskeletal divergence. Attempts to reconstruct skeletal ageing in past populations may benefit from an approach that models whole-bone integrity, rather than bone mass alone, and that represents age-related variation in both weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing sites.

... In this regard, we thank Mark Skinner, Keith Hobson, and Brian Hayden, especially, as well as Erie Nelson, Jon Driver, and Joanna ... Further information can be obtained from Claudio Cristino, Instituto de Estudios Isla de Pascua, Casilla Correo, Fono 49, Hanga Roa, Isla de ...