la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Etnobiología (SOLAE), fue
fundada teniendo como escenario la Casa... more la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Etnobiología (SOLAE), fue
fundada teniendo como escenario la Casa Museo Garcilaso de la
Vega, en Cusco, Perú, en junio de 2008. En ese momento histórico se
reunieron etnobiólogos(as) de ocho países latinoamericanos, con la
finalidad de constituir una sociedad científica que unificara y fomentara
el quehacer etnobiológico en los países de América Latina. Los
países representados en la constitución de la SOLAE fueron: Argentina,
Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, México, Perú y Venezuela, y
como países invitados: Bélgica y Estados Unidos de América. Antes
de este IV CLAE realizado en Popayán, Cauca, Colombia, la SOLAE
celebró tres congresos latinoamericanos: el I CLAE en Pachuca,
Hidalgo, México (2009), el II CLAE en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
(2010), y el III CLAE en La Paz, Bolivia (2012).
Endophytic fungal communities are well-recognised entities within plants worldwide. They hold spe... more Endophytic fungal communities are well-recognised entities within plants worldwide. They hold species with potential in medicinal affairs, biological control of pests, industry, and more. Nevertheless, ecological data about structure and dynamics of endophytic communities are scarce. In this study we sampled root, stem and leaf tissues of Colombian vanilla species in order of both, identifying endosymbionts and characterising the community they belong to. An interesting array of endophytic species was found, including taxa that function as pathogens, saprotrophs, and dermatophytes in other plants/scenarios. Ecological parameters show a moderate diversity with a lognormal arrangement of species quite similar to communities of macroorganisms. Many species here reported belong to taxa broadly reported as sources of biologically active compounds, so they are good candidates for bioprospecting research.
Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed h... more Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed habitats, undisturbed ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeated-measures design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg. imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.Las abejas euglosinas son polinizadores importantes en bosques neotropicales de tierras bajas. Normalmente, los hábitats poco perturbados se caracterizan por presentar una mayor abundancia de abejas euglosinas que los menos intervenidos, aunque dichos resultados se basan en muestreos que usan atrayentes químicos para machos en sitios únicos por hábitat. En este estudio realizamos muestreos basados en sitios múltiples en tres hábitats adyacentes (finca, bosque secundario, y bosque maduro) a lo largo de dos años. Encontramos una mayor abundancia y diversidad de machos euglosinos en los hábitats con mayor perturbación humana que en el bosque maduro. Después de 22 muestreos mensuales captu-ramos un total de 2008 abejas representando 31 especies en cinco géneros: 1156 en la finca (57.6%, 21 spp), 505 en el bosque secundario (25.1%, 27 spp), y 347 en el bosque maduro (17.2%, 21 spp). El 80.8 por ciento de las abejas capturadas pertenecían a las cinco especies más abundantes: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, y Eg. imperialis. Para estas especies encontramos diferencias en la frecuencia de captura entre hábitats. Eulaema cingutata, El. chocoana, y Eg. ignita fueron más frecuentes en la finca, mientras que Eg. hansoni, la única de las cinco con lengua corta, lo fue en los dos hábitats boscosos y Eg. imperialis en el bosque secundario. Adicionalmente, los hábitats difirieron en composición de abejas. Lo resultados pueden deberse a que en la finca había una mayor oferta de néctar con acceso restringido que en los busques adyacentes. El néctar, por estar en flores de corolas profundas, solo podía ser accedido por abejas de lenguas largas lo cual favorecía una mayor abundancia de euglosinas grandes con lenguas largas en la finca que en los bosques adyacentes.
Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed h... more Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed habitats, undisturbed ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeated-measures design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg. imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.Las abejas euglosinas son polinizadores importantes en bosques neotropicales de tierras bajas. Normalmente, los hábitats poco perturbados se caracterizan por presentar una mayor abundancia de abejas euglosinas que los menos intervenidos, aunque dichos resultados se basan en muestreos que usan atrayentes químicos para machos en sitios únicos por hábitat. En este estudio realizamos muestreos basados en sitios múltiples en tres hábitats adyacentes (finca, bosque secundario, y bosque maduro) a lo largo de dos años. Encontramos una mayor abundancia y diversidad de machos euglosinos en los hábitats con mayor perturbación humana que en el bosque maduro. Después de 22 muestreos mensuales captu-ramos un total de 2008 abejas representando 31 especies en cinco géneros: 1156 en la finca (57.6%, 21 spp), 505 en el bosque secundario (25.1%, 27 spp), y 347 en el bosque maduro (17.2%, 21 spp). El 80.8 por ciento de las abejas capturadas pertenecían a las cinco especies más abundantes: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, y Eg. imperialis. Para estas especies encontramos diferencias en la frecuencia de captura entre hábitats. Eulaema cingutata, El. chocoana, y Eg. ignita fueron más frecuentes en la finca, mientras que Eg. hansoni, la única de las cinco con lengua corta, lo fue en los dos hábitats boscosos y Eg. imperialis en el bosque secundario. Adicionalmente, los hábitats difirieron en composición de abejas. Lo resultados pueden deberse a que en la finca había una mayor oferta de néctar con acceso restringido que en los busques adyacentes. El néctar, por estar en flores de corolas profundas, solo podía ser accedido por abejas de lenguas largas lo cual favorecía una mayor abundancia de euglosinas grandes con lenguas largas en la finca que en los bosques adyacentes.
The distribution of tropical dry forest in the department of Valle del Cauca, has been associated... more The distribution of tropical dry forest in the department of Valle del Cauca, has been associated with the geographic Cauca valley. Currently in this area, dry forest coverages has been reduced to a few relicts, which are found under some protection figure and also hold representative areas of the typical vegetation of this biome. This work is focused on the spatial distribution of BsT vegetation formations in the Department of Valle del Cauca. Secondary cartographic information was used to recognize biomes, ecosystems and land uses in the study area and over adjacent areas of the piedmont and mountains. A digital elevation model was used to perform altitudinal analysis. The results showed that despite the high human disturbance of dry forest in the flat area, about 80 % is located in montain ecosystems, specially on transition zones towards humid forests. In the future, the potential of these areas to be included in dry forest conservation and restoration strategies and also adaptive mechanisms in facing climate change should be evaluated.
Orchid bees are important keystone pollinators from the Neotropics. With the aim to study the re... more Orchid bees are important keystone pollinators from the Neotropics. With the aim to study the relationships between orchid bees and their nectar and aromatic host species, we made systematic samplings of males across two conservation areas in the biogeographic Chocó Region of Colombia. We used chemical baits to collect 352 male bees during five months. The pollen attached to their bodies was extracted for palynological identification and to estimate interaction networks. The euglossine community consisted of at least 22 species including Eg. maculilabris, Eg. orellana, Eg. championi and Eg. ignita. The male bees were associated with 84 plants but depended on a small group of them (Peperomia spp. and Anthurium spp, as well as species of Solanaceae, Ericaceae and Malpighiaceae) which were widely distributed across the altitudinal gradient, and were available through the year. The resulting interaction networks revealed a typical nested pattern usually found in plant-pollinator interactions, with several rare bee and plant species interaction with a small group of generalist bees and plant species. Albeit, we found variation within networks related to species composition. Such variation may be a consequence of specific differences in plant flowering phenology.
Anthurium Schott is a Neotropical genus with more than 1000 species, which represents the richnes... more Anthurium Schott is a Neotropical genus with more than 1000 species, which represents the richness taxa of the Araceae family. It is distributed from Mexico to Argentina, passing through the Antilles, with highest diversity in the northern Andes of South America. Anthurium is circumscribed to the subfamily Pothoideae, tribu Potheae and is subdivided into 19 sections, turning it taxonomically complex. In this study the flora of Araceae of Caquetá was studied through the review of the collections of the University of Amazonia (HUAZ), the Amazonian Herbarium Colombian (COAH), the Colombian National Herbarium (COL) and the Herbarium of the University of Valle (CUVC), as well as databases of the Botanical Garden New York (NY) and Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). Six new species were recorded for the department of Caquetá: Anthurium ceronii Croat, A. longegeniculatum Engl., A. oxycarpum Poepp., A. pendulifolium N.E. Br., A. pulchellum Engl., and A. sagittatum (Sims) G. Don. In addition, taxonomic observations, notes of distribution and the examined specimens of each species are provided. These records increase the inventory of species of Anthurium in the department of Caquetá, which could exceed 60 taxa, as some exemplars are still without an accurate taxonomic description, and some of them could represent new reports or new species.
In this paper we describe the phenotypic variation and pollination ecology of the twig orchid ep... more In this paper we describe the phenotypic variation and pollination ecology of the twig orchid epiphyte Rodriguezia granadensis. The species presents flower color polymorphism (pink to white), suggesting that different color forms might be pollinated by different pollinators. To evaluate this hypothesis, one hundred plants were monitored in the field and their flowering phenology and color polymorphism was noted, two peaks of flowering were noted over the year. We evaluated the reproductive success (pollinaria removal and fruit set) and the visit of potential pollinators to both morphs. Fruit production by autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy, and emasculation were compared. Sugar concentration in the nectar was measured with a refractometer. Potential pollinators, euglossini bees, were attracted using methyl salicylate and eugenol. We evidenced that R. granadensis is pollinated by nectar-foraging euglossine bees. The fluctuation in nectar production and the scarce reproductive success among individuals suggests that the orchids may employ an attraction-deceit system as a self-mimetic or a diffuse rewarding phenomenon.
Se presentan los primero registros para el departamento del Caquetá de Anthurium amoenum Kunth & ... more Se presentan los primero registros para el departamento del Caquetá de Anthurium amoenum Kunth & Bouché, A. brevipedunculatum Madison, A. denudatun Engler, A. harlingianum Croat, A. kunthii Poepp y A. michelli Guillaumin, con observaciones taxonómicas, notas de distribución y ejemplares examinados de cada especie.
Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection
may ac... more Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection may act to favor plants that efficiently use mycorrhizal fungi. However, the necessary conditions for natural selection – variation, heritability, and differences in fitness – have not been demonstrated for either orchid or fungus. With the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata as a model system, we ask the following questions: (1) Do seeds from different individuals in a population differ in germination and seedling development in the presence of the same fungi? (2) Do different mycorrhizal fungi (Ceratobasidium spp.) differ in ability to stimulate seed germination and growth in T. variegata? And (3) are the Ceratobasidium isolates that best induce seed germination and seedling development more closely related to each other than to isolates that are less effective? We performed symbiotic seed germination experiments in vitro. The experiments were done using mycorrhizal fungi isolated from T. variegata; relationships among the fungi were inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We found significant variation for both symbiotic germination and seedling growth among biparental seed crops obtained from a population of T. variegata plants. Differences among Ceratobasidium fungi in seed germination were significant. The fungi that induced highest seed germination and seedling development belonged to two of four clades of Ceratobasidium. The two experiments show that there is potential for natural selection to act on orchid–fungus relationships. Given that orchids vary in performance, and that mycorrhizal fungi are not geographically distributed homogeneously, mycorrhizae may affect population size, distribution and evolution of orchids.
Orchids parasitize their mycorrhizal fungi and are dependent on them for seed germination.
Contro... more Orchids parasitize their mycorrhizal fungi and are dependent on them for seed germination. Controversy reigns over how specific the mycorrhizal association is in tropical species. Although there is little experimental evidence to support any viewpoint, some variation is known to exist. We compared mycorrhizal specificity and performance in two phylogenetically related epiphytic orchids from Puerto Rico, Tolumnia variegata and Ionopsis utricularioides (Oncidiinae) by integrating two techniques: phylogenetic analysis of mycorrhizal fungi based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and symbiotic seed germination experiments. Most of the mycorrhizal isolates from T. variegata fell into four different clades of Ceratobasidium , while most of those from I. utricularioides were restricted to a single clade of the same genus. Seeds of T. variegata germinated equally well with fungi from both T. variegata and I. utricularioides , but seeds of I. utricularioides germinated significantly better with its own isolates. Seeds of I. utricularioides germinated and developed faster than those of T. variegata . Both the molecular phylogeny and the seed germination experiments showed that T. variegata is a generalist in its association with fungal symbionts. In contrast, I. utricularioides is more specialized and more effective at exploiting a specific fungal clade. Our data are consistent with the theoretical trade-offs between specialized and generalized interactions.
Hace cien año se sabe que semillas de orquídeas
necesitan hongos micorríticos para germinar.
Toda... more Hace cien año se sabe que semillas de orquídeas necesitan hongos micorríticos para germinar. Todavía no se sabe si las orquídeas puedan evolucionar para tomar más ventaja de sus hongos micorríticos, y si las micorrizas hayan contribuido a la diversidad de las orquídeas. En un estudio previo, aislamos hongos micorríticos de plantas adultas de varias especies de orquídeas en Puerto Rico (Otero et al. 2002). Los hongos fueron identificados por medio de secuenciación de la región ITS de los genes ribosomales nucleares. En el análisis filogenético de los hongos salieron cuatro clados principales. Todos los cuatro se anidaron dentro de Ceratobasidium, un género ya conocido como hongos micorríticos de orquídeas. Todos los hongos aislados de la orquídea Ionopsis utricularioides pertenecieron a un sólo clado de Ceratobasidium. En cambio, Tolumnia variegata parecía más generalista en cuanto a sus relaciones con hongos micorríticos: sus cepas pertenecieron a los cuatro clados principales. Dichos resultados sugieren que hay variación entre especies de orquídeas en grado de especificidad para hongos micorríticos. Este estudio tenía dos preguntas: ¿Hay variación entre individuos de una población de orquídeas en su capacidad para la germinación simbiótica? ¿Le da igual a una semilla de orquídea asociarse con diferentes hongos, o hay diferencias funcionales entre hongos? Para contestar estas preguntas se usó la orquídea epífita T. variegata, por tener diversidad de hongos micorríticos. Hongos del género Ceratobasidium fueron aislados de raíces de T. variegata en la Reserva Laguna Tortugero, Puerto Rico. Frutos de T. variegata fueron recogidos de la misma población. Las semillas fueron germinadas en medios de cultivo con la presencia de diferentes cepas del hongo. Hubo diferencias significativas entre 10 frutos en germinación y crecimiento de semillas con los mismos hongos. También los nueve hongos difieron significativamente en su capacidad de estimular crecimiento de las semillas. Hay variación en orquídeas para la habilidad de aprovechar de hongos micorríticos, aún dentro de una población, y variación entre hongos en su habilidad de estimular el crecimiento. Estes resultados sugieren que exista el potencial para evolución de especificidad en la interacción entre las orquídeas y sus hongos micorríticos, y que dichas relaciones pueden causar especiación de orquídeas por selección natural.
All orchids have an obligate relationship with mycorrhizal symbionts. Most orchid mycorrhizal fun... more All orchids have an obligate relationship with mycorrhizal symbionts. Most orchid mycorrhizal fungi are classified in the formgenus Rhizoctonia. This group includes anamorphs of Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, and Thanatephorus. Rhizoctonia can be classified according to the number of nuclei in young cells (multi-, bi-, and uninucleate). From nine Puerto Rican orchids we isolated 108 Rhizoctonia-like fungi. Our isolates were either bi- or uninucleate, the first report of uninucleate Rhizoctonia-like fungi as orchid endophytes. We sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA from 26 isolates and identified four fungal lineages, all related to Ceratobasidium spp. from temperate regions. Most orchid species hosted more than one lineage, demonstrating considerable variation in mycorrhizal associations even among related orchid species. The uninucleate condition was not a good phylogenetic character in mycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico. All four lineages were represented by fungi from Tolumnia variegata, but only one lineage included fungi from Ionopsis utricularioides. Tropical epiphytic orchids appear to vary in degree of specificity in their mycorrhizal interactions more than previously thought.
Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed h... more Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed habitats, undisturbed ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeatedmeasures design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg. imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.
Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection may a... more Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection may act to favor plants that efficiently use mycorrhizal fungi. However, the necessary conditions for natural selection – variation, heritability, and differences in fitness – have not been demonstrated for either orchid or fungus. With the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata as a model system, we ask the following questions: (1) Do seeds from different individuals in a population differ in germination and seedling development in the presence of the same fungi? (2) Do different mycorrhizal fungi (Ceratobasidium spp.) differ in ability to stimulate seed germination and growth in T. variegata? And (3) are the Ceratobasidium isolates that best induce seed germination and seedling development more closely related to each other than to isolates that are less effective? We performed symbiotic seed germination experiments in vitro. The experiments were done using mycorrhizal fungi isolated from T. variegata; relationships among the fungi were inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We found significant variation for both symbiotic germination and seedling growth among biparental seed crops obtained from a population of T. variegata plants. Differences among Ceratobasidium fungi in seed germination were significant. The fungi that induced highest seed germination and seedling development belonged to two of four clades of Ceratobasidium. The two experiments show that there is potential for natural selection to act on orchid–fungus relationships. Given that orchids vary in performance, and that mycorrhizal fungi are not geographically distributed homogeneously, mycorrhizae may affect population size, distribution and evolution of orchids
Orchid seeds are tiny. Unlike most
seeds, they have few stored nutrients to
support germination. ... more Orchid seeds are tiny. Unlike most seeds, they have few stored nutrients to support germination. In the field, orchid seeds need a fungal partner to germinate. This sort of plant– fungus association is called a mycorrhiza. Most plants have mycorrhizae, and, in most cases, both plant and fungus benefit from this relationship: The fungus gives mineral nutrients to the plant and the plant gives sugars to the fungus. Orchid seeds, however, deceive the fungus, taking both sugars and nutrients while giving nothing in return.
la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Etnobiología (SOLAE), fue
fundada teniendo como escenario la Casa... more la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Etnobiología (SOLAE), fue
fundada teniendo como escenario la Casa Museo Garcilaso de la
Vega, en Cusco, Perú, en junio de 2008. En ese momento histórico se
reunieron etnobiólogos(as) de ocho países latinoamericanos, con la
finalidad de constituir una sociedad científica que unificara y fomentara
el quehacer etnobiológico en los países de América Latina. Los
países representados en la constitución de la SOLAE fueron: Argentina,
Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, México, Perú y Venezuela, y
como países invitados: Bélgica y Estados Unidos de América. Antes
de este IV CLAE realizado en Popayán, Cauca, Colombia, la SOLAE
celebró tres congresos latinoamericanos: el I CLAE en Pachuca,
Hidalgo, México (2009), el II CLAE en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
(2010), y el III CLAE en La Paz, Bolivia (2012).
Endophytic fungal communities are well-recognised entities within plants worldwide. They hold spe... more Endophytic fungal communities are well-recognised entities within plants worldwide. They hold species with potential in medicinal affairs, biological control of pests, industry, and more. Nevertheless, ecological data about structure and dynamics of endophytic communities are scarce. In this study we sampled root, stem and leaf tissues of Colombian vanilla species in order of both, identifying endosymbionts and characterising the community they belong to. An interesting array of endophytic species was found, including taxa that function as pathogens, saprotrophs, and dermatophytes in other plants/scenarios. Ecological parameters show a moderate diversity with a lognormal arrangement of species quite similar to communities of macroorganisms. Many species here reported belong to taxa broadly reported as sources of biologically active compounds, so they are good candidates for bioprospecting research.
Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed h... more Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed habitats, undisturbed ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeated-measures design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg. imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.Las abejas euglosinas son polinizadores importantes en bosques neotropicales de tierras bajas. Normalmente, los hábitats poco perturbados se caracterizan por presentar una mayor abundancia de abejas euglosinas que los menos intervenidos, aunque dichos resultados se basan en muestreos que usan atrayentes químicos para machos en sitios únicos por hábitat. En este estudio realizamos muestreos basados en sitios múltiples en tres hábitats adyacentes (finca, bosque secundario, y bosque maduro) a lo largo de dos años. Encontramos una mayor abundancia y diversidad de machos euglosinos en los hábitats con mayor perturbación humana que en el bosque maduro. Después de 22 muestreos mensuales captu-ramos un total de 2008 abejas representando 31 especies en cinco géneros: 1156 en la finca (57.6%, 21 spp), 505 en el bosque secundario (25.1%, 27 spp), y 347 en el bosque maduro (17.2%, 21 spp). El 80.8 por ciento de las abejas capturadas pertenecían a las cinco especies más abundantes: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, y Eg. imperialis. Para estas especies encontramos diferencias en la frecuencia de captura entre hábitats. Eulaema cingutata, El. chocoana, y Eg. ignita fueron más frecuentes en la finca, mientras que Eg. hansoni, la única de las cinco con lengua corta, lo fue en los dos hábitats boscosos y Eg. imperialis en el bosque secundario. Adicionalmente, los hábitats difirieron en composición de abejas. Lo resultados pueden deberse a que en la finca había una mayor oferta de néctar con acceso restringido que en los busques adyacentes. El néctar, por estar en flores de corolas profundas, solo podía ser accedido por abejas de lenguas largas lo cual favorecía una mayor abundancia de euglosinas grandes con lenguas largas en la finca que en los bosques adyacentes.
Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed h... more Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed habitats, undisturbed ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeated-measures design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg. imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.Las abejas euglosinas son polinizadores importantes en bosques neotropicales de tierras bajas. Normalmente, los hábitats poco perturbados se caracterizan por presentar una mayor abundancia de abejas euglosinas que los menos intervenidos, aunque dichos resultados se basan en muestreos que usan atrayentes químicos para machos en sitios únicos por hábitat. En este estudio realizamos muestreos basados en sitios múltiples en tres hábitats adyacentes (finca, bosque secundario, y bosque maduro) a lo largo de dos años. Encontramos una mayor abundancia y diversidad de machos euglosinos en los hábitats con mayor perturbación humana que en el bosque maduro. Después de 22 muestreos mensuales captu-ramos un total de 2008 abejas representando 31 especies en cinco géneros: 1156 en la finca (57.6%, 21 spp), 505 en el bosque secundario (25.1%, 27 spp), y 347 en el bosque maduro (17.2%, 21 spp). El 80.8 por ciento de las abejas capturadas pertenecían a las cinco especies más abundantes: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, y Eg. imperialis. Para estas especies encontramos diferencias en la frecuencia de captura entre hábitats. Eulaema cingutata, El. chocoana, y Eg. ignita fueron más frecuentes en la finca, mientras que Eg. hansoni, la única de las cinco con lengua corta, lo fue en los dos hábitats boscosos y Eg. imperialis en el bosque secundario. Adicionalmente, los hábitats difirieron en composición de abejas. Lo resultados pueden deberse a que en la finca había una mayor oferta de néctar con acceso restringido que en los busques adyacentes. El néctar, por estar en flores de corolas profundas, solo podía ser accedido por abejas de lenguas largas lo cual favorecía una mayor abundancia de euglosinas grandes con lenguas largas en la finca que en los bosques adyacentes.
The distribution of tropical dry forest in the department of Valle del Cauca, has been associated... more The distribution of tropical dry forest in the department of Valle del Cauca, has been associated with the geographic Cauca valley. Currently in this area, dry forest coverages has been reduced to a few relicts, which are found under some protection figure and also hold representative areas of the typical vegetation of this biome. This work is focused on the spatial distribution of BsT vegetation formations in the Department of Valle del Cauca. Secondary cartographic information was used to recognize biomes, ecosystems and land uses in the study area and over adjacent areas of the piedmont and mountains. A digital elevation model was used to perform altitudinal analysis. The results showed that despite the high human disturbance of dry forest in the flat area, about 80 % is located in montain ecosystems, specially on transition zones towards humid forests. In the future, the potential of these areas to be included in dry forest conservation and restoration strategies and also adaptive mechanisms in facing climate change should be evaluated.
Orchid bees are important keystone pollinators from the Neotropics. With the aim to study the re... more Orchid bees are important keystone pollinators from the Neotropics. With the aim to study the relationships between orchid bees and their nectar and aromatic host species, we made systematic samplings of males across two conservation areas in the biogeographic Chocó Region of Colombia. We used chemical baits to collect 352 male bees during five months. The pollen attached to their bodies was extracted for palynological identification and to estimate interaction networks. The euglossine community consisted of at least 22 species including Eg. maculilabris, Eg. orellana, Eg. championi and Eg. ignita. The male bees were associated with 84 plants but depended on a small group of them (Peperomia spp. and Anthurium spp, as well as species of Solanaceae, Ericaceae and Malpighiaceae) which were widely distributed across the altitudinal gradient, and were available through the year. The resulting interaction networks revealed a typical nested pattern usually found in plant-pollinator interactions, with several rare bee and plant species interaction with a small group of generalist bees and plant species. Albeit, we found variation within networks related to species composition. Such variation may be a consequence of specific differences in plant flowering phenology.
Anthurium Schott is a Neotropical genus with more than 1000 species, which represents the richnes... more Anthurium Schott is a Neotropical genus with more than 1000 species, which represents the richness taxa of the Araceae family. It is distributed from Mexico to Argentina, passing through the Antilles, with highest diversity in the northern Andes of South America. Anthurium is circumscribed to the subfamily Pothoideae, tribu Potheae and is subdivided into 19 sections, turning it taxonomically complex. In this study the flora of Araceae of Caquetá was studied through the review of the collections of the University of Amazonia (HUAZ), the Amazonian Herbarium Colombian (COAH), the Colombian National Herbarium (COL) and the Herbarium of the University of Valle (CUVC), as well as databases of the Botanical Garden New York (NY) and Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). Six new species were recorded for the department of Caquetá: Anthurium ceronii Croat, A. longegeniculatum Engl., A. oxycarpum Poepp., A. pendulifolium N.E. Br., A. pulchellum Engl., and A. sagittatum (Sims) G. Don. In addition, taxonomic observations, notes of distribution and the examined specimens of each species are provided. These records increase the inventory of species of Anthurium in the department of Caquetá, which could exceed 60 taxa, as some exemplars are still without an accurate taxonomic description, and some of them could represent new reports or new species.
In this paper we describe the phenotypic variation and pollination ecology of the twig orchid ep... more In this paper we describe the phenotypic variation and pollination ecology of the twig orchid epiphyte Rodriguezia granadensis. The species presents flower color polymorphism (pink to white), suggesting that different color forms might be pollinated by different pollinators. To evaluate this hypothesis, one hundred plants were monitored in the field and their flowering phenology and color polymorphism was noted, two peaks of flowering were noted over the year. We evaluated the reproductive success (pollinaria removal and fruit set) and the visit of potential pollinators to both morphs. Fruit production by autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy, and emasculation were compared. Sugar concentration in the nectar was measured with a refractometer. Potential pollinators, euglossini bees, were attracted using methyl salicylate and eugenol. We evidenced that R. granadensis is pollinated by nectar-foraging euglossine bees. The fluctuation in nectar production and the scarce reproductive success among individuals suggests that the orchids may employ an attraction-deceit system as a self-mimetic or a diffuse rewarding phenomenon.
Se presentan los primero registros para el departamento del Caquetá de Anthurium amoenum Kunth & ... more Se presentan los primero registros para el departamento del Caquetá de Anthurium amoenum Kunth & Bouché, A. brevipedunculatum Madison, A. denudatun Engler, A. harlingianum Croat, A. kunthii Poepp y A. michelli Guillaumin, con observaciones taxonómicas, notas de distribución y ejemplares examinados de cada especie.
Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection
may ac... more Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection may act to favor plants that efficiently use mycorrhizal fungi. However, the necessary conditions for natural selection – variation, heritability, and differences in fitness – have not been demonstrated for either orchid or fungus. With the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata as a model system, we ask the following questions: (1) Do seeds from different individuals in a population differ in germination and seedling development in the presence of the same fungi? (2) Do different mycorrhizal fungi (Ceratobasidium spp.) differ in ability to stimulate seed germination and growth in T. variegata? And (3) are the Ceratobasidium isolates that best induce seed germination and seedling development more closely related to each other than to isolates that are less effective? We performed symbiotic seed germination experiments in vitro. The experiments were done using mycorrhizal fungi isolated from T. variegata; relationships among the fungi were inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We found significant variation for both symbiotic germination and seedling growth among biparental seed crops obtained from a population of T. variegata plants. Differences among Ceratobasidium fungi in seed germination were significant. The fungi that induced highest seed germination and seedling development belonged to two of four clades of Ceratobasidium. The two experiments show that there is potential for natural selection to act on orchid–fungus relationships. Given that orchids vary in performance, and that mycorrhizal fungi are not geographically distributed homogeneously, mycorrhizae may affect population size, distribution and evolution of orchids.
Orchids parasitize their mycorrhizal fungi and are dependent on them for seed germination.
Contro... more Orchids parasitize their mycorrhizal fungi and are dependent on them for seed germination. Controversy reigns over how specific the mycorrhizal association is in tropical species. Although there is little experimental evidence to support any viewpoint, some variation is known to exist. We compared mycorrhizal specificity and performance in two phylogenetically related epiphytic orchids from Puerto Rico, Tolumnia variegata and Ionopsis utricularioides (Oncidiinae) by integrating two techniques: phylogenetic analysis of mycorrhizal fungi based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and symbiotic seed germination experiments. Most of the mycorrhizal isolates from T. variegata fell into four different clades of Ceratobasidium , while most of those from I. utricularioides were restricted to a single clade of the same genus. Seeds of T. variegata germinated equally well with fungi from both T. variegata and I. utricularioides , but seeds of I. utricularioides germinated significantly better with its own isolates. Seeds of I. utricularioides germinated and developed faster than those of T. variegata . Both the molecular phylogeny and the seed germination experiments showed that T. variegata is a generalist in its association with fungal symbionts. In contrast, I. utricularioides is more specialized and more effective at exploiting a specific fungal clade. Our data are consistent with the theoretical trade-offs between specialized and generalized interactions.
Hace cien año se sabe que semillas de orquídeas
necesitan hongos micorríticos para germinar.
Toda... more Hace cien año se sabe que semillas de orquídeas necesitan hongos micorríticos para germinar. Todavía no se sabe si las orquídeas puedan evolucionar para tomar más ventaja de sus hongos micorríticos, y si las micorrizas hayan contribuido a la diversidad de las orquídeas. En un estudio previo, aislamos hongos micorríticos de plantas adultas de varias especies de orquídeas en Puerto Rico (Otero et al. 2002). Los hongos fueron identificados por medio de secuenciación de la región ITS de los genes ribosomales nucleares. En el análisis filogenético de los hongos salieron cuatro clados principales. Todos los cuatro se anidaron dentro de Ceratobasidium, un género ya conocido como hongos micorríticos de orquídeas. Todos los hongos aislados de la orquídea Ionopsis utricularioides pertenecieron a un sólo clado de Ceratobasidium. En cambio, Tolumnia variegata parecía más generalista en cuanto a sus relaciones con hongos micorríticos: sus cepas pertenecieron a los cuatro clados principales. Dichos resultados sugieren que hay variación entre especies de orquídeas en grado de especificidad para hongos micorríticos. Este estudio tenía dos preguntas: ¿Hay variación entre individuos de una población de orquídeas en su capacidad para la germinación simbiótica? ¿Le da igual a una semilla de orquídea asociarse con diferentes hongos, o hay diferencias funcionales entre hongos? Para contestar estas preguntas se usó la orquídea epífita T. variegata, por tener diversidad de hongos micorríticos. Hongos del género Ceratobasidium fueron aislados de raíces de T. variegata en la Reserva Laguna Tortugero, Puerto Rico. Frutos de T. variegata fueron recogidos de la misma población. Las semillas fueron germinadas en medios de cultivo con la presencia de diferentes cepas del hongo. Hubo diferencias significativas entre 10 frutos en germinación y crecimiento de semillas con los mismos hongos. También los nueve hongos difieron significativamente en su capacidad de estimular crecimiento de las semillas. Hay variación en orquídeas para la habilidad de aprovechar de hongos micorríticos, aún dentro de una población, y variación entre hongos en su habilidad de estimular el crecimiento. Estes resultados sugieren que exista el potencial para evolución de especificidad en la interacción entre las orquídeas y sus hongos micorríticos, y que dichas relaciones pueden causar especiación de orquídeas por selección natural.
All orchids have an obligate relationship with mycorrhizal symbionts. Most orchid mycorrhizal fun... more All orchids have an obligate relationship with mycorrhizal symbionts. Most orchid mycorrhizal fungi are classified in the formgenus Rhizoctonia. This group includes anamorphs of Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, and Thanatephorus. Rhizoctonia can be classified according to the number of nuclei in young cells (multi-, bi-, and uninucleate). From nine Puerto Rican orchids we isolated 108 Rhizoctonia-like fungi. Our isolates were either bi- or uninucleate, the first report of uninucleate Rhizoctonia-like fungi as orchid endophytes. We sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA from 26 isolates and identified four fungal lineages, all related to Ceratobasidium spp. from temperate regions. Most orchid species hosted more than one lineage, demonstrating considerable variation in mycorrhizal associations even among related orchid species. The uninucleate condition was not a good phylogenetic character in mycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico. All four lineages were represented by fungi from Tolumnia variegata, but only one lineage included fungi from Ionopsis utricularioides. Tropical epiphytic orchids appear to vary in degree of specificity in their mycorrhizal interactions more than previously thought.
Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed h... more Euglossine bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests. Compared to disturbed habitats, undisturbed ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeatedmeasures design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg. imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.
Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection may a... more Symbiotic seed germination is a critical stage in orchid life histories. Natural selection may act to favor plants that efficiently use mycorrhizal fungi. However, the necessary conditions for natural selection – variation, heritability, and differences in fitness – have not been demonstrated for either orchid or fungus. With the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata as a model system, we ask the following questions: (1) Do seeds from different individuals in a population differ in germination and seedling development in the presence of the same fungi? (2) Do different mycorrhizal fungi (Ceratobasidium spp.) differ in ability to stimulate seed germination and growth in T. variegata? And (3) are the Ceratobasidium isolates that best induce seed germination and seedling development more closely related to each other than to isolates that are less effective? We performed symbiotic seed germination experiments in vitro. The experiments were done using mycorrhizal fungi isolated from T. variegata; relationships among the fungi were inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We found significant variation for both symbiotic germination and seedling growth among biparental seed crops obtained from a population of T. variegata plants. Differences among Ceratobasidium fungi in seed germination were significant. The fungi that induced highest seed germination and seedling development belonged to two of four clades of Ceratobasidium. The two experiments show that there is potential for natural selection to act on orchid–fungus relationships. Given that orchids vary in performance, and that mycorrhizal fungi are not geographically distributed homogeneously, mycorrhizae may affect population size, distribution and evolution of orchids
Orchid seeds are tiny. Unlike most
seeds, they have few stored nutrients to
support germination. ... more Orchid seeds are tiny. Unlike most seeds, they have few stored nutrients to support germination. In the field, orchid seeds need a fungal partner to germinate. This sort of plant– fungus association is called a mycorrhiza. Most plants have mycorrhizae, and, in most cases, both plant and fungus benefit from this relationship: The fungus gives mineral nutrients to the plant and the plant gives sugars to the fungus. Orchid seeds, however, deceive the fungus, taking both sugars and nutrients while giving nothing in return.
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fundada teniendo como escenario la Casa Museo Garcilaso de la
Vega, en Cusco, Perú, en junio de 2008. En ese momento histórico se
reunieron etnobiólogos(as) de ocho países latinoamericanos, con la
finalidad de constituir una sociedad científica que unificara y fomentara
el quehacer etnobiológico en los países de América Latina. Los
países representados en la constitución de la SOLAE fueron: Argentina,
Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, México, Perú y Venezuela, y
como países invitados: Bélgica y Estados Unidos de América. Antes
de este IV CLAE realizado en Popayán, Cauca, Colombia, la SOLAE
celebró tres congresos latinoamericanos: el I CLAE en Pachuca,
Hidalgo, México (2009), el II CLAE en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
(2010), y el III CLAE en La Paz, Bolivia (2012).
valley. Currently in this area, dry forest coverages has been reduced to a few relicts, which are found under some protection figure and also hold representative areas of the typical vegetation of this biome. This work is focused on the spatial distribution of BsT vegetation formations in the Department of Valle del Cauca. Secondary cartographic information was used to recognize biomes, ecosystems and land uses in the study area and over adjacent areas of the piedmont and mountains. A digital elevation model was used to perform altitudinal analysis. The results showed that despite the high human disturbance of dry forest in the flat area, about 80 % is located in montain ecosystems, specially on transition zones towards humid forests. In the future, the potential of these areas to be included in dry forest conservation and restoration strategies and also adaptive mechanisms in facing climate change should be evaluated.
University of Valle (CUVC), as well as databases of the Botanical Garden New York (NY) and Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). Six new species were recorded for the department of Caquetá: Anthurium ceronii Croat, A. longegeniculatum Engl., A. oxycarpum Poepp., A. pendulifolium N.E. Br., A. pulchellum Engl., and A. sagittatum (Sims) G. Don. In addition, taxonomic observations, notes of distribution and the examined specimens of each species are provided. These records increase the inventory of species of Anthurium in the department
of Caquetá, which could exceed 60 taxa, as some exemplars are still without an accurate taxonomic description, and some of them could represent new reports or new species.
may act to favor plants that efficiently use mycorrhizal fungi. However, the necessary conditions for
natural selection – variation, heritability, and differences in fitness – have not been demonstrated
for either orchid or fungus. With the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata as a model system, we ask
the following questions: (1) Do seeds from different individuals in a population differ in germination
and seedling development in the presence of the same fungi? (2) Do different mycorrhizal
fungi (Ceratobasidium spp.) differ in ability to stimulate seed germination and growth in T. variegata?
And (3) are the Ceratobasidium isolates that best induce seed germination and seedling
development more closely related to each other than to isolates that are less effective? We performed
symbiotic seed germination experiments in vitro. The experiments were done using
mycorrhizal fungi isolated from T. variegata; relationships among the fungi were inferred from
nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We found significant variation for both symbiotic germination
and seedling growth among biparental seed crops obtained from a population of T. variegata
plants. Differences among Ceratobasidium fungi in seed germination were significant. The fungi
that induced highest seed germination and seedling development belonged to two of four clades of
Ceratobasidium. The two experiments show that there is potential for natural selection to act on
orchid–fungus relationships. Given that orchids vary in performance, and that mycorrhizal fungi
are not geographically distributed homogeneously, mycorrhizae may affect population size, distribution
and evolution of orchids.
Controversy reigns over how specific the mycorrhizal association is in tropical species.
Although there is little experimental evidence to support any viewpoint, some variation is
known to exist. We compared mycorrhizal specificity and performance in two phylogenetically
related epiphytic orchids from Puerto Rico,
Tolumnia variegata
and
Ionopsis utricularioides
(Oncidiinae) by integrating two techniques: phylogenetic analysis of mycorrhizal fungi
based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and symbiotic
seed germination experiments. Most of the mycorrhizal isolates from
T. variegata
fell into
four different clades of
Ceratobasidium
, while most of those from
I. utricularioides
were
restricted to a single clade of the same genus. Seeds of
T. variegata
germinated equally well
with fungi from both
T. variegata
and
I. utricularioides
, but seeds of
I. utricularioides
germinated
significantly better with its own isolates. Seeds of
I. utricularioides
germinated
and developed faster than those of
T. variegata
. Both the molecular phylogeny and the seed
germination experiments showed that
T. variegata
is a generalist in its association with
fungal symbionts. In contrast,
I. utricularioides
is more specialized and more effective at
exploiting a specific fungal clade. Our data are consistent with the theoretical trade-offs
between specialized and generalized interactions.
necesitan hongos micorríticos para germinar.
Todavía no se sabe si las orquídeas puedan evolucionar
para tomar más ventaja de sus hongos micorríticos,
y si las micorrizas hayan contribuido a la
diversidad de las orquídeas.
En un estudio previo, aislamos hongos micorríticos
de plantas adultas de varias especies de orquídeas en
Puerto Rico (Otero et al. 2002). Los hongos fueron
identificados por medio de secuenciación de la región
ITS de los genes ribosomales nucleares. En el análisis
filogenético de los hongos salieron cuatro clados
principales. Todos los cuatro se anidaron dentro de
Ceratobasidium, un género ya conocido como hongos
micorríticos de orquídeas. Todos los hongos aislados
de la orquídea Ionopsis utricularioides pertenecieron
a un sólo clado de Ceratobasidium. En cambio,
Tolumnia variegata parecía más generalista en cuanto
a sus relaciones con hongos micorríticos: sus
cepas pertenecieron a los cuatro clados principales.
Dichos resultados sugieren que hay variación entre
especies de orquídeas en grado de especificidad para
hongos micorríticos.
Este estudio tenía dos preguntas: ¿Hay variación
entre individuos de una población de orquídeas en su
capacidad para la germinación simbiótica? ¿Le da
igual a una semilla de orquídea asociarse con diferentes
hongos, o hay diferencias funcionales entre
hongos? Para contestar estas preguntas se usó la
orquídea epífita T. variegata, por tener diversidad de
hongos micorríticos. Hongos del género
Ceratobasidium fueron aislados de raíces de T. variegata
en la Reserva Laguna Tortugero, Puerto Rico.
Frutos de T. variegata fueron recogidos de la misma
población. Las semillas fueron germinadas en medios
de cultivo con la presencia de diferentes cepas del
hongo. Hubo diferencias significativas entre 10 frutos
en germinación y crecimiento de semillas con los
mismos hongos. También los nueve hongos difieron
significativamente en su capacidad de estimular crecimiento
de las semillas.
Hay variación en orquídeas para la habilidad de
aprovechar de hongos micorríticos, aún dentro de una
población, y variación entre hongos en su habilidad
de estimular el crecimiento. Estes resultados sugieren
que exista el potencial para evolución de especificidad
en la interacción entre las orquídeas y sus hongos
micorríticos, y que dichas relaciones pueden causar
especiación de orquídeas por selección natural.
ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have
relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeatedmeasures
design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic
of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male
bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary
forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured
belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg.
imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana,
and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary
forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest
habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates
for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long
floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.
seeds, they have few stored nutrients to
support germination. In the field, orchid
seeds need a fungal partner to germinate.
This sort of plant–
fungus association
is called a mycorrhiza.
Most plants
have mycorrhizae,
and, in most cases,
both plant and
fungus benefit from
this relationship:
The fungus gives
mineral nutrients to
the plant and the
plant gives sugars
to the fungus. Orchid seeds, however,
deceive the fungus, taking both sugars
and nutrients while giving nothing in
return.
fundada teniendo como escenario la Casa Museo Garcilaso de la
Vega, en Cusco, Perú, en junio de 2008. En ese momento histórico se
reunieron etnobiólogos(as) de ocho países latinoamericanos, con la
finalidad de constituir una sociedad científica que unificara y fomentara
el quehacer etnobiológico en los países de América Latina. Los
países representados en la constitución de la SOLAE fueron: Argentina,
Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, México, Perú y Venezuela, y
como países invitados: Bélgica y Estados Unidos de América. Antes
de este IV CLAE realizado en Popayán, Cauca, Colombia, la SOLAE
celebró tres congresos latinoamericanos: el I CLAE en Pachuca,
Hidalgo, México (2009), el II CLAE en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
(2010), y el III CLAE en La Paz, Bolivia (2012).
valley. Currently in this area, dry forest coverages has been reduced to a few relicts, which are found under some protection figure and also hold representative areas of the typical vegetation of this biome. This work is focused on the spatial distribution of BsT vegetation formations in the Department of Valle del Cauca. Secondary cartographic information was used to recognize biomes, ecosystems and land uses in the study area and over adjacent areas of the piedmont and mountains. A digital elevation model was used to perform altitudinal analysis. The results showed that despite the high human disturbance of dry forest in the flat area, about 80 % is located in montain ecosystems, specially on transition zones towards humid forests. In the future, the potential of these areas to be included in dry forest conservation and restoration strategies and also adaptive mechanisms in facing climate change should be evaluated.
University of Valle (CUVC), as well as databases of the Botanical Garden New York (NY) and Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). Six new species were recorded for the department of Caquetá: Anthurium ceronii Croat, A. longegeniculatum Engl., A. oxycarpum Poepp., A. pendulifolium N.E. Br., A. pulchellum Engl., and A. sagittatum (Sims) G. Don. In addition, taxonomic observations, notes of distribution and the examined specimens of each species are provided. These records increase the inventory of species of Anthurium in the department
of Caquetá, which could exceed 60 taxa, as some exemplars are still without an accurate taxonomic description, and some of them could represent new reports or new species.
may act to favor plants that efficiently use mycorrhizal fungi. However, the necessary conditions for
natural selection – variation, heritability, and differences in fitness – have not been demonstrated
for either orchid or fungus. With the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata as a model system, we ask
the following questions: (1) Do seeds from different individuals in a population differ in germination
and seedling development in the presence of the same fungi? (2) Do different mycorrhizal
fungi (Ceratobasidium spp.) differ in ability to stimulate seed germination and growth in T. variegata?
And (3) are the Ceratobasidium isolates that best induce seed germination and seedling
development more closely related to each other than to isolates that are less effective? We performed
symbiotic seed germination experiments in vitro. The experiments were done using
mycorrhizal fungi isolated from T. variegata; relationships among the fungi were inferred from
nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We found significant variation for both symbiotic germination
and seedling growth among biparental seed crops obtained from a population of T. variegata
plants. Differences among Ceratobasidium fungi in seed germination were significant. The fungi
that induced highest seed germination and seedling development belonged to two of four clades of
Ceratobasidium. The two experiments show that there is potential for natural selection to act on
orchid–fungus relationships. Given that orchids vary in performance, and that mycorrhizal fungi
are not geographically distributed homogeneously, mycorrhizae may affect population size, distribution
and evolution of orchids.
Controversy reigns over how specific the mycorrhizal association is in tropical species.
Although there is little experimental evidence to support any viewpoint, some variation is
known to exist. We compared mycorrhizal specificity and performance in two phylogenetically
related epiphytic orchids from Puerto Rico,
Tolumnia variegata
and
Ionopsis utricularioides
(Oncidiinae) by integrating two techniques: phylogenetic analysis of mycorrhizal fungi
based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and symbiotic
seed germination experiments. Most of the mycorrhizal isolates from
T. variegata
fell into
four different clades of
Ceratobasidium
, while most of those from
I. utricularioides
were
restricted to a single clade of the same genus. Seeds of
T. variegata
germinated equally well
with fungi from both
T. variegata
and
I. utricularioides
, but seeds of
I. utricularioides
germinated
significantly better with its own isolates. Seeds of
I. utricularioides
germinated
and developed faster than those of
T. variegata
. Both the molecular phylogeny and the seed
germination experiments showed that
T. variegata
is a generalist in its association with
fungal symbionts. In contrast,
I. utricularioides
is more specialized and more effective at
exploiting a specific fungal clade. Our data are consistent with the theoretical trade-offs
between specialized and generalized interactions.
necesitan hongos micorríticos para germinar.
Todavía no se sabe si las orquídeas puedan evolucionar
para tomar más ventaja de sus hongos micorríticos,
y si las micorrizas hayan contribuido a la
diversidad de las orquídeas.
En un estudio previo, aislamos hongos micorríticos
de plantas adultas de varias especies de orquídeas en
Puerto Rico (Otero et al. 2002). Los hongos fueron
identificados por medio de secuenciación de la región
ITS de los genes ribosomales nucleares. En el análisis
filogenético de los hongos salieron cuatro clados
principales. Todos los cuatro se anidaron dentro de
Ceratobasidium, un género ya conocido como hongos
micorríticos de orquídeas. Todos los hongos aislados
de la orquídea Ionopsis utricularioides pertenecieron
a un sólo clado de Ceratobasidium. En cambio,
Tolumnia variegata parecía más generalista en cuanto
a sus relaciones con hongos micorríticos: sus
cepas pertenecieron a los cuatro clados principales.
Dichos resultados sugieren que hay variación entre
especies de orquídeas en grado de especificidad para
hongos micorríticos.
Este estudio tenía dos preguntas: ¿Hay variación
entre individuos de una población de orquídeas en su
capacidad para la germinación simbiótica? ¿Le da
igual a una semilla de orquídea asociarse con diferentes
hongos, o hay diferencias funcionales entre
hongos? Para contestar estas preguntas se usó la
orquídea epífita T. variegata, por tener diversidad de
hongos micorríticos. Hongos del género
Ceratobasidium fueron aislados de raíces de T. variegata
en la Reserva Laguna Tortugero, Puerto Rico.
Frutos de T. variegata fueron recogidos de la misma
población. Las semillas fueron germinadas en medios
de cultivo con la presencia de diferentes cepas del
hongo. Hubo diferencias significativas entre 10 frutos
en germinación y crecimiento de semillas con los
mismos hongos. También los nueve hongos difieron
significativamente en su capacidad de estimular crecimiento
de las semillas.
Hay variación en orquídeas para la habilidad de
aprovechar de hongos micorríticos, aún dentro de una
población, y variación entre hongos en su habilidad
de estimular el crecimiento. Estes resultados sugieren
que exista el potencial para evolución de especificidad
en la interacción entre las orquídeas y sus hongos
micorríticos, y que dichas relaciones pueden causar
especiación de orquídeas por selección natural.
ones have been previously characterized by higher abundance and diversity of euglossine bees. Most past studies have
relied on chemically baiting male bees at single sites within habitats. Over a two-year period, we employed a repeatedmeasures
design in which we sampled bees at multiple sites within three different habitat types, reflecting a mosaic
of human disturbance (farm, secondary forest, and old logged forest). After 22 monthly samples, a total of 2008 male
bees were captured, representing 31 species in five genera: 1156 at the farm (57.6%, 21 spp.), 505 in the secondary
forest (25.1%, 27 spp.), and 347 in the old logged forest (17.2%, 21 spp.). Eighty-one percent of the bees captured
belonged to the five most abundant species: Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana, Euglossa hansoni, Eg. ignita, and Eg.
imperialis. These species differed significantly in capture frequencies among habitats. Eulaema cingulata, El. chocoana,
and Eg. ignita were captured most frequently at the farm, while Eg. imperialis was most abundant in the secondary
forest. In contrast, Eg. hansoni, the sole short-tongued species among the five, was equally abundant in the two forest
habitats but occurred rarely on the farm. Additionally, habitats differed in bee composition. The high capture rates
for long-proboscis species at the farm may have been due to their ability to extract nectar from flowers with long
floral tubes, which probably occurred at a greater density on the farmed land than in the adjacent forests.
seeds, they have few stored nutrients to
support germination. In the field, orchid
seeds need a fungal partner to germinate.
This sort of plant–
fungus association
is called a mycorrhiza.
Most plants
have mycorrhizae,
and, in most cases,
both plant and
fungus benefit from
this relationship:
The fungus gives
mineral nutrients to
the plant and the
plant gives sugars
to the fungus. Orchid seeds, however,
deceive the fungus, taking both sugars
and nutrients while giving nothing in
return.