Stéphanie Derwael

The mosaic of the Great Palace peristyle in Constantinople is one of the most important artworks of Late Antique and Early Byzantine art. It has been studied by many researchers, but its border with foliate heads has never really been considered. Four of the foliate heads have survived. They show two types of vegetalisations: a radiant one, and another where the heads are entwined in a scroll. The scrolls, alternately facing upwards and downwards, emerge from leafy windings resembling a cornucopia. Young sprouts emerge from the acanthus leaves, spawning into fine flowers or fruits, while all sorts of animals evolve in the foliage. The central panel of the pavement is made up of hunting scenes, animal fights, children's games, bucolic, rural, or mythological scenes, or even fabulous creatures.
The foliate head appears in Rome in the 1st century BC. From the 1st century AD onwards, it penetrates the various regions of the Empire as a result of their economic, socio-political and urban development. Local cultural specificities and iconographic traditions determine different levels of appropriation of the motif. On the East side of the Mediterranean Sea, the craftsmen of the Levantine coast seem to have quickly developed a specific use of the foliate head: its insertion in a rinceau frieze. From the second half of the 2nd century AD this type of foliage is used in the borders of domestic pavements, in the public rooms of rich houses where the luxury and culture of the local elites manifested themselves. The scrolls give a superhuman dimension to the decorative program of these pavements, a symbolic value along with the notions of prosperity and abundance, that derive from the owners' lifestyle and ensure its continuity. However, the themes of the central panels, whether civilising heroes, heroic hunts, pastoral, mythological, or interior scenes, also celebrate a virtuous and moderate way of living, a pious relationship with nature and the benefits of civilisation, marking the victory of order over chaos. In this context, foliate heads celebrate a prosperous nature, feared but revered, a prodigious original nature made beneficial and calling for a rebirth. They can therefore evoke, and call for, an idyllic golden age. The fact that only a head is depicted, and not the whole body, is also meaningful: the motif symbolises the origin, the very essence of the vital impulse.
While the use of the foliate head diminishes in the various regions of the Roman world from the 4th century AD onwards, sculptors and mosaicists in the Eastern provinces continue to show a certain creativity. In the provinces of Judea and Arabia, mosaicists responsible for decorating Christian churches and funerary monuments of the 6th century AD inherit the repertoire used by their predecessors in the domestic context, in particular the border with foliate heads. During the 5th and 6th centuries AD, the foliate head is also used in the repertoire of Eastern architectural sculpture in the Bosphorus and its surroundings, especially in Constantinople. Like on the Great Palace mosaic, the motif is here associated with a cornucopia emerging from acanthus leaves, and fruits, and the heads show a radiant vegetalisation, or are topped by the leaves of the foliage.
Examination of the Roman foliate heads shows that the border of the Grand Palais mosaic is part of a vast corpus. In Constantinople itself, architectural sculpture of the 6th century AD offers precise parallels and seems to reflect a period of renewed interest in the motif. This type of border also appears in Christian pavements of the Levantine coast at the same time. Examination of the corpus of earlier Levantine pavements shows that this type of border was already associated with various scenes emphasising prosperity, the victory of order over chaos and a virtuous life. Similarly, the use of the motif in the imperial sphere is not new, and Arcadius' column offers a Constantinopolitan example of this. Within this vast corpus of foliate heads, there is moreover one example that constitutes a particularly interesting point of comparison: the House of the Falconer in Argos. Two of the three remaining mosaics decorate the porticoes of the courtyard, and the scrolls, although very stylised, are identical.
The mosaic of the Great Palace in Constantinople reflects the tastes and values of an elite whose education and lifestyle are still imbued with the thought system of the Antiquity. The mosaicists juxtapose themes specific to this cultured environment, drawn here and there from the arts, literature, or the model of contemporary royal gardens, and assemble them in a composition of unprecedented size, which testifies to their ability to juggle with motifs of secular origin. Whether it is the border or the central panel, this pavement, which is at the crossroads of Eastern and Western influences, appears as the vector of the classical tradition in a context of claiming the ancient culture and heritage of the Roman Empire. The purpose of the mosaic is certainly to convey an image of the world over which the emperor reigns. A world torn between violence and ferocity on the one hand, and a peaceful and generous nature on the other, a dichotomy implying that one must fight for order and tranquillity. Nature and landscape evoke, by metonymy, the idyllic empire over which the emperor brings peace and prosperity. The border of the mosaics evokes an eternal golden age and includes the topical elements of abundance. In such a program, the use of foliate heads is significant. Their hybridity certainly reinforces the message of prosperity and idyllic harmony conveyed by the central panel. Moreover, they appear as a strong motif of peopled scrolls, and thus of this ancient cultural tradition which is valued here. They are part of a repertoire considered as representative of Roman iconography by the Byzantine craftsmen of an imperial workshop.

Dit boek hoort bij de tentoonstelling ‘Dacia Felix’, te zien in het Gallo-Romeins Museum van Tongeren, naar aanleiding van EUROPALIA ROMANIA 2019.
Het biedt een overzicht van de mooiste en meest betekenisvolle objecten, voorzien van heldere toelichting. Maar bovenal neemt het u mee op een culturele ontdekkingsreis naar het verre verleden van een voor velen van ons nog onbekend Oost-Europees land.
Niet alleen Romeinen, maar ook Daciërs en Geten, Grieken, Scythen en Kelten kleurden de Roemeense geschiedenis. Ze passeren in dit boek een na een de revue. Dat maakt het een must voor iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in de oudheid

Cet ouvrage accompagne l’exposition «Dacia Felix», présentée au Musée gallo- romain de Tongres à l’occasion d’EUROPALIA ROMANIA 2019. Il donne un aperçu des objets les plus beaux et les plus représentatifs, accompagnés de commentaires clairs et détaillés. Un voyage culturel, à la découverte du lointain passé d’un pays d’Europe de l’Est encore trop méconnu. Les Romains, les Daces, les Gètes, les Grecs, les Scythes et les Celtes ont marqué l’histoire de la Roumanie. Cet ouvrage aborde chacune de ces cultures : un must pour ceux qui s’intéressent à l’Antiquité.

Conférence, Ecole française de Rome, 10 mai 2023
Colloque international « L’hybridité humano-végétale en Méditerranée antique. Images, contextes & transferts culturels », Academia Belgica & Ecole française de Rome, 9-10 mai 2023. Organisé par Stéphanie Derwael & Christian Mazet