This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been th... more This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as
Cellulosic fiber (CF) in nanoform is emergingly finding its way for COVID-19 solution for instanc... more Cellulosic fiber (CF) in nanoform is emergingly finding its way for COVID-19 solution for instance via nanocomposite/ nanoparticle from various abundant biopolymeric waste materials, which may not be widely commercialized when the pandemic strikes recently. The possibility is wide open but needs proper collection of knowledge and research data. Thus, this article firstly reviews CF produced from various lignocellulosic or biomass feedstocks' pretreatment methods in various nanoforms or nanocomposites, also serving together with metal oxide (MeO) antimicrobial agents having certain analytical reporting. CF-MeO hybrid product can be a great option for COVID-19 antimicrobial resistant environment to be proposed considering the long-established CF and MeO laboratory investigations. Secondly, a preliminary pH investigation of 7 to 12 on zinc oxide synthesis discussing on Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) functional groups and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images are also presented, justifying the knowledge requirement for future stable nanocomposite formulation. In addition to that, recent precursors suitable for zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis with emergingly prediction to serve as COVID-19 purposes via different products, aligning with CFs or nanocellulose for industrial applications are also reviewed.
The present study was set to investigate the chemical structural group of different particle size... more The present study was set to investigate the chemical structural group of different particle size of Oil palm frond (OPF) after mechanical and Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment by FTIR analysis. The particle sizes range of biomass used were 0-75, 75-125, 125-180, 180-250 and 250-355 μm which were prepared through mechanical grinding process by using an analytical mill. IL used in this experiment was 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM][Ac] with two different concentration of 1M and 3M. Pretreatment by IL was done on BioshakeIQ for 3 hours at 800 rpm and 85 ̊C. The pretreated OPF was then analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy in order to evaluate the performance of mechanical grinding and IL pretreatment based on the change observed in chemical structure through functional group existed. It was found that after size reduction through grinding process, the spectra between all particle sizes obtained did not differ much except for particle size range of 75-125 μm. The particle size rang...
Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of ... more Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of the work is to present the change of volumetric flow rate and the inlet concentration of key reactant A in a series continuous stirred tank reactor-plug flow reactor (CSTR-PFR) configurations. The volumetric flow rate does not affect selectivity and conversion for a constant volumetric flow rate operating condition, entering CSTR and PFR, at a specific concentration of reactant. The CSTR-PFR series reactor configuration is proposed for the aim of maximizing the selectivity of the desired product B in comparison to the undesired products X and Y. CSTR as the first reactor is capable to achieve the maximum conversion at the highest selectivity of A. PFR is then proposed after CSTR in a configuration of CSTR-PFR, to allow higher conversion value to be achieved for the resulted outlet stream conditions coming out of the first reactor, CSTR. Both reactors commonly encounter a decrease in the ...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to produce biofuel has been conducted by us... more Pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to produce biofuel has been conducted by using various methods including physical, chemical, physicochemical as well as biological. The conversion of bioethanol process typically involves several steps which consist of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and separation. In this project, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used in replacement of LCB since cellulose has the highest content of LCB for the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of new pretreatment method using radiation technology. Irradiation with different doses (100 kGy to 1000 kGy) was conducted by using electron beam accelerator equipment at Agensi Nuklear Malaysia. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were studied to further understand the effect of the suggested pretreatment step to the content of MCC. Through this method namely IRR-LCB, an ideal and optimal condition for pretreatment prior to the production of biofuel by using LCB may be introduced.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, May 1, 2018
The objective of this preliminary study is to identify the Crystalinity Index (CrI) of Oil Palm F... more The objective of this preliminary study is to identify the Crystalinity Index (CrI) of Oil Palm Frond (OPF) pretreated with 40% concentration of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid ([EMIM][OAc]) in a closed system. The morphology and structural changes of the pretreated OPF were examined by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The pretreatment process was carried out in triplicates by loading 40% of [EMIM][OAc] concentration with 10 wt% of OPF loading in the Bio-ionic liquid-reactor. The pretreatment process was conducted for 3 hours with working volume of 70 mL and temperature of 110°C. A Bio-ionic liquid reactor was purposely designed for the lignocellulosic pretreatment by using aqueous ionic liquid at high temperature (higher than boiling point of water). The CrI of OPF pretreated with 40% concentration of [EMM][OAc] in a closed system observed was 9% lower from the untreated OPF and the result showed significant difference with 95% confidence level. Further examination of the untreated and pretreated OPF by using XRD showed that the diffraction pattern of the pretreated OPF samples was decreasing compared to the untreated OPF. The characteristic of the FTIR spectra of the pretreated OPF showed the presence of the cellulose I and occurrence of amorphous cellulosic in the samples. The findings from this study are expected to improve knowledge on pretreatment of OPF by using aqueous [EMIM][OAc] as a green economically viable process for future renewable energy.
durch axiale Bewegung des Kegels eingestellt. Der Volumenstrom kann von 0 bis 200 L/h variiert we... more durch axiale Bewegung des Kegels eingestellt. Der Volumenstrom kann von 0 bis 200 L/h variiert werden. Es werden verschiedene Wirbelkonfigurationen beobachtet, die in einem Diagramm als Funktion oben genannter Kennzahlen aufgetragen werden (s. Abb.). Die Gleichung zur Ermittlung von Ta wurde so gewählt, dass sich gleiche Strömungsformen für gleiche Ta ergeben. Als geeignet konnte die Gleichung aus [2] auch unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen bestätigt werden. Nach dieser vollständigen Strömungscharakterisierung wird die Korrelation mit Klärschlammentwässerungsergebnissen in weitergehenden Experimenten untersucht.
Shake flasks have been used for screening process in fermentations for a long time. The oxygen tr... more Shake flasks have been used for screening process in fermentations for a long time. The oxygen transfer rates of the fermentation media change with viscosity. The liquid distribution in hydrophilic shake flask becomes asymmetrical as the viscosity of the liquid increases. Therefore, a non-invasive optical technique has been developed to collect angular information on the shape of the liquid at different operating conditions like shaking frequency, shaking diameter, and filling volume. This technique uses light emitting diodes, a photomultiplier tube and fluorescent solution. 16 sets of optical fibers with each set comprises of 2 optical fibers arranged in certain angle of incident light between the fibers are attached at different heights of the outside wall of a shake flask. Blue lights from the light emitting diodes are switched alternately at different heights and excite the fluorescent molecules in the flask. The emission lights are then sent through the optical fibers back to t...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, May 1, 2018
Pretreatment is the key to unlock the recalcitrance of lignocellulose for cellulosic biofuel prod... more Pretreatment is the key to unlock the recalcitrance of lignocellulose for cellulosic biofuel production. Increasing attention has been drawn to ionic liquids (ILs) for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass because this approach was considered as a green engineering method over other conventional methods. In this work, Oil palm frond (OPF) was pretreated by using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM] Ac at the temperature of 99˚C for 3 hours. The characterization of the untreated and pretreated OPF was conducted by using different techniques which are Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The pretreatment of OPF with [EMIM] Ac was demonstrated to be effective evidenced by the significant reduction of Lateral Order Index (LOI) from FTIR, reduction of Crystallinity Index (CI) based on XRD and the significant morphology changes indicated by SEM. The CI value for the pretreated OPF decreased from 0.47 (untreated sample) to 0.28 while the LOI value decreased from 1.10 to 0.24 after pretreatment with [EMIM]Ac and the SEM morphology showed that the pretreated OPF becomes distorted and disordered.
The objective of this study was to characterize the performance of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) ... more The objective of this study was to characterize the performance of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to assess its use as a potential bioethanol or biofuels through pretreatment process. The pretreatment process was performed to remove crystalline structural of biomasses in order to improve enzymatic hydrolysis process. In this work, combined electron beam irradiation and ionic liquid method was used as the pretreatment process for various LCBs such as Gigantochloa albociliata (GA), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), oil palm frond (OPF), acacia and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as reference. Irradiation dose was measured through electron beam accelerator over a range of 100-1000 kGy. Ionic liquid (IL) is known as green solvent that can dissolve cellulose. 50% v/v 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) IL was employed to enhance the effect of irradiation in pretreatment process. The LCBs was analyzed by using two method; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). F...
Lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin is significantly analyzed... more Lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin is significantly analyzed via methods from infrared to microscopy. These methods help researchers to explore the organic or inorganic functional groups and physical surface impacts microscopically on the particles of the pretreated biomass. Some concerns arise in understanding the data results. An investigation with the presence of ionic liquids on Leucaena Leucocephala (Petai Belalang), Acacia Auriculiformis and Melastoma Malabathricum (Senduduk) are reported via the results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The model ionic liquids as green solvents used are 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate (EMIMAc) and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (EMIMCl). This work is very essential to sustain preliminary reliable understanding on the chemical and physical effects on lignocellulosic biomass during pretreatment with solvents.
Background: Biotechnological development in shake flask necessitates vital engineering parameters... more Background: Biotechnological development in shake flask necessitates vital engineering parameters e.g. volumetric power input, mixing time, gas liquid mass transfer coefficient, hydromechanical stress and effective shear rate. Determination and optimization of these parameters through experiments are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides the ability to predict and validate these parameters in bioprocess engineering. This work provides ample experimental data which are easily accessible for future validations to represent the hydrodynamics of the fluid flow in the shake flask. Results: A non-invasive measuring technique using an optical fluorescence method was developed for shake flasks containing a fluorescent solution with a waterlike viscosity at varying filling volume (V L = 15 to 40 mL) and shaking frequency (n = 150 to 450 rpm) at a constant shaking diameter (d o = 25 mm). The method detected the leading edge (LB) and tail of the rotating bulk liquid (TB) relative to the direction of the centrifugal acceleration at varying circumferential heights from the base of the shake flask. The determined LB and TB points were translated into three-dimensional (3D) circumferential liquid distribution plots. The maximum liquid height (H max) of the bulk liquid increased with increasing filling volume and shaking frequency of the shaking flask, as expected. The toroidal shapes of LB and TB are clearly asymmetrical and the measured TB differed by the elongation of the liquid particularly towards the torus part of the shake flask. Conclusion: The 3D liquid distribution data collected at varying filling volume and shaking frequency, comprising of LB and TB values relative to the direction of the centrifugal acceleration are essential for validating future numerical solutions using CFD to predict vital engineering parameters in shake flask.
This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been th... more This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as
Cellulosic fiber (CF) in nanoform is emergingly finding its way for COVID-19 solution for instanc... more Cellulosic fiber (CF) in nanoform is emergingly finding its way for COVID-19 solution for instance via nanocomposite/ nanoparticle from various abundant biopolymeric waste materials, which may not be widely commercialized when the pandemic strikes recently. The possibility is wide open but needs proper collection of knowledge and research data. Thus, this article firstly reviews CF produced from various lignocellulosic or biomass feedstocks' pretreatment methods in various nanoforms or nanocomposites, also serving together with metal oxide (MeO) antimicrobial agents having certain analytical reporting. CF-MeO hybrid product can be a great option for COVID-19 antimicrobial resistant environment to be proposed considering the long-established CF and MeO laboratory investigations. Secondly, a preliminary pH investigation of 7 to 12 on zinc oxide synthesis discussing on Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) functional groups and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images are also presented, justifying the knowledge requirement for future stable nanocomposite formulation. In addition to that, recent precursors suitable for zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis with emergingly prediction to serve as COVID-19 purposes via different products, aligning with CFs or nanocellulose for industrial applications are also reviewed.
The present study was set to investigate the chemical structural group of different particle size... more The present study was set to investigate the chemical structural group of different particle size of Oil palm frond (OPF) after mechanical and Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment by FTIR analysis. The particle sizes range of biomass used were 0-75, 75-125, 125-180, 180-250 and 250-355 μm which were prepared through mechanical grinding process by using an analytical mill. IL used in this experiment was 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM][Ac] with two different concentration of 1M and 3M. Pretreatment by IL was done on BioshakeIQ for 3 hours at 800 rpm and 85 ̊C. The pretreated OPF was then analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy in order to evaluate the performance of mechanical grinding and IL pretreatment based on the change observed in chemical structure through functional group existed. It was found that after size reduction through grinding process, the spectra between all particle sizes obtained did not differ much except for particle size range of 75-125 μm. The particle size rang...
Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of ... more Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of the work is to present the change of volumetric flow rate and the inlet concentration of key reactant A in a series continuous stirred tank reactor-plug flow reactor (CSTR-PFR) configurations. The volumetric flow rate does not affect selectivity and conversion for a constant volumetric flow rate operating condition, entering CSTR and PFR, at a specific concentration of reactant. The CSTR-PFR series reactor configuration is proposed for the aim of maximizing the selectivity of the desired product B in comparison to the undesired products X and Y. CSTR as the first reactor is capable to achieve the maximum conversion at the highest selectivity of A. PFR is then proposed after CSTR in a configuration of CSTR-PFR, to allow higher conversion value to be achieved for the resulted outlet stream conditions coming out of the first reactor, CSTR. Both reactors commonly encounter a decrease in the ...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to produce biofuel has been conducted by us... more Pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to produce biofuel has been conducted by using various methods including physical, chemical, physicochemical as well as biological. The conversion of bioethanol process typically involves several steps which consist of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and separation. In this project, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used in replacement of LCB since cellulose has the highest content of LCB for the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of new pretreatment method using radiation technology. Irradiation with different doses (100 kGy to 1000 kGy) was conducted by using electron beam accelerator equipment at Agensi Nuklear Malaysia. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were studied to further understand the effect of the suggested pretreatment step to the content of MCC. Through this method namely IRR-LCB, an ideal and optimal condition for pretreatment prior to the production of biofuel by using LCB may be introduced.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, May 1, 2018
The objective of this preliminary study is to identify the Crystalinity Index (CrI) of Oil Palm F... more The objective of this preliminary study is to identify the Crystalinity Index (CrI) of Oil Palm Frond (OPF) pretreated with 40% concentration of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid ([EMIM][OAc]) in a closed system. The morphology and structural changes of the pretreated OPF were examined by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The pretreatment process was carried out in triplicates by loading 40% of [EMIM][OAc] concentration with 10 wt% of OPF loading in the Bio-ionic liquid-reactor. The pretreatment process was conducted for 3 hours with working volume of 70 mL and temperature of 110°C. A Bio-ionic liquid reactor was purposely designed for the lignocellulosic pretreatment by using aqueous ionic liquid at high temperature (higher than boiling point of water). The CrI of OPF pretreated with 40% concentration of [EMM][OAc] in a closed system observed was 9% lower from the untreated OPF and the result showed significant difference with 95% confidence level. Further examination of the untreated and pretreated OPF by using XRD showed that the diffraction pattern of the pretreated OPF samples was decreasing compared to the untreated OPF. The characteristic of the FTIR spectra of the pretreated OPF showed the presence of the cellulose I and occurrence of amorphous cellulosic in the samples. The findings from this study are expected to improve knowledge on pretreatment of OPF by using aqueous [EMIM][OAc] as a green economically viable process for future renewable energy.
durch axiale Bewegung des Kegels eingestellt. Der Volumenstrom kann von 0 bis 200 L/h variiert we... more durch axiale Bewegung des Kegels eingestellt. Der Volumenstrom kann von 0 bis 200 L/h variiert werden. Es werden verschiedene Wirbelkonfigurationen beobachtet, die in einem Diagramm als Funktion oben genannter Kennzahlen aufgetragen werden (s. Abb.). Die Gleichung zur Ermittlung von Ta wurde so gewählt, dass sich gleiche Strömungsformen für gleiche Ta ergeben. Als geeignet konnte die Gleichung aus [2] auch unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen bestätigt werden. Nach dieser vollständigen Strömungscharakterisierung wird die Korrelation mit Klärschlammentwässerungsergebnissen in weitergehenden Experimenten untersucht.
Shake flasks have been used for screening process in fermentations for a long time. The oxygen tr... more Shake flasks have been used for screening process in fermentations for a long time. The oxygen transfer rates of the fermentation media change with viscosity. The liquid distribution in hydrophilic shake flask becomes asymmetrical as the viscosity of the liquid increases. Therefore, a non-invasive optical technique has been developed to collect angular information on the shape of the liquid at different operating conditions like shaking frequency, shaking diameter, and filling volume. This technique uses light emitting diodes, a photomultiplier tube and fluorescent solution. 16 sets of optical fibers with each set comprises of 2 optical fibers arranged in certain angle of incident light between the fibers are attached at different heights of the outside wall of a shake flask. Blue lights from the light emitting diodes are switched alternately at different heights and excite the fluorescent molecules in the flask. The emission lights are then sent through the optical fibers back to t...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, May 1, 2018
Pretreatment is the key to unlock the recalcitrance of lignocellulose for cellulosic biofuel prod... more Pretreatment is the key to unlock the recalcitrance of lignocellulose for cellulosic biofuel production. Increasing attention has been drawn to ionic liquids (ILs) for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass because this approach was considered as a green engineering method over other conventional methods. In this work, Oil palm frond (OPF) was pretreated by using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM] Ac at the temperature of 99˚C for 3 hours. The characterization of the untreated and pretreated OPF was conducted by using different techniques which are Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The pretreatment of OPF with [EMIM] Ac was demonstrated to be effective evidenced by the significant reduction of Lateral Order Index (LOI) from FTIR, reduction of Crystallinity Index (CI) based on XRD and the significant morphology changes indicated by SEM. The CI value for the pretreated OPF decreased from 0.47 (untreated sample) to 0.28 while the LOI value decreased from 1.10 to 0.24 after pretreatment with [EMIM]Ac and the SEM morphology showed that the pretreated OPF becomes distorted and disordered.
The objective of this study was to characterize the performance of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) ... more The objective of this study was to characterize the performance of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to assess its use as a potential bioethanol or biofuels through pretreatment process. The pretreatment process was performed to remove crystalline structural of biomasses in order to improve enzymatic hydrolysis process. In this work, combined electron beam irradiation and ionic liquid method was used as the pretreatment process for various LCBs such as Gigantochloa albociliata (GA), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), oil palm frond (OPF), acacia and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as reference. Irradiation dose was measured through electron beam accelerator over a range of 100-1000 kGy. Ionic liquid (IL) is known as green solvent that can dissolve cellulose. 50% v/v 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) IL was employed to enhance the effect of irradiation in pretreatment process. The LCBs was analyzed by using two method; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). F...
Lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin is significantly analyzed... more Lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin is significantly analyzed via methods from infrared to microscopy. These methods help researchers to explore the organic or inorganic functional groups and physical surface impacts microscopically on the particles of the pretreated biomass. Some concerns arise in understanding the data results. An investigation with the presence of ionic liquids on Leucaena Leucocephala (Petai Belalang), Acacia Auriculiformis and Melastoma Malabathricum (Senduduk) are reported via the results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The model ionic liquids as green solvents used are 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate (EMIMAc) and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride (EMIMCl). This work is very essential to sustain preliminary reliable understanding on the chemical and physical effects on lignocellulosic biomass during pretreatment with solvents.
Background: Biotechnological development in shake flask necessitates vital engineering parameters... more Background: Biotechnological development in shake flask necessitates vital engineering parameters e.g. volumetric power input, mixing time, gas liquid mass transfer coefficient, hydromechanical stress and effective shear rate. Determination and optimization of these parameters through experiments are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides the ability to predict and validate these parameters in bioprocess engineering. This work provides ample experimental data which are easily accessible for future validations to represent the hydrodynamics of the fluid flow in the shake flask. Results: A non-invasive measuring technique using an optical fluorescence method was developed for shake flasks containing a fluorescent solution with a waterlike viscosity at varying filling volume (V L = 15 to 40 mL) and shaking frequency (n = 150 to 450 rpm) at a constant shaking diameter (d o = 25 mm). The method detected the leading edge (LB) and tail of the rotating bulk liquid (TB) relative to the direction of the centrifugal acceleration at varying circumferential heights from the base of the shake flask. The determined LB and TB points were translated into three-dimensional (3D) circumferential liquid distribution plots. The maximum liquid height (H max) of the bulk liquid increased with increasing filling volume and shaking frequency of the shaking flask, as expected. The toroidal shapes of LB and TB are clearly asymmetrical and the measured TB differed by the elongation of the liquid particularly towards the torus part of the shake flask. Conclusion: The 3D liquid distribution data collected at varying filling volume and shaking frequency, comprising of LB and TB values relative to the direction of the centrifugal acceleration are essential for validating future numerical solutions using CFD to predict vital engineering parameters in shake flask.
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