2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2020
Many construction projects show lack of performance due to numerous complexity factors. Literatur... more Many construction projects show lack of performance due to numerous complexity factors. Literature review indicates that study related to complexity factors in infrastructure projects is still lacking. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most significant complexity factors during pre-construction stage (design, tender and contract award) that affect quality performance of infrastructure projects. Based on variables identified from previous studies, a survey questionnaire was designed to gain responses and assessment in terms of the impacts of the identified complexity factors toward quality performance. A preliminary study was carried out based on 37 respondents’ feedbacks to determine the level of importance of these factors using relative importance index (RII). The results show that all identified complexity factors are important and have impacted the quality performance in infrastructure projects. Based on RII, the top rank complexity factors during design, tendering and contract award phases are insufficiency in the collection and review of drawings, award contract to a low qualified bidder with non-compliance and delay in preparing technical specifications/scope of work/terms of reference, respectively. This study contributes empirically towards establishing an integrated complexity assessment model to manage infrastructure project from design to handing-over stage to ensure successful project performance in terms of time, cost and quality in line with the Eleventh Malaysia Plan within the construction industry.
Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, funda... more Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, fundamental, characteristics, and technologies. Stakeholders in highway projects have to overcome various challenges towards the successful implementation of green highway. Although Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) has been introducing guideline for green highway, the implementation of green highway in Malaysia is still far behind because of the challenges in setting forth the guideline. This study comprises four objectives: (1) to investigate the main challenges of green highway implementation in Malaysia; (2) to determine the main characteristics of green highway in the Malaysian context; (3) to identify the main success factors of green highway implementation in Malaysia; and finally (4) to develop a model for the relationship between characteristics and challenges towards the success of green highway in the Malaysia context. This study was based on a triangulation research approach where...
2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2020
Green highway is a management concept of an expressway project during the planning, design and co... more Green highway is a management concept of an expressway project during the planning, design and construction stages. This concept combines transportation and ecological sustainability which is the backbone of the transportation system, ecosystem, municipal well-being and town development. The implementation of green highway in an expressway design is a critical initiative towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs). The Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) manual was introduced to support the green highway in the Malaysian context. However, MyGHI is relatively new to such endeavors and a mechanism to measure a successful green highway is still lacking. The purpose of this study is to provide an integral knowledge on the factors influencing green highway implementation and determine the level of importance for each factor. Model constructs were introduced and established from the literature concept and theory as well as from exploratory data using the qualitative approach. Transcribed interview data analysis was analysed using Nvivo, Microsoft Excel and Critically Index assessment. It was found that three factors that affect the success of green highway are innovation; construction activities; and material and resources. Twelve experts from government and private agencies participated in contributing to factors and perspectives towards multiple theories and concepts to produce the green highway model. Hence, the idea of developing a model for a green highway is valid and justified, but is limited to the expressway in the Malaysian context.
2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2020
Risk allocation (RA) is one of the important elements in risk management (RM) considered by const... more Risk allocation (RA) is one of the important elements in risk management (RM) considered by construction project practitioners such as client, consultant and contractor to manage the risks in order to enhance organizational performance and to create value for their shareholders. This paper presents the allocation of risk factors that affect project performance in one of the government-linked companies (GLC) in Malaysia known as FGV Holdings (FGVH). The research adopted a quantitative approach using questionnaire survey to determine the significant risk factors affecting project performance based on risk allocation to client, consultant and contractors. The survey was administered to 30 respondents under FGVH. Descriptive and statistical analysis were used to analyze the data namely, reliability and normality tests, mean ranking and correlation. Overall findings show that risk allocation to client are related to decision making, payment, stakeholders' turnover, organization management, change order, law and regulation and site accessibility, while risk allocation to consultant are related to design, communication, scope of work, permit and ordinance, stakeholder's expectation and management process and finally to contractors are related to resource management of labor, material, equipment, internal factors on competency and commitment including external factors such as inclement weather and labor strike. Future research can be broadened across the FGV subsidiaries to obtain more information on the effectiveness of RM implementation in FGVH using real projects.
The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway co... more The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway concept development. This paper aims to identify the awareness of the green highway concept by prevailing common terminology of green highway among highway project stakeholders. A preliminary study was conducted with on-site personnel from highway concessions and highway authority in Malaysia. Results show that (55.6%) of respondents were aware about the green highway concept and terminology. Whereas, five aspects of green highway terminologies namely; (1) conservation and ecosystem management, (2) life cycle energy and emission reduction, (3) recycle, reuse, and recycle, (4) watershed driven storm water management, and (5) overall societal benefits were identified as common understandings among the stakeholders. This paper also suggests some rating tools for the green highway for the government and departments of highway project construction to take appropriate measures in ensuring a comp...
Urban signalized intersection caters to a high volume of traffic every day and releases traffic i... more Urban signalized intersection caters to a high volume of traffic every day and releases traffic in a platoon. Statistic has shown a significant share of accident risk involving motorcyclists at the signalized intersection in most ASEAN countries e.g Malaysia. The mixed interactions of vehicles at signalized intersection creates a traffic conflict among the motorcyclists and other motorists. Advance Stop Line (ASL) is one of the facilities provided at signalized intersection to segregate the motorcycles from other vehicles. This study aim to determine the effectiveness of ASL in reducing traffic conflict at the signalized intersection. The objectives include a) to determine the utilization rate by motorcyclists b) to observe the riding behavior of motorcyclists while stopping at ASL and c) to compare the rate of conflict with and without provision of ASL at the signalized intersection. Result shows that the differences in average of traffic conflicts rate between signalized intersect...
2021 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control & Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS), 2021
The road and transport industry are few of the sectors most impacted by COVID-19. Thus, the movem... more The road and transport industry are few of the sectors most impacted by COVID-19. Thus, the movement restrictions were put in place by most of the countries in the world including Asia and Australasia to manage the pandemic. This has disrupted the supply chains and mobility networks and the overall economic slowdown. Some of the impacts has seriously affected transport operator finances, including revenue and cash flow, moving many companies closer to bankruptcy. With road and transport sectors as the key driver of economic and social activities, the recovery from COVID-19 in countries all over the world is at risk. Thus, this paper presents the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on road and transport sectors in Asia and Australasia based on a quantitative method through an online questionnaire survey. One hundred and seventeen (117) participants from various countries and background have responded and gave their feedbacks on the impact factors. The findings shows that the top five (5) factors impacting the road and transport sectors are suspension of current activities and operations, followed by the reduction in company’s revenue, profits, cashflow, turnover, interruption in construction planning and scheduling, transport disruptions to supply chains, mobility network and public transport usage and the transport travel pattern and ridership. This study is limited to number of survey samples as indicated in the paper. Only on the surface impact was measured in this study. Thus, it is recommended to carry out details analysis on the impacted area to investigate the magnitude and scale of the impacted area to road and transport sectors due to COVID-19 pandemics.
2021 IEEE 12th Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2021
Construction firms look for opportunities to operate overseas to earn high returns. Firm’s compet... more Construction firms look for opportunities to operate overseas to earn high returns. Firm’s competitiveness is very important in determining the entry location to the host country. Thus, there is a need for the firms to consider factors that influence their strategic decisions to operate in the international markets. In this regard, this study elaborates on the significant factors that play an important role during the decision-making process for potential market selection or named as SIFIED (Significant Factors Influencing Entry Decisions). Data were obtained from a survey study through 74 construction firms with international operations in six (6) continents such as Asia, ASEAN, Africa, Europe, United States; and Australia and Oceania. Data was analysed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) - Smart PLS software. The results revealed six (6) significant factors based on the ß values in the SEM model indicate that top significant factors considered by the firms are the target country (ß= 2.078), followed by home country (ß=1.117 ), market (ß= 0.856) , firm-resources (ß= 0.425), projects (ß= 0.340) , firm-specific factor (ß= 0.002) before entering the international market. In addition, various strategies related to decisions to enter the international markets that need to be considered by the firms’ top management with intention to enter the international markets are factor differences in language, culture, rules and policies in the host country. The inexperienced firms in handling projects in foreign countries can choose to collaborate with other local firms that have experience handling projects in the host country to reduce risks. This study contributes to the knowledge related to construction in international markets on entry location decision to assist firms in their ventures.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Malaysia was officially launched Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) manual as a guideline to co... more Malaysia was officially launched Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) manual as a guideline to confirm the green credential of a highway, this concept is at the conforming stage in Malaysia with seventeen (17) operated tolled highway projects and eleven (11) other registered and awaiting assessment for certification. Subsequently, INFRASTAR developed as an evidence-based rating system for infrastructure projects. Further measurement should be taken into account from the perspectives of highway concessions and stakeholders. Thus, this is not only to focus on the rating scores; as well as to highlight the driven factors that lead to Malaysia’s green highway implementation. The primary constructs of this research model namely green highway challenges, green highway characteristics and green highway implementation are assessed. A total of 63 surveys from 81 surveys were responded (77.8% of responses rate). The response rate was high, and there was no evidence of bias noted. The statisti...
Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, funda... more Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, fundamental, characteristics and technologies. Stakeholders in highway construction have to overcome various challenges towards the successful implementation of green highway project. Aim of this paper is to investigate the challenges of green highway concept for highway project. This study is based on a set of unstructured interview conducted among three main stakeholders namely highway concessions, government and private agencies. The finding of this study suggested that among main challenges categories for the implementation of green highway concept are legal and regulatory; technical and physical; financial and cultural barriers which are based on the stakeholder’s perspective.
Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia
Sustainable Townships and Homes (STSH) have become a trend in a number of countries throughout th... more Sustainable Townships and Homes (STSH) have become a trend in a number of countries throughout the world. However, being a developing country, Malaysia faces significant challenges in implementing the STSH idea. One of the challenges would be public support for sustainable development for new townships. Previous research has mostly focused on the framework for implementing STSH without taking into account public perceptions and expectations. Thus, this study determines public knowledge, awareness, as well as their perceptions and expectations of the STSH towards the environment and sustainability. A survey questionnaire was administered randomly to the public in Malaysia using convenience sampling. Feedback from 144 respondents indicates their good level of awareness of sustainable and smart living concepts. This awareness is reflected in their knowledge of the advantages of sustainable and smart living in terms of energy-saving, an improvement in the quality of the built environmen...
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 747 (2015) , 2015
Abstract. Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its conc... more Abstract. Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, fundamental, characteristics and technologies. Stakeholders in highway construction have to overcome various challenges towards the successful implementation of green highway project. Aim of this paper is to investigate the challenges of green highway concept for highway project. This study is based on a set of unstructured interview conducted among three main stakeholders namely highway concessions, government and private agencies. The finding of this study suggested that among main challenges categories for the implementation of green highway concept are legal and regulatory; technical and physical; financial and cultural barriers which are based on the stakeholder’s perspective.
Advances in Transportation and Logistics Research, 2018
The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway co... more The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway concept development. This paper aims to identify the awareness of the green highway concept by prevailing common terminology of green highway among highway project stakeholders. A preliminary study was conducted with on-site personnel from highway concessions and highway authority in Malaysia. Results show that (55.6%) of respondents were aware about the green highway concept and terminology. Whereas, five aspects of green highway terminologies namely; (1) conservation and ecosystem management, (2) life cycle energy and emission reduction, (3) recycle, reuse, and recycle, (4) watershed driven storm water management, and (5) overall societal benefits were identified as common understandings among the stakeholders. This paper also suggests some rating tools for the green highway for the government and departments of highway project construction to take appropriate measures in ensuring a comprehensive implementation of green activities for highway projects.
Keywords: Green highway, Green awareness, Common terminology, Green Concept
2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2020
Many construction projects show lack of performance due to numerous complexity factors. Literatur... more Many construction projects show lack of performance due to numerous complexity factors. Literature review indicates that study related to complexity factors in infrastructure projects is still lacking. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most significant complexity factors during pre-construction stage (design, tender and contract award) that affect quality performance of infrastructure projects. Based on variables identified from previous studies, a survey questionnaire was designed to gain responses and assessment in terms of the impacts of the identified complexity factors toward quality performance. A preliminary study was carried out based on 37 respondents’ feedbacks to determine the level of importance of these factors using relative importance index (RII). The results show that all identified complexity factors are important and have impacted the quality performance in infrastructure projects. Based on RII, the top rank complexity factors during design, tendering and contract award phases are insufficiency in the collection and review of drawings, award contract to a low qualified bidder with non-compliance and delay in preparing technical specifications/scope of work/terms of reference, respectively. This study contributes empirically towards establishing an integrated complexity assessment model to manage infrastructure project from design to handing-over stage to ensure successful project performance in terms of time, cost and quality in line with the Eleventh Malaysia Plan within the construction industry.
Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, funda... more Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, fundamental, characteristics, and technologies. Stakeholders in highway projects have to overcome various challenges towards the successful implementation of green highway. Although Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) has been introducing guideline for green highway, the implementation of green highway in Malaysia is still far behind because of the challenges in setting forth the guideline. This study comprises four objectives: (1) to investigate the main challenges of green highway implementation in Malaysia; (2) to determine the main characteristics of green highway in the Malaysian context; (3) to identify the main success factors of green highway implementation in Malaysia; and finally (4) to develop a model for the relationship between characteristics and challenges towards the success of green highway in the Malaysia context. This study was based on a triangulation research approach where...
2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2020
Green highway is a management concept of an expressway project during the planning, design and co... more Green highway is a management concept of an expressway project during the planning, design and construction stages. This concept combines transportation and ecological sustainability which is the backbone of the transportation system, ecosystem, municipal well-being and town development. The implementation of green highway in an expressway design is a critical initiative towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs). The Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) manual was introduced to support the green highway in the Malaysian context. However, MyGHI is relatively new to such endeavors and a mechanism to measure a successful green highway is still lacking. The purpose of this study is to provide an integral knowledge on the factors influencing green highway implementation and determine the level of importance for each factor. Model constructs were introduced and established from the literature concept and theory as well as from exploratory data using the qualitative approach. Transcribed interview data analysis was analysed using Nvivo, Microsoft Excel and Critically Index assessment. It was found that three factors that affect the success of green highway are innovation; construction activities; and material and resources. Twelve experts from government and private agencies participated in contributing to factors and perspectives towards multiple theories and concepts to produce the green highway model. Hence, the idea of developing a model for a green highway is valid and justified, but is limited to the expressway in the Malaysian context.
2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2020
Risk allocation (RA) is one of the important elements in risk management (RM) considered by const... more Risk allocation (RA) is one of the important elements in risk management (RM) considered by construction project practitioners such as client, consultant and contractor to manage the risks in order to enhance organizational performance and to create value for their shareholders. This paper presents the allocation of risk factors that affect project performance in one of the government-linked companies (GLC) in Malaysia known as FGV Holdings (FGVH). The research adopted a quantitative approach using questionnaire survey to determine the significant risk factors affecting project performance based on risk allocation to client, consultant and contractors. The survey was administered to 30 respondents under FGVH. Descriptive and statistical analysis were used to analyze the data namely, reliability and normality tests, mean ranking and correlation. Overall findings show that risk allocation to client are related to decision making, payment, stakeholders' turnover, organization management, change order, law and regulation and site accessibility, while risk allocation to consultant are related to design, communication, scope of work, permit and ordinance, stakeholder's expectation and management process and finally to contractors are related to resource management of labor, material, equipment, internal factors on competency and commitment including external factors such as inclement weather and labor strike. Future research can be broadened across the FGV subsidiaries to obtain more information on the effectiveness of RM implementation in FGVH using real projects.
The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway co... more The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway concept development. This paper aims to identify the awareness of the green highway concept by prevailing common terminology of green highway among highway project stakeholders. A preliminary study was conducted with on-site personnel from highway concessions and highway authority in Malaysia. Results show that (55.6%) of respondents were aware about the green highway concept and terminology. Whereas, five aspects of green highway terminologies namely; (1) conservation and ecosystem management, (2) life cycle energy and emission reduction, (3) recycle, reuse, and recycle, (4) watershed driven storm water management, and (5) overall societal benefits were identified as common understandings among the stakeholders. This paper also suggests some rating tools for the green highway for the government and departments of highway project construction to take appropriate measures in ensuring a comp...
Urban signalized intersection caters to a high volume of traffic every day and releases traffic i... more Urban signalized intersection caters to a high volume of traffic every day and releases traffic in a platoon. Statistic has shown a significant share of accident risk involving motorcyclists at the signalized intersection in most ASEAN countries e.g Malaysia. The mixed interactions of vehicles at signalized intersection creates a traffic conflict among the motorcyclists and other motorists. Advance Stop Line (ASL) is one of the facilities provided at signalized intersection to segregate the motorcycles from other vehicles. This study aim to determine the effectiveness of ASL in reducing traffic conflict at the signalized intersection. The objectives include a) to determine the utilization rate by motorcyclists b) to observe the riding behavior of motorcyclists while stopping at ASL and c) to compare the rate of conflict with and without provision of ASL at the signalized intersection. Result shows that the differences in average of traffic conflicts rate between signalized intersect...
2021 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control & Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS), 2021
The road and transport industry are few of the sectors most impacted by COVID-19. Thus, the movem... more The road and transport industry are few of the sectors most impacted by COVID-19. Thus, the movement restrictions were put in place by most of the countries in the world including Asia and Australasia to manage the pandemic. This has disrupted the supply chains and mobility networks and the overall economic slowdown. Some of the impacts has seriously affected transport operator finances, including revenue and cash flow, moving many companies closer to bankruptcy. With road and transport sectors as the key driver of economic and social activities, the recovery from COVID-19 in countries all over the world is at risk. Thus, this paper presents the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on road and transport sectors in Asia and Australasia based on a quantitative method through an online questionnaire survey. One hundred and seventeen (117) participants from various countries and background have responded and gave their feedbacks on the impact factors. The findings shows that the top five (5) factors impacting the road and transport sectors are suspension of current activities and operations, followed by the reduction in company’s revenue, profits, cashflow, turnover, interruption in construction planning and scheduling, transport disruptions to supply chains, mobility network and public transport usage and the transport travel pattern and ridership. This study is limited to number of survey samples as indicated in the paper. Only on the surface impact was measured in this study. Thus, it is recommended to carry out details analysis on the impacted area to investigate the magnitude and scale of the impacted area to road and transport sectors due to COVID-19 pandemics.
2021 IEEE 12th Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2021
Construction firms look for opportunities to operate overseas to earn high returns. Firm’s compet... more Construction firms look for opportunities to operate overseas to earn high returns. Firm’s competitiveness is very important in determining the entry location to the host country. Thus, there is a need for the firms to consider factors that influence their strategic decisions to operate in the international markets. In this regard, this study elaborates on the significant factors that play an important role during the decision-making process for potential market selection or named as SIFIED (Significant Factors Influencing Entry Decisions). Data were obtained from a survey study through 74 construction firms with international operations in six (6) continents such as Asia, ASEAN, Africa, Europe, United States; and Australia and Oceania. Data was analysed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) - Smart PLS software. The results revealed six (6) significant factors based on the ß values in the SEM model indicate that top significant factors considered by the firms are the target country (ß= 2.078), followed by home country (ß=1.117 ), market (ß= 0.856) , firm-resources (ß= 0.425), projects (ß= 0.340) , firm-specific factor (ß= 0.002) before entering the international market. In addition, various strategies related to decisions to enter the international markets that need to be considered by the firms’ top management with intention to enter the international markets are factor differences in language, culture, rules and policies in the host country. The inexperienced firms in handling projects in foreign countries can choose to collaborate with other local firms that have experience handling projects in the host country to reduce risks. This study contributes to the knowledge related to construction in international markets on entry location decision to assist firms in their ventures.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Malaysia was officially launched Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) manual as a guideline to co... more Malaysia was officially launched Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) manual as a guideline to confirm the green credential of a highway, this concept is at the conforming stage in Malaysia with seventeen (17) operated tolled highway projects and eleven (11) other registered and awaiting assessment for certification. Subsequently, INFRASTAR developed as an evidence-based rating system for infrastructure projects. Further measurement should be taken into account from the perspectives of highway concessions and stakeholders. Thus, this is not only to focus on the rating scores; as well as to highlight the driven factors that lead to Malaysia’s green highway implementation. The primary constructs of this research model namely green highway challenges, green highway characteristics and green highway implementation are assessed. A total of 63 surveys from 81 surveys were responded (77.8% of responses rate). The response rate was high, and there was no evidence of bias noted. The statisti...
Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, funda... more Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, fundamental, characteristics and technologies. Stakeholders in highway construction have to overcome various challenges towards the successful implementation of green highway project. Aim of this paper is to investigate the challenges of green highway concept for highway project. This study is based on a set of unstructured interview conducted among three main stakeholders namely highway concessions, government and private agencies. The finding of this study suggested that among main challenges categories for the implementation of green highway concept are legal and regulatory; technical and physical; financial and cultural barriers which are based on the stakeholder’s perspective.
Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia
Sustainable Townships and Homes (STSH) have become a trend in a number of countries throughout th... more Sustainable Townships and Homes (STSH) have become a trend in a number of countries throughout the world. However, being a developing country, Malaysia faces significant challenges in implementing the STSH idea. One of the challenges would be public support for sustainable development for new townships. Previous research has mostly focused on the framework for implementing STSH without taking into account public perceptions and expectations. Thus, this study determines public knowledge, awareness, as well as their perceptions and expectations of the STSH towards the environment and sustainability. A survey questionnaire was administered randomly to the public in Malaysia using convenience sampling. Feedback from 144 respondents indicates their good level of awareness of sustainable and smart living concepts. This awareness is reflected in their knowledge of the advantages of sustainable and smart living in terms of energy-saving, an improvement in the quality of the built environmen...
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 747 (2015) , 2015
Abstract. Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its conc... more Abstract. Green highway is different from conventional highway due to the differences of its concept, fundamental, characteristics and technologies. Stakeholders in highway construction have to overcome various challenges towards the successful implementation of green highway project. Aim of this paper is to investigate the challenges of green highway concept for highway project. This study is based on a set of unstructured interview conducted among three main stakeholders namely highway concessions, government and private agencies. The finding of this study suggested that among main challenges categories for the implementation of green highway concept are legal and regulatory; technical and physical; financial and cultural barriers which are based on the stakeholder’s perspective.
Advances in Transportation and Logistics Research, 2018
The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway co... more The commitment to manage vast construction of highway projects has driven to the green highway concept development. This paper aims to identify the awareness of the green highway concept by prevailing common terminology of green highway among highway project stakeholders. A preliminary study was conducted with on-site personnel from highway concessions and highway authority in Malaysia. Results show that (55.6%) of respondents were aware about the green highway concept and terminology. Whereas, five aspects of green highway terminologies namely; (1) conservation and ecosystem management, (2) life cycle energy and emission reduction, (3) recycle, reuse, and recycle, (4) watershed driven storm water management, and (5) overall societal benefits were identified as common understandings among the stakeholders. This paper also suggests some rating tools for the green highway for the government and departments of highway project construction to take appropriate measures in ensuring a comprehensive implementation of green activities for highway projects.
Keywords: Green highway, Green awareness, Common terminology, Green Concept
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Keywords: Green highway, Green awareness, Common terminology, Green Concept
Keywords: Green highway, Green awareness, Common terminology, Green Concept