CROP AND SOIL SCIENCE

The Sumampa River in Mampong-Ashanti in Ghana is a very important river that supplies water to the water processing company for treatment for the whole community and its environs. In spite of its importance, the buffer area of the river has been encroached by settlers. Residential houses sited along the river have channeled their waste water into the river and several anthropo-genic activities go on along the river. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of anthropogenic activities on the quality of the river. Water samples were collected from various parts of the river including the source and outflow for physico-chemical and microbial analyses. The results showed that, the water was highly turbid with high total dissolved solids at some points because of intense anthropogenic activities. High turbidity and total dissolved solids greatly influence the microbial load of the water. We therefore recommend that measures are put in place to protect the Sumampa River t...

The paper sought to design and evaluate a simple and affordable drip irrigation system for improving yield in backyard maize in Ghana. The design consisted of locally made system using easily available materials. The system was calibrated to obtain uniform flow. Hydraulic performance of the system was determined. A Randomize Complete Block Design with three depth treatments (T1=0cm, T2= 20cm and T3 = 40cm) and four replications was used. Plant parameters such as height, leaf length, leaf diameter and stem girth were measured weekly. The uniformity coefficient (UC) ranged from 98 to 99.8% signifying excellent water uniformity application. However, Flow and Coefficient of Variation (CV) values were below standard (ranged between 57.62 % to 60.60 % and 19.8 % to 23 % respectively) due to variation in pressure head. Maize growth under the developed drip lines gave good results in all the growth parameters and yield except the T3 but were statistically similar in all the treatments.

A 5-week study was carried out to determine the effect of Chromolaena odorata leaf meal (COLM) on growth performance, haematological parameters and carcass characteristics of commercial COBB-500 broiler chickens. The study was set up as a completely randomized design with four (4) treatments replicated three (3) times. The four dietary treatments contained 0, 10, 20 or 30 g kg -1 of COLM. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments in feed intake, water consumption, final body weight, weight gain and carcass characteristics. Feed conversion ratio was significantly influenced (P 0.05) among treatments. Inclusion of COLM significantly reduced serum cholesterol concentration from 101.6 mg dl -1 of the control to 81.8 mg dl -1 in 3% COLM. It was concluded that COLM could be included in broiler finisher diets up to a level of 30 g kg -1 without any deleterious effects. Key words: Chromolaena odorata, broilers, haematology, leaf meal, performance

The vast majority of Lesotho’s rural population is reliant on agriculture for survival. However, Lesotho, Southern Africa is extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which has a negative impact on rural livelihoods. Furthermore, despite the fiscal challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Lesotho’s National Climate Change Policy Implementation Strategy has been hampered by implementation issues and has yet to be implemented. This sparked the necessity for this research, which aims to inform the government of Lesotho on how farmers are combating climate change in their own tiny way. This study employs a survey to gather data from 200 farmers from farming villages across the country’s 10 regions. According to the findings of this study, farmers have experienced climate change in the areas of drying rivers, delayed on-set of rainfall, and excessive frost or cold. As a result of these events, farmers have experienced poorer agricultural yields, increased insect and diseas...

Fertilizer formulations and time of harvest are among the important factors that influences the yield and quality of vegetable crops. The use of NPK (15-15-15) fertilizer and harvesting at 80-90 days after sowing (DAS) are common practices among carrot farmers in Ghana. In this study, we investigated the effects of different NPK fertilizer formulations and time of harvest on physical quality and root yield of carrot cultivated in the “Bediese soil series” and “Nyankpala soil series” of Ghana. A 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted with three replications at both locations. The fertilizers [(i) 15-15-15 (ii) 23-10-5 (iii) 20-10-10 (iv) 23-10-10, at 300 kg ha each and (v) control (no fertilizer)] were applied to the main plot whiles time of harvest [(i) 80 (ii) 90 and (iii) 100 DAS)] were the sub plot treatments. There was no significant (P>0.05) interaction effect of the treatments on all the parameters measured at both locations. In the “Bediese soil”, the application of 300 kg ha NPK (20-10-10) fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) improved the physical quality of the roots which resulted in the highest marketable yield. Moreover, harvesting at 100 DAS also increased the physical quality of the roots and gave the highest marketable yield compared with harvesting at 80 and 90 DAS. Generally, the different fertilizers and times of harvest did not affect (P>0.05) the physical quality and yield of carrot cultivated in the “Nyankpala soil”. The study has shown that the application of 300 kg ha NPK (20-10-10) fertilizer and harvesting at 100 DAS can be used to increase the yield and improve the physical quality of carrot cultivated in the “Bediese soil series” of Ghana.

The drought tolerance of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var capitata (Oxylus) was investigated by subjecting the initial, development and mid growth stages to varying drought lengths of 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days in a 7 9 3 factorial experiment to determine the effect of each drought period at each growth stage on growth and yield. Data on number of opened leaves/plant, leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content, head size and yield/ha were recorded due to drought effect at each growth stage. Analysis of variance at 5% probability level indicated that drought periods of 5-15 days at the initial stage significantly reduced number of leaves, LAI and head size. Significant reduction in chlorophyll content and yield were due to drought beyond 11 and 5 days respectively at the initial stage. Number of opened leaves increased significantly with increasing drought length at the development stage; critical at 11 days drought. Significant reductions in LAI at the development and mid stages were critical at 11 and 9 days respectively whilst chlorophyll content was significantly reduced at both the development and mid stages by all drought periods. Significant reduction in head size at the development and mid stages was critical at 7 days. Generally, the drought tolerance of cabbage increased from the initial to the mid-stage. To maintain economic yields of cabbage in the forest-savannah transition zone, the initial and development stages could tolerate drought stress up to 5 days whilst the mid stage could tolerate up to 7 days.

Background: Many plant species worldwide cultivated for food have been neglected and are being underutilized despite their crucial contributions to food security, nutrition and income generation to rural citizens, leading to a nearly permanent diet deficiency. Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), an important food crop in the family Araceae, is one of the neglected species. This study therefore focused on identifying potential challenges mitigating taro production and utilization in taro-producing areas of Ghana and to formulate recommendations for overall increased production and utilization of the crop. The study was conducted in Ahanta West Municipal, Dormaa Municipal, Kumasi Metropolitan and East Akim Municipal in the Western, Bono, Ashanti and Eastern Regions of Ghana, respectively. These districts were ever known for taro production in Ghana. Well-structured questionnaires were used to collect information on ethnobotany of taro, possible causes of taro endangerment and remedies to combat them from farmers, traders and consumers. Results: The survey revealed different vernacular names for taro, and the corm was the main part used as food. The corms were usually boiled before eaten. Major recipes of taro identified were "Puree and Ampesi. " The study revealed that taro was mainly cultivated on marginal soils as well as near water bodies. Taro was largely cultivated on subsistence scale. The study also revealed that utilization as food and tool of trade has reduced drastically. Major causes of taro extinction reported included: lack of healthy planting materials, unavailability of consumable corms and disease [Taro leaf blight disease(TLBD)] of the crop. Conclusion: It was suggested that the release of cultivars which are resistant to the TLBD and publication of the nutritional benefits of the crop could revive the cultivation and utilization of the crop.

Background: Two separate experiments were conducted in the minor season from September to November, 2019 and major season from March to May, 2020 to determining the type of soil amendment and transplanting age that can best improve the post-harvest quality and shelf life of sweet pepper fruits at Benso oil palm plantation of Adum Banso Estate in the Mpohor District of the Western Region of Ghana. The experiments were conducted as a 4 × 2 factorial, arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Four fertilizer treatments including no fertilizer (control), 10 tons/ha of poultry manure, 300 kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 and 5 t/ha of poultry manure + 150 kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 and two ages of transplants including 6-week-old seedlings and 7-week-old seedlings were applied during the cultivation periods and were later evaluated of their effects on the post-harvest quality and shelf life of harvested fruits after a two-weeks storage period. Data collected on weight loss, shrinkage, decayed fruits and shelf life of harvested fruits were subjected to analysis of variance using the Genstat Statistical package. The least significant difference criterion was used to separate treatment means at 5% probability. Results: Post-harvest qualities of sweet pepper fruits were not significantly influenced by age of transplant throughout the study. Fertilizer application generally increased percentage fruit weight loss, fruit shrinkage, fruit decay and reduced shelf life of sweet pepper fruits in the major season. Sole application of poultry manure mostly enhanced post-harvest quality of sweet pepper fruits in the minor rainy season, but fruit shelf life was improved if no fertilizer was applied. Application of a combination of poultry manure and NPK 15-15-15 to 6-week-old transplants gave relatively low fruit weight loss and shrinkage values. Generally, fruit quality and shelf life were enhanced in 6-week-old transplants treated with no fertilizer. Conclusions: The use of poultry manure alone should be encouraged to probably increase yield while improving the quality and shelf life of harvested sweet pepper fruits. Transplanting of 6-week-old seedlings is also encouraged for quality harvested fruits and extended shelf life.

The drought tolerance of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var capitata (Oxylus) was investigated by subjecting the initial, development and mid growth stages to varying drought lengths of 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days in a 7 × 3 factorial experiment to determine the effect of each drought period at each growth stage on growth and yield. Data on number of opened leaves/plant, leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content, head size and yield/ha were recorded due to drought effect at each growth stage. Analysis of variance at 5% probability level indicated that drought periods of 5–15 days at the initial stage significantly reduced number of leaves, LAI and head size. Significant reduction in chlorophyll content and yield were due to drought beyond 11 and 5 days respectively at the initial stage. Number of opened leaves increased significantly with increasing drought length at the development stage; critical at 11 days drought. Significant reductions in LAI at the development and mid stages...

Background Two separate experiments were conducted in the minor season from September to November, 2019 and major season from March to May, 2020 to determining the type of soil amendment and transplanting age that can best improve the post-harvest quality and shelf life of sweet pepper fruits at Benso oil palm plantation of Adum Banso Estate in the Mpohor District of the Western Region of Ghana. The experiments were conducted as a 4 × 2 factorial, arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Four fertilizer treatments including no fertilizer (control), 10 tons/ha of poultry manure, 300 kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 and 5 t/ha of poultry manure + 150 kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 and two ages of transplants including 6-week-old seedlings and 7-week-old seedlings were applied during the cultivation periods and were later evaluated of their effects on the post-harvest quality and shelf life of harvested fruits after a two-weeks storage period. Data collected on weight loss, shrinkage, decayed fruit...