The growing Tanzanian population currently estimated to be 48 Million people and their use of veh... more The growing Tanzanian population currently estimated to be 48 Million people and their use of vehicles as means of transport has kept increasing making enforcing traffic rules and regulations among road users a major challenge. This calls for a need to have an automated system that monitors the motorists with a pre-defined sense of intelligence. A Vehicle Detection and Recognition Algorithm which can provide automated access to relevant information to a number plate from information systems containing and managing databases on vehicle and their movements is required. This paper presents work on developed algorithm that localizes plate area, extract and segment character, and finally recognizes and interprets registration number from vehicle image. MATLAB R2012b Simulation software with Image Processing toolbox is employed. HSV color space image, morphological and statistical analysis operations were integrated and employed to a vehicle image to compute plate number area. In segmentation the properties like aspect ratio, extent, and area ratio were important measurement parameters. Finally, the template matching database and statistical character extracted from car image was correlated to recognize alphanumeric character to deduce car registration number.
Recently there have been a growing concern over the lightning caused damages, and disturbances on... more Recently there have been a growing concern over the lightning caused damages, and disturbances on the consumer operated equipments utilizing a telephone line. This concern has been attributed by the fact that most of today's consumers' equipments comprise of electronic devices or microprocessor controls that operate at low voltages, which can be superceded by even distant lightning strike. Lightning strike can be either direct or indirect, which causes induced voltage along the telephone lines when it strikes on to the line or at a distance from the line. In this paper the induced voltages on a conductor of 7 m height above the ground are calculated as a function of distance from the strike point using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, as it could be a necessary data for deciding the possible future protection scheme. It has been shown that finitely conducting ground (lossy case) has pronounced effects for lightning surge propagation and induced amplitude overvoltages along the telephone line above the ground and can not be neglected in the calculations of the induced overvoltages along the line due to lightning strike compared to an infinitely conducting ground (lossless case).
n electric power system includes a generating, a transmission, a distribution, and consumers subs... more n electric power system includes a generating, a transmission, a distribution, and consumers subsystems. An electrical power network in Tanzania keeps growing larger by the day and become more complex so that, most utilities have long wished for real-time monitoring and remote control of electrical power system elements such as substations, intelligent devices, power lines, capacitor banks, feeder switches, fault analyzers and other physical facilities. In this paper, the concept of automation of management of power systems from generation level to end user levels was determined by using Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) version 30.3.2.
Communication over wireless media is vulnerable to distortion by noise. Therefore, the applicatio... more Communication over wireless media is vulnerable to distortion by noise. Therefore, the application of error control mechanism is necessary to minimize the Bit Error Rate (BER). It is proposed to use locked binary convolutional code with Non-Transmittable codewords to enhance Viterbi Algorithm decoders; as one of the forward error correction mechanisms. The proposed enhancement empowers Viterbi algorithm decoders to reduce one of its inherent limitations of residual errors due to burst errors. This paper evaluates the performance of the locked (2, 1, 2) binary convolutional code with Non-Transmittable codewords enhancement technique over flat and slow Rayleigh Fading channel using a MATLAB software simulation. Simulation result shows 80.92 percent reduction of residual errors when 6 Non-Transmittable Codewords were applied to Viterbi Algorithm (VA) decoding. On the other hand, the technique lowers the encoder’s data transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
Researchers have shown that practical mobile
communication channels introduce errors that are
con... more Researchers have shown that practical mobile communication channels introduce errors that are concentrated in a certain locality rather than random errors. These are burst errors caused by deep fading of the wireless channel or a lightning strike. The existing Viterbi Algorithm (VA) capable of correcting random errors is inefficient in correcting burst errors and therefore resulting in unacceptable amount of residual errors. This paper presents an assessment of Non- Transmittable Codewords (NTCs) enhancement technique to VA in decoding the received signals subjected to burst errors that may occur in poor channels. A hard decision, 1/2 rate and constraint length K is equal to 3 Viterbi Algorithm decoding technique, Binary Phase- Shift Keying (BPSK) and Additional White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) are components used in MATLAB software based simulation when assessing the proposed technique. Applying 6NTCs to VA decoder enables the decoder to reduce 83.7 percent of its residual errors. However, the technique reduces the encoder’s data transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
The Viterbi decoder is the most favorable solution to the problem of decoding codewords from a co... more The Viterbi decoder is the most favorable solution to the problem of decoding codewords from a convolutional encoder. Viterbi decoder performs exceptionally well when a received codewords block contains single or multiple and scattered errors in a received codewords block. However, the formation of burst errors in data transmission due to high transmission speed and the widely varying error conditions of wireless media in fading channel creates decoding challenge for such conditions which result in unbearable amount of residual errors. By using Viterbi decoders’ trellis diagrams, this paper analyses the effects of burst errors to the decoder that lead to residual errors and proposes improvement to the encoding and decoding procedures of the existing (2, 1, 2) binary convolutional encoder. The improved version facilitate effectiveness in the decoder (Viterbi algorithm) in decoding burst errors and hence reduction of residual errors in a poor channel. The proposed enhancements improve the decoder’s operational performance by 75 percent. However, the proposed modification reduces the encoder’s data transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
The growing Tanzanian population currently estimated to be 48 Million people and their use of veh... more The growing Tanzanian population currently estimated to be 48 Million people and their use of vehicles as means of transport has kept increasing making enforcing traffic rules and regulations among road users a major challenge. This calls for a need to have an automated system that monitors the motorists with a pre-defined sense of intelligence. A Vehicle Detection and Recognition Algorithm which can provide automated access to relevant information to a number plate from information systems containing and managing databases on vehicle and their movements is required. This paper presents work on developed algorithm that localizes plate area, extract and segment character, and finally recognizes and interprets registration number from vehicle image. MATLAB R2012b Simulation software with Image Processing toolbox is employed. HSV color space image, morphological and statistical analysis operations were integrated and employed to a vehicle image to compute plate number area. In segmentation the properties like aspect ratio, extent, and area ratio were important measurement parameters. Finally, the template matching database and statistical character extracted from car image was correlated to recognize alphanumeric character to deduce car registration number.
Recently there have been a growing concern over the lightning caused damages, and disturbances on... more Recently there have been a growing concern over the lightning caused damages, and disturbances on the consumer operated equipments utilizing a telephone line. This concern has been attributed by the fact that most of today's consumers' equipments comprise of electronic devices or microprocessor controls that operate at low voltages, which can be superceded by even distant lightning strike. Lightning strike can be either direct or indirect, which causes induced voltage along the telephone lines when it strikes on to the line or at a distance from the line. In this paper the induced voltages on a conductor of 7 m height above the ground are calculated as a function of distance from the strike point using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, as it could be a necessary data for deciding the possible future protection scheme. It has been shown that finitely conducting ground (lossy case) has pronounced effects for lightning surge propagation and induced amplitude overvoltages along the telephone line above the ground and can not be neglected in the calculations of the induced overvoltages along the line due to lightning strike compared to an infinitely conducting ground (lossless case).
n electric power system includes a generating, a transmission, a distribution, and consumers subs... more n electric power system includes a generating, a transmission, a distribution, and consumers subsystems. An electrical power network in Tanzania keeps growing larger by the day and become more complex so that, most utilities have long wished for real-time monitoring and remote control of electrical power system elements such as substations, intelligent devices, power lines, capacitor banks, feeder switches, fault analyzers and other physical facilities. In this paper, the concept of automation of management of power systems from generation level to end user levels was determined by using Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) version 30.3.2.
Communication over wireless media is vulnerable to distortion by noise. Therefore, the applicatio... more Communication over wireless media is vulnerable to distortion by noise. Therefore, the application of error control mechanism is necessary to minimize the Bit Error Rate (BER). It is proposed to use locked binary convolutional code with Non-Transmittable codewords to enhance Viterbi Algorithm decoders; as one of the forward error correction mechanisms. The proposed enhancement empowers Viterbi algorithm decoders to reduce one of its inherent limitations of residual errors due to burst errors. This paper evaluates the performance of the locked (2, 1, 2) binary convolutional code with Non-Transmittable codewords enhancement technique over flat and slow Rayleigh Fading channel using a MATLAB software simulation. Simulation result shows 80.92 percent reduction of residual errors when 6 Non-Transmittable Codewords were applied to Viterbi Algorithm (VA) decoding. On the other hand, the technique lowers the encoder’s data transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
Researchers have shown that practical mobile
communication channels introduce errors that are
con... more Researchers have shown that practical mobile communication channels introduce errors that are concentrated in a certain locality rather than random errors. These are burst errors caused by deep fading of the wireless channel or a lightning strike. The existing Viterbi Algorithm (VA) capable of correcting random errors is inefficient in correcting burst errors and therefore resulting in unacceptable amount of residual errors. This paper presents an assessment of Non- Transmittable Codewords (NTCs) enhancement technique to VA in decoding the received signals subjected to burst errors that may occur in poor channels. A hard decision, 1/2 rate and constraint length K is equal to 3 Viterbi Algorithm decoding technique, Binary Phase- Shift Keying (BPSK) and Additional White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) are components used in MATLAB software based simulation when assessing the proposed technique. Applying 6NTCs to VA decoder enables the decoder to reduce 83.7 percent of its residual errors. However, the technique reduces the encoder’s data transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
The Viterbi decoder is the most favorable solution to the problem of decoding codewords from a co... more The Viterbi decoder is the most favorable solution to the problem of decoding codewords from a convolutional encoder. Viterbi decoder performs exceptionally well when a received codewords block contains single or multiple and scattered errors in a received codewords block. However, the formation of burst errors in data transmission due to high transmission speed and the widely varying error conditions of wireless media in fading channel creates decoding challenge for such conditions which result in unbearable amount of residual errors. By using Viterbi decoders’ trellis diagrams, this paper analyses the effects of burst errors to the decoder that lead to residual errors and proposes improvement to the encoding and decoding procedures of the existing (2, 1, 2) binary convolutional encoder. The improved version facilitate effectiveness in the decoder (Viterbi algorithm) in decoding burst errors and hence reduction of residual errors in a poor channel. The proposed enhancements improve the decoder’s operational performance by 75 percent. However, the proposed modification reduces the encoder’s data transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
Researchers have shown that practical mobile communication channels introduce errors that are con... more Researchers have shown that practical mobile communication channels introduce errors that are concentrated in a certain locality rather than random errors. These are burst errors caused by deep fading of the wireless channel or a lightning strike. The existing Viterbi Algorithm (VA) capable of correcting random errors is inefficient in correcting burst errors and therefore resulting in unacceptable amount of residual errors. This paper presents an assessment of Non-Transmittable Codewords (NTCs) enhancement technique to VA in decoding the received signals subjected to burst errors that may occur in poor channels. A hard decision, 1/2 rate and constraint length K is equal to 3 Viterbi Algorithm decoding technique, Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) and Additional White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) are components used in MATLAB software based simulation when assessing the proposed technique. Applying 6NTCs to VA decoder enables the decoder to reduce 83.7 percent of its residual errors. However, the technique reduces the encoder’s data transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
Uploads
communication channels introduce errors that are
concentrated in a certain locality rather than random
errors. These are burst errors caused by deep fading of
the wireless channel or a lightning strike. The existing
Viterbi Algorithm (VA) capable of correcting random
errors is inefficient in correcting burst errors and
therefore resulting in unacceptable amount of residual
errors. This paper presents an assessment of Non-
Transmittable Codewords (NTCs) enhancement
technique to VA in decoding the received signals
subjected to burst errors that may occur in poor channels.
A hard decision, 1/2 rate and constraint length K is equal
to 3 Viterbi Algorithm decoding technique, Binary Phase-
Shift Keying (BPSK) and Additional White Gaussian
Noise (AWGN) are components used in MATLAB
software based simulation when assessing the proposed
technique. Applying 6NTCs to VA decoder enables the
decoder to reduce 83.7 percent of its residual errors.
However, the technique reduces the encoder’s data
transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
communication channels introduce errors that are
concentrated in a certain locality rather than random
errors. These are burst errors caused by deep fading of
the wireless channel or a lightning strike. The existing
Viterbi Algorithm (VA) capable of correcting random
errors is inefficient in correcting burst errors and
therefore resulting in unacceptable amount of residual
errors. This paper presents an assessment of Non-
Transmittable Codewords (NTCs) enhancement
technique to VA in decoding the received signals
subjected to burst errors that may occur in poor channels.
A hard decision, 1/2 rate and constraint length K is equal
to 3 Viterbi Algorithm decoding technique, Binary Phase-
Shift Keying (BPSK) and Additional White Gaussian
Noise (AWGN) are components used in MATLAB
software based simulation when assessing the proposed
technique. Applying 6NTCs to VA decoder enables the
decoder to reduce 83.7 percent of its residual errors.
However, the technique reduces the encoder’s data
transmission rate from 1/2 to 1/6.
https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/