Ibrahim Majura

ADR can be understood as a range of procedures that serve as alternatives to litigation the courts for resolution of disputes, generally involving the intersection and assistance of neutral and impartial third party. However, it is paramount importance to note that ADR only serves to supplement and not supplant the traditional court system.

International law provides a variety of methods for settling disputes peacefully, none of which takes precedence over any other. Nonbinding mechanisms include direct negotiations between the parties and the involvement of third parties through good offices, mediation, inquiry, and conciliation. The involvement of regional and global international organizations has increased dramatically since the end of World War II, as many of their charters contain specific peaceful-settlement mechanisms applicable to disputes between member states. Article 33 and 2 (3) of The UN Charter provides for dispute settlement mechanism. Dispute settlement may be diplomatic methods or judicial methods. Diplomatic methods include: (a) Negotiation : discussion between parties aimed at resolving the dispute. (b) Inquiry: third party provides objective clarification of fact of law. (c) Good offices: third party uses own neutrality and persuasion to bring parties to the table. (d) Mediation: third party facilitates negotiation, advances own solutions as well as interpreting and transmitting parties solutions.

Legislation being the principles and rules in which any society are governed is not one night task but it is process.Legislation to become law and enforceable it passes through various stages. The stages may include, policy making stage, Bill stage, Preliminary debate, Committee stage, Parliamentary debate and approval, Consent by the President and Publication.

The history of Administrative law in Tanzania dated back in pre- independence arena. The development improved day to day. Today the King can do wrong. In Tanzania the government and its agencies can be sued in the courts of law for their actions when affect an individual contrary to the previous environment.

It is important to realize that the concept of ‘constitutionalism’ is more than the term ‘constitution’ loaded with material contents. Constitutionalism does not refer simply to having a constitution, but to having a particular kind of constitution, however difficult it may be to specify its contents’. Constitutionalism asks for a good or legitimate constitution.

One of the broadly accepted definitions of sources of international law includes Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, such as treaties or conventions, international customs, general principles of law recognized by civilized nations and judicial decisions.

This handout covers various matters relating to Philosophy and Religion. Due to the fact that, God is first, this handout begins by discussing religion and then Philosophy. This handout discusses the meaning, aspects, types, importance of religion to the society as well as religion tolerance. The second part discusses the meaning, branches, importance of philosophy to man and various philosophical ideas.

The doctrine of popular sovereignty requires that the ultimate power and final authority must rest to the people or all citizens. Tanzania is in the process of making the new constitution. There are people who argue that the principle was not followed in the ongoing process but others argue that the principle was adhered. This paper makes the critical analysis on the process on whether the doctrine was followed or not.

The principle of constitutionalism requires the government to adhere to the existing constitution and the said constitution must uphold justice. When violation occurs the court vested power to protect the constitution for hearing the allegations made by the victims or any interested party.  The court in doing so led to the development of Constitutionalism.