Carla Freccero
University of California, Santa Cruz, Literature, Faculty Member
- Early Modern Literature, Renaissance Studies, Comparative Literature, French Literature, Critical Animal Studies, Literature, and 26 morePopular Culture, Feminist Theory, Queer Theory, Critical Theory, Media and Cultural Studies, World Literatures, Sexuality, Media, Film, Poststructuralist Theory, Gender Studies, Aby Warburg, History, Philosophy, Transhumanism/Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Critical Posthumanism, Posthumanism, New Materialism, Speculative Realism, Object-Oriented Ontology, Anthropocene, Ecopoetics, Didier Eribon, Marguerite de Navarre, and Women Writers (Marguerite de Navarre)edit
- Carla Freccero is Distinguished Professor in Literature and History of Consciousness and Affiliated Faculty in Feminist Studies at UCSC.edit
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... Talking Commodities: Woman in a Renaissance Text Carla Freccero ... In these senses he is not ideologically representative, either as a Florentine or as a member of the family business (Alberti did not become a merchant banker, nor... more
... Talking Commodities: Woman in a Renaissance Text Carla Freccero ... In these senses he is not ideologically representative, either as a Florentine or as a member of the family business (Alberti did not become a merchant banker, nor did he marry and have children of his own). ...
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Thus from the get-go, I thought about the feminist sex wars not as a participant, but as a historical and theoretical scholar, a feminist, and an activist. I remember that in the early eighties, when I was an assistant professor at... more
Thus from the get-go, I thought about the feminist sex wars not as a participant, but as a historical and theoretical scholar, a feminist, and an activist. I remember that in the early eighties, when I was an assistant professor at Dartmouth College, I was an anti-porn feminist, and that ...
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Abstract This response to Lee Edelman's" Against Survival" wonders why Hamlet is taught in high school English classes and thinks about possible non-normative responses to the play, both suicidal and homicidal, suggested by... more
Abstract This response to Lee Edelman's" Against Survival" wonders why Hamlet is taught in high school English classes and thinks about possible non-normative responses to the play, both suicidal and homicidal, suggested by the reading Edelman provides. In occupying ...
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“Ideological Fantasies” is an argument for the continued importance of thinking Marxism and psychoanalysis together in the conjunction of “queer” and “capital.” Both, within a certain Western tradition, are preoccupied with understanding... more
“Ideological Fantasies” is an argument for the continued importance of thinking Marxism and psychoanalysis together in the conjunction of “queer” and “capital.” Both, within a certain Western tradition, are preoccupied with understanding how ideology fashions subjectivities. By revisiting a textual scene in the genealogy of capitalism where commodity fetishism makes its appearance as a rhetorical construction—Leon Battista Alberti's treatise on the family—I show how ideology works phantasmically to “eternalize” or “universalize” historical contingency, even as the historicization of this fantasy (its relegation to the “origins” of kinship and exchange) produces the effect of concealing the repeated return of the same in late capitalism. Commodity fetishism is the name of one of the most explicit figural convergences of psychoanalysis and Marxism, and its critical genealogy continues to be haunted by spectral appearances of gender, sexuality, and racialization, particularly where the to-be-commodified object is concerned. What I focus on is how a particular—and multiply displaced—subjectivity inhabits the scene of commodity fetishism and how commodity fetishism structures and marks not only the objects but also the subjects of exchange, creating “real abstractions” that have not ceased to perform their ideological work.
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One of the effects of attempts to contain or control the HIV virus by "policing desire" (to use Simon Watney's phrase), is to make strikingly clear, according to Epstein and Straub, the extent to which the cultural... more
One of the effects of attempts to contain or control the HIV virus by "policing desire" (to use Simon Watney's phrase), is to make strikingly clear, according to Epstein and Straub, the extent to which the cultural production of identity and subjectivity is conducted through the terms of ...
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The provocation of my chapter is to argue that modern discursive (and hence ideological) normativities that divide human from animal occlude alternative imaginings of porosity between orders of being. These porosities persist in modernity... more
The provocation of my chapter is to argue that modern discursive (and hence ideological) normativities that divide human from animal occlude alternative imaginings of porosity between orders of being. These porosities persist in modernity and postmodernity, but often in the realm of the speculative or the fantastic. Given recent developments in the biological and cognitive sciences that contribute to the de-substantialization of the dividing line, it is instructive to explore some pre-and early modern figurations of being that likewise trouble species boundaries (much as Darwin did), avant la lettre. In its effort to distinguish the human from the divine, early modern philosophy laboriously forged hierarchies of difference; in my chapter I examine one of them as illustrative of early humanisms's efforts to establish human exceptionalism, Pico della Mirandola's On the Dignity of Man (1496). However, a lively alternative philosophical tradition persists alongside, best exemplified by Montaigne's "Apology for Raymond Sebond" (1580) and imaginative rewritings of the popular Circe myth, which staged debates about the relative desirability of human and animalian states of being and inflected such debates with gender politics as well. Returning to notions of figural historiography I have developed elsewhere, I read passages from a selection of early modern imaginative texts that either articulate a reciprocity between species, or figure their porosity, or fail to champion human exceptionalism in their figurations. I look for alternative, "speculative" models of being that challenge what we have come to understand in the West as normative species divides. In so doing, the chapter also hopes to show the degree to which gender and race are deeply and inextricably entangled in species, and to suggest that past speculative figurations might illumine present culturalist conceptualizations of the species divide.
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Research Interests: Gender Studies and Queer
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What I am presenting here is part of a book-length project on the politics of maternal sovereignty in early modern France. The focus is on the staging of feminine voices in The Heptameron and their delineation of a political conflict... more
What I am presenting here is part of a book-length project on the politics of maternal sovereignty in early modern France. The focus is on the staging of feminine voices in The Heptameron and their delineation of a political conflict between maternal authority on the ...
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Abstract:" Mirrors of Culture" is an invited response to two essays “How Stories Make Us Feel” by Hannah Wojciehowski and Vittorio Gallese and" Literary Biomimesis" by Marco Iacoboni and Deborah Jenson. This response... more
Abstract:" Mirrors of Culture" is an invited response to two essays “How Stories Make Us Feel” by Hannah Wojciehowski and Vittorio Gallese and" Literary Biomimesis" by Marco Iacoboni and Deborah Jenson. This response addresses the question of mirroring and ...
... History is ''cannibalistic,'' and memory becomes the closed arena of conflict between two contradictory operations: forgetting, which is not ... paradigmatic for Cer-teau: that of the (Protestant)... more
... History is ''cannibalistic,'' and memory becomes the closed arena of conflict between two contradictory operations: forgetting, which is not ... paradigmatic for Cer-teau: that of the (Protestant) man of religion and sixteenth-century ethno-cosmographer Jean de Léry with the ...
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... ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. Название публикации, 'THEY ARE ALL SODOMITES!'. Авторы, Carla Freccero. Журнал, Signs. Издательство, Proquest Academic Research Library. Год выпуска, 2002, ISSN, 0097-9740. Том, 28, ИФ РИНЦ... more
... ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПУБЛИКАЦИИ. Название публикации, 'THEY ARE ALL SODOMITES!'. Авторы, Carla Freccero. Журнал, Signs. Издательство, Proquest Academic Research Library. Год выпуска, 2002, ISSN, 0097-9740. Том, 28, ИФ РИНЦ 2009, -. Номер, 1, Цит. в РИНЦ ...
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... proceedings and legal decisions to the insights gained by work in activist politics, the works ... Kotis are most com-monly pants-shirt (kada-catla) kotis, meaning that they wear male ... She separates the discussion of gender roles... more
... proceedings and legal decisions to the insights gained by work in activist politics, the works ... Kotis are most com-monly pants-shirt (kada-catla) kotis, meaning that they wear male ... She separates the discussion of gender roles (which thoroughly infuse all sexual practices) from ...
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From settlement onward, collective identity in this country has been a matter of feeling. According to Peter Coviello's incisive new book, Americans have grieved, longed, empathized, dreamed, and desired national fellowship into... more
From settlement onward, collective identity in this country has been a matter of feeling. According to Peter Coviello's incisive new book, Americans have grieved, longed, empathized, dreamed, and desired national fellowship into being, enacting a form of ...
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In the introduction to Porn Studies Linda Williams laments the excision of the “exuberant visuals” from the proceedings of the World Conference on Pornography in 1998 (4), claiming for the current collection the distinction of including... more
In the introduction to Porn Studies Linda Williams laments the excision of the “exuberant visuals” from the proceedings of the World Conference on Pornography in 1998 (4), claiming for the current collection the distinction of including illustrations (along with a serious ...
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Does current scholarship shun or embrace what seems aleatory or “beside the point” in early modern prose, especially those elements that could be said to convey affect, tone, emotion, desire? What does it do with lyric’s indeterminate... more
Does current scholarship shun or embrace what seems aleatory or “beside the point” in early modern prose, especially those elements that could be said to convey affect, tone, emotion, desire? What does it do with lyric’s indeterminate rhetoricity? Through the figure of touch and the contingencies of the tangent, this paper explores textual instances in early modern Continental literature where reading poses problems of interpretation that cannot be resolved into determinate meaning and that raise the question of how to “read” what moderns call “desire,” especially queer desire, in early modern poetry and prose. François Rabelais’s inscription of woman as writing, the tortuous fashioning of the lyric “I” as it travels between Petrarch and Louise Labé, and the sparing narrative of Marguerite de Navarre bear fragmentary traces of what moderns might call a queer feminist archive, and yet none yield positive (or empirical) “knowledge” about gendered and sexual practices and subjectivities. Rather, they inscribe modalities of desire that challenge scholars of sexuality to attend to the excess and indeterminacy that eludes efforts to capture and “represent” objects of knowledge, whether “early” or “modern.”
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This essay situates some of the dilemmas of the effort to think with non-human animate being in the Western philosophical tradition by examining the posthumous work of Jacques Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am. 1 I argue for the... more
This essay situates some of the dilemmas of the effort to think with non-human animate being in the Western philosophical tradition by examining the posthumous work of Jacques Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am. 1 I argue for the usefulness of Derrida's work on animality for crafting a queer ethics of relating to the living in general, just as his notion of spectrality offered a way to grapple with the traumatic persistence of (historical) affect in the present. Nevertheless, even as Derrida reaches toward a referent by insisting on the particularity and singularity of his (female) cat, what he animates is the lively density of intertextual feline figures in the history of literary and philosophical thinking and writing about questions of figure and reference and questions of inscription (as "cat scratch"). Thus, even as Derrida seeks to literalize the allegorical search for the elusive figure of the animal other as a mode of chercher la femme, his work subtly demonstrates the figural inter-implications that shadow the discourses of feline femininity (involving both sex and species difference) in efforts to meet and face animate alterity. Derrida's theoretical practice can be understood to be "always already" queer theory, if queer theory is understood in one of its valences, that is, as an immaterial de-normativization that works at the level of language, thought, and ideology to critique, but in a viral fashion, by replicating terms and repurposing them so that their operation moves down paths that are overgrown with the bushes of normative philosophical thought. 2 These paths are inscriptions, they don't quite open up; but they leave-or are-traces, and can be followed, like the tracks that Derrida is following in The Animal. Key terms that have emerged from deconstructive gestures include queer, though "queer," I think, carries with it-as the wind does scent-faint but specific whiffs of sex/sexual identity/sexuality. Derrida thus helps us to understand how theory is always already queer, and to affirm this queerness further. Derrida's later work that moves toward the non-human living also has the potential to invest another queer theoretical domain-let's call it animal theory-with a meditation on subjectivity that brings with it traditions of Western philosophizing on the human and non-human. Animal theory is a queer theory in this respect: that it displaces humanism, de-normativizes subjectivity, and turns us toward not difference but differences, one of the most emphatic of Derrida's lessons having been the impossibility of a reference to "the" animal in favor of singular, differential, abyssal relations. 3 Derrida's thinking on-about and with-animals, by displacing the humanist subject (in both anthropocentric and universalist senses), can thus assist the ethical aspirations of a queer theory devoted to refashioning that subject in
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Q ueer theory names a web of interdisciplinary theoretical practices attaching themselves to sex, sexuality and identity. While it would be impossible to charac-terise all of queer theory under a single rubric-the theoretical and... more
Q ueer theory names a web of interdisciplinary theoretical practices attaching themselves to sex, sexuality and identity. While it would be impossible to charac-terise all of queer theory under a single rubric-the theoretical and political stakes and affi liations, approaches and topics are diverse, wide-ranging and often in confl ict with one another-its attention to and deconstruction of a range of normative assumptions and practices have infl uenced and been infl uenced by animal studies (itself a diverse and diffi cult to classify, loosely defi ned fi eld of inquiry). For if queer theory's theoretical achievement was to disentangle the threads that bind biological sex, gender and sexuality and to view as normative, rather than normal, the heterosexual matrices of human identity, then it also becomes possible, through similar modes of critique, to open up the category of the human. 1 If a certain arrangement of the human defi nes the human, then the exposure of that arrangement as normative (that is, ideological) also permits a prying apart of other bedrock assumptions, including the human/ani-mal divide. 2 Further, many other critical theoretical engagements, both related to and informing queer theory-including feminism, deconstruction, anti-humanism, critical race theory and disability studies-have made possible a deconstruction of the liberal humanist subject and have opened paths for considering beings and subjectivities not exclusively bounded by the privileges of the human as it has been philosophically and historically understood in the Western tradition. Thus, for example, Judith Butler in Precarious Life makes the point that the constitution of the liberal humanist subject has entailed political and ethical consequences for what counts as a viable 'life': 'Some lives are grievable, and others are not; the differential allocation of grievability that decides what kind of subject is and must be grieved, and which kind of subject must not, operates to produce and maintain certain exclusionary conceptions of who is nor-matively human: what counts as a livable life and a grievable death?' 3 Such a situation, Butler notes, 'derealizes' those not considered human and exonerates acts of violence against them or their complete erasure from recognition altogether. 4 Butler, following Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas and along with other critics of normative concepts of the human, argues that mortality, agency, interdepen-dency and vulnerability-and thus embodiment-constitute the conditions for shared being, rather than the abstracted notion of 'the human' and 'the subject'. 5 Although she does not address species boundaries, and at times seems to stress the human subject exclusively, Butler's thinking about embodiment, vulnerability and grievability has exerted signifi cant infl uence on animal studies scholars who have extended her arguments to demonstrate how the mechanisms of exclusion she analyses apply profoundly to the question of which lives matter, irrespective of their species status. 6 It is easy 5628_Turner.indd 430 5628_Turner.indd 430
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The provocation of my chapter is to argue that modern discursive (and hence ideological) normativities that divide human from animal occlude alternative imaginings of porosity between orders of being. These porosities persist in modernity... more
The provocation of my chapter is to argue that modern discursive (and hence ideological) normativities that divide human from animal occlude alternative imaginings of porosity between orders of being. These porosities persist in modernity and postmodernity, but often in the realm of the speculative or the fantastic. Given recent developments in the biological and cognitive sciences that contribute to the de-substantialization of the dividing line, it is instructive to explore some pre-and early modern figurations of being that likewise trouble species boundaries (much as Darwin did), avant la lettre. In its effort to distinguish the human from the divine, early modern philosophy laboriously forged hierarchies of difference; in my chapter I examine one of them as illustrative of early humanisms's efforts to establish human exceptionalism, Pico della Mirandola's On the Dignity of Man (1496). However, a lively alternative philosophical tradition persists alongside, best exemplified by Montaigne's "Apology for Raymond Sebond" (1580) and imaginative rewritings of the popular Circe myth, which staged debates about the relative desirability of human and animalian states of being and inflected such debates with gender politics as well. Returning to notions of figural historiography I have developed elsewhere, I read passages from a selection of early modern imaginative texts that either articulate a reciprocity between species, or figure their porosity, or fail to champion human exceptionalism in their figurations. I look for alternative, "speculative" models of being that challenge what we have come to understand in the West as normative species divides. In so doing, the chapter also hopes to show the degree to which gender and race are deeply and inextricably entangled in species, and to suggest that past speculative figurations might illumine present culturalist conceptualizations of the species divide.
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Le 26 janvier 2001, deux dogues des Canaries (Presa Canario), un chien, Bane et une chienne, Hera, ont attaqué et déchiqueté Diane Whipple dans le hall de son immeuble de Pacific Heights, à San Francisco où elle vivait avec sa conjointe... more
Le 26 janvier 2001, deux dogues des Canaries (Presa Canario), un chien, Bane et une chienne, Hera, ont attaqué et déchiqueté Diane Whipple dans le hall de son immeuble de Pacific Heights, à San Francisco où elle vivait avec sa conjointe Sharon Smith. Elle fut mordue à soixante-dix-sept reprises (selon le rapport de la police scientifique) ; les morsures au larynx et l'hémorragie (un tiers de son sang), ont causé sa mort dans les heures qui ont suivi l'attaque qui a duré de six minutes. Bane et Hera, un chien et une chienne dogues des Canaries, appartenaient à des personnes proches de Paul Schneider, un détenu à la Prison d'État de Pelican Bay, membre de l'Aryan Brotheroood (Fraternité Aryenne), qui avait le projet de devenir éleveur de chien·nes depuis la cellule où il purgeait sa peine pour attaque à main armée et tentative de meurtre (Jones, 2003). L'élevage, nommé "Dog O'War" (Chien de Guerre), avait été co-fondé par Schneider et Dale Bretches, auteur de l'e-book, Dog O'War (2005), à la fois récit autobiographique, rapport sur l'élevage des dogues des Canaries et commentaire personnel sur l'affaire de San Francisco (Bretches est aussi un illustrateur et un artiste qui inclut des "chiens de guerre" dans ses dessins). Bane et Hera étaient sous la responsabilité de Marjorie Knoller et Robert Noel, résidant dans le même immeuble et au même étage que Whipple et Smith, parents adoptifs de Paul Schneider, et avocats spécialisés dans les dossiers judiciaires de détenu·es contre le California Department of Corrections (CDC-Département de l'administration pénitentiaire de Californie), pour son traitement inhumain des prisonnier·es. Bien que cet événement ne soit pas le premier-d'autres chien·nes ont mortellement attaqué et déchiqueté d'autres personnes-celui-ci a immédiatement produit une archive, à la fois juridique et culturelle, marquant un moment traumatique dans l'histoire récente des relations chien.ne-humain.e aux États-Unis. Sans compter qu'il a donné une notoriété à cette « race » de dogues peu connue. L'ensemble de ce qui a été écrit sur cette affaire mêle : la frénésie législative à l'échelle nationale concernant les chien·nes dans les environnements peuplés d'humain·es, en particulier les chien·nes considéré·es comme "féroces" dans des termes génétiquement essentialisants, tel·les que les pit-bulls ; les mouvements revendiquant le droit de se marier pour des partenaires de même sexe (l'affaire a créé une jurisprudence permettant aux partenaires d'un couple de même sexe de pouvoir porter plainte au nom de leurs conjoint·es) ; la réforme de la législation pénitentiaire ainsi que la création et la privatisation de prisons "super max" (Schneider comme Bretches sont en quartiers de haute sécurité (SHU-Security Housing Units)); le capitalisme et la possibilité pour les détenu·es d'avoir une activité commerciale et d'en tirer profit ; l'élevage de dogues des Canaries et, plus généralement, de 1 Nous tenons à remercier très chaleureusement Duke University Press pour nous avoir cédé les droits de traduction de cet article.
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Addressing Freud on Jokes, the relationship between Pantagruel and Panurge and the Hill-Thomas hearings in 1991, this paper performs a feminist analysis of homosociality
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Duke University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to boundary 2.
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Janet R. Jakobsen and Ann Pellegrini's Love the Sin is a provocative, engaging, and original work that speaks to a range of audiences. At times its well-wrought prose elegantly conceals its theoretical sophistication and great... more
Janet R. Jakobsen and Ann Pellegrini's Love the Sin is a provocative, engaging, and original work that speaks to a range of audiences. At times its well-wrought prose elegantly conceals its theoretical sophistication and great cleverness. The text cuts across queer, ...
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: This essay, originally delivered as a response to Leo Bersani’s presentation “Father Knows Best†at UC Berkeley’s “Queer Bonds†conference, provides a critical appraisal of Bersani’s reading of Claire Denis’s film Beau... more
: This essay, originally delivered as a response to Leo Bersani’s presentation “Father Knows Best†at UC Berkeley’s “Queer Bonds†conference, provides a critical appraisal of Bersani’s reading of Claire Denis’s film Beau Travail , exploring both the film’s neoand postcolonial implications and its radical reconfigurations of subjectivity. Already implicit in Bersani’s reading is a question about the limits of
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Every once in a while a book comes along that, in offering readers an in-depth and provocative assessment of an archive, promises to change—irreversibly—a field or two. Between Women is such a study. It is ambitious, purporting, as the... more
Every once in a while a book comes along that, in offering readers an in-depth and provocative assessment of an archive, promises to change—irreversibly—a field or two. Between Women is such a study. It is ambitious, purporting, as the subtitle indicates, to ...
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This paper considers the long genealogy of the relationship between humans and wolves as it finds figuration in medieval and early modern texts. I take as my starting point Jacques Derrida’s seminar on The Beast and the Sovereign, where... more
This paper considers the long genealogy of the relationship between humans and wolves as it finds figuration in medieval and early modern texts. I take as my starting point Jacques Derrida’s seminar on The Beast and the Sovereign, where the wolf figures prominently as “wild” double of the sovereign. Both the wolf and the sovereign represent exceptions insofar as they are a law unto themselves, the one on the outside of the polis, the other mirroring him as the “tyrant” inside. From Hobbes’s famous deployment of Plautus’s phrase, “ homo homini lupus,” the wolf has been asked to stand in for something particularly “savage” about mankind, even as female wolves walk their own path of figural maternal mirroring (the she-wolf is either the transmitter of savage strength to future rulers, as in Romulus and Remus, or she is the personification of lust—the doggish ancient and medieval version of the modern-day “cougar”). Finally, the wolf-human merger also carries with it atavistic fantasies about racial difference that continue to impress modernity with their spectral effects.
The texts this paper examines are Marie de France, La Fontaine, Hobbes and Derrida and the other fantastic figurations of wolfly existence from werewolf trials to fairy tales to Angela Carter and possible other modern figures of wolf-human merger, most famously elaborated in the Stephanie Meyers “Twilight” series. It continues my previous work on the cynanthrope and figural historiography (“Carnivorous Virility” and “Figural Historiography”) as it seeks to discern the semiotic-material nexus embodied in figures of wolf-human interactions. How does the material history of the competition between humans and wolves in Europe that results in wolf eradication continue to haunt the figure of the human-as-animal in literature, political theory, and popular culture, and what (identificational? compensatory? melancholic?) work does this figure of the merger of human and wolf do? How might thinking about the long genealogy of both hostile and proximate human-wolf togetherness reformulate notions of “wild” and “domestic,” “civilized” and “savage”?
The texts this paper examines are Marie de France, La Fontaine, Hobbes and Derrida and the other fantastic figurations of wolfly existence from werewolf trials to fairy tales to Angela Carter and possible other modern figures of wolf-human merger, most famously elaborated in the Stephanie Meyers “Twilight” series. It continues my previous work on the cynanthrope and figural historiography (“Carnivorous Virility” and “Figural Historiography”) as it seeks to discern the semiotic-material nexus embodied in figures of wolf-human interactions. How does the material history of the competition between humans and wolves in Europe that results in wolf eradication continue to haunt the figure of the human-as-animal in literature, political theory, and popular culture, and what (identificational? compensatory? melancholic?) work does this figure of the merger of human and wolf do? How might thinking about the long genealogy of both hostile and proximate human-wolf togetherness reformulate notions of “wild” and “domestic,” “civilized” and “savage”?
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... This book could not have been written without the research as-sistance of two graduate students in particular, Julie Cox and Maria Frangos. Maria especially has played a crucial role in shepherding this book into its final form. ...
... Texts such as Jewelle Gomez's Gilda Stories, Octavia Butler's Xeno-genesis trilogy, Sandra Cisneros's Woman Hollering Creek, and William Gibson's Neuromancer, and... more
... Texts such as Jewelle Gomez's Gilda Stories, Octavia Butler's Xeno-genesis trilogy, Sandra Cisneros's Woman Hollering Creek, and William Gibson's Neuromancer, and films and videos such as Marlon Riggs's Tongues Untied or Jennie Livingston's Paris Is Burning can be ...
... Father figures: Genealogy and narrative structure in Rabelais. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: ... SUBJECT(S): Fathers and sons in literature; Father figures in literature; Genealogy in literature; Narration (Rhetoric); Rabelais,... more
... Father figures: Genealogy and narrative structure in Rabelais. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: ... SUBJECT(S): Fathers and sons in literature; Father figures in literature; Genealogy in literature; Narration (Rhetoric); Rabelais, François; Criticism and interpretation. ...