Books & Special Journal Issues
''India, Modernity and the Great Divergence is an original and pioneering book about India’s tran... more ''India, Modernity and the Great Divergence is an original and pioneering book about India’s transition towards modernity and the rise of the West. The work examines global entanglements alongside the internal dynamics of 17th to 19th century Mysore and Gujarat in comparison to other regions of Afro-Eurasia. It is an interdisciplinary survey that enriches our historical understanding of South Asia, ranging across the fascinating and intertwined worlds of modernizing rulers, wealthy merchants, curious scholars, utopian poets, industrious peasants and skilled artisans. Bringing together socio-economic and political structures, warfare, techno-scientific innovations, knowledge production and transfer of ideas, this book forces us to rethink the reasons behind the emergence of the modern world.''
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Kaveh Yazdani and Dilip Menon, ‘Introduction’, in Yazdani and Menon (eds.), Capitalisms: Towards ... more Kaveh Yazdani and Dilip Menon, ‘Introduction’, in Yazdani and Menon (eds.), Capitalisms: Towards a Global History, Oxford University Press: Delhi 2020
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Historia Crítica n.° 89 , 2023
Table of Contents
1. Capitalisms of the “Global South” (c. 10th to 19th Centuries) – Old and New... more Table of Contents
1. Capitalisms of the “Global South” (c. 10th to 19th Centuries) – Old and New Contributions and Debates· 3-41
Kaveh Yazdani, University of Connecticut, United States
Constanza Castro, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
2. Capitalism and Global Mining: Latin American Perspectives 1500-1914· 43-76
James V. Torres, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
3. Political Economy and Knowledge Production in the Making of the Viceroyalty of New Granada· 77-101
María José Afanador-Llach, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
4. Exploring Capitalism in the Economy of Early Modern Gujarat: The Structure and Organization of Textile Production and the Market in Surat in the Eighteenth Century· 103-128
Ghulam A. Nadri, Georgia State University, United States
5. Merchant capital and labor migration in the colonial Indian Ocean world· 129-153
Richard B. Allen, Ohio University Press, United States
6. Capital and World Labor: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the Nineteenth Century· 155-182
Tâmis Parron, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
7. “Soft Gold” Before the Gold Rush: Sea Otter Pelts in the “Competitive Expansion” of Merchant Capitalism and the Creation of a Pacific Ocean Economy· 183-207
Arturo Giráldez, University of the Pacific, United States
Analiese Richard, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Mexico
8.The evolution of commercial finance in Ming-Qing China:16th to Early-20th Centuries· 209-230
Kaixiang Peng, Wuhan University, China
Liangping Shen, Henan University, China
9. Camel Caravans as a Mode of Production in Postclassical Afro-Eurasia.
An Interview with Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University, United States· 231-252
By Constanza Castro, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia and Kaveh Yazdani, University of Connecticut, United States
10. The origins of commercial capitalism, colonial expansion and history as theory.
An interview with Jairus Banaji, Universidad de Londres, Inglaterra· 253-275
By Juan Vicente Iborra Mallent, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
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Articles
JESHO, 2024
The present paper examines the socioeconomic conditions for the ascendancy of the Zoroastrian com... more The present paper examines the socioeconomic conditions for the ascendancy of the Zoroastrian community in Western India between the 18th and 19th centuries. This study reinforces the well-established thesis on the role played by the Parsis in the development of capitalism in India. What distinguishes it from other narratives is the periodization of this development and the consideration of Parsi agency in the Western Indian Ocean region and East Africa, especially Mozambique. The cooperation of the Parsis with the European trade companies and private European traders as of the mid-17th century-most notably, their links to the English East India Company, which boosted the Zoroastrian communities of northwestern India-is investigated. I try to show how the Parsis, who had been predominantly peasants, farmers and artisans from the 10th to 17th centuries, increasingly embarked upon trade, moneylending, brokerage and production. Because of their accumulated wealth, their numbers as well as their influence augmented throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
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The purpose of this article is first to contextualize the concept of the "Global South." Then, we... more The purpose of this article is first to contextualize the concept of the "Global South." Then, we offer an overview of classical and new historiographies of capitalism(s) of the "Global South." We focus on works that examine the period between roughly the 10th and 19th centuries, and further explain how we understand and periodize capitalism. Lastly, we introduce the contributions to this special issue. Methodology: This review is based on a holistic and non-Eurocentric Marxian approach, emphasizing the importance of both internal and external factors, global entanglements and uneven development when studying regional dynamics. We also underline the relevance of both connections and comparisons in understanding and analyzing the genesis and rise of global capitalism(s). In other words, we highlight multifaceted forces at work that may be conceived of in terms of a global dialectical conjuncture. Originality: This is one of the few existing articles that pulls together and briefly outlines the different existing trends in writing the histories of capitalism(s) in the "Global South" before the advent of the 20th century. We discuss developments in China, India, the "Islamicate" world, Latin America, the relationship between modern plantation slavery and capitalism as well the "Great Divergence" debate. In doing so, we identify a "global turn" in recent historiographies of capitalism(s). Conclusions: We suggest that the prevalent binary narratives-either embracing or rejecting the (pre-)capitalist nature of societies, commercial practices and production sites in the "Global South"-do not do justice to the complexity of historical dynamics. Furthermore, many studies lack nuances and do not adequately consider multilinear processes, entanglements between the local and global and shifting multipolar centers of development. More often than not, academics also neglect spatio-temporal specificities, transitional periods between-or the hybrid coexistence of-different modes of production, that is, developments which should neither be reduced to predominantly capitalist nor pre-capitalist relations, processes and structures. We also argue that a return to the concept of totality helps to transcend the oversimplified assumptions and analyses of dominant historical accounts.
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This article begins by surveying the commercial structure of nineteenth-century Yazd, centring on... more This article begins by surveying the commercial structure of nineteenth-century Yazd, centring on the economic activities of its Zoroastrian inhabitants. Next, we examine the house of Mehrabān, arguing that they were intermediate figures in Persia's transition from a pre-capitalist to an inchoate capitalist mode of production. Throughout the mid-to late nineteenth century, the Mehrabāns were significant socioeconomic players and precursors for later generations of prosperous, worldly Iranian Zoroastrians. Ardeshir in particular epitomised the gradual emergence of an Iranian bourgeoisie in the urban centres of Persia, specifically Yazd. Concurrently, the rise of prominent members of the Mehrabān family was intimately related to their education, 'cultural capital', socioeconomic connections, and business ventures in Bombay as well as their constantly developing political clout in Persia and India.
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The dadani or dadni system – a South Asian mode of organizing economic production prevalent durin... more The dadani or dadni system – a South Asian mode of organizing economic production prevalent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries – derives from the Persian verb dadan (to give). The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the mechanisms and specificities of the dadani system through comparing it with practices common in the Ottoman Empire, Iran (Persia) and most notably Europe. The North-Western European putting-out system in particular will serve as a foil to examine the peculiarities of the Indian dadani system. In the existing literature, the majority of historians deny that the dadani system was analogous to the European putting-out system. While it seems to be true that these systems are not identical, it will be argued that despite a few significant differences, the dadani system was more dynamic and sometimes closer to the putting-out system than has often been suggested.
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Published in Kaveh Yazdani and Dilip M. Menon, Capitalisms. Towards A Global History (2020, Oxfor... more Published in Kaveh Yazdani and Dilip M. Menon, Capitalisms. Towards A Global History (2020, Oxford University Press)
This paper enquires into Mysore’s potentialities for a proto-capitalist development and a sort of industrialization during the reigns of Haidar ‘Ali (r. 1761–82) and Tipu Sultan (r. 1782–99)—the first Muslim rulers of the sultanate of Mysore. During the second half of the eighteenth century, these two autocrats were not only among the most powerful modernizers of South India but also of the subcontinent and Asia as a whole. The threat posed by the growing power of the British East India Company lubricated the wheels of political, fiscal, and military reforms and fuelled profound efforts at centralization. In conjunction with the already existing advances in commerce, artisanry, and incipient capitalist relations of production, the changes that were set in motion suggest that Mysore found itself in an interim stage and historical conjuncture with multiple prospects of socio-economic developments, as well as the potential scope for a transition towards a type of industrial capitalism.
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This paper critically engages with the recent literature on capitalism and slavery through the le... more This paper critically engages with the recent literature on capitalism and slavery through the lens of Saint-Domingue. The first section examines some of the socio-economic dynamics in 16th-to 18th-century France. This is followed by an examination of Saint-Domingue's allocation of tropical commodities, including the island's role in the emerging world economy. There then follows a comprehensive definition of capitalism and a short outline of historical capitalisms in Europe. The centerpiece of the article scrutinizes non-capitalist, semi-capitalist, early industrial and transitional features, in short, the hybrid socio-economic formation of this French slave plantation colony. Finally, a basic economic classification of modern plantation slave labour is proposed.
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De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2020
Nasser Mohajer and Kaveh Yazdani, "Reading Marx in the Divergence Debate", in Benjamin Zacharia... more Nasser Mohajer and Kaveh Yazdani, "Reading Marx in the Divergence Debate", in Benjamin Zachariah, Lutz Raphael & Brigitta Bernet (eds.), What’s Left of Marxism: Historiography and the Possibilities of Thinking with Marxian Themes and Concepts, Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg 2020, pp. 173-240.
The article consists of the following sections: 1) Developments in Britain and Europe in Global Perspective; 2) The so-called Original Accumulation; 3) Against Trans-Historicity; 4) The Middle Ages; 5) The Transition Period; 6) Agrarian Capitalism versus Urban Commercialisation; 7) The State; 8) Financial Capitalism and Mercantilism; 9) Extra-European Stimuli to the Accumulation Process; 10) Beyond Marx – Contributions and Confines; 11) Original Accumulation – Precondition or Ongoing Process?; 12) Conclusion
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Since the seminal publication of Kenneth Pomeranz’s The Great Divergence (2000), there has been a... more Since the seminal publication of Kenneth Pomeranz’s The Great Divergence (2000), there has been a continuing upsurge of writings on the possible reasons behind the rise of the West from a “global perspective.” Most of these studies focus on comparisons between Western Europe and China. Yet, in recent years works on India and the great divergence have followed suit, taking up research questions that have not been as prominent since the proliferation of debates on the subcontinent’s pre-colonial potentialities for capitalist development in the 1960s and 1970s. As of now, the paucity of quantitative data complicates endeavors to compare pre-colonial India with Europe and explore the underlying reasons behind the great divergence. Case studies examining the socio-economic history of a number of South Asian regions are still needed in order to conduct systematic comparisons between both advanced and underdeveloped regions of the subcontinent and those of Europe. The existing evidence, however, suggests that some of the "core areas" of 16th- to 18th-century India had more or less comparable levels of agricultural productivity, transport facilities (during the dry season), military capabilities in terms of ground forces (e.g., Mysore and the Marathas), commercial and manufacturing capacities (especially in textile, ship, and metal production), and social mobility of merchants (e.g., in Gujarat). Moreover, Indian rulers and artisans did not shy away from adopting European know-how (e.g., in weapon and ship production) when it redounded to their advantage. On the other hand, South Asia possessed some geo-climatic disadvantages vis-à-vis Western Europe that also impeded investments in infrastructure. India seems to have had a lower degree of consumer demand and lagged behind Western Europe in a number of fields such as mechanical engineering, the level of productive forces, higher education, circulation of useful knowledge, institutional efficiency, upper-class property rights, the nascent bourgeois class consciousness, and inter-communal and proto-national identity formations.
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Published in Ravi Ahuja and Martin Christof-Füchsle (eds.), A Great War in South India. German Ac... more Published in Ravi Ahuja and Martin Christof-Füchsle (eds.), A Great War in South India. German Accounts of the Mysore Wars, 1766-1799, Walter de Gruyter: Berlin/Boston 2020
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It was during the reigns of the late-eighteenth-century rulers of
Mysore, Haidar ‘Ali (r.1761–82)... more It was during the reigns of the late-eighteenth-century rulers of
Mysore, Haidar ‘Ali (r.1761–82) and Tipu Sultan (r.1782–99), that one
of the earliest efforts of semi-modernization in the regions of West,
Central and South Asia, as well as North Africa was taking place. Some
scholars have described Haidar and Tipu as premodern rulers, but
continuity and tradition do not fully explain Mysore’s transitional
character, which was embodied in these rulers’ reforms. Their
encounter with European powers convinced and compelled them
that a transformation of state and society was the most promising
means to resist colonization and remain independent. The following
will inquire into Mysore’s late-eighteenth-century foreign relations
and recruitment of foreign artisans. It will be intended to assert
that neither can these efforts be exclusively understood in terms of
tradition nor do they reflect the minds of modern rulers. Instead, they
manifest a historical juncture that was neither dominantly traditional
nor modern, but resided in a transitory phase.
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During the second half of the eighteenth century, the first Muslim rulers of Mysore—Haidar ‘Ali (... more During the second half of the eighteenth century, the first Muslim rulers of Mysore—Haidar ‘Ali (c. 1720-82) and his son Tipu Sultan (c. 1750-99)—were amongst the first South and West Asian rulers to unleash a process of administrative, socio-economic and military proto-modernisation. Haidar, a rather cautious and pragmatic autocrat who could neither read nor write, ruled within the framework of the traditional Mughal system of governance. Highly skilled in administrative, military and diplomatic realms, he initiated the proto-modernisation of the army and took some important measures towards the establishment of a central state. In turn, Tipu was an educated autocrat, fond of administrative, socio-economic, military, and technological inventions and innovations which he intended to use in the struggle against the British occupying forces in South India. In the extant literature, Tipu is either being idealised as an “enlightened” ruler or described as a pre-modern despot. Few scholars have given a balanced account of his rule by depicting both his autocratic style of leadership, as well as the pragmatic features and proto-modernising aspects of his rule. This article is concerned with the biographic and historical background of Haidar ‘Ali and Tipu Sultan and aims to furnish a concerted account of their rule by consulting fresh printed and unprinted primary sources in English, French and German.
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Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit (1.) der tiefreichenden Verflechtung von Religion und St... more Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit (1.) der tiefreichenden Verflechtung von Religion und Staat in Iran sowie (2.) der Entstehung einer schiitischen Theokratie sowohl als Ergebnis eines Zusammenstoßes von internen (d.h. politischen, ideologischen, sozialen und ökonomischen) und externen (Imperialismus) Strukturen als auch von kurzfristig zurückliegenden kontingenten historischen Umständen.
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Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit (1.) der tiefreichenden Verflechtung von Religion und St... more Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit (1.) der tiefreichenden Verflechtung von Religion und Staat in Iran sowie (2.) der Entstehung einer schiitischen Theokratie sowohl als Ergebnis eines Zusammenstoßes von internen (d.h. politischen, ideologischen, sozialen und ökonomischen) und externen (Imperialismus) Strukturen als auch von kurzfristig zurückliegenden kontingenten historischen Umständen.
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Blog Entries
Merkur-Blog, 2024
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Uploads
1. Capitalisms of the “Global South” (c. 10th to 19th Centuries) – Old and New Contributions and Debates· 3-41
Kaveh Yazdani, University of Connecticut, United States
Constanza Castro, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
2. Capitalism and Global Mining: Latin American Perspectives 1500-1914· 43-76
James V. Torres, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
3. Political Economy and Knowledge Production in the Making of the Viceroyalty of New Granada· 77-101
María José Afanador-Llach, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
4. Exploring Capitalism in the Economy of Early Modern Gujarat: The Structure and Organization of Textile Production and the Market in Surat in the Eighteenth Century· 103-128
Ghulam A. Nadri, Georgia State University, United States
5. Merchant capital and labor migration in the colonial Indian Ocean world· 129-153
Richard B. Allen, Ohio University Press, United States
6. Capital and World Labor: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the Nineteenth Century· 155-182
Tâmis Parron, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
7. “Soft Gold” Before the Gold Rush: Sea Otter Pelts in the “Competitive Expansion” of Merchant Capitalism and the Creation of a Pacific Ocean Economy· 183-207
Arturo Giráldez, University of the Pacific, United States
Analiese Richard, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Mexico
8.The evolution of commercial finance in Ming-Qing China:16th to Early-20th Centuries· 209-230
Kaixiang Peng, Wuhan University, China
Liangping Shen, Henan University, China
9. Camel Caravans as a Mode of Production in Postclassical Afro-Eurasia.
An Interview with Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University, United States· 231-252
By Constanza Castro, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia and Kaveh Yazdani, University of Connecticut, United States
10. The origins of commercial capitalism, colonial expansion and history as theory.
An interview with Jairus Banaji, Universidad de Londres, Inglaterra· 253-275
By Juan Vicente Iborra Mallent, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
This paper enquires into Mysore’s potentialities for a proto-capitalist development and a sort of industrialization during the reigns of Haidar ‘Ali (r. 1761–82) and Tipu Sultan (r. 1782–99)—the first Muslim rulers of the sultanate of Mysore. During the second half of the eighteenth century, these two autocrats were not only among the most powerful modernizers of South India but also of the subcontinent and Asia as a whole. The threat posed by the growing power of the British East India Company lubricated the wheels of political, fiscal, and military reforms and fuelled profound efforts at centralization. In conjunction with the already existing advances in commerce, artisanry, and incipient capitalist relations of production, the changes that were set in motion suggest that Mysore found itself in an interim stage and historical conjuncture with multiple prospects of socio-economic developments, as well as the potential scope for a transition towards a type of industrial capitalism.
The article consists of the following sections: 1) Developments in Britain and Europe in Global Perspective; 2) The so-called Original Accumulation; 3) Against Trans-Historicity; 4) The Middle Ages; 5) The Transition Period; 6) Agrarian Capitalism versus Urban Commercialisation; 7) The State; 8) Financial Capitalism and Mercantilism; 9) Extra-European Stimuli to the Accumulation Process; 10) Beyond Marx – Contributions and Confines; 11) Original Accumulation – Precondition or Ongoing Process?; 12) Conclusion
Mysore, Haidar ‘Ali (r.1761–82) and Tipu Sultan (r.1782–99), that one
of the earliest efforts of semi-modernization in the regions of West,
Central and South Asia, as well as North Africa was taking place. Some
scholars have described Haidar and Tipu as premodern rulers, but
continuity and tradition do not fully explain Mysore’s transitional
character, which was embodied in these rulers’ reforms. Their
encounter with European powers convinced and compelled them
that a transformation of state and society was the most promising
means to resist colonization and remain independent. The following
will inquire into Mysore’s late-eighteenth-century foreign relations
and recruitment of foreign artisans. It will be intended to assert
that neither can these efforts be exclusively understood in terms of
tradition nor do they reflect the minds of modern rulers. Instead, they
manifest a historical juncture that was neither dominantly traditional
nor modern, but resided in a transitory phase.
1. Capitalisms of the “Global South” (c. 10th to 19th Centuries) – Old and New Contributions and Debates· 3-41
Kaveh Yazdani, University of Connecticut, United States
Constanza Castro, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
2. Capitalism and Global Mining: Latin American Perspectives 1500-1914· 43-76
James V. Torres, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
3. Political Economy and Knowledge Production in the Making of the Viceroyalty of New Granada· 77-101
María José Afanador-Llach, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
4. Exploring Capitalism in the Economy of Early Modern Gujarat: The Structure and Organization of Textile Production and the Market in Surat in the Eighteenth Century· 103-128
Ghulam A. Nadri, Georgia State University, United States
5. Merchant capital and labor migration in the colonial Indian Ocean world· 129-153
Richard B. Allen, Ohio University Press, United States
6. Capital and World Labor: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the Nineteenth Century· 155-182
Tâmis Parron, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
7. “Soft Gold” Before the Gold Rush: Sea Otter Pelts in the “Competitive Expansion” of Merchant Capitalism and the Creation of a Pacific Ocean Economy· 183-207
Arturo Giráldez, University of the Pacific, United States
Analiese Richard, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Mexico
8.The evolution of commercial finance in Ming-Qing China:16th to Early-20th Centuries· 209-230
Kaixiang Peng, Wuhan University, China
Liangping Shen, Henan University, China
9. Camel Caravans as a Mode of Production in Postclassical Afro-Eurasia.
An Interview with Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University, United States· 231-252
By Constanza Castro, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia and Kaveh Yazdani, University of Connecticut, United States
10. The origins of commercial capitalism, colonial expansion and history as theory.
An interview with Jairus Banaji, Universidad de Londres, Inglaterra· 253-275
By Juan Vicente Iborra Mallent, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
This paper enquires into Mysore’s potentialities for a proto-capitalist development and a sort of industrialization during the reigns of Haidar ‘Ali (r. 1761–82) and Tipu Sultan (r. 1782–99)—the first Muslim rulers of the sultanate of Mysore. During the second half of the eighteenth century, these two autocrats were not only among the most powerful modernizers of South India but also of the subcontinent and Asia as a whole. The threat posed by the growing power of the British East India Company lubricated the wheels of political, fiscal, and military reforms and fuelled profound efforts at centralization. In conjunction with the already existing advances in commerce, artisanry, and incipient capitalist relations of production, the changes that were set in motion suggest that Mysore found itself in an interim stage and historical conjuncture with multiple prospects of socio-economic developments, as well as the potential scope for a transition towards a type of industrial capitalism.
The article consists of the following sections: 1) Developments in Britain and Europe in Global Perspective; 2) The so-called Original Accumulation; 3) Against Trans-Historicity; 4) The Middle Ages; 5) The Transition Period; 6) Agrarian Capitalism versus Urban Commercialisation; 7) The State; 8) Financial Capitalism and Mercantilism; 9) Extra-European Stimuli to the Accumulation Process; 10) Beyond Marx – Contributions and Confines; 11) Original Accumulation – Precondition or Ongoing Process?; 12) Conclusion
Mysore, Haidar ‘Ali (r.1761–82) and Tipu Sultan (r.1782–99), that one
of the earliest efforts of semi-modernization in the regions of West,
Central and South Asia, as well as North Africa was taking place. Some
scholars have described Haidar and Tipu as premodern rulers, but
continuity and tradition do not fully explain Mysore’s transitional
character, which was embodied in these rulers’ reforms. Their
encounter with European powers convinced and compelled them
that a transformation of state and society was the most promising
means to resist colonization and remain independent. The following
will inquire into Mysore’s late-eighteenth-century foreign relations
and recruitment of foreign artisans. It will be intended to assert
that neither can these efforts be exclusively understood in terms of
tradition nor do they reflect the minds of modern rulers. Instead, they
manifest a historical juncture that was neither dominantly traditional
nor modern, but resided in a transitory phase.
Leonid Grinin and Andrey Korotayev, Great Divergence and Great Convergence: A GlobalPerspective (Switzerland: Springer, 2015, 264 pp., £72.00, pbk).
Alexander Anievas and Kerem Nişancıoğlu, How the West Came to Rule (London: Pluto
Press, 2015, 400 pp., £22.44, pbk).
Kaveh Yazdani, India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) (Leiden: Brill, 2017, 648 pp., £178.40, hbk).
Published in Radio Zamaneh (English)