This research investigated the issues in attempting to make tourist travel more sustainable. It t... more This research investigated the issues in attempting to make tourist travel more sustainable. It took as its case study Hadrian's Wall: a Roman-built fortication stretching from coast to coast across Northern England. This has created a popular linear tourist attraction, now a World Heritage site which has parallel walking, cycling, car, bus and train routes and so provides considerable potential for modal shift towards more sustainable travel. A series of in-depth interviews with the managers of tourist attractions along Hadrian's Wall provided information about the willingness to support more sustainable travel and the perceived barriers against modal shift. The paper reports how the respondents see their influence on modal choice in a rural and uncongested area and how sustainable travel competes with other priorities such as attracting visitors, preserving the archaeology, protecting the environment, invigorating the local economy, educating and enthusing the future guardians of the area's history. The interviews reveal how 'the concept' of Hadrian's Wall has been changed by collaboration and marketing, with attention focussed on local networks as well as terminal facilities. The paper describes how this has altered the way that the area's major generators of tourist travel view their markets and functions. However, the interviews demonstrate how moves towards more sustainable local tourism can be delayed by institutional change within contributing organisations, and local decisions swayed by the policies of national organisations. Local transport is frequently seen as a peripheral issue to organisations exerting considerable influence on the enactment of travel policy and practice in the area. Leisure travel, one of the fastest growing travel sectors, differs from other travel sectors: travellers are often unfamiliar with local transport networks, travel forms part of the activity, not simply providing access to the attraction and it involves different valuations of time. The paper discusses how this case study contributes to our understandings of how leisure travel might become more sustainable and the insights it offers to other transport sectors. For the covering abstract please see ITRD E135207.
Travel represents tourism’s major source of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impa... more Travel represents tourism’s major source of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts, with up to three-quarters of the environmental impact of tourism being the result of tourists' journeys to and from holiday destinations. The rapid growth in the length of tourist journeys, especially using air travel, during the last century shows little sign of reduction in spite of current environmental concerns, but a reduction in average distances travelled by tourists must be part of tourism's efforts towards becoming a more environmentally friendly sector. Little is known, however, about how tourists themselves view the distance they travel across, and whether these understandings might help reduce tourist travel. Discourse analysis of interviews with Danish tourists about the distances they travel as part of their holiday mobility revealed various understandings and representations of distance and its attractions. This insight into how tourists understand distance offers a number of ways of satisfying tourists' desire for distance, while potentially at the same time reducing the distances travelled by tourists.
Although tourism can threaten local natural and social habitats, more often it offers a way of fu... more Although tourism can threaten local natural and social habitats, more often it offers a way of funding conservation and of boosting the local economy. This paper describes the potential of small-scale tourism to the English Solway coast and how organisations involved in conservation, heritage and commerce claimed a common interest in promoting the local visitor economy. The north west of Cumbria is a little known, but attractive, area of coast and countryside, with a rich heritage including monasteries, fortified farm houses and a method of fishing (Haaf) dating from Viking times. The Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty protects two areas either side of Silloth, a Victorian resort built and planned by developers of the Silloth Carlisle railway line. The area enjoys spectacular views across the estuary and mountains of southern Scotland and is renowned for stunning sunsets as depicted by Turner and other artists. Hadrian’s Wall trails attract walkers and cyclists beginnin...
Government claims that privatisation of a large number of bus routes and services in Norfolk save... more Government claims that privatisation of a large number of bus routes and services in Norfolk saved ratepayers considerable amounts in revenue support are reported. Many services previously operated by Eastern Counties Omnibus Company (the local NBC subsidiary) were replaced by private operators under revenue guarantee agreements; i.e., the county council accepted the risk element of the operations. The effect on services, passenger numbers, route mileage and allocation of subsidy is analysed. The efficiency of subsidy is considered in terms of the value of services provided per L1 by Eastern Counties and the independents both before and after privatisation. In 1984-85 the independents' value per L1 subsidy slumped whereas Eastern Counties had improved the fares revenue and its own expenditure per L1 subsidy. (TRRL)
Cumbria's Solway coast is 'on the edge' of a number of phenomena: the sea, Cumbria, E... more Cumbria's Solway coast is 'on the edge' of a number of phenomena: the sea, Cumbria, England, the Lake District and commercial viability as a tourist area. The presentation describes how many of its stakeholders have common goals which can be served by tourism, but so far it has not proved possible to unite these and improve the tourism offer and the popularity of the area.
This report summarises the results from the first 263 bus watch forms that have been analysed. Da... more This report summarises the results from the first 263 bus watch forms that have been analysed. Data were collected (1) on buswatcher profile (age, sex, occupation, home, driving licence, car availability), (2) at the bus stop (facilities, punctuality, reliability of services, information), (3) on the bus (bus information, state of vehicle, impression of staff, quality of journey), (4) from press cuttings and letters (fares and minibus). For the covering abstract of the publication see IRRD 811236. (TRRL)
The role, aims, and organisation of buswatch in monitoring the effects of bus deregulation throug... more The role, aims, and organisation of buswatch in monitoring the effects of bus deregulation through passenger and other services, and the results thereof. The deregulation of britain's bus services is being closely monitored by several groups, but buswatch, uniquely, is collecting information from passengers themselves nationally. Buswatch was set up to specifically examine how the changes affect passengers, thereby complementing the data collection elsewhere. Buswatch was established as an umbrella organisation representing a wide range of user and community groups. This paper will mainly focus on the results of our main survey undertaken by regular bus users on attitudes to service provision.(a) for the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 816535.
This research investigated the issues in attempting to make tourist travel more sustainable. It t... more This research investigated the issues in attempting to make tourist travel more sustainable. It took as its case study Hadrian's Wall: a Roman-built fortication stretching from coast to coast across Northern England. This has created a popular linear tourist attraction, now a World Heritage site which has parallel walking, cycling, car, bus and train routes and so provides considerable potential for modal shift towards more sustainable travel. A series of in-depth interviews with the managers of tourist attractions along Hadrian's Wall provided information about the willingness to support more sustainable travel and the perceived barriers against modal shift. The paper reports how the respondents see their influence on modal choice in a rural and uncongested area and how sustainable travel competes with other priorities such as attracting visitors, preserving the archaeology, protecting the environment, invigorating the local economy, educating and enthusing the future guardians of the area's history. The interviews reveal how 'the concept' of Hadrian's Wall has been changed by collaboration and marketing, with attention focussed on local networks as well as terminal facilities. The paper describes how this has altered the way that the area's major generators of tourist travel view their markets and functions. However, the interviews demonstrate how moves towards more sustainable local tourism can be delayed by institutional change within contributing organisations, and local decisions swayed by the policies of national organisations. Local transport is frequently seen as a peripheral issue to organisations exerting considerable influence on the enactment of travel policy and practice in the area. Leisure travel, one of the fastest growing travel sectors, differs from other travel sectors: travellers are often unfamiliar with local transport networks, travel forms part of the activity, not simply providing access to the attraction and it involves different valuations of time. The paper discusses how this case study contributes to our understandings of how leisure travel might become more sustainable and the insights it offers to other transport sectors. For the covering abstract please see ITRD E135207.
Travel represents tourism’s major source of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impa... more Travel represents tourism’s major source of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts, with up to three-quarters of the environmental impact of tourism being the result of tourists' journeys to and from holiday destinations. The rapid growth in the length of tourist journeys, especially using air travel, during the last century shows little sign of reduction in spite of current environmental concerns, but a reduction in average distances travelled by tourists must be part of tourism's efforts towards becoming a more environmentally friendly sector. Little is known, however, about how tourists themselves view the distance they travel across, and whether these understandings might help reduce tourist travel. Discourse analysis of interviews with Danish tourists about the distances they travel as part of their holiday mobility revealed various understandings and representations of distance and its attractions. This insight into how tourists understand distance offers a number of ways of satisfying tourists' desire for distance, while potentially at the same time reducing the distances travelled by tourists.
Although tourism can threaten local natural and social habitats, more often it offers a way of fu... more Although tourism can threaten local natural and social habitats, more often it offers a way of funding conservation and of boosting the local economy. This paper describes the potential of small-scale tourism to the English Solway coast and how organisations involved in conservation, heritage and commerce claimed a common interest in promoting the local visitor economy. The north west of Cumbria is a little known, but attractive, area of coast and countryside, with a rich heritage including monasteries, fortified farm houses and a method of fishing (Haaf) dating from Viking times. The Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty protects two areas either side of Silloth, a Victorian resort built and planned by developers of the Silloth Carlisle railway line. The area enjoys spectacular views across the estuary and mountains of southern Scotland and is renowned for stunning sunsets as depicted by Turner and other artists. Hadrian’s Wall trails attract walkers and cyclists beginnin...
Government claims that privatisation of a large number of bus routes and services in Norfolk save... more Government claims that privatisation of a large number of bus routes and services in Norfolk saved ratepayers considerable amounts in revenue support are reported. Many services previously operated by Eastern Counties Omnibus Company (the local NBC subsidiary) were replaced by private operators under revenue guarantee agreements; i.e., the county council accepted the risk element of the operations. The effect on services, passenger numbers, route mileage and allocation of subsidy is analysed. The efficiency of subsidy is considered in terms of the value of services provided per L1 by Eastern Counties and the independents both before and after privatisation. In 1984-85 the independents' value per L1 subsidy slumped whereas Eastern Counties had improved the fares revenue and its own expenditure per L1 subsidy. (TRRL)
Cumbria's Solway coast is 'on the edge' of a number of phenomena: the sea, Cumbria, E... more Cumbria's Solway coast is 'on the edge' of a number of phenomena: the sea, Cumbria, England, the Lake District and commercial viability as a tourist area. The presentation describes how many of its stakeholders have common goals which can be served by tourism, but so far it has not proved possible to unite these and improve the tourism offer and the popularity of the area.
This report summarises the results from the first 263 bus watch forms that have been analysed. Da... more This report summarises the results from the first 263 bus watch forms that have been analysed. Data were collected (1) on buswatcher profile (age, sex, occupation, home, driving licence, car availability), (2) at the bus stop (facilities, punctuality, reliability of services, information), (3) on the bus (bus information, state of vehicle, impression of staff, quality of journey), (4) from press cuttings and letters (fares and minibus). For the covering abstract of the publication see IRRD 811236. (TRRL)
The role, aims, and organisation of buswatch in monitoring the effects of bus deregulation throug... more The role, aims, and organisation of buswatch in monitoring the effects of bus deregulation through passenger and other services, and the results thereof. The deregulation of britain's bus services is being closely monitored by several groups, but buswatch, uniquely, is collecting information from passengers themselves nationally. Buswatch was set up to specifically examine how the changes affect passengers, thereby complementing the data collection elsewhere. Buswatch was established as an umbrella organisation representing a wide range of user and community groups. This paper will mainly focus on the results of our main survey undertaken by regular bus users on attitudes to service provision.(a) for the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 816535.
This final response to the two climate change denial papers by Shani and Arad further highlights ... more This final response to the two climate change denial papers by Shani and Arad further highlights the inaccuracies, misinformation and errors in their commentaries. The obfuscation of scientific research and the consensus on anthropogenic climate change may have significant long-term negative consequences for better understanding the implications of climate change and climate policy for tourism and create confusion and delay in developing and implementing tourism sector responses.
Keywords: Climate change; Global warming; Skepticism; Denial; Agnotology
Uploads
Papers
Keywords: Climate change; Global warming; Skepticism; Denial; Agnotology