Juan Carlos Tealdi

Hospital ethics committees have arisen in response to the serious moral dilemmas that are becoming increasingly prevalent in medical practice. This article outlines the historical development of such committees by reviewing some celebrated cases and also categorizes the committees as ethical-praxeological, legal-scientific, or deontological-technical, according to their functions and structure. In addition, a description is given of the establishment of interdisciplinary committees in several health institutions in Argentina that deal with teaching, research, and consultation related to decision-making involving moral questions; case study and clinical ethics protocols; analysis of the relationship between health professionals and patients; and other related topics. Finally, based on their own experience in this field and knowledge of models employed in other countries, the authors offer theoretical, methodological, and administrative recommendations for the establishment of ethics committees.

The hospital ethics committee (HEC) is an entity that arose relatively recently, in the 1980s, in response to various concerns about how to choose the ethically correct path in dealing with a wide range of novel situations being brought about by the advances of medicine. This article recounts the hospital ethics committee's historical background, briefly defines its nature, describes the Argentine experience with it to the present, reviews existing guidelines for organizing and operating an HEC, and makes a number of recommendations designed to heighten awareness of the HEC's potential and promote its use.

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The hospital ethics committee (HEC) is an entity that arose relatively recently, in the 1980s, in response to various concerns about how to choose the ethically correct path in dealing with a wide range of novel situations being brought about by the advances of medicine. This article recounts the hospital ethics committee's historical background, briefly defines its nature, describes the Argentine experience with it to the present, reviews existing guidelines for organizing and operating an HEC, and makes a number of recommendations designed to heighten awareness of the HEC's potential and promote its use.

The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO points out a significant progress to the history of bioethics. The Declaration was elaborated by an United Nations organizationand strongly entails ethical principles to human rights. In this way, the Declaration sustains a moral universalism directed towards the national States for a concrete application. In the current world where economic interests are globalized and global inequities are the main threat for bioethics, the Declaration streng- thens the safeguard for equality and justice for all human beings regarding human dignity.

In our region, bioethics as an academic discipline and a public movement is still in its beginning stages. The historical changes resulting from scientific and technological advances in biomedicine and from the liberal and pluralist character of industrialized countries have barely begun to occur in the developing countries of Latin America, which remain largely “pretechnical” in their orientation. Bioethics as a secular discipline, with its principles of beneficence, autonomy, and justice, and its emphasis on the rational and free agent in the therapeutic relationship, has not yet reached Latin America [5].

En el ano 2002 se demarco un nuevo campo interdisciplinario de estudios denominado neuroetica . Desde entonces se han presentado algunas definiciones de la misma con distintos significados. Se ha hablado asi de una neuroetica aplicada y una neuroetica fundamental. Esta ultima ha pretendido dar cuenta del desarrollo del pensamiento y el juicio moral desde autores como Jean-Pierre Changeux y Kathinka Evers. Ese intento presenta, sin embargo, varios problemas epistemologicos que obligan a preguntarse ?que es la neuroetica? En este trabajo pretendemos delimitar el alcance y los limites en la fundamentacion de este nuevo campo.

The ethical problems in vaccine research have grown in frequency and magnitude in last decades, due to the dominant place of the pharmaceutical industry in the development of such studies. Traditional issues of security and efficacy have been aggravated by the conflicts of interests introduced by commercial competition in a global market worth billions of dollars. We present here a few examples in which the professional integrity of researchers, the moral responsibility of sponsors, and the public regulation and control by national States are put into question. The consequences of these changes represent serious threats to the rights of people included in these studies as well as disputable progress for public health.

... The ethical imperialism of principles over cultural differences and the inability of principlesfundamentalism to protect human rights were also denounced.3. ... 3 Baker R. A theory of international bioethics: multiculturalism, postmodernism, and the bankruptcy of fundamentalism. ...

We the undersigned wish to express our concern about the conduct of the final plenary session of the 5th Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (Paris, 22�23 April, 2004). As we understand it, Mrs. Xiong Lei (Executive Director, Capital Women's Journalist Association, Beijing, China) had originally been invited to present a case for consideration at the Forum, describing studies conducted by Harvard researchers in China. For reasons that are unclear, it was later decided that the case would not be used. However, subsequently, and ...

The European project European and Latin American Systems of Ethics Regulation of Biomedical Research Project (EULABOR) has carried out the first comparative analysis of ethics regulation systems for biomedical research in seven countries in Europe and Latin America, evaluating their roles in the protection of human subjects. We developed a conceptual and methodological framework defining 'ethics regulation system for biomedical research' as a set of actors, institutions, codes and laws involved in overseeing the ethics of biomedical research on humans. This framework allowed us to develop comprehensive national reports by conducting semi-structured interviews to key informants. These reports were summarised and analysed in a comparative analysis. The study showed that the regulatory framework for clinical research in these countries differ in scope. It showed that despite the different political contexts, actors involved and motivations for creating the regulation, in most...

rESuMEN los problemas éticos de las investigaciones sobre vacunas han crecido en las últimas décadas en frecuencia y magnitud debido a la posición dominante de la industria farmacéutica en el desarrollo de esos estudios. las tradicionales cuestiones de seguridad y eficacia se han visto agravadas por el conflicto de intereses introducido por la compe-tencia comercial en un mercado a escala global de miles de millones de dólares. la inte-gridad profesional de los investigadores, la responsabilidad moral de los patrocinadores, y la regulación y control por parte de los estados nacionales, se muestra cuestionada en varios ejemplos. los resultados de estos cambios son las amenazas a la protección de los derechos de las personas incluidas en estas investigaciones y el discutible progreso que resulta para la salud pública. ABStrAct the ethical problems in vaccine research have grown in frequency and magnitude in last decades, due to the dominant place of the pharmaceutical industry in the development of such studies. Traditional issues of security and efficacy have been aggravated by the conflicts of interests introduced by commercial competition in a global market worth billions of dollars. We present here a few examples in which the professional integrity of researchers, the moral responsibility of sponsors, and the public regulation and control by national States are put into question. the consequences of these changes represent serious threats to the rights of people included in these studies as well as disputable progress for public health.