Antropología Cultural, Historia de América y África

At the end of the first decade of the 14th century, Mali Empire’s Mansa Mandé Bukari II, called by the Arabs Abubakari II, which in those days controlled a huge territory in West Africa, organized and led a fleet of more than two thousand ships. They departed from the Senegambian coast towards the
Atlantic Ocean. This transatlantic expedition never returned to the African land, according to the Egyptian erudite Al Umari who wrote about it in his book Masalik al Absar fi mamalik al Amsar in 1342. Surprisingly, Mandé Bukari II has been relegated to the anonymity by the repertoire of oral history kept by the griots. In 1976 the historian, anthropologist and linguist of Guyanese origins Ivan van Sertima published a polemic book titled They Came Before Columbus: the African Presence in Ancient America, on which he defended the African origin
of several Mesoamerican cultures, while he narrated the maritime expedition of the Mansa of Mali. Recent works, like those of the Senegalese linguist and sociologist Pathé Diagne and those of the Malian Gaoussou Diawara, have been added to these theories about the relations between Africans and pre-
Columbian Americans. This article claims to show the theories of the three authors who stand up for the arrival of Mandé Bukari II to America, and the short answers that they have received, while opening a window to the history of the Mali
Empire and to the reflection around a controversial subject in the history of the relations between Africa and America.

I temi della Rivista – Territorio, Turismo, Tecnologia – trovano nell’ “Incontro Fuori Luogo” un’occasione speciale di approfondimento. Uno scienziato sociale di chiara fama risponde a domande su attualità, politica e società, stimolando spunti di riflessione per i nostri lettori.

This international workshop seeks to engage critical reflections intersecting the notions of mobilities, work and the future. Processes of globalisation and neoliberalism have affected contemporary practices and perceptions of mobility and work. Whether for a global middle class traveller or a precarious labour migrant, geographic mobility is perceived as a strategy that bears the potential to improve one’s life. Although job-related spatial mobility is not a new phenomenon, the rise of digital and communication technologies is transforming the way work is conceived, allocated, and performed, challenging received notions of not just work and home, but also ideas of leisure, productive age, and retirement. Given this framework, our workshop asks how the positive social value of mobility in the contemporary world is affecting changing attitudes toward work and shaping future socialities. What is the contribution of ethnographically derived knowledge to the visioning and making of futures of work and mobility? The workshop represents an attempt to decipher and trace out the shifting meaning and contexts emerging at the intersection between new forms of labour, precarity, and mobility. How is the work-leisure binary reformulated in relation to mobile work practices? How do mobility strategies facilitate or subvert the “do what you love” mantra that has come to dominate creative and knowledge economies, contributing to/challenging the rise of an “entreprecariat”? How does platform capitalism influence the way mobile persons enter the labour market? These are some of the issues that this workshop aims to tackle, hoping to build an empirical comparative framework to understand socio-cultural and political changes.

[…] volver como antes no, no quiero... Así estoy bien, solo necesito la babysit-ter y alguien que me limpie el piso… como antes. (Fina; abril, 2020) Fina es una de las mujeres que hemos entrevistado hasta ahora para ex-plorar las contradicciones de las maternidades intensivas (Hays, 1998) impuestas por el confinamiento y la consecuente reorganización familiar. Sobre esta situación, Mara observa que «a cada cerdo le llega su san Mar-tín» (mayo, 2020), en referencia a los roles de género que su pareja y ella desempeñan, y con los que claramente está en desacuerdo. Esta restructuración pone en evidencia las desigualdades, ausencias y no presencias (De Martino, 1961) de las parejas y de las estructuras socia-les de apoyo (actividades extraescolares, redes familiares, cuidadores, etc.) en un confrontamiento constante entre su realidad personal antes de la COVID-19 y la actual (imagen 1).

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The mobile lifestyle of digital nomads mingles remote work, international travel, and multi-local living in ways that both submit to and resist state-based mobility regimes. In this article, we examine this apparent paradox by asking how digital nomads move both with the state and against it. Employing the metaphor of ‘friction’, the analytical lens of ‘governmobility’ and ethnographic fieldwork with digital nomads, the article illustrates how nomads leverage state-imposed constraints into creative forms of ‘border artistry’ that allow them to achieve their lifestyle goals in the shadow of the state. At the same time, however, the article suggests that states are also border artists, an argument developed through an analysis of governments’ recently established special visa programs. The findings suggest that mobility regimes do not merely determine who can or cannot move, enter, or stay, but rather exercise a kind of governmobility that encourages mobile individuals to discipline themselves according to desirable qualities such as self-sufficiency, consumer citizenship, and depoliticised mobility. In this sense, mobility regimes emerge as the mutual interface between digital nomads’ individual strategies to stay on the move and states’ institutional strategies to codify and commodify their legal status.