Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial e... more Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial ecosystems. Mycorrhizal symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists in the capacity of mycorrhizal fungi to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis of 135 fungal genomes from 73 saprotrophic, endophytic and pathogenic species, and 62 mycorrhizal species, including 29 new mycorrhizal genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant fungal guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic genomes available, including ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales. Our analyses show that transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses of degrading enzymes acting on lignin and cellulose, (2) co-option of genes present in saprotrophic ancestors to fulfill new symbiotic functions, (3) diversification of novel, lineage-specific sym...
Tricholoma matsutake is known to be the dominant fungal species in matsutake fruitbody neighborin... more Tricholoma matsutake is known to be the dominant fungal species in matsutake fruitbody neighboring (shiro) soil. To understand the mechanisms behind matsutake dominance, we studied the bacterial communities in matsutake dominant shiro soil and nonshiro soil, isolated the strains of Streptomyces from matsutake mycorrhizal root tips both from shiro soil and from the Pinus densiflora seedlings cultivated in shiro soil. Further, we investigated three Streptomyces spp. for their ability to inhibit fungal growth and Pinus densiflora seedling root elongation as well as two strains for their antifungal and antioxidative properties.
Endophytic fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi co-exist in the mycorrhizal root tips of boreal forest... more Endophytic fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi co-exist in the mycorrhizal root tips of boreal forest trees. However, very little is known about the functional role they play in their host’s biology. The activity of enzymes responsible for important biochemical processes is used to determine the functional role of root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. However, enzyme activity is never studied in the presence of endophytic fungi in-planta. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) root-isolated fungal endophytes on the host plant root morphology, to determine their functional effects using host root-excreted enzyme activity measurements, and to compare them with roots colonized by decomposer and ectomycorrhizal fungal strains and noncolonised Scots pine root tips. Our results show that endophytic fungi did not damage the pine roots in contrast to the decomposer fungi. The endophytic fungi penetrated the cortical cells of the host plant. The ro...
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus capable of in vitro saprotrophic growth, ... more Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus capable of in vitro saprotrophic growth, but the sources of C and N used to generate sporocarps in vivo are not well understood. We examined natural abundance isotope data to investigate this phenomenon. For this purpose, C, N and their stable isotopes ( 13 C, 15 N) content of fungal sporocarps and their potential nutrient sources (i.e., foliage, litter, fine roots, wood, and soil) were investigated from two well-studied sites in Finland and Japan. Our results show that δ 13 C values of T. matsutake and other fungal groups are consistent with those of most studies, but a very high δ 15 N value (16.8‰ ± 2.3) is observed in T. matsutake. Such isotopic pattern of fungal δ 15 N suggests that matsutake has a greater proteolytic potential to digest chemically complex 15 N-enriched organic matter and hydrophobic hyphae. This assumption is further supported by a significant and positive correlation between δ 13 C cap-stipe and δ 15 N cap-stipe exclusively in T. matsutake, which suggests common C and N sources (protein) possible for isotopically enriched cap. The 13 C increase of caps relative to stipe presumably reflects greater contents of 13 C-enriched protein than 13 C-depleted chitin. We conclude that T. matsutake is a typical ECM fungus which obtains for its sporocarp development for both C and N from a common protein source (vs. photosynthetic carbon) present in soil organic matter.
モミ（Abies firma）について，幼根を除去した芽生えの発根および下胚軸片からの不定芽形成による植物体再生法を確立した。幼根を除いた芽生えの針葉の形成にはSH培地が適していた。特に，1.0... more モミ（Abies firma）について，幼根を除去した芽生えの発根および下胚軸片からの不定芽形成による植物体再生法を確立した。幼根を除いた芽生えの針葉の形成にはSH培地が適していた。特に，1.0mg/lのBAPを添加したSH培地で新たな針葉形成が最大となった。新たな針葉の展開した芽生えは1,000ppmのNAA水溶液に基部を1分間浸漬した後，0.3％の活性炭を添加したホルモンを含まない1/2SH培地に移植したところ，発根して植物体が再生した。発根率は63.6％であった。培養5週間後に，BAP1.0mg/lとNAA0.3mg/lを添加したSH培地上で培養した下胚軸片から，不定芽が形成された。これらをホルモンを含まない1/2SH培地に移すシュートの形成が見られ，伸長したシュートは幼根を幼根を除いた芽生えの場合と同じ方法で発根させ植物体を再生させることが出来た。 Two successful plant regeneration procedures for Abies firma from seedlings from which radicles were removed and from excised hypocotyl segments through adventitious bud formation were established. SH medium was found to be adaptable to needle development of de-rooted seedlings. They developed the maximum number of new needles on SH medium containing 1.0mg/l BAP and rooted on hormone-free 1/2SH medium containing 0.3% activated charcoal following immersion in 1,000ppm NAA solution for 1 min. The frequency of rooted explants was 63.6%. Adventitious buds were induced on excised hypocotyls on SH medium supplem...
ABSTRACT Commercial harvesting of matsutake in Finland has driven the need to understand how frui... more ABSTRACT Commercial harvesting of matsutake in Finland has driven the need to understand how fruiting is affected by climate and habitat. A productive site in Finland was studied in this respect. Productivity, duration, and early onset of fruiting were examined in relation to mean air temperature, soil temperature, accumulated degree-days, and precipitation. We monitored the fruiting of matsutake and other macrofungi during 2008-2013. As a pilot study, our results showed the timing and yield of the annual fruiting of Tricholoma matsutake varies in Southern Finland and can occur from the middle of July to middle of September; although we did not find a clear and simple correlation between fruiting and rainfall, an average amount of precipitation (i.e. 90-110% of the long-term average precipitation) prior to the first fruiting was associated with high yield; we did not identify any threshold soil temperature associated with the onset of fruiting, however, we found that soil temperature might provide a means to monitor the end of the matsutake fruiting period, and late onset or higher soil temperatures prior to the first fruiting were associated with shorter fruiting periods. These results can be further utilized for developing a model to predict the yield of T. matsutake in Nordic regions.
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms commercially important mushrooms in ... more Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms commercially important mushrooms in coniferous forests. In this study, we explored the ability of T. matsutake to form mycorrhizae with Pinus sylvestris by inoculating emblings produced through somatic embryogenesis (SE) in an aseptic culture system. Two months after inoculation, clones with less phenolic compounds in the tissue culture phase formed mycorrhizae with T. matsutake, while clones containing more phenols did not. Effects of inoculation on embling growth varied among clones; two of the four tested showed a significant increase in biomass and two had a significant increase in root density. In addition, results suggest that clones forming well-developed mycorrhizae absorbed more Al, Fe, Na, P, and Zn after 8 weeks of inoculation. This study illustrates the value of SE materials in experimental work concerning T. matsutake as well as the role played by phenolic compounds in host plant response to infection by mycorrhizal fungi.
The genetic relationship among Tricholoma matsutake and T. nauseosum strains collected from vario... more The genetic relationship among Tricholoma matsutake and T. nauseosum strains collected from various parts of the Northern Hemisphere was investigated using sequence analysis of the rDNA ITS region and PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA IGS-1 region. ITS sequence similarity between T. matsutake and T. nauseosum ranged between 98.1% and 100%. The strains of T. matsutake from coniferous forests and those from broad-leaved forests showed more than 99.8% similarity in their ITS sequences. Three distinct RFLP types were detected when IGS-1 regions were digested with Cfr13I. RFLP patterns showed no variability among the strains of T. nauseosum and those of T. matsutake from broad-leaved forests. This pattern corresponded to the dominant RFLP type in the Japanese population of T. matsutake. Thus, strains belonging to this RFLP type are widely distributed throughout East Asia and Europe and associated with many tree species of Pinaceae and Fagaceae. The result suggests that T. matsutake in coniferous and broad-leaved forests and T. nauseosum should be treated as the same species genetically.
The root systems of 1 1-wk-old Pinus densiflora seedlings were inoculated with a hyphal suspensio... more The root systems of 1 1-wk-old Pinus densiflora seedlings were inoculated with a hyphal suspension of Tricholoma matsutake and aseptically incubated for 4 wk in a forest soil without supplying exogenous carbohydrates. One week following inoculation, fungal hyphae had colonized the root surface and bound soil particles together establishing a rootsubstrate continuum. Fungal hyphae were visible within the main root cortex following clearing, bleaching and staining. In the ensuing days, fungal colonization was observed within elongating lateral roots in which Hartig net formation was confirmed 4 wk after inoculation. This is the first report of rapid ectomycorrhizal infection of P. densiflora seedlings by T. matsutake.
The first in vitro aseptic synthesis of Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pe... more The first in vitro aseptic synthesis of Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch is reported. Techniques were improved for the aseptic synthesis of ectomycorrhizas of A. firma, a slow-growing species in vitro, and Pisolithus tinctorius using a novel culture medium and both sterilized and re-rooted seedlings. After 2-3 months incubation, ectomycorrhizas were formed by both methods. The mycorrhizas possessed a mantle and a highly branched nonseptate Hartig net mycelium colonizing the intercellular spaces within the host cortex, features characteristic of ectomycorrhizas. These techniques will prove useful for addressing physiological and biochemical questions on the interactions of microbes with roots of whole plants.
... GILL WM, GUERIN-LAGUETTE A, LAPEYRIE F, SUZUKI K (2000) Mat-sutake morphological evidence o... more ... GILL WM, GUERIN-LAGUETTE A, LAPEYRIE F, SUZUKI K (2000) Mat-sutake morphological evidence of ectomycorrhiza formati-on between Tricholoma matsutake and host roots in a pure Pi-nus densiflora forest stand. New Phytologist 147: 381-388. ...
Page 1. J. For. Res. 5:293-297 (2000) Short Communication Only Two Weeks Are Required for Trichol... more Page 1. J. For. Res. 5:293-297 (2000) Short Communication Only Two Weeks Are Required for Tricholoma matsutake to Differentiate Ectomycorrhizal Hartig Net Structures in Roots of Pinus densiflora Seedlings Cultivated on Artificial Substrate ...
ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the interaction between temperature and genotype in terms... more ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the interaction between temperature and genotype in terms of the effect on early seedling development of European aspen (Populus tremula) and various F2-aspen hybrids. We evaluated the response of 16 different European aspen and F2-hybrid families on seed germination, survival rate and seedling height in one- and two-family trials under three different temperature regimes. In one-family trials, higher germination and higher survival rates were observed in higher temperature (C1700), leading to taller seedlings. European aspen × hybrid aspen individuals (Asp × Hyb) had a higher survival rate and taller seedlings than Asp, Hyb × Asp or Hyb × Hyb individuals. The difference between Asp × Hyb and Hyb × Asp was pronounced. Both growth conditions and genotype (i.e., hybrid cross) had strong effects on germination, survival rate and height of European aspen and F2-hybrid seedlings. However, the interaction of genotype and growth conditions also had a significant influence on survival rate and seedling height, but not on germination. Two-family trials involving European aspen and F2-hybrids led to significant negative effects on germination and survival rate and also facilitation effects on seedling height. Similarly, genotype had strong effects on germination and survival rate. Different genotypes and traits affected survival rate and seedling height differently in different growth conditions. These differences were more pronounced in the warmest environment, i.e., 1,700 degree days. We conclude that introgression between F2-hybrids and local European aspen is likely in the current climate, and any warming will likely favor certain F2-hybrids, especially the most probable types (P. tremula × (P. tremula × P. tremuloides)).
Removing the litter layer from an area known to contain matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) is belie... more Removing the litter layer from an area known to contain matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) is believed to enhance mushroom productivity in Asian countries where it occurs. This study aimed to understand the effect of understorey vegetation and litter cover on matsutake fruitbody formation and to evaluate the utility of litter derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a growth medium. An inventory of understorey vegetation and litter cover was conducted in a productive forest site mainly including conifers that contained 15 plots in which fruitbodies had formed in successive years and 15 nearby control plots without fruitbodies. Litter composition of fruiting plots was investigated. Two T. matsutake isolates were incubated for one month in DOM derived from decomposing spruce or birch litter and mycelial growth was estimated by monitoring the concentration of ergosterol. Although plant diversity was rather uniform in the study site, total vegetation cover was substantially lower and litter cover was somewhat higher in fruiting plots. We concluded that litter derived carbon has a positive impact on T. matsutake fruitbody formation. This was confirmed by in vitro culture experiments where T. matsutake was able to grow in spruce litter derived DOM.
Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial e... more Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial ecosystems. Mycorrhizal symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists in the capacity of mycorrhizal fungi to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis of 135 fungal genomes from 73 saprotrophic, endophytic and pathogenic species, and 62 mycorrhizal species, including 29 new mycorrhizal genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant fungal guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic genomes available, including ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales. Our analyses show that transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses of degrading enzymes acting on lignin and cellulose, (2) co-option of genes present in saprotrophic ancestors to fulfill new symbiotic functions, (3) diversification of novel, lineage-specific sym...
Tricholoma matsutake is known to be the dominant fungal species in matsutake fruitbody neighborin... more Tricholoma matsutake is known to be the dominant fungal species in matsutake fruitbody neighboring (shiro) soil. To understand the mechanisms behind matsutake dominance, we studied the bacterial communities in matsutake dominant shiro soil and nonshiro soil, isolated the strains of Streptomyces from matsutake mycorrhizal root tips both from shiro soil and from the Pinus densiflora seedlings cultivated in shiro soil. Further, we investigated three Streptomyces spp. for their ability to inhibit fungal growth and Pinus densiflora seedling root elongation as well as two strains for their antifungal and antioxidative properties.
Endophytic fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi co-exist in the mycorrhizal root tips of boreal forest... more Endophytic fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi co-exist in the mycorrhizal root tips of boreal forest trees. However, very little is known about the functional role they play in their host’s biology. The activity of enzymes responsible for important biochemical processes is used to determine the functional role of root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. However, enzyme activity is never studied in the presence of endophytic fungi in-planta. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) root-isolated fungal endophytes on the host plant root morphology, to determine their functional effects using host root-excreted enzyme activity measurements, and to compare them with roots colonized by decomposer and ectomycorrhizal fungal strains and noncolonised Scots pine root tips. Our results show that endophytic fungi did not damage the pine roots in contrast to the decomposer fungi. The endophytic fungi penetrated the cortical cells of the host plant. The ro...
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus capable of in vitro saprotrophic growth, ... more Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus capable of in vitro saprotrophic growth, but the sources of C and N used to generate sporocarps in vivo are not well understood. We examined natural abundance isotope data to investigate this phenomenon. For this purpose, C, N and their stable isotopes ( 13 C, 15 N) content of fungal sporocarps and their potential nutrient sources (i.e., foliage, litter, fine roots, wood, and soil) were investigated from two well-studied sites in Finland and Japan. Our results show that δ 13 C values of T. matsutake and other fungal groups are consistent with those of most studies, but a very high δ 15 N value (16.8‰ ± 2.3) is observed in T. matsutake. Such isotopic pattern of fungal δ 15 N suggests that matsutake has a greater proteolytic potential to digest chemically complex 15 N-enriched organic matter and hydrophobic hyphae. This assumption is further supported by a significant and positive correlation between δ 13 C cap-stipe and δ 15 N cap-stipe exclusively in T. matsutake, which suggests common C and N sources (protein) possible for isotopically enriched cap. The 13 C increase of caps relative to stipe presumably reflects greater contents of 13 C-enriched protein than 13 C-depleted chitin. We conclude that T. matsutake is a typical ECM fungus which obtains for its sporocarp development for both C and N from a common protein source (vs. photosynthetic carbon) present in soil organic matter.
モミ（Abies firma）について，幼根を除去した芽生えの発根および下胚軸片からの不定芽形成による植物体再生法を確立した。幼根を除いた芽生えの針葉の形成にはSH培地が適していた。特に，1.0... more モミ（Abies firma）について，幼根を除去した芽生えの発根および下胚軸片からの不定芽形成による植物体再生法を確立した。幼根を除いた芽生えの針葉の形成にはSH培地が適していた。特に，1.0mg/lのBAPを添加したSH培地で新たな針葉形成が最大となった。新たな針葉の展開した芽生えは1,000ppmのNAA水溶液に基部を1分間浸漬した後，0.3％の活性炭を添加したホルモンを含まない1/2SH培地に移植したところ，発根して植物体が再生した。発根率は63.6％であった。培養5週間後に，BAP1.0mg/lとNAA0.3mg/lを添加したSH培地上で培養した下胚軸片から，不定芽が形成された。これらをホルモンを含まない1/2SH培地に移すシュートの形成が見られ，伸長したシュートは幼根を幼根を除いた芽生えの場合と同じ方法で発根させ植物体を再生させることが出来た。 Two successful plant regeneration procedures for Abies firma from seedlings from which radicles were removed and from excised hypocotyl segments through adventitious bud formation were established. SH medium was found to be adaptable to needle development of de-rooted seedlings. They developed the maximum number of new needles on SH medium containing 1.0mg/l BAP and rooted on hormone-free 1/2SH medium containing 0.3% activated charcoal following immersion in 1,000ppm NAA solution for 1 min. The frequency of rooted explants was 63.6%. Adventitious buds were induced on excised hypocotyls on SH medium supplem...
ABSTRACT Commercial harvesting of matsutake in Finland has driven the need to understand how frui... more ABSTRACT Commercial harvesting of matsutake in Finland has driven the need to understand how fruiting is affected by climate and habitat. A productive site in Finland was studied in this respect. Productivity, duration, and early onset of fruiting were examined in relation to mean air temperature, soil temperature, accumulated degree-days, and precipitation. We monitored the fruiting of matsutake and other macrofungi during 2008-2013. As a pilot study, our results showed the timing and yield of the annual fruiting of Tricholoma matsutake varies in Southern Finland and can occur from the middle of July to middle of September; although we did not find a clear and simple correlation between fruiting and rainfall, an average amount of precipitation (i.e. 90-110% of the long-term average precipitation) prior to the first fruiting was associated with high yield; we did not identify any threshold soil temperature associated with the onset of fruiting, however, we found that soil temperature might provide a means to monitor the end of the matsutake fruiting period, and late onset or higher soil temperatures prior to the first fruiting were associated with shorter fruiting periods. These results can be further utilized for developing a model to predict the yield of T. matsutake in Nordic regions.
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms commercially important mushrooms in ... more Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms commercially important mushrooms in coniferous forests. In this study, we explored the ability of T. matsutake to form mycorrhizae with Pinus sylvestris by inoculating emblings produced through somatic embryogenesis (SE) in an aseptic culture system. Two months after inoculation, clones with less phenolic compounds in the tissue culture phase formed mycorrhizae with T. matsutake, while clones containing more phenols did not. Effects of inoculation on embling growth varied among clones; two of the four tested showed a significant increase in biomass and two had a significant increase in root density. In addition, results suggest that clones forming well-developed mycorrhizae absorbed more Al, Fe, Na, P, and Zn after 8 weeks of inoculation. This study illustrates the value of SE materials in experimental work concerning T. matsutake as well as the role played by phenolic compounds in host plant response to infection by mycorrhizal fungi.
The genetic relationship among Tricholoma matsutake and T. nauseosum strains collected from vario... more The genetic relationship among Tricholoma matsutake and T. nauseosum strains collected from various parts of the Northern Hemisphere was investigated using sequence analysis of the rDNA ITS region and PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA IGS-1 region. ITS sequence similarity between T. matsutake and T. nauseosum ranged between 98.1% and 100%. The strains of T. matsutake from coniferous forests and those from broad-leaved forests showed more than 99.8% similarity in their ITS sequences. Three distinct RFLP types were detected when IGS-1 regions were digested with Cfr13I. RFLP patterns showed no variability among the strains of T. nauseosum and those of T. matsutake from broad-leaved forests. This pattern corresponded to the dominant RFLP type in the Japanese population of T. matsutake. Thus, strains belonging to this RFLP type are widely distributed throughout East Asia and Europe and associated with many tree species of Pinaceae and Fagaceae. The result suggests that T. matsutake in coniferous and broad-leaved forests and T. nauseosum should be treated as the same species genetically.
The root systems of 1 1-wk-old Pinus densiflora seedlings were inoculated with a hyphal suspensio... more The root systems of 1 1-wk-old Pinus densiflora seedlings were inoculated with a hyphal suspension of Tricholoma matsutake and aseptically incubated for 4 wk in a forest soil without supplying exogenous carbohydrates. One week following inoculation, fungal hyphae had colonized the root surface and bound soil particles together establishing a rootsubstrate continuum. Fungal hyphae were visible within the main root cortex following clearing, bleaching and staining. In the ensuing days, fungal colonization was observed within elongating lateral roots in which Hartig net formation was confirmed 4 wk after inoculation. This is the first report of rapid ectomycorrhizal infection of P. densiflora seedlings by T. matsutake.
The first in vitro aseptic synthesis of Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pe... more The first in vitro aseptic synthesis of Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch is reported. Techniques were improved for the aseptic synthesis of ectomycorrhizas of A. firma, a slow-growing species in vitro, and Pisolithus tinctorius using a novel culture medium and both sterilized and re-rooted seedlings. After 2-3 months incubation, ectomycorrhizas were formed by both methods. The mycorrhizas possessed a mantle and a highly branched nonseptate Hartig net mycelium colonizing the intercellular spaces within the host cortex, features characteristic of ectomycorrhizas. These techniques will prove useful for addressing physiological and biochemical questions on the interactions of microbes with roots of whole plants.
... GILL WM, GUERIN-LAGUETTE A, LAPEYRIE F, SUZUKI K (2000) Mat-sutake morphological evidence o... more ... GILL WM, GUERIN-LAGUETTE A, LAPEYRIE F, SUZUKI K (2000) Mat-sutake morphological evidence of ectomycorrhiza formati-on between Tricholoma matsutake and host roots in a pure Pi-nus densiflora forest stand. New Phytologist 147: 381-388. ...
Page 1. J. For. Res. 5:293-297 (2000) Short Communication Only Two Weeks Are Required for Trichol... more Page 1. J. For. Res. 5:293-297 (2000) Short Communication Only Two Weeks Are Required for Tricholoma matsutake to Differentiate Ectomycorrhizal Hartig Net Structures in Roots of Pinus densiflora Seedlings Cultivated on Artificial Substrate ...
ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the interaction between temperature and genotype in terms... more ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the interaction between temperature and genotype in terms of the effect on early seedling development of European aspen (Populus tremula) and various F2-aspen hybrids. We evaluated the response of 16 different European aspen and F2-hybrid families on seed germination, survival rate and seedling height in one- and two-family trials under three different temperature regimes. In one-family trials, higher germination and higher survival rates were observed in higher temperature (C1700), leading to taller seedlings. European aspen × hybrid aspen individuals (Asp × Hyb) had a higher survival rate and taller seedlings than Asp, Hyb × Asp or Hyb × Hyb individuals. The difference between Asp × Hyb and Hyb × Asp was pronounced. Both growth conditions and genotype (i.e., hybrid cross) had strong effects on germination, survival rate and height of European aspen and F2-hybrid seedlings. However, the interaction of genotype and growth conditions also had a significant influence on survival rate and seedling height, but not on germination. Two-family trials involving European aspen and F2-hybrids led to significant negative effects on germination and survival rate and also facilitation effects on seedling height. Similarly, genotype had strong effects on germination and survival rate. Different genotypes and traits affected survival rate and seedling height differently in different growth conditions. These differences were more pronounced in the warmest environment, i.e., 1,700 degree days. We conclude that introgression between F2-hybrids and local European aspen is likely in the current climate, and any warming will likely favor certain F2-hybrids, especially the most probable types (P. tremula × (P. tremula × P. tremuloides)).
Removing the litter layer from an area known to contain matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) is belie... more Removing the litter layer from an area known to contain matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) is believed to enhance mushroom productivity in Asian countries where it occurs. This study aimed to understand the effect of understorey vegetation and litter cover on matsutake fruitbody formation and to evaluate the utility of litter derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a growth medium. An inventory of understorey vegetation and litter cover was conducted in a productive forest site mainly including conifers that contained 15 plots in which fruitbodies had formed in successive years and 15 nearby control plots without fruitbodies. Litter composition of fruiting plots was investigated. Two T. matsutake isolates were incubated for one month in DOM derived from decomposing spruce or birch litter and mycelial growth was estimated by monitoring the concentration of ergosterol. Although plant diversity was rather uniform in the study site, total vegetation cover was substantially lower and litter cover was somewhat higher in fruiting plots. We concluded that litter derived carbon has a positive impact on T. matsutake fruitbody formation. This was confirmed by in vitro culture experiments where T. matsutake was able to grow in spruce litter derived DOM.
International Conference on Clinical Plant Science, 2019
Afzelia africana, Entada africana, and Pterocarpus erinaceus are economically important tropical ... more Afzelia africana, Entada africana, and Pterocarpus erinaceus are economically important tropical tree species in Africa. In this study, we performed morphological and molecular analyses to examine the mycorrhizal status of these species in their natural habitat in Benin, West Africa. Fine roots were examined using trypan blue staining. Putative arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were identified by extracting root DNA and sequencing the large subunit region of ribosomal DNA. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were positioned on a consensus phylogenetic tree produced using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining models. Morphological analyses revealed vesicles, arbuscules, and inter- and intracellular hyphae in roots of all three tree species. Molecular analyses revealed 39 AMF OTUs, among which 18 were from roots of E. africana, 15 from P. erinaceus, and 9 from A. africana. These OTUs belonged to Glomus, Nanoglomus, Rhizoglomus, Sclerocystis, Septoglomus, and Scutellospora; two unidentified species belonged to the family Glomeraceae. This is the first study to report AMF in roots of A. africana, E. africana, and P. erinaceus in Benin, and opens new avenues for future studies.
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