Papers by Prasanth Venugopal
Energies, 2017
This paper deals with a generic methodology to evaluate the magnetic parameters 1 of contactless ... more This paper deals with a generic methodology to evaluate the magnetic parameters 1 of contactless power transfer systems. Neumann's integral has been used to create a matrix 2 method that can model the magnetics of single coils (circle, square, rectangle). The principle 3 of superposition has been utilised to extend the theory to multi-coil geometries such as double 4 circular, double rectangle and double rectangle quadrature. Numerical and experimental validation 5 has been performed to validate the analytical models developed. A rigorous application of the 6 analysis has been carried out to study misalignment and hence the efficacy of various geometries to 7 misalignment tolerance. Comparison of single-coil and multi-coil IPT systems (MCIPT) considering 8 coupling variation with misalignment, power transferred and maximum efficiency is carried out.
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— One of the first of its kind, a pilot project involving the instalment of solar roads in Kromme... more — One of the first of its kind, a pilot project involving the instalment of solar roads in Krommenie, was successfully implemented by the consortium of the province of North Holland, TNO, Ooms and Imtech. Seen as a living lab for knowledge gathering in this nascent application area, with a potential of widening the proliferation of PV technologies, the testing of the operating performance of the installed solar road stretch is ongoing. In this context, the theoretical model for energy yield of the solar road is developed to facilitate the future comparative analysis with the real-time measured data. A combination of Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) to solar roads has been suggested for convenient charging of e-bikes in stands.
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This paper deals with a green energy highway in the Netherlands. Here, the development of electri... more This paper deals with a green energy highway in the Netherlands. Here, the development of electric mobility and self-driving cars is introduced. The ideas of wireless power integration with green energy technologies-solar and wind is considered. In case of wind energy, conventional turbines and bladeless vortex are considered as options. Solaroads along the emergency lanes are also investigated. A Dutch highway A12 is considered as a case study and sizing of these energy sources for electric mobility is considered. A grid power demand profile is considered and number of EVs that can be charged hourly is calculated. A preliminary investigation of the combination of IPT and Self-Healing roads is considered in this study.
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of Multi-Coil Inductive Power Transfer (MCIPT) systems... more This paper presents a comparative analysis of Multi-Coil Inductive Power Transfer (MCIPT) systems. A multi-coil magnetic system can be decomposed into a single system of coils using matrix manipulation when the system is linear. A comparitive analytical study of air-cored coils to estimate the magnetic parameters-L, M, k of several coil shapes-circular, rectangular, square, segmented circular and segmented rectangular (DD) is then carried out. A misalignment shape characteristic is obtained and comparisons brought out. Important criteria to be considered for misalignment tolerant MCIPT is also described. A boundary for performance limits of misaligned multi-coil IPT systems is presented.
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An analytical estimation of driving range of electric
vehicles (EVs) with contactIess on-road ch... more An analytical estimation of driving range of electric
vehicles (EVs) with contactIess on-road charging system is
presented in this paper. Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems
with different configurations (static, dynamic), power levels
and road coverage have different (and non-linear) impact on
the driving range. A generic methodology has been developed
to estimate the driving range of any EV by defining a set
of formulae linearly dependant on vehicle mass, frontal area,
IPT system configuration, power level and road coverage area.
Driving cycle constants are defined to take into account the
variation in the consumption pattern of the EV with the velocity
profile.
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This paper presents a generalised analysis of
a multi-frequency system with two transmitter coil... more This paper presents a generalised analysis of
a multi-frequency system with two transmitter coils, each
carrying a current of a different frequency and deals with
the frequency decoupling of multi-coil IPT systems. Frequency
decoupling as an alternative to spatial decoupling is suggested
and a design procedure considering the mutual coupling
between all the coils in the IPT system, is elucidated. Simulation
results of a 100 kHz and 30 kHz system are presented and
experimental results that validate this theory are provided.
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Economic viability of on-road charging strongly depends on the choice of inductive power transfer... more Economic viability of on-road charging strongly depends on the choice of inductive power transfer (IPT) system configuration (static or dynamic charging), charging power level and the percentage road coverage of dynamic charging. In this paper, a case study is carried out to determine the expected investment costs involved in installing the on-road charging infrastructure. Economic implications of a combination of different IPT system parameters for achieving the required driving range is explored.
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In this paper, Neumann’s integral is evaluated for
computing self-inductance using a multi-turn ... more In this paper, Neumann’s integral is evaluated for
computing self-inductance using a multi-turn sectional matrix
method. Analytical equations are derived considering the increase
in dimensions of the coil due to an impinging air-gap between the
turns. The resulting sectional self-inductance matrix is computed
and the concepts of sectional partial self-inductance and sectional
partial mutual inductance are introduced. The effects of the
various partial inductances are considered as a function of the
air-gap, dimensions and turns. Further, the mutual inductance
of a pair of coils is considered and the coupling is obtained
analytically. The coils considered are to be used for shape
optimization of IPT coils. Finally, the results are compared with
experimentation. This technique being generic can be applied
to a number of different polygonal shapes and can be further
simplified by the theory of vector decomposition of current
elements. A case study with self-inductance and perimeter as
optimization objective is considered.
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This paper looks into the problem of misalignment in
distributed inductive power transfer system... more This paper looks into the problem of misalignment in
distributed inductive power transfer systems. The idea of varying mutual inductance longitudinally referred to as longitudinal misalignment is introduced here. The analytical expressions for both lateral and longitudinal misalignment are derived. Experimental validation of the theory developed is also performed. In case of conventional rectangular coils, the vertical sections are not symmetrical. This was observed in the mutual inductance profile experimentally, and the concept of “Edge Effect” was introduced to explain the same. An inductor with symmetrical ends was constructed to tackle this problem.
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Distributed inductive power transfer (IPT) systems
address the range restrictions of electric ve... more Distributed inductive power transfer (IPT) systems
address the range restrictions of electric vehicles (EVs), charging
the battery on-road through a loosely coupled transformer.
Comparing different primary and secondary coil topologies is
the main objective of this paper. Variations including single and
multiphase layouts are analyzed by laboratory experimentation
and finite element simulations. A system parameter optimization
algorithm is introduced, utilizing sensitivity analysis techniques
and equivalent circuit representation. Interphase power
circulation in multiphase system primaries is addressed by a
terminal correction setup, minimizing the interphase mutual
inductance. The optimized designs are compared in terms of
power and efficiency under alignment variations.
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This paper presents the theoretical analysis followed
by experimental investigation of a bidirec... more This paper presents the theoretical analysis followed
by experimental investigation of a bidirectional LCL-CPT
system, where voltage-control is used for the regulation of the
transferred power. The system uses an Air Core Transformer,
which is a loosely coupled system, where SiC MOSFETs have
been experimentally tested to push the frequency up to 110 kHz.
The issues rising from the combination of the voltage-controlled
LCL-CPT system are underlined and validated through the
experimental prototype. In addition, an appropriate control
scheme is presented and various control aspects regarding the
implementation of the voltage-control are pointed out.
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Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), 2013 IEEE, 2013
A major problem concerning On Road Charging of Electric Vehicles via Inductive Power Transfer (IP... more A major problem concerning On Road Charging of Electric Vehicles via Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) links is the large variation in power transfer and efficiency due to displacement of the secondary from the primary. This paper looks into this problem referred to as misalignment, both laterally and longitudinally. For lateral misalignment, experimental results were obtained by considering horizontal and vertical coils separately. The technique of combining the quadrature coils to form the quadrature pickup so as to obtain a flatter mutual inductance profile is suggested by directly combining the individual secondary coils. Longitudinal misalignment is particularly of interest when sectional primaries are to be constructed. In case of longitudinal misalignment, unsymmetrical mutual inductance profile at the extremes of the primary was observed experimentally. The concept of “Edge Effect” was introduced to explain the same. A solution to this problem is suggested and the concept of Best Efficiency Point (BEP) introduced. Theoretical efficiencies were obtained to select the best configuration of the primary for power transfer.
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Design of a contactless power transfer system with supercapacitor based primary energy storage fo... more Design of a contactless power transfer system with supercapacitor based primary energy storage for electric vehicle application is described in this paper. The contactless power transfer system which uses inductively coupled coils to transfer power over a large air gap has been developed. Compensation topologies and the operational frequency of power transfer system have been studied in order to obtain maximum efficiency and high power transfer capability. An experimental setup is built using the design considerations so derived and design parameters for such a system is laid out. Finally, a microcontroller charge control mechanism is implemented to operate the system in a safe region and avoid over charging of supercapacitors.
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irtual laboratories that animate scientific phenomena are becoming an increasingly popular method... more irtual laboratories that animate scientific phenomena are becoming an increasingly popular method to teach students. Electrical engineering is considered difficult to understand as it demands a high level of imagination. This difficulty can be dealt with to a large extent by developing visual aids in the form of animations. Animations can help students to grasp the idea quickly and therefore can serve as an effective aid for the learning process. This paper deals with the development of such a teaching aid to tackle a particular problem in Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (ED&PE). The problem is that of the electrical drive train of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) that can regenerate power during braking or whenever required (Plug-in HEV, PHEV). This paper attempts to give a step-by-step insight into the various design choices, the operation of the converters and their controls, the learning objectives and finally the development of the graphic multimedia for this drive train.
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Modernization of Indian railways has always been a question in focus for the development of the b... more Modernization of Indian railways has always been a question in focus for the development of the basic infrastructure of our country. Since the railways represent one of the best modes of transport available to the common people, it would be impossible to just keep increasing the fares to meet costs incurred due to maintenance, the large workforce and the expansion activities. The railways should consider upgrading itself to cutting-edge technologies for better efficiency and cost reduction. One such up gradation is the role of information technology and e-ticketing which is achieved with the help of RFID technology. This RFID technology has been extensively used in the identification process these days with the help of a card and a reader. The idea has evolved from a systematic study of the computerization of railways and the loopholes in the present day system. A simple theoretical model is proposed which when implemented could result in an easier and better management of the tedious ticketing process.
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Thesis by Prasanth Venugopal
This thesis deals with the modelling and application of magnetic fields in roads. The backbone te... more This thesis deals with the modelling and application of magnetic fields in roads. The backbone technology being inductive power transfer (IPT) for electric vehicles. The magnetics for energy transfer in vehicles, can be adapted for heating steel fibres in roads, referred to as self-healing and modelling this is a second aspect of this thesis. The first sections of this thesis is dedicated to an overview of modelling techniques for coil design of IPT systems using both analytical and semi-analytical tools. A detailed literature review of techniques is followed by a comparison highlighting the strengths and weakness of techniques in terms of ease of use, computational efficiency, application to material interfaces etc. Analytical modelling of single and multi-coil configurations of IPT systems is carried out subsequently. The theory of partial inductance is used to model these geometries, to assess the impact of system parameters such as coupling, power transferred and magnetic efficiency with shapes of couplers and misalignment. Next, the problem of misalignment is highlighted by considering a distributed IPT system. The analytical modelling and experimental analysis of misalignment - lateral and longitudinal is performed. Edge effect is observed and experimentally validated. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to a multi-objective optimization based on the results of the developed analytical model. The goal being the development of a prototype IPT system for powering light EVs. The double rectangular (DR) coupler is chosen as the geometry for power transfer. Several geometry parameters - turns, ferrites (number, dimensions), gap between ferrites etc. are considered as design variables. Efficiency, area related power density and weight are considered as the optimization targets. Pareto fronts are developed and a particle is chosen for the development of a prototype. An experimental set-up is built consisting of a 85 kHz inverter, compensated charge-pads, rectifier and resistive load. The inverter is based on SiC MOSFETS and SiC Schottky anti-parallel diodes, the rectifier made from the same diodes. Phase shift control of the inverter legs is used to control power flow. An experimental analysis to validate the magnetic models is also developed. The third part of this thesis deals with system level economic analysis of IPT technology. A case study of bus fleet is considered and a generic methodology is developed to determine driving range as a function of mass and frontal area of the EV. The economic analysis is performed also identifying the trade-offs between road coverage of IPT, efficiency and battery size. Finally, the thesis culminates with a vision toward a future highway. Such a highway is expected to undergo a functional upgrade to handle electrification of transportation. This evolves around the integration of IPT systems, with low maintenance inductive healing asphalt roadways and renewable energy generation. The modelling challenges to such an integration is studied both using simulations and experiments. A case study for sizing renewable energy in a highway (A12) in the Netherlands using IPT is detailed.
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Papers by Prasanth Venugopal
vehicles (EVs) with contactIess on-road charging system is
presented in this paper. Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems
with different configurations (static, dynamic), power levels
and road coverage have different (and non-linear) impact on
the driving range. A generic methodology has been developed
to estimate the driving range of any EV by defining a set
of formulae linearly dependant on vehicle mass, frontal area,
IPT system configuration, power level and road coverage area.
Driving cycle constants are defined to take into account the
variation in the consumption pattern of the EV with the velocity
profile.
a multi-frequency system with two transmitter coils, each
carrying a current of a different frequency and deals with
the frequency decoupling of multi-coil IPT systems. Frequency
decoupling as an alternative to spatial decoupling is suggested
and a design procedure considering the mutual coupling
between all the coils in the IPT system, is elucidated. Simulation
results of a 100 kHz and 30 kHz system are presented and
experimental results that validate this theory are provided.
computing self-inductance using a multi-turn sectional matrix
method. Analytical equations are derived considering the increase
in dimensions of the coil due to an impinging air-gap between the
turns. The resulting sectional self-inductance matrix is computed
and the concepts of sectional partial self-inductance and sectional
partial mutual inductance are introduced. The effects of the
various partial inductances are considered as a function of the
air-gap, dimensions and turns. Further, the mutual inductance
of a pair of coils is considered and the coupling is obtained
analytically. The coils considered are to be used for shape
optimization of IPT coils. Finally, the results are compared with
experimentation. This technique being generic can be applied
to a number of different polygonal shapes and can be further
simplified by the theory of vector decomposition of current
elements. A case study with self-inductance and perimeter as
optimization objective is considered.
distributed inductive power transfer systems. The idea of varying mutual inductance longitudinally referred to as longitudinal misalignment is introduced here. The analytical expressions for both lateral and longitudinal misalignment are derived. Experimental validation of the theory developed is also performed. In case of conventional rectangular coils, the vertical sections are not symmetrical. This was observed in the mutual inductance profile experimentally, and the concept of “Edge Effect” was introduced to explain the same. An inductor with symmetrical ends was constructed to tackle this problem.
address the range restrictions of electric vehicles (EVs), charging
the battery on-road through a loosely coupled transformer.
Comparing different primary and secondary coil topologies is
the main objective of this paper. Variations including single and
multiphase layouts are analyzed by laboratory experimentation
and finite element simulations. A system parameter optimization
algorithm is introduced, utilizing sensitivity analysis techniques
and equivalent circuit representation. Interphase power
circulation in multiphase system primaries is addressed by a
terminal correction setup, minimizing the interphase mutual
inductance. The optimized designs are compared in terms of
power and efficiency under alignment variations.
by experimental investigation of a bidirectional LCL-CPT
system, where voltage-control is used for the regulation of the
transferred power. The system uses an Air Core Transformer,
which is a loosely coupled system, where SiC MOSFETs have
been experimentally tested to push the frequency up to 110 kHz.
The issues rising from the combination of the voltage-controlled
LCL-CPT system are underlined and validated through the
experimental prototype. In addition, an appropriate control
scheme is presented and various control aspects regarding the
implementation of the voltage-control are pointed out.
Thesis by Prasanth Venugopal
vehicles (EVs) with contactIess on-road charging system is
presented in this paper. Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems
with different configurations (static, dynamic), power levels
and road coverage have different (and non-linear) impact on
the driving range. A generic methodology has been developed
to estimate the driving range of any EV by defining a set
of formulae linearly dependant on vehicle mass, frontal area,
IPT system configuration, power level and road coverage area.
Driving cycle constants are defined to take into account the
variation in the consumption pattern of the EV with the velocity
profile.
a multi-frequency system with two transmitter coils, each
carrying a current of a different frequency and deals with
the frequency decoupling of multi-coil IPT systems. Frequency
decoupling as an alternative to spatial decoupling is suggested
and a design procedure considering the mutual coupling
between all the coils in the IPT system, is elucidated. Simulation
results of a 100 kHz and 30 kHz system are presented and
experimental results that validate this theory are provided.
computing self-inductance using a multi-turn sectional matrix
method. Analytical equations are derived considering the increase
in dimensions of the coil due to an impinging air-gap between the
turns. The resulting sectional self-inductance matrix is computed
and the concepts of sectional partial self-inductance and sectional
partial mutual inductance are introduced. The effects of the
various partial inductances are considered as a function of the
air-gap, dimensions and turns. Further, the mutual inductance
of a pair of coils is considered and the coupling is obtained
analytically. The coils considered are to be used for shape
optimization of IPT coils. Finally, the results are compared with
experimentation. This technique being generic can be applied
to a number of different polygonal shapes and can be further
simplified by the theory of vector decomposition of current
elements. A case study with self-inductance and perimeter as
optimization objective is considered.
distributed inductive power transfer systems. The idea of varying mutual inductance longitudinally referred to as longitudinal misalignment is introduced here. The analytical expressions for both lateral and longitudinal misalignment are derived. Experimental validation of the theory developed is also performed. In case of conventional rectangular coils, the vertical sections are not symmetrical. This was observed in the mutual inductance profile experimentally, and the concept of “Edge Effect” was introduced to explain the same. An inductor with symmetrical ends was constructed to tackle this problem.
address the range restrictions of electric vehicles (EVs), charging
the battery on-road through a loosely coupled transformer.
Comparing different primary and secondary coil topologies is
the main objective of this paper. Variations including single and
multiphase layouts are analyzed by laboratory experimentation
and finite element simulations. A system parameter optimization
algorithm is introduced, utilizing sensitivity analysis techniques
and equivalent circuit representation. Interphase power
circulation in multiphase system primaries is addressed by a
terminal correction setup, minimizing the interphase mutual
inductance. The optimized designs are compared in terms of
power and efficiency under alignment variations.
by experimental investigation of a bidirectional LCL-CPT
system, where voltage-control is used for the regulation of the
transferred power. The system uses an Air Core Transformer,
which is a loosely coupled system, where SiC MOSFETs have
been experimentally tested to push the frequency up to 110 kHz.
The issues rising from the combination of the voltage-controlled
LCL-CPT system are underlined and validated through the
experimental prototype. In addition, an appropriate control
scheme is presented and various control aspects regarding the
implementation of the voltage-control are pointed out.