Qareh Tepe of Sagezabad is one of the most important and distinguished sites in Qazvin plain. The... more Qareh Tepe of Sagezabad is one of the most important and distinguished sites in Qazvin plain. There have been carried out numerous excavations in Qareh Tepe and the other sites in Qazvin plain but the cultural features of Iron III and Achaemenid Periods have not received proper attention. The original border of this tepe was measured and determined in 2016 through archaeo-geophysical and sounding operations that yielding remarkable results. The area increased from 12 to 27 hectares under alluvial soils in perimeter area of site. The evidence obtained indicates an important and extensive site belonging to the late period of this site. There was also discovered a cemetery of high significance that, according to the excavations carried out in 2016 and the cultural material found inside the graves, belongs to Iron II and III periods. Remarkable evidence was found in this cemetery reflecting the cultural features of this particular period, including deranged graves, infants buried next to adults, infants buried in pithos and clay crocks, bodies in ash heap, etc. There burial is in three layers more details of which require additional excavations. Keywords: Qazvin plain, cemetery, Iron III, Achaemenid, Qareh Tepe, Segezabad.
Qazvin Plain is a broad cirque located in the NW part of the Iranian Central Plateau,
extending f... more Qazvin Plain is a broad cirque located in the NW part of the Iranian Central Plateau, extending for c. 60km along the NW-SE axis (along the Alborz Mountains) and c. 30km along the NE-SW axis. North to the village of Sagzabad a complex of archaeological sites has been found, including the cemetery called Qareh Tepe (35◦49′00′′N, 49◦57′08′′E) (Figure 1), which covers more than 5 hectares and contains Iron Age II and III strata (c. 1200-600 BCE according to the local pottery sequence) (Trębicka et al. 2019). Osteological analysis of human remains from Qareh Tepe was conducted according to the protocol proposed by Brickley and McKinley (2004). e sex of adult individuals was based on dimorphic morphologies of the pelvis (Phenice 1969; Buikstra & Ubelaker 1994) and skull (Acsádi & Nemeskéri 1970; Buikstra & Ubelaker 1994). e age-at-death of subadults was based on development and eruption of teeth (AlQahtani et al. 2010), as well as the diaphyseal lengths and epiphysis fusion status (Scheuer et al. 2010).
During the four seasons of excavation (2015-2019) in the newly-discovered Iron Age II and III eas... more During the four seasons of excavation (2015-2019) in the newly-discovered Iron Age II and III eastern cemetery of Qareh Tepe in Sagzabad, 40 cylinder seals were found in the trench 12 in 10 graves. All of these seals have been made from faience. According to the style and composition, they are divided into two distinct types; Local and Neo-Assyrian style. Local style includes abstract animals with long horns, human and animal, undulating ladder-patterned lines, and the oblique square with a diagonal line of the crosshatching. The procession of great bird seals that they have clearly been inspired by the Assyrian type, it can be said that they are probably a local version of an Assyrian type that were made in Iran. Presenting scenes of hunting, Neo-Assyrian style seals also show the expansion of the Assyrian cultural sphere to this region of Iran. Since all of these seals have been found from Qareh Tepe, and many of them have been discovered in women's graves and some even in the graves of infants, they can be strong evidence of punctuation to administrative use, these seals were used in personal ornament necklaces and had possibly a religious function at the beginning of the Iron Age III.
Abstract The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative sys... more Abstract The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative systems in the East has always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins preserved in the Hamadan Museum showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that the Seleucids' policies in relation to the coinage had been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from Demetrius II.
The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges and economic and administrative systems i... more The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges and economic and administrative systems in the East has always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins maintained in the Hamadan Museum showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that the Seleucids' policies in relation to coinage have been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from Demetrius II.
Elemental analysis of Seleucid's silver coins from Hamadan Museum by PIXE technique, 2019
The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative systems in t... more The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative systems in the East has always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins preserved in the Hamadan Museum showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that the Seleucids' policies in relation to the coinage had been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from Demetrius II.
Qareh Tepe of Sagezabad is one of the most important and distinguished sites in Qazvin plain. The... more Qareh Tepe of Sagezabad is one of the most important and distinguished sites in Qazvin plain. There have been carried out numerous excavations in Qareh Tepe and the other sites in Qazvin plain but the cultural features of Iron III and Achaemenid Periods have not received proper attention. The original border of this tepe was measured and determined in 2016 through archaeo-geophysical and sounding operations that yielding remarkable results. The area increased from 12 to 27 hectares under alluvial soils in perimeter area of site. The evidence obtained indicates an important and extensive site belonging to the late period of this site. There was also discovered a cemetery of high significance that, according to the excavations carried out in 2016 and the cultural material found inside the graves, belongs to Iron II and III periods. Remarkable evidence was found in this cemetery reflecting the cultural features of this particular period, including deranged graves, infants buried next to adults, infants buried in pithos and clay crocks, bodies in ash heap, etc. There burial is in three layers more details of which require additional excavations. Keywords: Qazvin plain, cemetery, Iron III, Achaemenid, Qareh Tepe, Segezabad.
Qazvin Plain is a broad cirque located in the NW part of the Iranian Central Plateau,
extending f... more Qazvin Plain is a broad cirque located in the NW part of the Iranian Central Plateau, extending for c. 60km along the NW-SE axis (along the Alborz Mountains) and c. 30km along the NE-SW axis. North to the village of Sagzabad a complex of archaeological sites has been found, including the cemetery called Qareh Tepe (35◦49′00′′N, 49◦57′08′′E) (Figure 1), which covers more than 5 hectares and contains Iron Age II and III strata (c. 1200-600 BCE according to the local pottery sequence) (Trębicka et al. 2019). Osteological analysis of human remains from Qareh Tepe was conducted according to the protocol proposed by Brickley and McKinley (2004). e sex of adult individuals was based on dimorphic morphologies of the pelvis (Phenice 1969; Buikstra & Ubelaker 1994) and skull (Acsádi & Nemeskéri 1970; Buikstra & Ubelaker 1994). e age-at-death of subadults was based on development and eruption of teeth (AlQahtani et al. 2010), as well as the diaphyseal lengths and epiphysis fusion status (Scheuer et al. 2010).
During the four seasons of excavation (2015-2019) in the newly-discovered Iron Age II and III eas... more During the four seasons of excavation (2015-2019) in the newly-discovered Iron Age II and III eastern cemetery of Qareh Tepe in Sagzabad, 40 cylinder seals were found in the trench 12 in 10 graves. All of these seals have been made from faience. According to the style and composition, they are divided into two distinct types; Local and Neo-Assyrian style. Local style includes abstract animals with long horns, human and animal, undulating ladder-patterned lines, and the oblique square with a diagonal line of the crosshatching. The procession of great bird seals that they have clearly been inspired by the Assyrian type, it can be said that they are probably a local version of an Assyrian type that were made in Iran. Presenting scenes of hunting, Neo-Assyrian style seals also show the expansion of the Assyrian cultural sphere to this region of Iran. Since all of these seals have been found from Qareh Tepe, and many of them have been discovered in women's graves and some even in the graves of infants, they can be strong evidence of punctuation to administrative use, these seals were used in personal ornament necklaces and had possibly a religious function at the beginning of the Iron Age III.
Abstract The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative sys... more Abstract The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative systems in the East has always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins preserved in the Hamadan Museum showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that the Seleucids' policies in relation to the coinage had been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from Demetrius II.
The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges and economic and administrative systems i... more The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges and economic and administrative systems in the East has always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins maintained in the Hamadan Museum showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that the Seleucids' policies in relation to coinage have been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from Demetrius II.
Elemental analysis of Seleucid's silver coins from Hamadan Museum by PIXE technique, 2019
The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative systems in t... more The commencement of the use of coins in trade exchanges, economic and administrative systems in the East has always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins preserved in the Hamadan Museum showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that the Seleucids' policies in relation to the coinage had been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from Demetrius II.
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There was also discovered a cemetery of high significance that, according to the excavations carried out in 2016 and the cultural material found inside the graves, belongs to Iron II and III periods. Remarkable evidence was found in this cemetery reflecting the cultural features of this particular period, including deranged graves, infants buried next to adults, infants buried in pithos and clay crocks, bodies in ash heap, etc. There burial is in three layers more details of which require additional excavations.
Keywords: Qazvin plain, cemetery, Iron III, Achaemenid, Qareh Tepe, Segezabad.
Papers
extending for c. 60km along the NW-SE axis (along the Alborz Mountains) and
c. 30km along the NE-SW axis. North to the village of Sagzabad a complex of archaeological
sites has been found, including the cemetery called Qareh Tepe (35◦49′00′′N,
49◦57′08′′E) (Figure 1), which covers more than 5 hectares and contains Iron Age II
and III strata (c. 1200-600 BCE according to the local pottery sequence) (Trębicka et
al. 2019).
Osteological analysis of human remains from Qareh Tepe was conducted according
to the protocol proposed by Brickley and McKinley (2004). e sex of adult
individuals was based on dimorphic morphologies of the pelvis (Phenice 1969; Buikstra
& Ubelaker 1994) and skull (Acsádi & Nemeskéri 1970; Buikstra & Ubelaker
1994). e age-at-death of subadults was based on development and eruption of teeth
(AlQahtani et al. 2010), as well as the diaphyseal lengths and epiphysis fusion status
(Scheuer et al. 2010).
always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of
Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during
the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can
help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive
and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the
coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in
this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main
mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable
information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the
coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins maintained in the Hamadan Museum
showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that
the Seleucids' policies in relation to coinage have been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and
the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from
Demetrius II.
Books
There was also discovered a cemetery of high significance that, according to the excavations carried out in 2016 and the cultural material found inside the graves, belongs to Iron II and III periods. Remarkable evidence was found in this cemetery reflecting the cultural features of this particular period, including deranged graves, infants buried next to adults, infants buried in pithos and clay crocks, bodies in ash heap, etc. There burial is in three layers more details of which require additional excavations.
Keywords: Qazvin plain, cemetery, Iron III, Achaemenid, Qareh Tepe, Segezabad.
extending for c. 60km along the NW-SE axis (along the Alborz Mountains) and
c. 30km along the NE-SW axis. North to the village of Sagzabad a complex of archaeological
sites has been found, including the cemetery called Qareh Tepe (35◦49′00′′N,
49◦57′08′′E) (Figure 1), which covers more than 5 hectares and contains Iron Age II
and III strata (c. 1200-600 BCE according to the local pottery sequence) (Trębicka et
al. 2019).
Osteological analysis of human remains from Qareh Tepe was conducted according
to the protocol proposed by Brickley and McKinley (2004). e sex of adult
individuals was based on dimorphic morphologies of the pelvis (Phenice 1969; Buikstra
& Ubelaker 1994) and skull (Acsádi & Nemeskéri 1970; Buikstra & Ubelaker
1994). e age-at-death of subadults was based on development and eruption of teeth
(AlQahtani et al. 2010), as well as the diaphyseal lengths and epiphysis fusion status
(Scheuer et al. 2010).
always been considered as one of the important mysteries of the ancient economy that was one of the main goals of
Alexander the Great and subsequently the Seleucids. Additionally, the way in which economic policies changed during
the Seleucid era is one of the important issues, which is addressed in the present paper. One of the methods that can
help us to study this economy is the use of the PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission) analysis as a non-destructive
and high-sensitivity method to identify small-amount elements. This method is used to identify the elements in the
coins and to get a better understanding of the qualitative and quantitative stagnation and prosperity of the coinage in
this era. This paper also investigates the differences between the amount of elements in the coins minted by four main
mints in the three main geographical regions of the Seleucids in their eastern and western parts, providing valuable
information about the changes in the monetary system, and the economic, political, and technological conditions of the
coinage. The results obtained from the PIXE analysis of 72 Seleucid coins maintained in the Hamadan Museum
showed that the eastern mints probably used different ores compared to western mints. The results also indicated that
the Seleucids' policies in relation to coinage have been constant from the time of Seleucus I to Alexander I Balas and
the main changes in the coinage and the decline in the fineness of the coins by the addition of copper began from
Demetrius II.