Physics

In this note we give a new upper bound for the Laplacian eigenvalues of an unweighted graph. Let $G$ be a simple graph on $n$ vertices. Let $d_{m}(G)$ and $\lambda_{m+1}(G)$ be the $m$-th smallest degree of $G$ and the $m+1$-th smallest Laplacian eigenvalue of $G$ respectively. Then $ \lambda_{m+1}(G)\leq d_{m}(G)+m-1 $ for $\bar{G} \neq K_{m}+(n-m)K_1 $. We also introduce upper and lower bound for the Laplacian eigenvalues of weighted graphs, and compare it with the special case of unweighted graphs.

We present self-accelerating self-trapped beams in self-focusing and self-defocusing Kerr and saturable media. Such beams are stable under self-defocusing and weak self-focusing, whereas for strong self focusing they off-shoot solitons while their main lobe continues accelerating.

ABSTRACT In 1958, a revolutionary paper by Aharonov and Bohm predicted a phase difference between two parts of an electron wavefunction even when being confined to a regime with no EM field. The Aharonov-Bohm effect was groundbreaking: proving that the EM vector potential is a real physical quantity, affecting the outcome of experiments not only through the EM fields extracted from it. But is the EM potential a real necessity for an Aharonov-Bohm-type effect? Can it exist in a potential-free system such as free-space? Here, we find self-accelerating wavepackets that are solutions of the free Dirac equation, for massive/massless fermions/bosons. These accelerating Dirac particles mimic the dynamics of a free-charge moving under a ``virtual'' EM field, even though no field is acting and there is no charge: the entire dynamics is a direct result of the initial conditions. We show that such particles display an effective Aharonov-Bohm effect caused by exactly the same ``virtual'' potential that also ``causes'' the acceleration. Altogether, along the trajectory, there is no way to distinguish between a real force and the self-induced force - it is real by all measurable quantities. This proves that one can create all effects induced by EM fields by only controlling the initial conditions of a wave pattern, while the dynamics is in free-space. These phenomena can be observed in various settings: e.g., optical waves in honeycomb photonic lattices or in hyperbolic metamaterials, and matter waves in honeycomb interference structures.

ABSTRACT We present a new approach for optimizing a 3D non-paraxial volume for multiphoton florescence microscopy. Our optimized solutions demonstrate volume reduction of up to 6.5, compared to the best current design for three-photon microscopy.