Irina Atanasova

The economic analysis of law is one of the sections of the institutional economic theory. In the recent years, there is an increasing interest in the interdisciplinary researches. The Economic analysis of Law is a new trend in the scientific knowledge and is developed between the economic theory and the jurisprudence. The paper is a brief chronological overview of the emergence of this new scientific field with reference to leading authors like R.Coase, G. Calabresi, X Becker R.Posner and others. The introduction of the Economic analysis of Law into the trainig course of leading universities is a positions expressed by the some Bulgarian authors. / T.Sedlarski, M.Markov /. The paper argues that the economic and the legal systems are interrelated. The institutional and the economic change are a unity of objective processes of transformation in the economic and legal systems of the countries in transition. The legal system influences the behavior of individuals who have the quality according to the economic system as operators / agents . The economic system affects people's behavior accordingly to the legal system. A short overview of the main features and the methodological foundations of the implementation of the Economic of law approach are considered. The subject of the research are scientific principles and reasons for implementing a system of criteria for quality and effectiveness of institutional changes in countries with transforming economy / Bulgaria as an example/.

The paper explores and discusses the application of the ‘non-refoulement' rule (Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees). At the time of massive inflows of refugees from the Middle East, the European states are put under enormous pressure. The unregulated movement of persons between the country of origin, the country, which provided protection and other countries is a challenge to the flexibility of the system of international protection in the European Union. Being signatories of the main refugee treaties, the European member states should avoid automatic repatriation of asylum seekers. In order to avoid such violations, it is necessary to incorporate the main Geneva articles into European national legal systems.

The article explores some of the problems and the principles of the electronic signature. The difference between the electronic and the digital signature is clarified. The basic electronic signature law of the USA, the European Union, United Kingdom, Russia and Bulgaria is summarized. Three of the fundamental legal problems raised by online transactions that have fostered the felt need for electronic signature legislation are examined. For each problem are outlined the underlying concerns and the legislative approaches developed up to date. The use of the electronic signature remarkably improves and increases the efficiency and purity of the state administration, the public services, and the compatibility of the economics and facilitates the business contacts. Electronic signature legislation can and should serve as a vehicle for advancing E-commerce, but there is a need to adapt the legislative approaches as new business models and technologies emerge.

" The only types of laws we need are effective laws, laws that are effective for their purpose, in the case of copyright, to promote the progress of science. " William Patry ABSTRACT: The digitalization of copyrighted works including text, music and video has dramatically increased the efficiency of unauthorized copying. Nowadays it is easier to copy and share digital information, to copy and paste from a web page, to share files. Even common tasks such as sending email and browsing the web involve the creation of copies. The Internet allows the infringers to produce thousands of copyrighted work at little cost. Providing legal protection against the copyright infringement has been the subject of an international treaty (the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty), a European Community Directive (the Information Society Directive) and major copyright legislation in the USA (the Digital Millennium Copyright Act). Although there are consistencies among nations' intellectual property laws, each jurisdiction has separate and distinct laws and regulations about copyright. Overprotection of copyright could threaten democratic traditions and impact on social justice principles by unreasonably restricting access to information and knowledge. If copyright protection is too strong, competition, innovation and creativity is restricted. A balance between the interests of copyright owners in receiving fair reward for their efforts and the interests of copyright users in receiving reasonable access to copyright materials should be maintained. The paper discusses and compares different solutions and approaches to the issue of reducing the digital copyright infringement without restricting the innovation and creativity.

The digitalization of copyrighted works including text, music and video has dramatically increased the efficiency of unauthorized copying. Providing legal protection against the copyright infringement has been an issue nowadays. Although there are consistencies among nations' intellectual property laws, each jurisdiction has separate and distinct laws and regulations about copyright. Overprotection of copyright could threaten democratic traditions and impact on social justice principles by unreasonably restricting access to information and knowledge. If copyright protection is too strong, competition, innovation and creativity is restricted. A balance between the interests of copyright owners in receiving fair reward for their efforts and the interests of copyright users in receiving reasonable access to copyright materials should be maintained. The paper discusses and compares different solutions and approaches to the issue of reducing the digital copyright infringement without restricting the innovation and creativity.

Abstract: Copyright law protects the owner of property rights in literary and artistic works against those who “copy” or otherwise take and use the form in which the original work was expressed by the author. Copyright infringement is the unauthorized use of works covered by copyright law, in a way that violates the copyright owner's exclusive rights. There are some exceptions to liability for copyright infringement -“fair use” in USA and “fair dealing” in UK. The remedies and the criminal sanctions in USA and some EU countries are analyzed.