Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Seuneu

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[[Gambar:Candleburning.jpg|thumb|150px|Seuneu nu dihasilkeun tina durukan [[lilin]].]]
'''Seuneu''' téh hasil [[réaksi kimia|réaksi]] [[éksotérm]] (contona [[durukan]], réaksi [[oksidasi]] nu lumangsung sorangan), bagian tina durukan anu katempo (ngahasilkeun [[cahya]]).

[[Warna]] jeung [[temperatur|suhu]] seuneu gumantung kana tipeu [[suluh]] dina durukanana. Conto baé seuneu tina [[korék api]] pikeun ngahurungkeun [[lilin]]. Panas nu keuna ngabalukarkeun [[molekul]] suluh dina sumbu [[nguap]], antukna bisa [[réaksi kimia|meta]] jeung [[oksigén]] di [[udara]], nu ngahasilkeun panas dina réaksi éksotérm nu bisa nguapkeun suluh leuwih loba, antukna bisa terus hurung. Suhu panas dina seuneu ngarecah molekul suluh nu nguap jadi rupa-rupa hasil durukan jeung [[radikal (kimia)|radikal bébas]]. Hasil durukan ieu lajeng meta jeung oksidator nu aya dina réaksi. [[Énérgi]] nu cukup dina seuneu bakal [[éksitasi éléktron|ngangkat]] [[éléktron]] dina hasil pra-durukan, nu tungtungna jadi [[cahya]] nu mencar.

Oksidator séjén ti [[oksigén]] bisa dipaké pikeun ngahasilkeun seuneu. Durukan [[hidrogén]] dina [[klorin]] ngahasilkeun seuneu jeung gas [[hidrogén klorida]] (HCl). Durukan [[hidrazin]] jeung [[nitrogén tétroksida]] anu [[hipergolik]] dipaké dina [[mesin rokét]].
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

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Flames, or at least portions of them, are often considered to be partial [[plasma (physics)|plasma]]s or a partially [[ion]]ized gas, but in more general terms a flame is a region of exothermic chemical reaction of high enough temperature to emit visible light.  A central region enclosed by such a reaction (but which does not necessarily participate in the reaction itself) is often also considered part of the flame.

There are different methods of distributing the required components of combustion to a flame. In a '''[[diffusion flame]]''', oxygen and fuel diffuse into each other; where they meet the flame occurs. In a '''[[premixed flame]]''', the oxygen and fuel are premixed beforehand, which results in a different type of flame. Candle flames (a diffusion flame) operate through [[evaporation]] of the fuel which rises in a [[laminar]] flow of hot gas which then mixes with surrounding oxygen and combusts.

== Flame color ==
[[Image:Bunsen_burner_flame_types_.jpg|thumb|left|Different flame types of a Bunsen burner depend on oxygen supply. On the left a rich fuel mixture with no premixed oxygen produces a yellow sooty diffusion flame and on the right a lean fully oxygen premixed flame produces no soot and the flame color is produced by molecular radical [[band emission]].]]
[[Image:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Image of a [[flame test]] for [[sodium]]. Note that the yellow color in this gas flame does not arise from the blackbody emission of soot particles (as the flame is clearly a blue premixed complete combustion flame) but instead comes from the [[spectral line]] emission of sodium atoms, specifically the very intense "sodium D lines".]]
 
Flame [[color]] depends on several factors. Typically the most important being: '''[[blackbody radiation]]''' and '''[[spectral band]]''' emission with both [[spectral line]] emission and spectral line absorption playing smaller roles. In the most common type of flame, [[hydrocarbon]] flames, the most important factor which determines color is oxygen supply and the extent of fuel oxygen "pre-mixture", which determines the rate of combustion and thus the temperature and reaction paths, different color hues are thereby produced.

In a [[laboratory]] under normal [[gravity]] conditions and with a closed oxygen valve, a [[Bunsen burner]] burns with yellow flame (also called a safety flame) at around 1,000°C. This is due to [[incandescence]] of very fine [[soot]] particles which are produced in the flame. With increasing oxygen supply less blackbody-radiating soot is produced due to a more complete combustion and the reaction creates enough energy to excite and [[ionize]] gas molecules in the flame, leading to a blue appearance. The spectrum of a premixed (complete combustion) [[butane]] flame on the right shows that the blue color arises specifically due to emission of excited [[molecular]] radicals in the flame which emit the vast majority of their light well below ~565 nanometers in the blue and green regions of the [[visible spectrum]].

Flame temperatures of common items include a [[blowlamp]] at 1,300°C, a [[candle]] at 1,400°C [http://www.doctorfire.com/flametmp.html], or a much hotter [[oxyacetylene]] combustion at 3,000°C.

Generally speaking, the coolest part of a diffusion (incomplete combustion) flame will be red, transitioning to orange, yellow, and white the temperature increases as evidenced by changes in the [[blackbody radiation]] spectrum. For a given flame's region, the closer to white on this scale, the hotter that section of the flame is. A blue-colored flame only emerges when the amount of soot decreases and the blue emissions from excited molecular radicals become dominant.
[[Image:Candlespace.jpg|thumb|left|In [[zero gravity]], convection does not carry the hot combustion products away from the fuel source, resulting in a spherical flame front.]]

Recent discoveries by the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) of the [[United States]] have found that [[gravity]] also indirectly plays a role in flame formation and composition. <ref> [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm Spiral flames in microgravity], [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], 2000.</ref>  
The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on convection, as soot tends to rise to the top of a flame (such as in a candle in normal gravity conditions), making it yellow. In [[microgravity]] or [[zero gravity]], such as an [[outer space]] environment, [[convection]] no longer occurs and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become bluer and more efficient. There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is the hypothesis that the temperature is sufficiently evenly distributed that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs. <ref> [http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/usml-1_results.htm CFM-1 experiment results], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> Experiments by [[NASA]] in microgravity reveal that [[diffusion flame]]s in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than do diffusion flames on [[Earth]], because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions. <ref>[http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm LSP-1 experiment results], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref><ref>[http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm SOFBAL-2 experiment results], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> These discoveries have potential applications in [[applied science]] and [[industry]], especially concerning [[fuel efficiency]].
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== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Flame|Flame]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris per 12 April 2007
<references/>

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