Papers by Megan Carpenter
ADVANCE Journal, 2021
Research investigating the impact of the pandemic on university faculty has highlighted the extre... more Research investigating the impact of the pandemic on university faculty has highlighted the extreme time and energy demands that have negatively affected scholarly productivity (Krukowski et al., 2020). The present study examines barriers to scholarly productivity that faculty at three small liberal arts colleges in New York State encountered during the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results suggest that women and parents of children 18 and under living at home encountered more barriers to scholarly productivity than men and participants without children in this age range, signaling potentially devastating long-term career outcomes, especially for pre-tenure mothers of young children. Considering this rapidly worsening equity issue, recommendations are made for considering an achievement relative to opportunity policy for tenure and promotion reviews.
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Sex Roles, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic placed new teaching demands upon faculty that may have exacerbated existing... more The COVID-19 pandemic placed new teaching demands upon faculty that may have exacerbated existing race and gender disparities in the amount of emotional labor they perform. The present study surveyed 182 full-time tenured and tenure-track faculty from three small private liberal arts colleges to examine the effect of social and professional statuses on emotional labor (i.e., managing the expression of emotions to meet job requirements) during the emergency switch to remote instruc- tion in spring 2020. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression revealed that white cisgender men performed less emotional labor than Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) cisgender men, BIPOC cisgender women, and white cisgender women and gender non-conforming (GNC) faculty. Student demands for special favors fully mediated the relationship between intersectional race and gender identity and self-directed emotional labor and partially mediated its relationship with student-directed emotional labor. We conclude that the status shield afforded white cisgender men by their race and gender protected them from student demands that would have required them to engage in as much emotional labor as faculty with other intersectional race and gender identities during the pandemic. We discuss considering differences in emotional labor when making personnel decisions.
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American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2023
The implementation of sexuality education has changed dra- matically as a result of the COVID-19 ... more The implementation of sexuality education has changed dra- matically as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, only two empirical studies have investigated the difficulties sexual- ity educators faced as they adjusted to this new educational landscape. The purpose of the present study was to expand on this research with a larger sample of sexuality educators (n1⁄4133) from a more diverse range of employment settings and occupations. Participants responded to two open-ended questions about the changes and challenges they experienced with the implementation of their curricula due to the COVID- 19 pandemic. An inductive qualitative content analysis revealed four themes: issues with remote learning, changes to pedagogical techniques and curricula, course content specific to sex/relationships during COVID-19, and reasons for cancel- ation or temporary suspension of curricula. The results provide important context about common obstacles experienced by sexuality educators, as well as those that only impacted spe- cific programs or settings. The findings also highlight the ways in which educators conceptualized the pandemic as a teachable moment for sexual health. This research serves as an important reference for educators and public health offi- cials as the downstream effects of the pandemic on sexuality education make themselves known.
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This study examined risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptomatolo... more This study examined risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) in an ethno-racially diverse sample of Hawai’i National Guard members comprised of Native Hawaiians, Filipino Americans, Japanese Americans, and European Americans. In the full sample, identifying as Japanese American and higher scores on measures of perceived social support and psychological resilience were negatively associated with PTSS, while Army Guard (vs. Air Guard) status and stronger family norms against disclosing mental health problems were positively associated with PTSS. Exploratory analyses of ethno-racial subgroups identified different patterns of within and between-group correlates of PTSS. For example, when controlling for other factors, higher psychological resilience scores were negatively associated with PTSS only among Native Hawaiian and European. Overall, results of this study suggest that some risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may extend to military populations with high numbers of Filipino American, Japanese American, and Native Hawaiian Veterans. Results further suggest differences in risk and resilience factors unique to specific ethno-racial subgroups.
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Among evolutionary theorists it is generally accepted that mating behaviors largely revolve aroun... more Among evolutionary theorists it is generally accepted that mating behaviors largely revolve around the availability of potential mates, as well as the amount and type of parental investment expended by either gender. It has been suggested that these factors also directly influence the expression of sociosexuality (i.e. willingness to engage in uncommitted sex) within any given population. More specifically, when one gender is in abundant supply, they must adapt their mating preferences to those of the gender in limited supply in order to attract a sexual partner, or otherwise run the risk of never finding a partner as a result of population constraints. While most research on this topic has sought to examine these effects in environments where the sex ratio is naturally biased, this study empirically manipulates the sex ratios of the website population in an attempt to demonstrate the theorized adaptive shifts in sociosexuality.
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Aims. To study the relation between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and adolescent substa... more Aims. To study the relation between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and adolescent substance use in a multiethnic population with no numerical majority and determine how the effect is mediated in each ethnic group.
Design. School-based self-report epidemiological survey.
Setting. Schools in Honolulu, Hawaii that included four different ethnic groups.
Participants. The participants were 2,660 middle-school students (M age 12.6 years). The sample was 31% Asian-American, 16% Caucasian, 25% Filipino, 21% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 7% other ethnicity.
Measurements. An adaptation of the Landrine-Klonoff measure assessed perceived discrimination due to race/ethnicity. Variables that were potential mediators of discrimination effects were assessed with multi-item scales. Substance use was assessed with frequency scales indexing involvement in tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use.
Findings. A significant correlation between discrimination and substance use was found for three of the ethnic groups in the sample but not for Caucasians. A structural modeling analysis showed indirect pathways, with discrimination related to less involvement in school and more anger, rebelliousness, and positive tobacco/alcohol expectancies; and these mediators having paths to more peer use and/or adolescent substance use. Multiple-group analysis showed that paths from discrimination to the mediators differed significantly for Asian-Americans, Filipinos, and Native Hawaiians compared with Caucasians but not for other parts of the model.
Conclusions. Discrimination is related to substance use in two understudied ethnic groups and from a relatively early age. The research shows several pathways that have not been previously identified and indicates that pathways are generally similar across three of the groups.
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Scholars from a variety of disciplines—neuroscience, biology, social psychology, sociology, and l... more Scholars from a variety of disciplines—neuroscience, biology, social psychology, sociology, and life-span psychology—have proposed that primitive emotional contagion is of critical importance in understanding human cognition, emotion, and behavior. Primitive emotional contagion is a basic building block of human interaction, assisting in “mind-reading” and allowing people to understand and share the feelings of others by “feeling themselves into” the other’s emotions (Ramachandran, 2011). In this chapter we will discuss the theory of emotional contagion, which we believe provides a theoretical foundation underlying many of the consequences (both good and bad) caused by contagion. We will discuss what historians have discovered about collective emotions, such as dancing manias and mass hysteria; what cultural psychologists and anthropologists have learned about arctic hysteria and mimicry contagion; what sociologists have learned about “mysterious” epidemics; and what modern-day epidemiologists have learned about the spread of emotions—such as happiness, anxiety, depression, and loneliness. They have concluded that these emotions are as contagious as the most virulent of infectious diseases.
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Papers by Megan Carpenter
Design. School-based self-report epidemiological survey.
Setting. Schools in Honolulu, Hawaii that included four different ethnic groups.
Participants. The participants were 2,660 middle-school students (M age 12.6 years). The sample was 31% Asian-American, 16% Caucasian, 25% Filipino, 21% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 7% other ethnicity.
Measurements. An adaptation of the Landrine-Klonoff measure assessed perceived discrimination due to race/ethnicity. Variables that were potential mediators of discrimination effects were assessed with multi-item scales. Substance use was assessed with frequency scales indexing involvement in tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use.
Findings. A significant correlation between discrimination and substance use was found for three of the ethnic groups in the sample but not for Caucasians. A structural modeling analysis showed indirect pathways, with discrimination related to less involvement in school and more anger, rebelliousness, and positive tobacco/alcohol expectancies; and these mediators having paths to more peer use and/or adolescent substance use. Multiple-group analysis showed that paths from discrimination to the mediators differed significantly for Asian-Americans, Filipinos, and Native Hawaiians compared with Caucasians but not for other parts of the model.
Conclusions. Discrimination is related to substance use in two understudied ethnic groups and from a relatively early age. The research shows several pathways that have not been previously identified and indicates that pathways are generally similar across three of the groups.
Design. School-based self-report epidemiological survey.
Setting. Schools in Honolulu, Hawaii that included four different ethnic groups.
Participants. The participants were 2,660 middle-school students (M age 12.6 years). The sample was 31% Asian-American, 16% Caucasian, 25% Filipino, 21% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 7% other ethnicity.
Measurements. An adaptation of the Landrine-Klonoff measure assessed perceived discrimination due to race/ethnicity. Variables that were potential mediators of discrimination effects were assessed with multi-item scales. Substance use was assessed with frequency scales indexing involvement in tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use.
Findings. A significant correlation between discrimination and substance use was found for three of the ethnic groups in the sample but not for Caucasians. A structural modeling analysis showed indirect pathways, with discrimination related to less involvement in school and more anger, rebelliousness, and positive tobacco/alcohol expectancies; and these mediators having paths to more peer use and/or adolescent substance use. Multiple-group analysis showed that paths from discrimination to the mediators differed significantly for Asian-Americans, Filipinos, and Native Hawaiians compared with Caucasians but not for other parts of the model.
Conclusions. Discrimination is related to substance use in two understudied ethnic groups and from a relatively early age. The research shows several pathways that have not been previously identified and indicates that pathways are generally similar across three of the groups.