Vikinško doba

Vikinško doba (793–1066) period je u istoriji Skandinavljana, tokom kojeg su se oni proširili i izgradili naselja širom Evrope i šire nakon glavnog evropskog migracijskog perioda.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Kao takvo, vikinško doba se odnosi ne samo na njihovu domovinu Skandinaviju, već i na bilo koje mesto koje su tokom ovog perioda značajno naselili Skandinavci.^[3]

Vikinškom dobu je prethodilo germansko gvozdeno doba.^[6] To je istorijski period kada su skandinavski Nordijci istraživali Evropu po njenim morima i rekama radi trgovine, prepada, kolonizacije i osvajanja. U ovom periodu Nordijci su se naselili na Nordijskom Grenlandu, Njufaundlandu i današnjim Farskim ostrvima, Islandu, Norveškoj, Švedskoj, Normandiji, Estoniji, Škotskoj, Engleskoj, Velsu, Irskoj, Ostrvu Men, Holandiji, Nemačkoj, Ukrajini, Rusiji, Turskoj i Italiji.

Vikinški putnici i kolonisti viđeni su u mnogim tačkama istorije kao brutalni napadači. Mnogi istorijski dokumenti sugerišu da je njihova invazija na druge zemlje bila odmazda za zadiranje u plemenske zemlje hrišćanskih misionara, a možda i usled Saskih ratova koje su Karlo Veliki i njegovi srodnici vodili na jugu,^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] ili su bili motivisani prenaseljenošću, trgovinskim nejednakostima i nedostatkom održivih poljoprivrednih površina u svojoj domovini.

Informacije o vikinškom dobu uglavnom potiču iz onoga što su o vikinzima napisali njihovi neprijatelji, i iz primarnih arheoloških izvora, dopunjenih sekundarnim izvorima, poput Islandskih Saga.

Istorijska razmatranja

Vikinška ekspanzija u Evropi između osmog i jedanaestog veka: Žuta boja korespondira sa ekspanzijom Normana, koji samo delom potiču od Vikinga

U Engleskoj, početak vikinškog doba datira od 8. juna 793,^[12]^[13] kada su Vikinzi uništili opatiju na Lindisfarnu, centru učenja na ostrvu kraj severoistočne obale Engleske u Nortamberlandu. Monasi su ubijeni u opatiji, bačeni u more da se utope ili su odvedeni kao robovi zajedno sa crkvenim blagom, što je stvorilo tradicionalnu (ali neproverenu) molitvu - A furore Normannorum libera nos, Domine, „Spasi nas od besa Severnjaka, Gospode”.^[14]

Tri vikinška broda su pristala u Vejmautskom zalivu četiri godine ranije (mada zbog pisarske greške, Anglosaksonski anali datiraju ovaj događaj na 787, a ne 789). Moguće je da je taj kontakt bio neuspešna trgovinska ekspedicija, a ne piratska racija. Lindisfarn je bio drugačiji. Vikinško pustošenje nortambrijskog Svetog ostrva je zabeležio nortambrijski učenjak Alkuin iz Jorka, koji je napisao: „Nikada se pre u Britaniji nije pojavio takav teror”.^[15]

Vikingi su portretisani kao potpuno nasilni i krvožedni neprijatelji. U srednjovekovnim engleskim hronikama, oni se opisuju kao „vukovi među ovcama”.

Prvi izazovi mnobrojnim antivikinškim stavovima u Britaniji pojavili su se u 17. veku. Pionirski naučni radovi o vikinškom dobu dosegli su malu publiku u Britaniji. Lingvistika je pratila poreklo ruralnih idioma i poslovica vikinškog doba. Novi rečnici staronordijskog jezika omogućili su većem broju ljudi viktorijanske ere da čita Sage o Islanđanima.

U Skandinaviji su danski naučnici iz 17. veka Tomas Bartolin, Ule Vorm i švedski naučnik Ulof Rudbek bili prvi da koriste runske natpise i islandske sage kao primarne istorijske izvore. Tokom doba prosvetiteljstva i nordijske renesanse, istoričari poput islandsko-norvežanina Tormodusa Torfeusa, dansko-norvežanina Ludviga Holberga i šveđanina Olofa von Dalina razvili su u većoj meri „racionalan” i „pragmatičan” pristup istorijskoj nauci. Do druge polovine 18. veka, dok su Sage o Islanđanima još uvek korištene kao važni istorijski izvori, vikinško doba ponovo se smatralo varvarskim i necivilizovanim periodom u istoriji nordijskih zemalja.

Naučnici van Skandinavije nisu započeli intenzivno preispitivanje dostignuća Vikinga sve do 1890-ih, prepoznajući njihovu umetnost, tehnološke veštine i brodogradilačke sposobnosti.^[16]

Donedavno je istorija vikinškog doba u velikoj meri bila zasnovana na Sagama o Islanđanima, istoriji Danaca koju je napisao Sakso Gramatik, Primarnoj hronici Kijevske Rusije, i Kogard Gadel re Galajb. Danas većina naučnika ove tekstove smatra izvorima koje ne treba shvatiti doslovno i više se oslanjaju na konkretne arheološke nalaze, numizmatiku i druge direktne naučne discipline i metode.^[17]^[18]

Reference

^ Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. стр. 1. ISBN 095173394X. „The term ' Viking ' is derived from the Old Norse vik, a bay, and means 6 one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord 1 '. In the 9th and 10th centuries it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 6 Viking/ but in such expressions as 6 Viking civilisation/ 6 the Viking age/ 'the Viking movement/ 'Viking in- fluence/ the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history...”
^ Sawyer, Peter H. (1995). Scandinavians and the English in the Viking Age. University of Cambridge. стр. 3. ISBN 095173394X. „The Viking period is, therefore, best defined as the period when Scandinavians played a large role in the British Isles and western Europe as raiders and conquerors. It is also the period in which Scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered, and in the Atlantic islands...”
^ ^а ^б Jesch, Judith (1991). Women in the Viking Age. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. стр. 84. ISBN 0851153607. „International contact is the key to the Viking Age. In Scandinavian history this period is distinct because large numbers of Scandinavian people left their homelands and voyaged abroad...The period is thus defined by the impact the Scandinavians had on the world around them.”
^ Silberman, Neil Asher (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. OUP USA. стр. 87. ISBN 0199735786. „The “Viking Age” is traditionally defined as the period when Scandinavian raiders terrorized Europe”
^ Keary, Charles Francis (1911). „Viking”. Encyclopædia Britannica. „Historians of the north have distinguished as the “Viking Age” (Vikingertiden) the time when the Scandinavian folk first by their widespread piracies brought themselves forcibly into the notice of all the Christian peoples of western Europe”
^ Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, стр. 2
^ Simek, Rudolf (2005) "the emergence of the viking age: circumstances and conditions", "The vikings first Europeans VIII – XI century – the new discoveries of archaeology", other, pp. 24–25
^ Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X–Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th – 8th centuries (Fayard, 2005)
^ "Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, Peter The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. 2001. стр. 20. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.
^ Decaux, Alain and Castelot, André (1981) Dictionnaire d'histoire de France. Perrin. 1981. стр. 184—85. ISBN 2-7242-3080-9. .
^ Boyer, R. (2008). Les Vikings: histoire, mythes, dictionnaire. R. Laffont. стр. 96. ISBN 978-2-221-10631-0.
^ „History of Lindisfarne Priory”. English Heritage. Архивирано из оригинала 7. 3. 2016. г. Приступљено 3. 3. 2016.
^ Swanton, Michael (1998). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Psychology Press. стр. 57. ISBN 0-415-92129-5. , n. 15.
^ Albert D'Haenens, Les Invasions Normandes en Belgique au IX Siecle (Louvain 1967) asserts that the phrase cannot be documented. It is asserted that the closest documented phrase is a sentence from an antiphon for churches dedicated to St. Vaast or St. Medard: Summa pia gratia nostra conservando corpora et cutodita, de gente fera Normannica nos libera, quae nostra vastat, Deus, regna, "Our supreme and holy Grace, protecting us and ours, deliver us, God, from the savage race of Northmen which lays waste our realms." Magnus Magnusson, Vikings!. стр. 61. ISBN 0-525-22892-6. (New York: E.P. Dutton 1980). .
^ Jones, p. 195. Simeon of Durham recorded the raid in these terms:
And they came to the church of Lindisfarne, laid everything waste with grievous plundering, trampled the holy places with polluted feet, dug up the altars, and seized all the treasures of the holy church. They killed some of the brothers; some they took away with them in fetters; many they drove out, naked and loaded with insults; and some they drowned in the sea."

Magnus Magnusson, Vikings!, p. 32.
^ Palmer, Alan Warwick (2006). Northern Shores: a history of the Baltic Sea and its peoples. London: John Murray. стр. 21. ISBN 978-0-7195-6299-0. OCLC 63398802.
^ Sawyer, Peter Hayes (1997). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. ISBN 978-0-19-820526-5. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 1. 2016. г. Приступљено 17. 10. 2015.
^ Jones 1968, стр. 8–10

Literatura

Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
Hall, Richard (2010). Viking Age archaeology. Shire Publications. ISBN 978-0-7478-0063-7.
Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (2001). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. International Conference, Leipzig, 4–6 December 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
Jones, Gwyn (1968). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. OCLC 581030305.
Brink, S. with Price, N. (eds) (2008). The Viking World. 2008. ISBN 978-0-415-69262-5. , [Routledge Worlds], Routledge: London and New York.
Graham-Campbell, J. (2001). The Viking World. London. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7112-3468-0.
Ahola, Joonas & Frog with Clive Tolley (eds.) (2014). Fibula, Fabula, Fact – The Viking Age in Finland. Studia Fennica Historica 18. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
Anker, P (1970). The Art of Scandinavia. , Volume I, London and New York, 1970.
Fuglesang, S.H. (1996). "Viking Art", in Turner, J. (ed.), The Grove Dictionary of Art, Volume 32, London and New York, 1996, pp. 514–27, 531–32.
Graham-Campbell, J. (1980). Viking Artefacts: A Select Catalogue. British Museum Publications: London. 1980. ISBN 978-0-7141-1354-8.
Graham-Campbell, James (2013). Viking Art. Thames & Hudson. 2013. ISBN 978-0-500-20419-1.
Roesdahl, E. and Wilson, D.M. (eds) (1992). From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200. ISBN 978-0-8478-1625-5. , Copenhagen and New York, 1992. [exhibition catalogue].
Williams, G., Pentz, P. and Wemhoff, M. (eds), Vikings: Life and Legend. British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2336-3. ,: London, 2014. [exhibition catalogue].
Wilson, D.M. & Klindt-Jensen, O. (1980). Viking Art. 1980. ISBN 978-0-04-709018-9. , second edition, George Allen and Unwin.
Carey, Brian Todd (2003). „Technical marvels, Viking longships sailed seas and rivers, or served as floating battlefields”. Military History. 19 (6): 70—72. .
Downham, Clare. (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
Hudson, Benjamin (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516237-4. .
Logan, F. Donald The Vikings in History (London: Hutchison & Co. 1983) ISBN 0-415-08396-6.
Maier, Bernhard. (2003). The Celts: A history from earliest times to the present. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. .

Spoljašnje veze

Vikings – BBC History (collection of short articles under the headings Overview, Raiders and Settlers, Viking Culture, Evidence)
Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga – Smithsonian website for travelling exhibition, 2000–2003.
The Danish Viking age
Old Norse literature from «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.
ScienceNordic's article on "How Vikings navigated the world"

[Mawer-1] Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. стр. 1. ISBN 095173394X. „The term ' Viking ' is derived from the Old Norse vik, a bay, and means 6 one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord 1 '. In the 9th and 10th centuries it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 6 Viking/ but in such expressions as 6 Viking civilisation/ 6 the Viking age/ 'the Viking movement/ 'Viking in- fluence/ the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history...”

[Sawyer_1995-2] Sawyer, Peter H. (1995). Scandinavians and the English in the Viking Age. University of Cambridge. стр. 3. ISBN 095173394X. „The Viking period is, therefore, best defined as the period when Scandinavians played a large role in the British Isles and western Europe as raiders and conquerors. It is also the period in which Scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered, and in the Atlantic islands...”

[Jesch-3] а ^б Jesch, Judith (1991). Women in the Viking Age. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. стр. 84. ISBN 0851153607. „International contact is the key to the Viking Age. In Scandinavian history this period is distinct because large numbers of Scandinavian people left their homelands and voyaged abroad...The period is thus defined by the impact the Scandinavians had on the world around them.”

[Silberman-4] Silberman, Neil Asher (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. OUP USA. стр. 87. ISBN 0199735786. „The “Viking Age” is traditionally defined as the period when Scandinavian raiders terrorized Europe”

[Keary-5] Keary, Charles Francis (1911). „Viking”. Encyclopædia Britannica. „Historians of the north have distinguished as the “Viking Age” (Vikingertiden) the time when the Scandinavian folk first by their widespread piracies brought themselves forcibly into the notice of all the Christian peoples of western Europe”

[6] Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, стр. 2

[Rudolf_Simek_2005,_p._24–25-7] Simek, Rudolf (2005) "the emergence of the viking age: circumstances and conditions", "The vikings first Europeans VIII – XI century – the new discoveries of archaeology", other, pp. 24–25

[Bruno_Dumézil_2005-8] Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X–Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th – 8th centuries (Fayard, 2005)

[annals_R.20-9] "Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, Peter The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. 2001. стр. 20. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.

[Decaux_pp._184-10] Decaux, Alain and Castelot, André (1981) Dictionnaire d'histoire de France. Perrin. 1981. стр. 184—85. ISBN 2-7242-3080-9. .

[Boyer,_R._2008_p._96-11] Boyer, R. (2008). Les Vikings: histoire, mythes, dictionnaire. R. Laffont. стр. 96. ISBN 978-2-221-10631-0.

[English_Heritage-12] „History of Lindisfarne Priory”. English Heritage. Архивирано из оригинала 7. 3. 2016. г. Приступљено 3. 3. 2016.

[Swanton-13] Swanton, Michael (1998). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Psychology Press. стр. 57. ISBN 0-415-92129-5. , n. 15.

[14] Albert D'Haenens, Les Invasions Normandes en Belgique au IX Siecle (Louvain 1967) asserts that the phrase cannot be documented. It is asserted that the closest documented phrase is a sentence from an antiphon for churches dedicated to St. Vaast or St. Medard: Summa pia gratia nostra conservando corpora et cutodita, de gente fera Normannica nos libera, quae nostra vastat, Deus, regna, "Our supreme and holy Grace, protecting us and ours, deliver us, God, from the savage race of Northmen which lays waste our realms." Magnus Magnusson, Vikings!. стр. 61. ISBN 0-525-22892-6. (New York: E.P. Dutton 1980). .

[15] Jones, p. 195. Simeon of Durham recorded the raid in these terms:
And they came to the church of Lindisfarne, laid everything waste with grievous plundering, trampled the holy places with polluted feet, dug up the altars, and seized all the treasures of the holy church. They killed some of the brothers; some they took away with them in fetters; many they drove out, naked and loaded with insults; and some they drowned in the sea."

Magnus Magnusson, Vikings!, p. 32.

[16] Palmer, Alan Warwick (2006). Northern Shores: a history of the Baltic Sea and its peoples. London: John Murray. стр. 21. ISBN 978-0-7195-6299-0. OCLC 63398802.

[17] Sawyer, Peter Hayes (1997). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. ISBN 978-0-19-820526-5. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 1. 2016. г. Приступљено 17. 10. 2015.

[18] Jones 1968, стр. 8–10

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