Høiby, M. (2020). The ‘triple effect’ putting female journalists at extra risk online. A theoretical exploration. In Larsen, A., Fadnes, I. and Krøvel, R. (Eds.) Journalist Safety and SelfCensorship. London: Routledge. 1st Ed. pp 100-114. , 2020
Online harassment of women journalists imposes self-censorship and threatens women's participatio... more Online harassment of women journalists imposes self-censorship and threatens women's participation in online journalism. This is of grave concern for the development of freedom of speech and plurality in the media (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe [OSCE], 2019). Part of this issue's complexity was summarised by the IFJ Deputy General Secretary, Jeremy Dear: "In some parts of the world, it's a result of what women write and in others it's because of the mere fact that they write" (2017). Perhaps more often, these two motivational factors are working together creating a significantly more threatening environment
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journalists. They also published a statistic showing that television
journalists were the most killed, followed by print media, radio
and online journalists. Hinted in this statistics is the need to
understand the relationship between the medium through which
and in which the journalists produce news and the threats and
dangers posed to them. In this article, we discuss this interlinkage
and call it medium-specific threats. As examples of this
interlinkage, we describe the cases of community radio journalists
in the Philippines, photojournalists in Afghanistan and online
journalists in Venezuela. Based on these examples from
independently conducted studies from very different parts of the
world, we make the broader case that while recognizing the
prevailing political-economic and socio-cultural factors and forces
at work in these media systems-in-flux, investigations of mediumspecific
threats to journalists are needed for more nuanced
understanding of and thus mitigation of journalists’ insecurities.
journalists. They also published a statistic showing that television
journalists were the most killed, followed by print media, radio
and online journalists. Hinted in this statistics is the need to
understand the relationship between the medium through which
and in which the journalists produce news and the threats and
dangers posed to them. In this article, we discuss this interlinkage
and call it medium-specific threats. As examples of this
interlinkage, we describe the cases of community radio journalists
in the Philippines, photojournalists in Afghanistan and online
journalists in Venezuela. Based on these examples from
independently conducted studies from very different parts of the
world, we make the broader case that while recognizing the
prevailing political-economic and socio-cultural factors and forces
at work in these media systems-in-flux, investigations of mediumspecific
threats to journalists are needed for more nuanced
understanding of and thus mitigation of journalists’ insecurities.