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Crafoord Prize

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Crafoord Prize is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger and Anna-Greta Crafoord. It is administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The prize is for "international basic research in the disciplines Astronomy, Mathematics, Geosciences, and Biosciences, with particular emphasis on ecology, and rheumatoid arthritis" (the disease from which Holger severely suffered in his last years). According to the Academy, "these disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prizes are awarded."[1]

Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics; then geosciences; then biosciences.[1] A Crafoord Prize is only awarded for arthritis when a committee decides that substantial progress in the field has been made.[1] On Crafoord Day in April, the prize is presented by the King of Sweden, who also presents the Nobel Prize Awards at the ceremony in December.[1][2] The prize is to fund further research by the prize winner. In 2012 it is US$600,000.

Winners

[change | change source]
Year Category Image Laureate Nationality Work[3]
1982 Mathematics Vladimir Arnold  Soviet Union Theory of non-linear differential equations
Louis Nirenberg Louis Nirenberg  United States[A]
1983 Geosciences Edward Lorenz  United States Geophysical hydrodynamics
— Henry Stommel  United States
1984 Biosciences Daniel Janzen  United States Co-evolution
1985 Astronomy Lyman Spitzer  United States Studies of the interstellar medium
1986 Geosciences — Claude Allègre  France Isotope geochemical relations
— Gerald J. Wasserburg  United States
1987 Biosciences — Eugene P. Odum  United States Ecosystem ecology
Howard T. Odum  United States
1988 Mathematics Pierre Deligne, seated, facing left and away from the camera Pierre Deligne  Belgium
 United States 		Algebraic geometry
Alexander Grothendieck[B] None
1989 Geosciences James Van Allen James Van Allen  United States Exploration of space, the discovery the Van Allen belts
1990 Biosciences Paul R. Ehrlich Paul R. Ehrlich  United States Dynamics and genetics of fragmented populations
Edward Osborne Wilson E.O. Wilson  United States Theory of island biogeography
1991 Astronomy Allan Rex Sandage  United States Study of galaxies
1992 Geosciences — Adolf Seilacher  Germany Research into evolution of life
1993 Biosciences W.D. Hamilton  United Kingdom Theories of kin selection and genetic relationship
Seymour Benzer in his office at Caltech in 1974 with a big model of Drosophila Seymour Benzer  United States Genetical and neurophysiological studies of fruit flies
1994 Mathematics — Simon Donaldson  United Kingdom Four-dimensional geometry
Shing-Tung Yau Shing-Tung Yau  United States[C] Non-linear techniques in differential geometry
1995 Geosciences — Willi Dansgaard  Denmark Development of isotope geological analysis methods
Nicholas Shackleton  United Kingdom
1996 Biosciences Robert May Robert M. May  Australia Ecological research
1997 Astronomy Fred Hoyle  United Kingdom Study of nuclear processes in stars, stellar evolution
— Edwin Salpeter  United States
1998 Geosciences — Don L. Anderson  United States Study of the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth
— Adam M. Dziewonski  United States[D]
1999 Biosciences Ernst Mayr in 1994, after receiving an honorary degree at the University of Konstanz Ernst Mayr  United States Developing the concept of evolutionary biology
— John Maynard Smith  United Kingdom
George C. Williams  United States
2000 Polyarthritis — Marc Feldmann  United Kingdom Definition of TNF-alpha
— Ravinder N. Maini  United Kingdom
2001 Mathematics Alain Connes Alain Connes  France Theory of operator algebras, founder of the non-commutative geometry
2002 Geosciences — Dan P. McKenzie  United Kingdom Dynamics of the lithosphere
2003 Biosciences — Carl Woese  United States Third domain of life
2004 Polyarthritis — Eugene C. Butcher  United States Study of molecular mechanisms concerning white blood cells
— Timothy A. Springer  United States
2005 Astronomy — James E. Gunn  United States Understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe
— James Peebles  United States
Martin Rees delivering a lecture at Jodrell Bank Martin Rees  United Kingdom
2006 Geosciences — Wallace S. Broecker  United States Research into the global carbon cycle
2007 Biosciences — Robert Trivers  United States Analysis of social evolution
2008 Astronomy Rashid Sunyaev Rashid Alievich Sunyaev  Russia Contributions to high-energy astrophysics and cosmology
Mathematics Maxim Kontsevich Maxim Kontsevich  Russia[E] Contributions to mathematics from modern theoretical physics
Edward Witten writing on a blackboard Edward Witten  United States
2009 Polyarthritis Charles Dinarello Charles Dinarello  United States Isolation of interleukins, understanding their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases
Tadamitsu Kishimoto Tadamitsu Kishimoto  Japan
Toshio Hirano Toshio Hirano  Japan
2010 Geosciences Walter Munk Walter Munk  United States “for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth’s dynamics”.
2011 Biosciences Ilkka Hanski Ilkka Hanski  Finland “for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations”.
2012 Astronomy — Reinhard Genzel  Germany "for their observations of the stars orbiting the galactic centre, indicating the presence of a supermassive black hole".
— Andrea M. Ghez  United States
Mathematics — Jean Bourgain  Belgium “for their brilliant and groundbreaking work in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, ergodic theory, number theory, combinatorics, functional analysis and theoretical computer science".
Terence Tao Terence Tao  Australia
 United States
2013 Polyarthritis Peter K. Gregersen Peter K. Gregersen  United States "for their discoveries concerning the role of different genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis". [4][5]
Lars Klareskog Lars Klareskog  Sweden
Robert J. Winchester Robert J. Winchester  United States
2014 Geosciences — Peter Molnar  United States "for his ground-breaking contribution to the understanding of global tectonics, in particular the deformation of continents and the structure and evolution of mountain ranges, as well as the impact of tectonic processes on ocean-atmosphere circulation and climate". [4][6]
2015 Biosciences — Richard Lewontin  United States "for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the understanding of genetic polymorphism". [4][7]
— Tomoko Ohta  Japan
2016 Astronomy Roy Kerr  New Zealand "for fundamental work concerning rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences" [8][9]
Roger Blandford Roger Blandford  United States
Mathematics Yakov Eliashberg Yakov Eliashberg  United States[F] "for the development of contact and symplectic topology and groundbreaking discoveries of rigidity and flexibility phenomena"
2017 Polyarthritis Shimon Sakaguchi Shimon Sakaguchi  Japan "for their discoveries relating to regulatory T cells, which counteract harmful immune reactions in arthritis and other autoimmune diseases." [10]
— Fred Ramsdell  United States
Alexander Rudensky Alexander Rudensky  United States[G]
2018 Geosciences — Syukuro Manabe  Japan /  United States "for fundamental contributions to understanding the role of atmospheric trace gases in Earth’s climate system." [11]
— Susan Solomon  United States
2019 Biosciences — Sallie W. Chisholm  United States "for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus". [12]
2020 Astronomy Eugene N. Parker Eugene Parker  United States "for pioneering and fundamental studies of the solar wind and magnetic fields from stellar to galactic scales". [13]
Mathematics Enrico Bombieri Enrico Bombieri  Italy /  United States "for outstanding and influential contributions in all the major areas of mathematics, particularly number theory, analysis and algebraic geometry".
2021 Polyarthritis Daniel Kastner Daniel L. Kastner  United States "for establishing the concept of autoinflammatory diseases". [14]

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "About the prize". The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  2. ↑ "King of Sweden awards Crafoord Prize to IC researchers". Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. 4 October 2000. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  3. ↑ "The Crafoord Prize 1982–2009" (PDF). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The Crafoord Prize 1982–2014" (PDF). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  5. ↑ Wollheim, Frank A. (22 August 2013). "The Crafoord Prize in polyarthritis 2013" (PDF). Rheumatology. 53 (4): 581–582. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket285. PMID 23970543. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  6. ↑ "Peter Molnar wins Crafoord Prize in Geosciences". Royal Astronomical Society. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Lane, Isabel (19 January 2015). "Crafoord Prize in Biosciences goes to genetic polymorphism research". Biofuels Digest. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  8. ↑ "NZ astrophysicist awarded $1m prize". Sky News Australia. 15 January 2016. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  9. ↑ "Yakov Eliashberg awarded the Crafoord Prize in Mathematics". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  10. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2017 Archived 18 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2018
  12. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2019
  13. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2020
  14. ↑ "The Crafoord Prize in Polyarthritis 2021". Crafoord Prize. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
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