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Child marriage

marriage entered into by an individual before reaching the age of majority

A child marriage is a marriage or other similar union between an adult and a child. The child is under a certain age, usually 18.[1] Most child marriages are between a girl and a man,[2][3] and are rooted in gender inequality.[2][4] It can also be the marriage of two children. There's a minimum age for a person to be able to marry. This age is called marriable age. Very often, it is similar to the age of consent.

Poster against child and forced marriage
RUN, a short documentary film focusing on child marriage in Nigeria.

As of 2019, child marriage affects about 765 million people; 650 million of them are girls or young women.[5] There's no widely accepted definition of what child marriage is. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child says that in a child marriage, at least one of the people entering marriage has not reached age 18. Even though mosts states have a minimal age at which people can be married, this is often not respected. There may be cultural or religious reasons. Other reasons why someone is married as a child include that the parents want to make sure the girl is a virgin, when she gets married. Another reason may be that the family cannot afford the education or the upkeep of the child; when the child is married, there are no more costs to the family. Poverty is one of the main reasons for child marriage.

The age when children legally turn into adults, and the age at which they can legally marry are usually at 18 years of age. The age when they can marry may be different from country to country.[6] Even when it is set at 18, people may marry when they are younger, given that their parents agree. There may also be special circumstances, such as a teenage pregnancy.[7]

Child marriage violates the rights of children. It has long-term consequences for child brides and child grooms.[2][6] Very often, girls that went to school before they were married stop going to school. Because of poor education, their career opportunities are limited. An early pregnancy and childbirth also has adverse health effects on girls.[6] For boys the situation is similar: they may not be well prepared for their role as a father. Also because they have not finished their education, their career opportunities are limited.[6] Child marriage includes civil cohabitation and court-approved early marriages after teenage pregnancy.[8][9]

Causes of child marriages include poverty, dowry, cultural traditions, illiteracy, and the thoughts that women are unable to work for money.[4][10][11] Research shows that to some extent telling children about sex can help prevent child marriage.[12]

Child marriages have been common throughout history. They are still fairly widespread, particularly in developing countries such as parts of Africa,[13][14] South Asia,[15] Southeast Asia,[16][17] West Asia,[18][19] Latin America,[18] and Oceania.[20] Even in developed countries such as the United States legal exceptions mean that 17 US states have no minimum age requirement for marriage.[21] The incidence of child marriage has been falling in most parts of the world. 2018 data from UNICEF showed that about 21 percent of young women worldwide (aged 20 to 24) were married as children.[22] This is a 25 percent decrease from 10 years before.[22] The countries with the highest observed rates of child marriages below the age of 18 were Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh, Guinea, the Central African Republic, Mozambique, and Nepal with rates above 50%.[23] Niger, Chad, Bangladesh, Mali and Ethiopia were the countries with child marriage rates greater than 20% below the age of 15, according to 2003–2009 surveys.[24][25] Globally, an estimated 12 million girls annually are being married under the age of 18.[26] Child marriage is common among Roma people, also known as Gypsies.

In 2007, a photo won the UNICEF photo of the year award, that shows a 40-year-old man with his 11-year-old bride.[27]

References

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  1. ↑ * Gastón, Colleen Murray; Misunas, Christina; Cappa (2019). "Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data". Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies. 14 (3): 219–228. doi:10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Parsons, Jennifer; Edmeades, Jeffrey; Aslihan, Kes; Petroni, Suzanne; Sexton, Maggie; Wodon, Quentin (2015). "Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: A Review of the Literature". The Review of Faith & International Affairs. 13 (3): 12–22. doi:10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757. hdl:10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757. S2CID 146194521.
  3. ↑ Atkinson MP, Korgen KO, Trautner MN (2019). Social Problems: Sociology in Action. Sage Publications. p. 238. ISBN 978-1544358642.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Child marriage". UNICEF. March 2020.
  5. ↑ SPIEGEL, DER (7 June 2019). "Unicef: Mehr als 700 Millionen Kinder wurden minderjährig verheiratet - DER SPIEGEL - Panorama". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Gastón, Colleen Murray; Misunas, Christina; Cappa (2019). "Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data". Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies. 14 (3): 219–228. doi:10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584.
  7. ↑ Nour, NM (2009). "Child Marriage: a silent health and human rights issue". Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2 (1): 51–56. PMC 2672998. PMID 19399295.
  8. ↑ "Marriage and Cohabitation in the United States: A Statistical Portrait Based on Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth" (PDF). US Department of Health and Human Services.
  9. ↑ Sharon K. Houseknecht and Susan K. Lewis, "Explaining Teen Childbearing and Cohabitation: Community Embeddedness and Primary Ties", Family Relations, Vol. 54, No. 5, Families and Communities (Dec., 2005), pp. 607–620
  10. ↑ "Child Marriage". icrw.org.
  11. ↑ "Eradicating child marriage in Africa – FORWARD UK – FORWARD". Forward Uk. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  12. ↑ International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 13. ISBN 978-92-3-100259-5.
  13. ↑ "Africa: Child Brides Die Young". AllAfrica.
  14. ↑ "Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage" (PDF). UNFPA. p. 23.
  15. ↑ Early Marriage, Child Spouses UNICEF, See section on Asia, page 4 (2001)
  16. ↑ "Southeast Asia's big dilemma: what to do about child marriage?". Plan International Australia. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
  17. ↑ "IRIN Asia – PHILIPPINES: Early marriage puts girls at risk – Philippines – Gender Issues – Health & Nutrition – Human Rights". IRINnews. 26 January 2010.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Child Brides – Child Marriage: What We Know". PBS.
  19. ↑ "Child marriage still an issue in Saudi Arabia". SFGate. 14 March 2010.
  20. ↑ "Early Marriage, Child Spouses" (PDF). UNICEF. p. 5. (See section on Oceania.)
  21. ↑ "Ohio raises minimum age to marry to 17, banning child marriages".
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Child Marriage: Latest trends and future prospects". UNICEF DATA. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  23. ↑ "Child Marriage is a Death Sentence for Many Young Girls" (PDF). UNICEF. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  24. ↑ Child brides – For poorer, most of the time The Economist (February 28, 2011)
  25. ↑ Child Marriage Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Ford Foundation (2011)
  26. ↑ "Child brides call on U.S. states to end 'legal rape'". Reuters. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  27. ↑ "UNICEF Photo of the Year: Contest 2007". www.unicef.de. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
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