Smithsonian Conservation Biology Instittue

Evidence for the influence of sexual beliefs on sexual functioning and satisfaction has mainly emanated from clinical lore. Empirical investigations on this topic remain sparse. This study investigated whether beliefs regarding prevalence and definitions of male and female sexual dysfunctions predicted sexual function and satisfaction in a sample of 131 undergraduate students. Results indicated that higher perceived prevalence of male and female sexual dysfunctions was predictive of lower sexual functioning and poorer sexual satisfaction in women. For the male participants, none of the examined sexual beliefs emerged as significant predictors of their sexual functioning or satisfaction. Surprisingly, it was also found that participants estimated the prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions to be higher than male sexual dysfunctions, while defining male sexual dysfunctions more broadly than female sexual dysfunctions. Possible mechanisms for the findings are provided.

Significant decrease in precipitation up to 15–20% has been observed in the Mediterranean area in the last two decades as a consequence of climate change. To simulate an analogous scenario, the precipitation regime was altered in replicated experimental plots in a Mediterranean macchia dominated by Arbutus unedo L. species. Two different levels of soil water content (SWC) were obtained during the summer: a mean value of 7% was obtained in water-depleted (D) plots by a partial (−20%) rain exclusion treatment using rain gutters; while a mean value of 14% in SWC was obtained in watered (W) plots supplying water by a sprinkler net. The physiological and structural changes were investigated over the course of two consecutive years by measurement of water potential, gas exchange leaf carbon isotopes, leaf pigments and growth. Apart from short-term responses, mainly related to the elastic response of stomatal conductance to soil water, a more long-lasting and significant acclimation to water availability was observed as a result of the increase in hydraulic resistance in the soil–plant continuum, which persisted even after the return to full water availability during the fall and winter. This response involved the permanent down-regulation of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, accumulation of photo-protective pigments, as well as a reduction in shoot growth, leaf area index and an increase in shoot-bearing flowers in D plots. This acclimation response prevented the onset of any run-away damage thereby reducing the forest vulnerability to drought. Furthermore, the imposed drought induced a slight increase or no change in intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEint), as a result of the parallel increase in stomatal and non-stomatal limitations; conversely integrated WUE (i.e., estimated from leaf carbon isotopes) was not affected by drought.

Objective. To describe how culture underlies Canadian Punjabi Sikh men's experiences of adopting lifestyle changes following myocardial infarction (MI). Design. Qualitative, interpretive design. In-depth, individual interviews were conducted with 27 Canadian Punjabi Sikh men post-MI. Data were analysed using constant comparative methods. Results. Cultural influences were identified in Punjabi Sikh men's descriptions of their experience of adopting lifestyle changes. Actions related to self-care, rehabilitation and lifestyle change post-MI were embedded in collectivist family and community contexts. Three themes, derived from the data, were found to intertwine with these contexts; they related to food consumption, physical exercise and faith and religion. Conclusion and implications. These findings highlight how collectivist ideals influence Canadian Punjabi Sikh men's adoption of lifestyle changes post-MI. The content and processes by which healthcare providers deliver heart health and rehabilitation to Canadian Punjabi Sikh men might be guided, at least in part, by the collectivist cultural practices underpinning our findings.

Varroa destructor has been in Brazil for more than 30 years, but no mortality of honeybee colonies due to this mite has been recorded. Africanized bee infestation rates attained by varroa have been low, without causing measurable damage to Brazilian apiculture. The low reproductive ability of this parasite in Africanized bee worker brood cells has been considered an important factor for maintaining the host-parasite equilibrium. Nevertheless, the possible substitution of the haplotype of the mite Varroa destructor that has occurred recently in Brazil could affected the reproductive ability of the population of this parasite in Brazil. The reproductive ability of worker of the mite females was evaluated in over one thousand 17-18day-old Africanized worker brood cells each of the two periods. The percentage of fertile mites increased from 56% in the 1980s to 86% in 2005-2006. The difference in the percentage of females that produced deutonymphs, female progeny that can reach the adult stage at bee emergence, was even greater. In 2005-2006, 72% of the females that invaded worker brood had left at the least one viable descendant, compared to 35% in 1986-1987.

Abstract: Species that have temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) often produce highly skewed offspring sex ratios contrary to long-standing theoretical predictions. This ecological enigma has provoked concern that climate change may induce the production of single-sex generations and hence lead to population extirpation. All species of sea turtles exhibit TSD, many are already endangered, and most already produce sex ratios skewed to the sex produced at warmer temperatures (females). We tracked male loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from Zakynthos, Greece, throughout the entire interval between successive breeding seasons and identified individuals on their breeding grounds, using photoidentification, to determine breeding periodicity and operational sex ratios. Males returned to breed at least twice as frequently as females. We estimated that the hatchling sex ratio of 70:30 female to male for this rookery will translate into an overall operational sex ratio (OSR) (i.e., ratio of total number of males vs females breeding each year) of close to 50:50 female to male. We followed three male turtles for between 10 and 12 months during which time they all traveled back to the breeding grounds. Flipper tagging revealed the proportion of females returning to nest after intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 years were 0.21, 0.38, 0.29, and 0.12, respectively (mean interval 2.3 years). A further nine male turtles were tracked for short periods to determine their departure date from the breeding grounds. These departure dates were combined with a photoidentification data set of 165 individuals identified on in-water transect surveys at the start of the breeding season to develop a statistical model of the population dynamics. This model produced a maximum likelihood estimate that males visit the breeding site 2.6 times more often than females (95%CI 2.1, 3.1), which was consistent with the data from satellite tracking and flipper tagging. Increased frequency of male breeding will help ameliorate female-biased hatchling sex ratios. Combined with the ability of males to fertilize the eggs of many females and for females to store sperm to fertilize many clutches, our results imply that effects of climate change on the viability of sea turtle populations are likely to be less acute than previously suspected.Resumen: Las especies que tienen determinación de sexo dependiente de la temperatura (DST) a menudo producen proporciones de sexo en su descendencia muy sesgadas contrarias las predicciones teóricas prevalecientes. Este enigma ecológico ha motivado preocupación de que el cambio climático puede inducir la producción de generaciones de un solo sexo y por lo tanto conducir a la extirpación de la población. Todas las especies de tortugas marinas presentan DST, muchas ya están en peligro y la mayoría ya producen proporciones de sexos sesgados hacia el sexo producido a temperaturas más cálidas (hembras). Rastreamos tortugas de carey machos (Caretta caretta) de Zakynthos, Grecia, a lo largo de todo el intervalo entre épocas reproductivas sucesivas e identificamos individuos en sus áreas reproductivas, utilizando fotoidentificación, para determinar la periodicidad reproductiva y las proporciones de sexo operacionales. Los machos retornaron para reproducirse por lo menos dos veces más frecuentemente que las hembras. Estimamos que la proporción de sexos de crías de 70:30 hembras a machos en esta colonia se traducirá en una proporción de sexos operacional (PSO) (i.e., la proporción del número total de machos versus hembras en reproducción cada año) cerca de 50:50 hembras a machos. Seguimos a 3 tortugas machos entre 10 y 12 meses durante los cuales todos retornaron al área reproductiva. El marcaje en aletas reveló que la proporción de hembras que retornaron a anidar después de intervalos de 1, 2, 3 y 4 años fue 0.21, 0.38, 0.29 y 0.12, respectivamente (intervalo promedio 2.3 años). Otros 9 machos fueron rastreados por períodos cortos para determinar su fecha de partida del área reproductiva. Esas fechas de partida fueron combinadas con un conjunto datos de la fotoidentificación de 165 individuos identificados en transectos realizados al inicio de la época reproductiva para desarrollar un modelo estadístico de la dinámica poblacional. Este modelo produjo una probabilidad máxima estimada de que los machos visitan el área reproductiva 2.6 veces más a menudo que las hembras (95%IC 2.1, 3.1), que fue consistente con los datos de rastreo por satélite y marcaje de aletas. Una mayor frecuencia de la reproducción de machos ayudará a mejorar las proporciones de sexo de crías sesgadas hacia hembras. En combinación con la habilidad de los machos para fertilizar los huevos de muchas hembras y de las hembras para almacenar esperma para fertilizar muchas puestas, nuestros resultados implican que es probable que los efectos del cambio climático sobre la viabilidad de las poblaciones de tortugas marinas sean menos agudos que lo sospechado previamente.Resumen: Las especies que tienen determinación de sexo dependiente de la temperatura (DST) a menudo producen proporciones de sexo en su descendencia muy sesgadas contrarias las predicciones teóricas prevalecientes. Este enigma ecológico ha motivado preocupación de que el cambio climático puede inducir la producción de generaciones de un solo sexo y por lo tanto conducir a la extirpación de la población. Todas las especies de tortugas marinas presentan DST, muchas ya están en peligro y la mayoría ya producen proporciones de sexos sesgados hacia el sexo producido a temperaturas más cálidas (hembras). Rastreamos tortugas de carey machos (Caretta caretta) de Zakynthos, Grecia, a lo largo de todo el intervalo entre épocas reproductivas sucesivas e identificamos individuos en sus áreas reproductivas, utilizando fotoidentificación, para determinar la periodicidad reproductiva y las proporciones de sexo operacionales. Los machos retornaron para reproducirse por lo menos dos veces más frecuentemente que las hembras. Estimamos que la proporción de sexos de crías de 70:30 hembras a machos en esta colonia se traducirá en una proporción de sexos operacional (PSO) (i.e., la proporción del número total de machos versus hembras en reproducción cada año) cerca de 50:50 hembras a machos. Seguimos a 3 tortugas machos entre 10 y 12 meses durante los cuales todos retornaron al área reproductiva. El marcaje en aletas reveló que la proporción de hembras que retornaron a anidar después de intervalos de 1, 2, 3 y 4 años fue 0.21, 0.38, 0.29 y 0.12, respectivamente (intervalo promedio 2.3 años). Otros 9 machos fueron rastreados por períodos cortos para determinar su fecha de partida del área reproductiva. Esas fechas de partida fueron combinadas con un conjunto datos de la fotoidentificación de 165 individuos identificados en transectos realizados al inicio de la época reproductiva para desarrollar un modelo estadístico de la dinámica poblacional. Este modelo produjo una probabilidad máxima estimada de que los machos visitan el área reproductiva 2.6 veces más a menudo que las hembras (95%IC 2.1, 3.1), que fue consistente con los datos de rastreo por satélite y marcaje de aletas. Una mayor frecuencia de la reproducción de machos ayudará a mejorar las proporciones de sexo de crías sesgadas hacia hembras. En combinación con la habilidad de los machos para fertilizar los huevos de muchas hembras y de las hembras para almacenar esperma para fertilizar muchas puestas, nuestros resultados implican que es probable que los efectos del cambio climático sobre la viabilidad de las poblaciones de tortugas marinas sean menos agudos que lo sospechado previamente.

The effect of source and level of N in buffer solutions, and the effect of changing buffer/ruminal fluid at 48h of incubation on in vitro digestion of different feedstuffs at 0–96h were investigated in three experiments using ANKOM DAISYII incubators. In Experiment 1, bags containing corn and alfalfa grass silages were introduced into the digestion jars starting with the 96h

This study reports the molecular and morphologic characterization of a Cryptosporidium sp., identified in stools of captive lemurs Propithecus verreauxi coquereli. Stool samples were collected from seven animals (n=7) presenting episodes of diarrhea. Bright-field light microscopy of stool smears stained with modified acid-fast technique revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in four of the stool samples analyzed. All microscopically positive samples were confirmed by PCR using primers designed to amplify DNA fragments from two independent loci, i.e. the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene and the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length ssrRNA gene placed this isolate within a clade that contains all currently known C. parvum species/genotypes, closely related to the C. parvum pig genotype. Comparison with partial ssrRNA sequences available in the GenBank™ revealed 100% sequence identity with the genotype previously identified in Canadian patients. This finding was confirmed further by comparison of the COWP gene partial sequences.