Samar Nour-El-Deen

After completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Explain the purpose of medical terminology. 2. Name the languages from which most medical word parts are derived. 3. Distinguish between different types of medical terms 4. List all component parts of a medical term. 5. Define the terms root, suffix, prefix, and interfix. 6. Distinguish between a combining vowel and a combining form 7. Define medical terms by analyzing their component parts.

The full chapter available at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339830389_ABC_of_Medical_Terminology

Editor and author: Samar Nour-El-Deen.
Authors: Eyad Qunaibi & Iman Basheti.
First Edition, 2020.
Pages: 223
Print ISBN: 978-9-957-67432-8 (paperback)

صفحات منتقاة من الكتاب للاطلاع
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1gEB2voPQK5SJqCV1e5czumf0PJndC_W_

للمبيعات والحصول على نسخ الكتاب في مصر وجميع أنحاء العالم
يمكن التواصل على البريد الالكتروني الآتي
Pharmmedterm2020@gmail.com

For ordering copies from Egypt  and other countries, please use the following email: Pharmmedterm2020@gmail.com.

About the book
PharmMedTerm: A Simple Illustrated Terminology Guide for Pharmacy Students is a short treatise introducing pharmacy students to principles pharmaceutical/biomedical terms in a concise form.

Key Features
1- An introductory chapter presenting the basic principles of biomedical terminology
2- Over 300 key terms listed alphabetically
3- Normative Arabic translations and photographs
4- Mini glossary listing common biomedical terms with their English and Arabic synonyms
5- Suitable for tutor-guided teaching and independent self-learning

El-Saadawi W.E., Nour-El-Deen S., El-Noamani Z.M., Darwish M.H., Kamal El-Din M.M. (2020) Fossil Flora of Egypt. In: Hamimi Z., El-Barkooky A., Martínez Frías J., Fritz H., Abd El-Rahman Y. (eds) The Geology of Egypt. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. pp 495-520

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9_13

Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15264-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15265-9


Abstract.
This work summarizes the results of two centuries of laborious investigations of the plant fossil remains in Egypt. As far as possible, emphasis was placed on fossil remains as elements of the biota in the geologic history of Egypt and as indicators of paleoclimate, paleoenvironment and their significance with respect to biostratigraphy and dating. The explored paleoflora of Egypt is very rich and diverse consisted of a mixture of the major plant groups extended from the Devonian to the Quaternary. The discovered fossil plant remains include algae, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocots and dicots) and palynomorphs of all groups. Very little is known about fossil fungi in scattered reports. Fossil evidence of bacteria and bryophytes (except their spores) is generally lacking. The Devonian assemblages are dominated by pteridophytes. The macro- and microfloral assemblages in Lower Carboniferous strata are restricted to pteridophytes, while the first gymnosperm plant appeared in the uppermost Carboniferous. Remains of petridophytes and gymnosperms were common in Early Permian. The plant micro- and macrofossils are extremely scarce in Triassic strata, with only few pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Ferns, cycadophytes and petrified woods of arborescent gymnosperms were recorded from Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata with microflora dominated by pteridophytic spores. Fossil coniferopsids first appear was in Early Cretaceous along with angiosperms and microalgae; whereas microflora was dominated by gymnospermic pollen. The richest paleoflora in Egypt, both macro- and microfossil, has been recovered from Cretaceous strata. Ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms are abundantly preserved in most Egyptian middle and Upper Cretaceous plant-bearing sediments. Fossil plants known to be mangrove or mangrove associates are recorded from Upper Cretaceous strata, in addition to a rich flora of calcareous algae. Fossil plants in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have been extensively studied and documented. Fossil fruits were reported from the Paleocene with a few calcareous green and red algae. The Eocene, Oligocene and lower Miocene strata yielded a diverse and large number of fossil plant remains, especially fossil woods. No such petrified woods were reported in the middle Miocene, upper Miocene or Pliocene strata. Calcareous algae are common components in lower Eocene carbonate sediments. The Eocene strata include the mangrove plant beds of Wadi Hitan, which is a “Natural World Heritage site” reflecting the importance of its plant and animal remains. The Oligocene strata likewise include two very important and renowned fossiliferous sites, viz. Cairo Petrified Forest at Qattamiya (a protected area) and Gebel Qatrani in north Fayum. The latter yielded a diverse and large number of fossil plants particularly fossil wood, leaves, fruits, seeds, a few fungi, macroalgae, besides the first evidence for the occurrence of fossil Trachycarpeae (Palmae) in Africa. Records of palynomorphs of bryophytes, pteridophytes and spermatophytes as well as macroremains of angiosperms were reported from the Quaternary. Paleoclimatic inferences are given. Representatives of some micro- and macrofossil types are illustrated and a map showing some of the main fossiliferous sites in Egypt is provided.

Based on a survey of the fossil wood flora of Gebel Qatrani (Rupelian, Fayum, Egypt), three new species of palm stem are described: Palmoxylon araneus Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas sp. nov., Palmoxylon elsaadawii Nour-El-Deen & Thomas sp. nov. and Palmoxylon qatraniense Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas sp. nov. The specimens are the first petrified palm wood to be reported from the deposits in the upper sequence of the Gebel Qatrani Formation. They are characterized by fibrovascular bundles with two vessels, the presence of a ground parenchyma sustained growth, fibrous bundles, globular echinate phytoliths, radiating parenchyma, and multiseriate scalariform thickening of metaxylem elements. Palaeoclimatic inferences and comparisons with similar fossil stems are discussed for each of the three taxa. Comparisons with extant palms allow identification of these species to tribal (Trachycarpeae) and subfamilial (Coryphoideae) levels. They are the first representatives of tribe Trachycarpeae on the African continent. An attempt is also made to explain migration events and discuss the current and fossil distribution of the tribe in Africa.

In the present note, some details are provided on the doubtful data on the occurrence of some fossil palm species in Gebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. The note provides a critical review of the preliminary list of fossil palm wood given by El-Saadawi (2006). It is concluded that only two species, i.e., Palmoxylon geometricum Sahni and P.  pondicherriense Sahni, are considered valid from this locality. However, in the absence of independent confirmation, all other records of Palmoxylon are highly doubtful and preferably disregarded altogether.

An annotated checklist of the pleurocarpous moss genus Plagiothecium in Eurasia is presented for the first time based on a thorough review of the literature. Data have been compiled from previous relevant works conducted on the genus over more than 70 years and published up to the end of June 2020 for 107 Eurasian countries (and islands). Sectional classification is based on molecular phylogeny of the genus published recently. A total of 41 taxa are reported, including 29 species and 12 infraspecific taxa (nine varieties and three forms) belonging to eight sections. The highest numbers of taxa were found in China (20 taxa), the Russian Federation (20 taxa) and Japan (18 taxa), while the smallest numbers of taxa were recorded in the Middle East, Central Asia and the islands area. Not a single species of Plagiothecium was recorded in 26 regions, whereas P. denticulatum, P. nemorale and P. cavifolium turned out to be the most widespread species in the entire study area. They were recor...

This work summarizes the results of two centuries of laborious investigations of the plant fossil remains in Egypt. As far as possible, emphasis was placed on fossil remains as elements of the biota in the geologic history of Egypt and as indicators of paleoclimate, paleoenvironment and their significance with respect to biostratigraphy and dating. The explored paleoflora of Egypt is very rich and diverse consisted of a mixture of the major plant groups extended from the Devonian to the Quaternary. The discovered fossil plant remains include algae, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocots and dicots) and palynomorphs of all groups. Very little is known about fossil fungi in scattered reports. Fossil evidence of bacteria and bryophytes (except their spores) is generally lacking. The Devonian assemblages are dominated by pteridophytes. The macro- and microfloral assemblages in Lower Carboniferous strata are restricted to pteridophytes, while the first gymnosperm plant appeared in the uppermost Carboniferous. Remains of petridophytes and gymnosperms were common in Early Permian. The plant micro- and macrofossils are extremely scarce in Triassic strata, with only few pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Ferns, cycadophytes and petrified woods of arborescent gymnosperms were recorded from Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata with microflora dominated by pteridophytic spores. Fossil coniferopsids first appear was in Early Cretaceous along with angiosperms and microalgae; whereas microflora was dominated by gymnospermic pollen. The richest paleoflora in Egypt, both macro- and microfossil, has been recovered from Cretaceous strata. Ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms are abundantly preserved in most Egyptian middle and Upper Cretaceous plant-bearing sediments. Fossil plants known to be mangrove or mangrove associates are recorded from Upper Cretaceous strata, in addition to a rich flora of calcareous algae. Fossil plants in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have been extensively studied and documented. Fossil fruits were reported from the Paleocene with a few calcareous green and red algae. The Eocene, Oligocene and lower Miocene strata yielded a diverse and large number of fossil plant remains, especially fossil woods. No such petrified woods were reported in the middle Miocene, upper Miocene or Pliocene strata. Calcareous algae are common components in lower Eocene carbonate sediments. The Eocene strata include the mangrove plant beds of Wadi Hitan, which is a “Natural World Heritage site” reflecting the importance of its plant and animal remains. The Oligocene strata likewise include two very important and renowned fossiliferous sites, viz. Cairo Petrified Forest at Qattamiya (a protected area) and Gebel Qatrani in north Fayum. The latter yielded a diverse and large number of fossil plants particularly fossil wood, leaves, fruits, seeds, a few fungi, macroalgae, besides the first evidence for the occurrence of fossil Trachycarpeae (Palmae) in Africa. Records of palynomorphs of bryophytes, pteridophytes and spermatophytes as well as macroremains of angiosperms were reported from the Quaternary. Paleoclimatic inferences are given. Representatives of some micro- and macrofossil types are illustrated and a map showing some of the main fossiliferous sites in Egypt is provided.

Based on a survey of the fossil wood flora of Gebel Qatrani (Rupelian, Fayum, Egypt), three new species of palm stem are described: Palmoxylon araneus Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas sp. nov., Palmoxylon elsaadawii Nour-El-Deen & Thomas sp. nov. and Palmoxylon qatraniense Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas sp. nov. The specimens are the first petrified palm wood to be reported from the deposits in the upper sequence of the Gebel Qatrani Formation. They are characterized by fibrovascular bundles with two vessels, the presence of a ground parenchyma sustained growth, fibrous bundles, globular echinate phytoliths, radiating parenchyma, and multiseriate scalariform thickening of metaxylem elements. Palaeoclimatic inferences and comparisons with similar fossil stems are discussed for each of the three taxa. Comparisons with extant palms allow identification of these species to tribal (Trachycarpeae) and subfamilial (Coryphoideae) levels. They are the first representatives of tribe Trachycarpeae on the African continent. An attempt is also made to explain migration events and discuss the current and fossil distribution of the tribe in Africa.