الخوارزمي

محمد ابن موسي الخوارزمي
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
محمد ابن موسي الخوارزمي; Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
	; 20هين صدي عيسويءَ جو الخوارزمي جي عڪاسي ڪندڙ ڪاٺ جو تختو
پيدائش	780 عيسوي; خوارزم، عباسي خلافت
وفات	850 عيسوي (aged ~70); بغداد، عباسي خلافت
پيشو	بغداد ۾ حڪمت جي بيت، "دارالحڪمه" جو سربراهه (820ع)
علمي خدمتون
دور	اسلامي سنهري دور
مُکيه دلچسپي	رياضي فلڪيات; جاگرافي; ;
مُکيه ڪم	" الجبر" (820ع) "زِجَ السنڌ والهند" (820ع); "ڪتاب الصورت الارض" (833ع); ;
مُکيه خيال	الجبرا ۽ هندي-عربي عددي سرشتي تي تحقيق
متاثر ماڻهو	مصر جو ابو ڪامل

محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي ^{[note 1]} (فارسي: محمد بن موسى خوارزمي؛ 780-850ع)، يا صرف "الخوارزمي"، هڪ همہ دان (Polymath) هو، جنهن رياضي، فلڪيات ۽ جاگرافي ۾ عربي ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهڻو اثرائتو ڪم ڪيو. سال 820 عيسوي جي آس پاس، هن کي عباسي خلافت جي گاديءَ واري شهر، بغداد ۾ فلڪيات دان ۽ "دارالحڪمه" (House of Wisdom) جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو ويو.

الجبرا تي سندس مشهور مقالو، سال 813- 833ع جي وچ ۾ مرتب ڪيل مقالو، "الجبر" (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balanceing)، لڪير ۽ چوگرد مساواتن جو پهريون منظم حل پيش ڪيو.^[6] الجبرا ۾ هن جي ڪاميابين مان هڪ هن جو مظاهرو هو ته چورس کي مڪمل ڪرڻ سان چوٿين مساواتن کي ڪيئن حل ڪيو وڃي، جنهن لاء هن جاميٽري جواز مهيا ڪيو.^[7]^:14 الخوارزمي پهريون شخص هو جنهن الجبرا کي هڪ آزاد نظم جي طور تي استعمال ڪيو ۽ "گهٽائي" ۽ "توازن" جا طريقا (گهٽايل اصطلاحن جي هڪ مساوات جي ٻئي پاسي منتقلي، يعني، ساڳئي شرطن جي منسوخي. مساوات جا مخالف پاسا)، متعارف ڪرايا،^[8] هن کي "الجبرا جو پيءُ يا باني" طور بيان ڪيو ويو آهي. r^[9]^[10]^[11]r^[12]^[13]

انگريزي اصطلاح الجبرا سندس مٿي ذڪر ڪيل مقالي، "الجبر والمقابله" جي مختصر هٿ جي عنوان مان نڪتل آهي.^[14] هن جي نالي سان انگريزي اصطلاحون، الگورزم ۽ الگورٿم کي جنم ڏنو. اسپيني، اطالوي ۽ پرتگالي اصطلاح، الگورتمو (algoritmo) ۽ اسپيني اصطلاح، گوارسمو (guarismo)^[15] ۽ پرتگالي اصطلاح، الگارسمو (algarismo)، ٻنهي جي معنيٰ "انگ" آهن.^[16]

12هين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ الخوارزمي جي هندستاني رياضي تي لکيل ڪتاب جو لاطيني ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجما، ”زج السنڌ والهند“، جنهن مختلف هندستاني انگن اکرن کي ڪوڊ ڪيو، مغربي دنيا ۾ اعشاريه جي بنياد تي انگن جو نظام متعارف ڪرايو.^[17] اهڙي طرح "الجبر" جو لاطيني ۾ ترجمو انگريز اسڪالر، رابرٽ آف چيسٽر سال 1145ع ۾ ڪيو، اها 16هين صدي عيسويء تائين يورپي يونيورسٽين جي پرنسپل رياضي جي درسي ڪتاب طور استعمال ڪيو ويو.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

الخوارزمي رومن پوليميٿ، بطليموس جي "جاگرافي"، ٻي صديءَ جي يوناني ٻوليءَ جو مقالو، جنهن ۾ شهرن ۽ علائقن جي ڊگھائي ۽ ويڪرائي ڦاڪن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي، تي نظر ثاني ڪئي.^[22] هن اڳتي هلي فلڪيات جي جدولن جو هڪ سيٽ تيار ڪيو ۽ گڏوگڏ اصطرلاب، سج جي گهڙي ۽ ڪئلينڊر جي ڪمن جي باري ۾ لکيو.^[23] الخوارزمي ٽرگنوميٽري ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، درست سائن (Sine) ۽ ڪوسائن (Cosine) جدولن ۽ ٽينجنٽ جي پهرين جدول ٺاهي.

پڻ ڏسو

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

وڪي قول ۾ al-Khwārizmī جي متعلق قول موجود آھي۔

وڪيميڊيا العام تي Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi بابت زمرا
Earliest Manuscript of Kitab Surat al-Ard in the Strasbourg National Library

باب:

حوالا

↑ Toomer, Gerald J. (1970–1980). "al-Khuwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". in Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. VII. Scribner. pp. 358–365. ISBN 978-0-684-16966-8.
↑ Vernet, Juan (1960–2005). "Al-Khwārizmī". in Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E. et al.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1070–1071. OCLC 399624.
↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abū Kāmil Shujā' ibn Aslam" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 11 December 2013 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
↑ Ibn Khaldūn, The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 17 September 2016 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, New York: Princeton (1958), Chapter VI:19.
↑ Knuth, Donald (1997). "Basic Concepts". The Art of Computer Programming. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1.
↑ Oaks, J. (2009), "Polynomials and Equations in Arabic Algebra", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 63(2), 169–203.
↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Maher
↑ (Boyer 1991, "The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229) "It is not certain just what the terms al-jabr and muqabalah mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word al-jabr presumably meant something like "restoration" or "completion" and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word muqabalah is said to refer to "reduction" or "balancing" – that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation."
↑ Corbin, Henry (1998) (en ۾). The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy. North Atlantic Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-55643-269-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
↑ Boyer, Carl B., 1985. A History of Mathematics, p. 252. Princeton University Press. "Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra, but this title more appropriately belongs to al-Khowarizmi...", "...the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta..."
↑ Gandz, Solomon, The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris, i (1936), 263–277, "Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers."
↑ Katz, Victor J.. "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching". VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2017. "The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.".
↑ Esposito, John L. (6 April 2000) (en ۾). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188. Retrieved 29 September 2020. "Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm."
↑ Brentjes, Sonja (1 June 2007). "Algebra" (en ۾). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
↑ Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf.
↑ Gandz, Solomon (1926). "The Origin of the Term "Algebra"". The American Mathematical Monthly 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. ISSN 0002-9890. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605.
↑ Struik 1987, p. 93
↑ Philip Khuri Hitti (2002). History of the Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 379. ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ.
↑ Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159. ""The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century"
↑ Shawn Overbay; Jimmy Schorer; Heather Conger. "Al-Khwarizmi". University of Kentucky. وقت 12 December 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
↑ "Islam Spain and the history of technology". وقت 11 October 2018 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 January 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
↑ van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). A History of Algebra: From al–Khwarizmi to Emmy Noether. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
↑ Arndt 1983, p. 669

حوالي جي چڪ: "note" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="note"/> نہ مليو

[1] Toomer, Gerald J. (1970–1980). "al-Khuwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". in Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. VII. Scribner. pp. 358–365. ISBN 978-0-684-16966-8.

[2] Vernet, Juan (1960–2005). "Al-Khwārizmī". in Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E. et al.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1070–1071. OCLC 399624.

[MacTutor-AK-3] O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abū Kāmil Shujā' ibn Aslam" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 11 December 2013 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.

[4] Ibn Khaldūn, The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 17 September 2016 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, New York: Princeton (1958), Chapter VI:19.

[5] Knuth, Donald (1997). "Basic Concepts". The Art of Computer Programming. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1.

[Oaks2-7] Oaks, J. (2009), "Polynomials and Equations in Arabic Algebra", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 63(2), 169–203.

[Maher-8] حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Maher

[9] (Boyer 1991, "The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229) "It is not certain just what the terms al-jabr and muqabalah mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word al-jabr presumably meant something like "restoration" or "completion" and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word muqabalah is said to refer to "reduction" or "balancing" – that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation."

[Corbin_1998_44-10] Corbin, Henry (1998) (en ۾). The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy. North Atlantic Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-55643-269-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44. Retrieved 19 October 2020.

[11] Boyer, Carl B., 1985. A History of Mathematics, p. 252. Princeton University Press. "Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra, but this title more appropriately belongs to al-Khowarizmi...", "...the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta..."

[12] Gandz, Solomon, The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris, i (1936), 263–277, "Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers."

[13] Katz, Victor J.. "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching". VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2017. "The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.".

[14] Esposito, John L. (6 April 2000) (en ۾). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188. Retrieved 29 September 2020. "Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm."

[15] Brentjes, Sonja (1 June 2007). "Algebra" (en ۾). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi. Retrieved 5 June 2019.

[16] Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf.

[17] Gandz, Solomon (1926). "The Origin of the Term "Algebra"". The American Mathematical Monthly 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. ISSN 0002-9890. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605.

[Struik_932-18] Struik 1987, p. 93

[19] Philip Khuri Hitti (2002). History of the Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 379. ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ.

[20] Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159. ""The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century"

[21] Shawn Overbay; Jimmy Schorer; Heather Conger. "Al-Khwarizmi". University of Kentucky. وقت 12 December 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)

[22] "Islam Spain and the history of technology". وقت 11 October 2018 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 January 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)

[23] van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). A History of Algebra: From al–Khwarizmi to Emmy Noether. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

[auto2-24] Arndt 1983, p. 669

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