BACKGROUND Better evaluation of existing health programmes, appropriate policy making against eme... more BACKGROUND Better evaluation of existing health programmes, appropriate policy making against emerging health threats, and reducing inequalities in Iran rely on a comprehensive national and subnational breakdown of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. METHODS In this systematic analysis, we present the national and subnational estimates of the burden of disease in Iran using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We report trends in demographics, all-cause and cause-specific mortality, as well as years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by major diseases and risk factors. A multi-intervention segmented-regression model was used to explore the overall impact of health sector changes and sanctions. For this analysis, we used a variety of sources and reports, including vital registration, census, and survey data to provide estimates of mortality and morbidity at the national and subnational level in Iran. FINDINGS Iran, which had 84·3 million inhabitants in 2019, had a life expectancy of 79·6 years (95% uncertainty interval 79·2-79·9) in female individuals and 76·1 (75·6-76·5) in male individuals, an increase compared with 1990. The number of DALYs remained stable and reached 19·8 million (17·3-22·6) in 2019, of which 78·1% were caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) compared with 43·0% in 1990. During the study period, age-standardised DALY rates and YLL rates decreased considerably; however, YLDs remained nearly constant. The share of age-standardised YLDs contributing to the DALY rate steadily increased to 44·5% by 2019. With regard to the DALY rates of different provinces, inequalities were decreasing. From 1990 to 2019, although the number of DALYs attributed to all risk factors decreased by 16·8%, deaths attributable to all risk factors substantially grew by 43·8%. The regression results revealed a significant negative association between sanctions and health status. INTERPRETATION The Iranian health-care system is encountering NCDs as its new challenge, which necessitates a coordinated multisectoral approach. Although the Iranian health-care system has been successful to some extent in controlling mortality, it has overlooked the burden of morbidity and need for rehabilitation. We did not capture alleviation of the burden of diseases in Iran following the 2004 and 2014 health sector reforms; however, the sanctions were associated with deaths of Iranians caused by NCDs. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Background Irrational prescription and its subsequent costs are a major challenge worldwide. Heal... more Background Irrational prescription and its subsequent costs are a major challenge worldwide. Health systems must provide appropriate conditions for the implementation of national and international strategies to prevent irrational prescription. The aim of the present study was to determine the irrational surfactant prescription among neonates with respiratory distress and the resulting direct medical costs for private and public hospitals in Iran. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study performed retrospectively using data belonged to 846 patients. Initially, the data were extracted from the patients’ medical records and the information system of the Ministry of Health. The obtained data were then compared with the surfactant prescription guideline. Afterward, each neonatal surfactant prescription was evaluated based on the three filters listed in the guideline (including right drug, right dose, and right time). Finally, chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to investigat...
Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all population... more Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths ...
Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how so... more Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends.
Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, repre... more Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016.
Background The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “... more Background The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030. Methods We used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile es...
Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by meas... more Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015.
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration IMPORTANCE Cancer is the second leading cause of de... more Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration IMPORTANCE Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. ...
Diarrheal diseases (DDs) are leading causes of disease burden and death and disability, especiall... more Diarrheal diseases (DDs) are leading causes of disease burden and death and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For box sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0–1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245–763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs a...
Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim: One of the useful methods to assess hospital performance is Pabon Lasso Model... more Background and Aim: One of the useful methods to assess hospital performance is Pabon Lasso Model. The aim of this study was to assess performance of the hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences by Pabon Lasso Model from 2007 to 2011. Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study we used turnover rate, bed occupancy rate and the average duration of hospitalization as our indicators to assess the performance of 12 hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences by Pabon Lasso Model from 2007 to 2011. We used Excel software for data analysis. Results: In this study we found a bed occupancy rate of 62.5% and a bed turnover rate of 79.2 times. The average duration of hospitalization was 3.4 days. One (8%) hospital was located in zone 1, four (33%) hospitals in zone 2, five (42%) hospitals in zone 3 and two (17%) hospitals in zone 4. Conclusion: According to the results of this study it can be suggested that the development of outpatient services, transmission of...
Background: the using of economic tools such as production function is one of the ways to improvi... more Background: the using of economic tools such as production function is one of the ways to improving performance and efficient use of hospital resources. The aim of this study was the estimation of production function in educational hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences during 2007- 2011. Material & Methods: the number of inpatient as dependent variable and the numbers of active beds, nurses, doctors and other staffs as explanatory variables was considered. These data For 12 of hospitals since 2007 to 2011 was collected by production form. Also with Eviews software version 6 and panel data, the production function of hospitals was estimated. Results: the elasticity and marginal of production for all variables explanatory was positive. The marginal of production for bed active, physician, nurse and other staff was 16.7, 54, 23.6 and 40.9 respectively. The total of input coefficient was equal 1.08 and the return to scale was increasing. Conclusion: according to the posi...
Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all availabl... more Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method...
The International Journal of Health Planning and Management
INTRODUCTION Back pain is a common global disorder and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one me... more INTRODUCTION Back pain is a common global disorder and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one method of assessing its cause. The lack of official and general clinical guidelines is the cause of inadequate supervision of lumbar MRI prescriptions. The goal of this research was to analyze inappropriate lumbar MRI prescriptions and the resulting economic burden on individuals. METHOD This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out on a sample of 614 patients who visited four hospitals in Tehran. The appropriateness or inappropriateness of the MRI prescriptions was determined using clinical guidelines and a questionnaire based on previous studies. The economic burden created by inappropriate prescriptions for MRIs was determined after calculating the total direct and indirect costs. FINDINGS The total MRI prescription cost paid by the study sample was $26 071, and the cost of inappropriate prescriptions was $10 310. The MRI prescription rate had a significant relationship with gender, age, education, employment, primary insurance type, and supplemental health insurance. CONCLUSION The research findings revealed relatively high rates of inappropriate MRI prescriptions in the private and public sectors. Hence, policymakers should design, create, and develop clinical guidelines and enforce the policies and rules to decrease inappropriate MRI prescriptions.
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to... more Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.
Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the ... more Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes aff ecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015.
Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires ti... more Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.
BACKGROUND Better evaluation of existing health programmes, appropriate policy making against eme... more BACKGROUND Better evaluation of existing health programmes, appropriate policy making against emerging health threats, and reducing inequalities in Iran rely on a comprehensive national and subnational breakdown of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. METHODS In this systematic analysis, we present the national and subnational estimates of the burden of disease in Iran using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We report trends in demographics, all-cause and cause-specific mortality, as well as years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by major diseases and risk factors. A multi-intervention segmented-regression model was used to explore the overall impact of health sector changes and sanctions. For this analysis, we used a variety of sources and reports, including vital registration, census, and survey data to provide estimates of mortality and morbidity at the national and subnational level in Iran. FINDINGS Iran, which had 84·3 million inhabitants in 2019, had a life expectancy of 79·6 years (95% uncertainty interval 79·2-79·9) in female individuals and 76·1 (75·6-76·5) in male individuals, an increase compared with 1990. The number of DALYs remained stable and reached 19·8 million (17·3-22·6) in 2019, of which 78·1% were caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) compared with 43·0% in 1990. During the study period, age-standardised DALY rates and YLL rates decreased considerably; however, YLDs remained nearly constant. The share of age-standardised YLDs contributing to the DALY rate steadily increased to 44·5% by 2019. With regard to the DALY rates of different provinces, inequalities were decreasing. From 1990 to 2019, although the number of DALYs attributed to all risk factors decreased by 16·8%, deaths attributable to all risk factors substantially grew by 43·8%. The regression results revealed a significant negative association between sanctions and health status. INTERPRETATION The Iranian health-care system is encountering NCDs as its new challenge, which necessitates a coordinated multisectoral approach. Although the Iranian health-care system has been successful to some extent in controlling mortality, it has overlooked the burden of morbidity and need for rehabilitation. We did not capture alleviation of the burden of diseases in Iran following the 2004 and 2014 health sector reforms; however, the sanctions were associated with deaths of Iranians caused by NCDs. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Background Irrational prescription and its subsequent costs are a major challenge worldwide. Heal... more Background Irrational prescription and its subsequent costs are a major challenge worldwide. Health systems must provide appropriate conditions for the implementation of national and international strategies to prevent irrational prescription. The aim of the present study was to determine the irrational surfactant prescription among neonates with respiratory distress and the resulting direct medical costs for private and public hospitals in Iran. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study performed retrospectively using data belonged to 846 patients. Initially, the data were extracted from the patients’ medical records and the information system of the Ministry of Health. The obtained data were then compared with the surfactant prescription guideline. Afterward, each neonatal surfactant prescription was evaluated based on the three filters listed in the guideline (including right drug, right dose, and right time). Finally, chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to investigat...
Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all population... more Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths ...
Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how so... more Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends.
Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, repre... more Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016.
Background The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “... more Background The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030. Methods We used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile es...
Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by meas... more Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015.
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration IMPORTANCE Cancer is the second leading cause of de... more Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration IMPORTANCE Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. ...
Diarrheal diseases (DDs) are leading causes of disease burden and death and disability, especiall... more Diarrheal diseases (DDs) are leading causes of disease burden and death and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For box sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0–1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245–763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs a...
Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim: One of the useful methods to assess hospital performance is Pabon Lasso Model... more Background and Aim: One of the useful methods to assess hospital performance is Pabon Lasso Model. The aim of this study was to assess performance of the hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences by Pabon Lasso Model from 2007 to 2011. Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study we used turnover rate, bed occupancy rate and the average duration of hospitalization as our indicators to assess the performance of 12 hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences by Pabon Lasso Model from 2007 to 2011. We used Excel software for data analysis. Results: In this study we found a bed occupancy rate of 62.5% and a bed turnover rate of 79.2 times. The average duration of hospitalization was 3.4 days. One (8%) hospital was located in zone 1, four (33%) hospitals in zone 2, five (42%) hospitals in zone 3 and two (17%) hospitals in zone 4. Conclusion: According to the results of this study it can be suggested that the development of outpatient services, transmission of...
Background: the using of economic tools such as production function is one of the ways to improvi... more Background: the using of economic tools such as production function is one of the ways to improving performance and efficient use of hospital resources. The aim of this study was the estimation of production function in educational hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences during 2007- 2011. Material & Methods: the number of inpatient as dependent variable and the numbers of active beds, nurses, doctors and other staffs as explanatory variables was considered. These data For 12 of hospitals since 2007 to 2011 was collected by production form. Also with Eviews software version 6 and panel data, the production function of hospitals was estimated. Results: the elasticity and marginal of production for all variables explanatory was positive. The marginal of production for bed active, physician, nurse and other staff was 16.7, 54, 23.6 and 40.9 respectively. The total of input coefficient was equal 1.08 and the return to scale was increasing. Conclusion: according to the posi...
Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all availabl... more Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method...
The International Journal of Health Planning and Management
INTRODUCTION Back pain is a common global disorder and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one me... more INTRODUCTION Back pain is a common global disorder and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one method of assessing its cause. The lack of official and general clinical guidelines is the cause of inadequate supervision of lumbar MRI prescriptions. The goal of this research was to analyze inappropriate lumbar MRI prescriptions and the resulting economic burden on individuals. METHOD This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out on a sample of 614 patients who visited four hospitals in Tehran. The appropriateness or inappropriateness of the MRI prescriptions was determined using clinical guidelines and a questionnaire based on previous studies. The economic burden created by inappropriate prescriptions for MRIs was determined after calculating the total direct and indirect costs. FINDINGS The total MRI prescription cost paid by the study sample was $26 071, and the cost of inappropriate prescriptions was $10 310. The MRI prescription rate had a significant relationship with gender, age, education, employment, primary insurance type, and supplemental health insurance. CONCLUSION The research findings revealed relatively high rates of inappropriate MRI prescriptions in the private and public sectors. Hence, policymakers should design, create, and develop clinical guidelines and enforce the policies and rules to decrease inappropriate MRI prescriptions.
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to... more Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.
Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the ... more Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes aff ecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015.
Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires ti... more Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.
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