Claudio Marra
ITALIAN
Claudio Marra è responsabile scientifico delle aree Adolescenza e Immigrazione dell'Osservatorio Politiche Sociali dell'Università di Salerno. E' dottore di ricerca in Sociologia. Si occupa di temi legati alle migrazioni e alla socializzazione adolescenziale. Ha svolto e svolge attualmente attività di docenza a contratto presso l’Università di Salerno e quella di Modena e Reggio Emilia. É membro del comitato scientifico dell’Osservatorio delle politiche sociali dell’Università di Salerno, nonché responsabile delle areee “adoescenza” e “immigrazione”. È stato visiting professor presso l’Università di Rouen (Francia). È docente presso Master interculturale nel campo della salute, del welfare, del lavoro e dell’integrazione dell’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia. È stato redattore regionale del Dossier Statistico Caritas/Migrantes e collabora attualmente con la Fondazione Migrantes sui temi dell’immigrazione in Italia e dell’emigrazione dal Sud d’Italia. Ha svolto altresì numerose attività di ricerca e di consulenza scientifica presso Enti Locali e organizzazioni del Terzo Settore. È autore e coautore di numerose pubblicazioni scientifiche. Tra le più recenti: “Immigrati imprenditori e distretti industriali. Una ricerca in Emilia Romagna”, Mondi migranti, 2008; La casa degli immigrati. Famiglie, reti, trasformazioni sociali, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2012; Vi sono sempre vicino. Lettere di emigrati cilentani al di là dell’oceano, Todi (PG), Tau, 2013; “Appendice bibliografica ragionata. Una riflessione sull’emigrazione italiana: testimonianze, trasformazioni sociali, trasnazionalismo e suggestioni narrative” in Fondazione Migrantes, Rapporto italiani nel mondo 2015, (a cura di D. Licata), Todi (PG), Tau, 2015; "Le migrazioni contemporanee" e “Migrazioni: il contesto italiano” in Caritas/Migrantes, XXIV Rapporto Immigrazione 2014. Migranti, attori di sviluppo, Tau, Todi (PG), 2015; "Identità europea e la scoperta dell'altro: la riflessione di Todorov" in Foscari G. (a cura di), L'Europa e la scoperta dell'Altro, Napoli, Ipermedium libri, 2015. È tra i redattori del Dizionario Enciclopedico delle Migrazioni Italiane nel Mondo (a cura di Grassi T., Caffarelli E., Cappussi M., Licata D., Perego G.C.), Società Editrice Romana (SER) in collaborazione con Fondazione Migrantes, Roma, 2014, per le voci “Dogana”, “Edmondo de Amicis”, “Fondazione migrantes”, “Rapporto Italiani nel mondo”, “Straniero”.
ENGLISH
Claudio Marra has a PhD in Sociology. It deals with issues related to migration and adolescent socialization. He has held and continues to lecture fellow at the University of Salerno and that of Modena and Reggio Emilia. He is a member of the Scientific Committee of the Social Policy of the University of Salerno, and in charge of the area to "adoescenza" and "immigration". He was visiting professor at the University of Rouen (France). He teaches at Master Intercultural in the health, welfare, labor and the integration of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. He was editor of the Regional Statistical Dossier Caritas / Migrantes and currently collaborates with the Fondazione Migrantes on immigration in Italy and emigration from the South of Italy. He has also done numerous research and scientific advice in local authorities and third sector organizations. He is the author and co-author of numerous scientific publications. Among the most recent: “Immigrati imprenditori e distretti industriali. Una ricerca in Emilia Romagna”, Mondi migranti, 2008; La casa degli immigrati. Famiglie, reti, trasformazioni sociali, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2012; Vi sono sempre vicino. Lettere di emigrati cilentani al di là dell’oceano, Todi (PG), Tau, 2013; “Appendice bibliografica ragionata. Una riflessione sull’emigrazione italiana: testimonianze, trasformazioni sociali, trasnazionalismo e suggestioni narrative” in Fondazione Migrantes, Rapporto italiani nel mondo 2015, (a cura di D. Licata), Todi (PG), Tau, 2015; "Le migrazioni contemporanee" e “Migrazioni: il contesto italiano” in Caritas/Migrantes, XXIV Rapporto Immigrazione 2014. Migranti, attori di sviluppo, Tau, Todi (PG), 2015; "Identità europea e la scoperta dell'altro: la riflessione di Todorov" in Foscari G. (a cura di), L'Europa e la scoperta dell'Altro, Napoli, Ipermedium libri, 2015. È tra i redattori del Dizionario Enciclopedico delle Migrazioni Italiane nel Mondo (a cura di Grassi T., Caffarelli E., Cappussi M., Licata D., Perego G.C.), Società Editrice Romana (SER) in collaborazione con Fondazione Migrantes, Roma, 2014, per le voci “Dogana”, “Edmondo de Amicis”, “Fondazione migrantes”, “Rapporto Italiani nel mondo”, “Straniero”.
Claudio Marra è responsabile scientifico delle aree Adolescenza e Immigrazione dell'Osservatorio Politiche Sociali dell'Università di Salerno. E' dottore di ricerca in Sociologia. Si occupa di temi legati alle migrazioni e alla socializzazione adolescenziale. Ha svolto e svolge attualmente attività di docenza a contratto presso l’Università di Salerno e quella di Modena e Reggio Emilia. É membro del comitato scientifico dell’Osservatorio delle politiche sociali dell’Università di Salerno, nonché responsabile delle areee “adoescenza” e “immigrazione”. È stato visiting professor presso l’Università di Rouen (Francia). È docente presso Master interculturale nel campo della salute, del welfare, del lavoro e dell’integrazione dell’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia. È stato redattore regionale del Dossier Statistico Caritas/Migrantes e collabora attualmente con la Fondazione Migrantes sui temi dell’immigrazione in Italia e dell’emigrazione dal Sud d’Italia. Ha svolto altresì numerose attività di ricerca e di consulenza scientifica presso Enti Locali e organizzazioni del Terzo Settore. È autore e coautore di numerose pubblicazioni scientifiche. Tra le più recenti: “Immigrati imprenditori e distretti industriali. Una ricerca in Emilia Romagna”, Mondi migranti, 2008; La casa degli immigrati. Famiglie, reti, trasformazioni sociali, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2012; Vi sono sempre vicino. Lettere di emigrati cilentani al di là dell’oceano, Todi (PG), Tau, 2013; “Appendice bibliografica ragionata. Una riflessione sull’emigrazione italiana: testimonianze, trasformazioni sociali, trasnazionalismo e suggestioni narrative” in Fondazione Migrantes, Rapporto italiani nel mondo 2015, (a cura di D. Licata), Todi (PG), Tau, 2015; "Le migrazioni contemporanee" e “Migrazioni: il contesto italiano” in Caritas/Migrantes, XXIV Rapporto Immigrazione 2014. Migranti, attori di sviluppo, Tau, Todi (PG), 2015; "Identità europea e la scoperta dell'altro: la riflessione di Todorov" in Foscari G. (a cura di), L'Europa e la scoperta dell'Altro, Napoli, Ipermedium libri, 2015. È tra i redattori del Dizionario Enciclopedico delle Migrazioni Italiane nel Mondo (a cura di Grassi T., Caffarelli E., Cappussi M., Licata D., Perego G.C.), Società Editrice Romana (SER) in collaborazione con Fondazione Migrantes, Roma, 2014, per le voci “Dogana”, “Edmondo de Amicis”, “Fondazione migrantes”, “Rapporto Italiani nel mondo”, “Straniero”.
ENGLISH
Claudio Marra has a PhD in Sociology. It deals with issues related to migration and adolescent socialization. He has held and continues to lecture fellow at the University of Salerno and that of Modena and Reggio Emilia. He is a member of the Scientific Committee of the Social Policy of the University of Salerno, and in charge of the area to "adoescenza" and "immigration". He was visiting professor at the University of Rouen (France). He teaches at Master Intercultural in the health, welfare, labor and the integration of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. He was editor of the Regional Statistical Dossier Caritas / Migrantes and currently collaborates with the Fondazione Migrantes on immigration in Italy and emigration from the South of Italy. He has also done numerous research and scientific advice in local authorities and third sector organizations. He is the author and co-author of numerous scientific publications. Among the most recent: “Immigrati imprenditori e distretti industriali. Una ricerca in Emilia Romagna”, Mondi migranti, 2008; La casa degli immigrati. Famiglie, reti, trasformazioni sociali, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2012; Vi sono sempre vicino. Lettere di emigrati cilentani al di là dell’oceano, Todi (PG), Tau, 2013; “Appendice bibliografica ragionata. Una riflessione sull’emigrazione italiana: testimonianze, trasformazioni sociali, trasnazionalismo e suggestioni narrative” in Fondazione Migrantes, Rapporto italiani nel mondo 2015, (a cura di D. Licata), Todi (PG), Tau, 2015; "Le migrazioni contemporanee" e “Migrazioni: il contesto italiano” in Caritas/Migrantes, XXIV Rapporto Immigrazione 2014. Migranti, attori di sviluppo, Tau, Todi (PG), 2015; "Identità europea e la scoperta dell'altro: la riflessione di Todorov" in Foscari G. (a cura di), L'Europa e la scoperta dell'Altro, Napoli, Ipermedium libri, 2015. È tra i redattori del Dizionario Enciclopedico delle Migrazioni Italiane nel Mondo (a cura di Grassi T., Caffarelli E., Cappussi M., Licata D., Perego G.C.), Società Editrice Romana (SER) in collaborazione con Fondazione Migrantes, Roma, 2014, per le voci “Dogana”, “Edmondo de Amicis”, “Fondazione migrantes”, “Rapporto Italiani nel mondo”, “Straniero”.
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The opportunity of counting on a stable work relationship has helped the request for residence permits for family reunions and caused in the immigrant population both a women and a youth increase. As already described by some authors, it is a phase of the migratory process in which the immigrants’ territorial entrenchment on a family basis helps the relationship with the landing society, developing both in the immigrants and in the native people some co-inclusion processes, caused also by the coming into the adolescence of the immigrants’ children (Bastenier and Dassetto, 1990).
From the results of the international studies appears in the experience of the immigrants’ adolescent children a double condition of similarity/diversity towards the native adolescents (Bastenier, 2004). On the one hand, they must face the transition path towards the adulthood through the opening to a world out of the family. On the other hand, such path is complicated by their social vulnerability condition and by a social stigma born in the immigrant family origin (particularly, from the countries viewed needy) that is glaringly highlighted both in the school segregation – so that they are more present in the training and technical schools than in the Italian secondary school – and in the school failure (Marra, 2005).
These remarks bring about the need to analyse the experience of the immigrants’ adolescent children in terms of the already underlined diversification of the adolescent paths according to both the family origin and the kind of relations daily kept by adolescents themselves with the ambient relational conditions distinguishing their experience (Palmonari, 1993; Gasperoni, 2002; Larson and Wilson, 2004).
Under this problem view was it born the question of the study here presented: how are expressed the parent-adolescent children relationship in front of a settlement-oriented migratory parents’ strategy?
We can answer this question examining the “space-time coordinates” on which the family members conceive, express and realize their strategies and within which the creative time is woven together with the adaptive one tending to conciliate the family relational sphere with the social inclusion which is asked the adolescents (Ghisleni, 2004).
This study is a part of a trend which is interested in comparing the experiences of the immigrants’ adolescent children with the ones of their Italians’ equivalent children, to show the possible similarities and / or contrast and underline the different adolescent paths (which we have already spoken about) (Rebughini, 2004; Bosisio et al., 2005).
This trend has so far distinguished itself buy using quality techniques such as thorough and detailed interviews of a small number of subjects. But the purpose to test quantity techniques (based on questionnaire) made necessary to perform the research in 17 training and technical schools (I – III classes) in the district of Modena with the highest percentage of immigrants’ children as they are in a territory where we can notice an immigrants’ entrenchment.
The sample considered is composed by 770 adolescents (49% female and 51% male ones, average aged 16), among which 50% are immigrants’ children and 50% Italians’ ones. The relative questionnaire was given all members of the class so as could be highlighted in a comparative way the characteristics of the experience of the immigrants’ children who (as adolescents) are involved in the process of social introduction which is going to start them to adulthood. In this way, a part of the sample composed by the Italians’ children has been used as a check group.
The main result of the study that we want to underline is the observation that among the immigrant families there is a greater relational cohesiveness than among the Italian ones with reference to a greater cooperation of all members to the family life and to a greater care of the weakest members (especially, the children and the youngest brothers and sisters), but also that there is a greater parents’ inclination to perform such activities as play, more strictly connected to the affective character.
In brief, it is a matter of families which do not interfere with the adolescents’ social introduction. This is also due to the fact that a “ well integrated” child is for the immigrant parents a resource to orient themselves in the landing place.
It is observed instead a protective attitude of the immigrant parents recalling the picture by Christopher Lasch of the family as a “comfort in a world with no heart”, picture recently resumed also by Richard Sennet (Lasch, 1979; Sennet, 1998).
Consider the experience of migration as a set of human and social relations means first that the decision to leave for abroad and the subsequent developments of the migratory path must be understood in the light of human relationships that these emigrants had in their country before leaving and often even with family members, relatives and neighbors who have already left and then oriented in the choice, offering their help once you arrive.
Starting from this consideration, the volume examines the "housing issue" of immigrants in two respects. The first is the experience of migrants, considering the house as both need related to their social integration, both as a place to report ("domestic space"), focusing primarily on immigrant families. The second is that, putting themselves in terms of the company's landing, the house is considered as an indicator of integration both as matters related to social policies on immigration. It analyzes the process of social integration starting from empirical emergencies to analyze the light of some theoretical interpretations from the relational approach to migration, according to the categories of thought of Pierre Bourdieu, on the one hand, and the network approach, on the other, to show in what sense we can speak of social integration of immigrants in terms of more general processes of social transformation.
The work is aimed not only to university students following degree programs in the social sciences, but also social workers, policy makers, teachers and all those who, for various reasons, are involved in migration issues.
In recent years in Italy, incoming migration flows seem to be decreasing considerably. There are authors who see this as a signal of a future exhausting immigration in Italy. In this essay we propose a vision to greater caution, taking into account longer-term trends. Starting from an analysis of data on residence permits, we try to show that the Italian immigration is at a stage of maturation and migration saturation. A sociological reading of the territory, using data on foreign residents, shows how the stability of migration, together with the existence of numerous national groups have consolidated a plurality of spatial patterns. These are characterized by a different relationship between historical dynamic, national origin, migration chain and socio-economic characteristics of the different local areas. The conclusion we reach is that the acceptance of immigrants has triggered processes of change in the forms of organization of the territory.
The current European scenario is characterized by profound demographic and cultural changes due to the processes of globalization and the consequent migration. These processes should force us to rethink the meaning of interculturalism and integration processes. The previous historical experiences of colonization we show how the construction of European identity has often been accompanied by forms of social exclusion and violent imposition of economic and cultural models. A form emblematic of this exclusion and stigmatization is the object of reflection Todorov's historical experience of the discovery of America and its colonization by European countries since the sixteenth century. His reflection allows us to understand the genealogy of the different models through which European countries, interpreting the culture of the other, have developed and established its own cultural identity of the "civilized world". He analyzes the relationship with the other, depending on the role they play two key words: the ego (Europe) and the other (cultures perceived as different). Its conceptual categories are effective for understanding the evolution assume that the current inter-cultural processes, and at the same time contribute to the reflection on the possible outcomes of the processes of European cultural reorganization.
Bernard Gangloff
Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris 10, France
Claudio Marra
Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali, Politiche e della Comunicazione, Università di Salerno, Italia
Amine Rezrazi
Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurosciences de la Cognition et de l’Affectivité, Université de Rouen, France
Three hundred forty students were given: a questionnaire on the belief in a just world and a concrete case after which they were asked to advise the manager of a real estate the amount of the performance reserve to be allocated to employees in terms of a 'information that characterizes them. This information refer to obedient behavior or controdipendenza of these workers than an imposition of hierarchical discrimination. We observe 1) the distributions are more frequently than not egalitarian egalitarian, 2) that the employee receives more obedient worker controdipendente, despite the ethical of this controdipendenza, and 3) that the belief in a just world intervenes only in a trend .
The opportunity of counting on a stable work relationship has helped the request for residence permits for family reunions and caused in the immigrant population both a women and a youth increase. As already described by some authors, it is a phase of the migratory process in which the immigrants’ territorial entrenchment on a family basis helps the relationship with the landing society, developing both in the immigrants and in the native people some co-inclusion processes, caused also by the coming into the adolescence of the immigrants’ children (Bastenier and Dassetto, 1990).
From the results of the international studies appears in the experience of the immigrants’ adolescent children a double condition of similarity/diversity towards the native adolescents (Bastenier, 2004). On the one hand, they must face the transition path towards the adulthood through the opening to a world out of the family. On the other hand, such path is complicated by their social vulnerability condition and by a social stigma born in the immigrant family origin (particularly, from the countries viewed needy) that is glaringly highlighted both in the school segregation – so that they are more present in the training and technical schools than in the Italian secondary school – and in the school failure (Marra, 2005).
These remarks bring about the need to analyse the experience of the immigrants’ adolescent children in terms of the already underlined diversification of the adolescent paths according to both the family origin and the kind of relations daily kept by adolescents themselves with the ambient relational conditions distinguishing their experience (Palmonari, 1993; Gasperoni, 2002; Larson and Wilson, 2004).
Under this problem view was it born the question of the study here presented: how are expressed the parent-adolescent children relationship in front of a settlement-oriented migratory parents’ strategy?
We can answer this question examining the “space-time coordinates” on which the family members conceive, express and realize their strategies and within which the creative time is woven together with the adaptive one tending to conciliate the family relational sphere with the social inclusion which is asked the adolescents (Ghisleni, 2004).
This study is a part of a trend which is interested in comparing the experiences of the immigrants’ adolescent children with the ones of their Italians’ equivalent children, to show the possible similarities and / or contrast and underline the different adolescent paths (which we have already spoken about) (Rebughini, 2004; Bosisio et al., 2005).
This trend has so far distinguished itself buy using quality techniques such as thorough and detailed interviews of a small number of subjects. But the purpose to test quantity techniques (based on questionnaire) made necessary to perform the research in 17 training and technical schools (I – III classes) in the district of Modena with the highest percentage of immigrants’ children as they are in a territory where we can notice an immigrants’ entrenchment.
The sample considered is composed by 770 adolescents (49% female and 51% male ones, average aged 16), among which 50% are immigrants’ children and 50% Italians’ ones. The relative questionnaire was given all members of the class so as could be highlighted in a comparative way the characteristics of the experience of the immigrants’ children who (as adolescents) are involved in the process of social introduction which is going to start them to adulthood. In this way, a part of the sample composed by the Italians’ children has been used as a check group.
The main result of the study that we want to underline is the observation that among the immigrant families there is a greater relational cohesiveness than among the Italian ones with reference to a greater cooperation of all members to the family life and to a greater care of the weakest members (especially, the children and the youngest brothers and sisters), but also that there is a greater parents’ inclination to perform such activities as play, more strictly connected to the affective character.
In brief, it is a matter of families which do not interfere with the adolescents’ social introduction. This is also due to the fact that a “ well integrated” child is for the immigrant parents a resource to orient themselves in the landing place.
It is observed instead a protective attitude of the immigrant parents recalling the picture by Christopher Lasch of the family as a “comfort in a world with no heart”, picture recently resumed also by Richard Sennet (Lasch, 1979; Sennet, 1998).
Consider the experience of migration as a set of human and social relations means first that the decision to leave for abroad and the subsequent developments of the migratory path must be understood in the light of human relationships that these emigrants had in their country before leaving and often even with family members, relatives and neighbors who have already left and then oriented in the choice, offering their help once you arrive.
Starting from this consideration, the volume examines the "housing issue" of immigrants in two respects. The first is the experience of migrants, considering the house as both need related to their social integration, both as a place to report ("domestic space"), focusing primarily on immigrant families. The second is that, putting themselves in terms of the company's landing, the house is considered as an indicator of integration both as matters related to social policies on immigration. It analyzes the process of social integration starting from empirical emergencies to analyze the light of some theoretical interpretations from the relational approach to migration, according to the categories of thought of Pierre Bourdieu, on the one hand, and the network approach, on the other, to show in what sense we can speak of social integration of immigrants in terms of more general processes of social transformation.
The work is aimed not only to university students following degree programs in the social sciences, but also social workers, policy makers, teachers and all those who, for various reasons, are involved in migration issues.
In recent years in Italy, incoming migration flows seem to be decreasing considerably. There are authors who see this as a signal of a future exhausting immigration in Italy. In this essay we propose a vision to greater caution, taking into account longer-term trends. Starting from an analysis of data on residence permits, we try to show that the Italian immigration is at a stage of maturation and migration saturation. A sociological reading of the territory, using data on foreign residents, shows how the stability of migration, together with the existence of numerous national groups have consolidated a plurality of spatial patterns. These are characterized by a different relationship between historical dynamic, national origin, migration chain and socio-economic characteristics of the different local areas. The conclusion we reach is that the acceptance of immigrants has triggered processes of change in the forms of organization of the territory.
The current European scenario is characterized by profound demographic and cultural changes due to the processes of globalization and the consequent migration. These processes should force us to rethink the meaning of interculturalism and integration processes. The previous historical experiences of colonization we show how the construction of European identity has often been accompanied by forms of social exclusion and violent imposition of economic and cultural models. A form emblematic of this exclusion and stigmatization is the object of reflection Todorov's historical experience of the discovery of America and its colonization by European countries since the sixteenth century. His reflection allows us to understand the genealogy of the different models through which European countries, interpreting the culture of the other, have developed and established its own cultural identity of the "civilized world". He analyzes the relationship with the other, depending on the role they play two key words: the ego (Europe) and the other (cultures perceived as different). Its conceptual categories are effective for understanding the evolution assume that the current inter-cultural processes, and at the same time contribute to the reflection on the possible outcomes of the processes of European cultural reorganization.
Bernard Gangloff
Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris 10, France
Claudio Marra
Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali, Politiche e della Comunicazione, Università di Salerno, Italia
Amine Rezrazi
Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurosciences de la Cognition et de l’Affectivité, Université de Rouen, France
Three hundred forty students were given: a questionnaire on the belief in a just world and a concrete case after which they were asked to advise the manager of a real estate the amount of the performance reserve to be allocated to employees in terms of a 'information that characterizes them. This information refer to obedient behavior or controdipendenza of these workers than an imposition of hierarchical discrimination. We observe 1) the distributions are more frequently than not egalitarian egalitarian, 2) that the employee receives more obedient worker controdipendente, despite the ethical of this controdipendenza, and 3) that the belief in a just world intervenes only in a trend .