• Anti-inflammation
• Antibacterial
• In silico
• In vivo
• Musa balbisiana

• Alveolar bone grafting
• Bone morphogenetic protein 2
• Cleft lip
• Cleft palate
• Hounsfield unit
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
• Osteocalcin

• Molecular assay
• mycobacteria
• nonsputum
• nontuberculous mycobacteria

• Humans
• Adult
• Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Phylogeny
• Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
• Hospitals, University
• Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/genetics

• COVID-19
• Comorbidities
• ELISA
• NRAMP-1
• death
• severity

• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Miana (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth)
• high mobility group box 1
• mRNA

• Cartilage defect
• Microfracture
• Platelet-rich fibrin
• Synovium

• Diabetes militus
• Microbacterium tuberculosis
• Multidrugs resistance
• TLR4

• Acne vulgaris
• Anti-inflammatory
• Kepok banana peel

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes pneumonia, sepsis, endocarditis, and meningitis. S. suis is primarily found in the upper respiratory tract of pigs. To our knowledge, the first case of S. suis infection has resulted in pneumonia in Indonesia. A 40-year-old woman suffered from shortness of breath last month. The complaint worsened one week ago. She also complained of a productive cough with thick white phlegm. She has a history of late-stage cervical cancer. The patient's vital signs were normal, except for tachypnea. Vesicular breath sounds, no wheezing, and coarse lung crackles were discovered during a physical examination. A chest x-ray showed patchy airspace opacities and interstitial thickening throughout both lungs. The following results were obtained from routine laboratory leukocytosis. Gram stain of the sputum showed a few Gram-positive cocci, mostly in pairs. We confirmed this finding by performing the blood agar, and chocolate agar revealed small α-hemolytic and catalase-negative colonies. The strain was positive for penicillin and ceftriaxone in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A combination of penicillin and ceftriaxone intravenous was utilized for definitive treatment. After completing a 14-day course of oral antibiotic medication, the patient was discharged. Her symptoms had subsided. This case should remind physicians about the possibility of cancer associated with S. suis infected patient and no clear history of exposure to pigs or other animals.

For centuries, propolis has been used to treat various diseases in traditional medicine due to its biological and pharmacological activities. It remains popular because of its potentially beneficial role in human health due to its well-known broad multispectrum properties, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anesthetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antihepatotoxic, antimutagenic, and antiseptic activity. Numerous studies have examined the antibacterial activity of propolis and its derivatives, which include many natural antimicrobial compounds with broad spectrum activity against different bacterial types. In vitro studies have shown propolis's antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Many studies have examined propolis's effect on inhibiting bacterial growth. Several studies examining propolis's inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have shown it to be an effective antimicrobial agent. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with respiratory infections, particularly in hospital settings. Inappropriate antibiotic use may contribute to the increasing number of bacterial strains resistant to available drugs. This review summarizes the findings of previous studies on propolis and its potential mechanisms in inhibiting K. pneumoniae growth in animals.

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Propolis has a potentially beneficial role in human health.

Neuropathic pain is a major problem whose pathogenesis is not known yet, which makes it difficult to treat. Effective treatment of neuropathic pain usually uses multimodal therapy that takes a long time but causes major health problems, which are commonly found in women over 50 years of age and are generally caused by lumbar radiculopathy due to lumbar spinal stenosis. The narrowing of the spinal canal resembles an ischemic condition that can increase the expression of VEGF in the dorsal root ganglion and then result in shortened walking distance (intermittent claudication). The effect of VEGF is thought to be through binding to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, whose levels are increased in conditions of hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain. Immune mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, through the balanced process of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β, which are immunosuppressive. MLC901 is a simplified traditional medicine formula from MLC601, which affects the nervous system through three main mechanisms, namely neuroprotection, neuro-regeneration and neuro-restoration. Elevated levels of MLC901 promote angiogenesis. This review discusses the effect of MLC901 on miR30c-5p expression, TGF-β expression, VEGF receptor expression, degree of axon demyelination and changes in neuropathic pain behaviour in experimental animals experiencing neuropathic pain using the circumferential spinal stenosis method. These findings may provide new targets for further scientific research on the molecular mechanisms of neuropathic pain and potential therapeutic interventions.

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Neuropathic pain is a major problem whose pathogenesis is not known yet.

Peritoneal adhesion still becoming a common complication after abdominal surgeries and become a significant threat to digestive surgeons nowadays. Vitamin E might offer benefits for preventing peritoneal adhesions because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibroblastic properties. This study sought to analyze the relationship between vitamin E administration and peritoneal/intra-abdominal adhesions in rat models.

Potential articles were searched by using specific keywords on Scopus, PubMed, PMC, and Cochrane Library databases until March 12th, 2022. All published studies on vitamin E and peritoneal/abdominal adhesions in rat models were collected. Statistical analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.4 software.

A total of 9 studies were included in the final analysis. Pooled analysis of the evidences yielded an association between vitamin E and decreased incidence of substantial peritoneal/intra-abdominal adhesions (RR 0.46; 95%CI: 0.33–0.64, p < 0.00001, I² = 61%, random-effect modeling); and reduction in the mean grade of adhesions (Mean Difference −1.53; 95%CI: −2.00, −1.06, p < 0.00001, I² = 98%, random-effect modeling).

This study proposes that vitamin E supplementation might offer benefits in the prevention of peritoneal/intra-abdominal adhesions. More in-vivo studies with larger sample sizes and proper methods are still needed to confirm the results of our study. If possible, studies on humans might also be warranted.

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Peritoneal adhesion still become common problem after abdominal surgery.

Thrombotic complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are a worrisome aspect of the disease due to their high incidence in critically ill patients and their poor clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (fondaparinux) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with hypercoagulable complications.

The study design used a retrospective cohort approach incorporating pre- and post-tests via secondary data extracted from the medical records of inpatients with confirmed COVID-19.

Among the 98 individuals studied (52% women; 30.6% at >60 years of age), 35 patients received UFH, while the remaining 63 patients received LMWH (fondaparinux). The greatest decrease in the D-dimer value (0.01 ± 0.5 g fibrinogen equivalent units/mL) was observed in 12 (34.3%) and 15 (23.8%) patients in the UFH and LMWH (fondaparinux) groups, respectively. Most inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 were aged 50–59 years and were women.

There was a tendency toward increased D-dimer, normal prothrombin time, normal activated partial thromboplastin clotting time, and increased fibrinogen values in each COVID-19 patient. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between the D-dimer and prothrombin time parameter in confirmed COVID-19 inpatients.

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Most of the hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 were >60-years of age and female.

How far the role of innate immunity and adaptive immunity do in children who have been BCG vaccinated in controlling the course and the severity of the TB disease has not been completely known. Mycobacterium tuberculosis entry to the body will be recognized by Toll-like receptors found on macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells as part of the innate immune response, after which the dendritic cells will then present the antigen to lymphocyte T0 cells and initiate the adaptive immune response (of which CD4 T cells have an important role in). Was one or were both of these immune responses function well or not in a BCG Vaccinated Children with TB?

This study aim to find a better understanding of the role of innate immune response assessed by TLR2/TLR4 mRNA gene expression and serum TLR2/TLR4 levels, while the role of adaptive immune response is assessed by analyzing serum CD4 level in children with TB who have had BCG vaccination.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among children with TB at the outpatient and inpatient wards at Bhakti Medicare and Jakarta Islamic Hospital. Expression of mRNA gene was measured using the Boom method and protein serum levels were measured using the ELISA method. The results were analyzed by using the SPSS v.23 program.

Sixty-nine children were recruited as subjects. In this study, 68.1% of whom had BCG scars. TLR4 mRNA gene expression was found to be higher than TLR2 mRNA gene expression. Serum CD4 level was found to be highest out of TLR2 and TLR4 level, but serum TLR2 level was higher than TLR4 level. TLR2/TLR4 mRNA gene expression, serum TLR2/TLR4 levels, and CD4 levels in subjects with BCG scar were also found to be significantly higher than in subjects without BCG scar (p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between TLR2/TLR4 mRNA gene expression and serum TLR2/TLR4 levels (r = 0.860; r = 0.864; p < 0.001) and between serum levels TLR2/TLR4 with serum CD4 levels (r = 0.822; r = 0.832 p < 0.001).

As early as possible, BCG vaccine administration is needed in endemic countries, but it must be ensured that scars can be formed. It is also important to control Latent TB Infection (LTBI) to prevent transmission and relapse of disease.

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For the prevention of TB disease, it is important to understand the innate and adaptive immune responses according BCG scar.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used treatment for cancer and the mechanism of DOX-induced cardiomyocyte damage in cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), strong induce proinflammatory cytokines via damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) which its interaction with the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), that affect cytokine release, and angiogenesis via the role of HMBG1, HIF-1α and VEGF as an important regulator in these cardiac failure processes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is plays an important role in the cellular response to systemic oxygen levels of cells and VEGF is an angiogenic factor and can stimulate cellular responses on the surface of endothelial cells will be described

The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the role of HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in DOX-induced Cardiovascular Disease and its molecular mechanisms.

The data in this study were collect by search the keyword combinations of medical subject headings (MeSH) of “HMGB1”, “HIF-1 α”, “VEGF”, “DOX” and “Cardiovascular disease” and relevant reference lists were manually searched in PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus database. All relevant articles in data base above were included and narratively discussed in this review article.

Several articles were revealed that molecular mechanisms of the DOX in cardiomyocyte damage and related to HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF and may potential treatment and prevention to cardiovascular disease in DOX intervention.

HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF has a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage and predominantly acts through different pathways. The role of HMGB1 in DOX-induced myocardial damage suggests that HMGB1 is a mediator of DOX-induced damage. In addition, DOX can inhibit HIF-1α activity where DOX can decrease HIF-1α expression and HIF-1α is also responsible for upregulation of several angiogenic factors, including VEGF. VEGF plays an important role in angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and reduces the side effects of DOX markedly. In addition, the administration of anti-angiogenesis will show an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis mediated by the VEGF signaling pathway and triggered by DOX in cells.

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The effect of Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiovascular damage via several pathways.

Patients with comorbidities have an increased risk for severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) symptoms, including abnormal inflammation. Chest X-rays and C-reactive protein (CRP) level are frequently used to evaluate the severity of inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between comorbidities, chest X-ray findings, and CRP level in patients with COVID-19.

This was a cross-sectional, analytic, observational study performed using a quantitative approach. The study population included in patients with confirmed COVID-19. Secondary data from the medical records of the patients were analysed to determine the correlations between comorbidities, chest X-rays, and CRP level.

The data of 167 patients (87 [52.1%] females and 80 [47.9%] males) were evaluated. Regarding comorbidities, 86 (51.5%) patients had hypertension, 66 (39.5%) had diabetes mellitus, and 17 (10.2%) had dyspepsia. Chest X-rays showed that 144 (86.2%) patients had pneumonia, whereas 23 (13.8%) did not. A total of 143 (85.6%) patients showed increased CRP levels, whereas 24 (14.4%) did not show any increase. Patients who showed pneumonia on chest X-rays tended to have increased CRP levels. The results also showed that chest X-ray findings were correlated with CRP level. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were significantly correlated with CRP level (p = 0.05), whereas dyspepsia did not show a significant relationship with CRP level (p > 0.05). Patients with hypertension had a 2.709-fold risk of having increased CRP level compared with patients without hypertension. Patients with pneumonia had a 2.953-fold increased risk for increased CRP level compared to those without pneumonia.

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are significantly correlated with CRP level. Chest X-ray finding is also significantly correlated with CRP level.

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The most common comorbidity in COVID-19 patients is hypertension.