RESUMO A continuidade no comportamento entre espécies tem sido amplamente assumida na análise do ... more RESUMO A continuidade no comportamento entre espécies tem sido amplamente assumida na análise do comportamento, embora pesquisas recentes pareçam desafiar uma versão forte do pressuposto da continuidade. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão de fontes potenciais para a descontinuidade humano-não humano em escolha e auto-controle. Ênfase especial é colocada nas diferenças nos procedimentos empregados para estudar humanos e outros animais, que dificultam comparações entre espécies. Modificações nos procedimentos empregados com não-humanos (por meio do uso de sistemas de reforço do tipo fichas) e com humanos (por meio do emprego de sistemas de reforço do tipo consumatório) mostram maior acordo nos padrões de escolha de humanos e outros animais. Isto sugere que pelo menos algumas das diferenças relatadas sobre escolhas em procedimentos de auto-controle em humanos e outros animais refletem diferenças de procedimento, mais do que diferenças mais fundamentais em processos comportamentais. Ao e...
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2015
Three experiments were conducted with pigeons to identify the stimulus functions of tokens in sec... more Three experiments were conducted with pigeons to identify the stimulus functions of tokens in second-order token-reinforcement schedules. All experiments employed two-component multiple schedules with a token-reinforcement schedule in one component and a schedule with equivalent response requirements and/or reinforcer density in the other. In Experiment 1, response rates were lower under a token-reinforcement schedule than under a tandem schedule with the same response requirements, suggesting a discriminative role for the tokens. In Experiment 2, response rates varied systematically with signaling functions of the tokens in a series of conditions designed to explore other aspects of the temporal-correlative relations between tokens and food. In Experiment 3, response rates were reduced but not eliminated by presenting tokens independent of responding, yoked to their temporal occurrence in a preceding token component, suggesting both a reinforcing function and eliciting/evocative fu...
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2014
Six pigeons were studied in a token economy in which tokens could be produced and exchanged for f... more Six pigeons were studied in a token economy in which tokens could be produced and exchanged for food on one side of an experimental chamber and for water on the opposite side of the chamber. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a token-production fixed ratio (FR) schedule. Responses on a second key produced an exchange period during which tokens were exchanged for water or food. In Experiment 1a, food tokens could be earned and exchanged under restricted food budgets, and water tokens could be earned and exchanged under water restricted budgets. In Experiment 1b, a third (generalized) token type could be earned and exchanged for either food or water under water restricted budgets. Across Experiments 1a and 1b, the number of tokens accumulated prior to exchange increased as the exchange-production schedule was increased. In Experiment 1b, pigeons produced more generalized than specific tokens, suggesting enhanced reinforcing efficacy of generalized tokens. In Experiment ...
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2013
The current four experiments examined the sunk cost effect-nonoptimal persistence following inves... more The current four experiments examined the sunk cost effect-nonoptimal persistence following investment-in a laboratory-based decision-making task with adult humans. Subjects made repeated decisions about whether to persist in a course of action-a fixed-ratio schedule whose response requirements varied unpredictably from one trial to the next-or to abandon it and escape in favor of a new trial with a potentially smaller fixed ratio schedule. Satisfying the ratio requirement produced a brief video clip from a preferred television program. In Experiment 1, sunk-cost errors were less likely in subjects who had previously experienced markedly differential reinforcement for escape. In Experiment 2, stimulus changes correlated with changes in mean response requirement, and these changes reduced sunk-cost errors in a small number of subjects. In Experiment 3, sunk-cost errors occurred more frequently as the ratio of the mean response requirements for persistence and escape approached 1.0. T...
RESUMO A continuidade no comportamento entre espécies tem sido amplamente assumida na análise do ... more RESUMO A continuidade no comportamento entre espécies tem sido amplamente assumida na análise do comportamento, embora pesquisas recentes pareçam desafiar uma versão forte do pressuposto da continuidade. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão de fontes potenciais para a descontinuidade humano-não humano em escolha e auto-controle. Ênfase especial é colocada nas diferenças nos procedimentos empregados para estudar humanos e outros animais, que dificultam comparações entre espécies. Modificações nos procedimentos empregados com não-humanos (por meio do uso de sistemas de reforço do tipo fichas) e com humanos (por meio do emprego de sistemas de reforço do tipo consumatório) mostram maior acordo nos padrões de escolha de humanos e outros animais. Isto sugere que pelo menos algumas das diferenças relatadas sobre escolhas em procedimentos de auto-controle em humanos e outros animais refletem diferenças de procedimento, mais do que diferenças mais fundamentais em processos comportamentais. Ao e...
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2015
Three experiments were conducted with pigeons to identify the stimulus functions of tokens in sec... more Three experiments were conducted with pigeons to identify the stimulus functions of tokens in second-order token-reinforcement schedules. All experiments employed two-component multiple schedules with a token-reinforcement schedule in one component and a schedule with equivalent response requirements and/or reinforcer density in the other. In Experiment 1, response rates were lower under a token-reinforcement schedule than under a tandem schedule with the same response requirements, suggesting a discriminative role for the tokens. In Experiment 2, response rates varied systematically with signaling functions of the tokens in a series of conditions designed to explore other aspects of the temporal-correlative relations between tokens and food. In Experiment 3, response rates were reduced but not eliminated by presenting tokens independent of responding, yoked to their temporal occurrence in a preceding token component, suggesting both a reinforcing function and eliciting/evocative fu...
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2014
Six pigeons were studied in a token economy in which tokens could be produced and exchanged for f... more Six pigeons were studied in a token economy in which tokens could be produced and exchanged for food on one side of an experimental chamber and for water on the opposite side of the chamber. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a token-production fixed ratio (FR) schedule. Responses on a second key produced an exchange period during which tokens were exchanged for water or food. In Experiment 1a, food tokens could be earned and exchanged under restricted food budgets, and water tokens could be earned and exchanged under water restricted budgets. In Experiment 1b, a third (generalized) token type could be earned and exchanged for either food or water under water restricted budgets. Across Experiments 1a and 1b, the number of tokens accumulated prior to exchange increased as the exchange-production schedule was increased. In Experiment 1b, pigeons produced more generalized than specific tokens, suggesting enhanced reinforcing efficacy of generalized tokens. In Experiment ...
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2013
The current four experiments examined the sunk cost effect-nonoptimal persistence following inves... more The current four experiments examined the sunk cost effect-nonoptimal persistence following investment-in a laboratory-based decision-making task with adult humans. Subjects made repeated decisions about whether to persist in a course of action-a fixed-ratio schedule whose response requirements varied unpredictably from one trial to the next-or to abandon it and escape in favor of a new trial with a potentially smaller fixed ratio schedule. Satisfying the ratio requirement produced a brief video clip from a preferred television program. In Experiment 1, sunk-cost errors were less likely in subjects who had previously experienced markedly differential reinforcement for escape. In Experiment 2, stimulus changes correlated with changes in mean response requirement, and these changes reduced sunk-cost errors in a small number of subjects. In Experiment 3, sunk-cost errors occurred more frequently as the ratio of the mean response requirements for persistence and escape approached 1.0. T...
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