In this study, we present the results of microscopic observations of pine needles Pinus sylvestris L. collected in the area of cement-lime pressure in the south-western part of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains in the region of Białe Zagłębie.... more
In this study, we present the results of microscopic observations of pine needles Pinus sylvestris L. collected in the area of cement-lime pressure in the south-western part of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains in the region of Białe Zagłębie. Images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirm the presence of particles with a size of about 2 to 20 µm on the surface of the needles. Analysis using X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) allowed, in turn, to identify lead, iron, aluminium, calcium, and silicon in particles deposited in the surface layer of assimilation organs and dispersed in the surface layer of vegetation tissue within cell structures. Chemical composition, size and shape of particles of foreign bodies on the needles’ surface allow them to be identified as cement-lime dust coming from production plants located in the Białe Zagłębie. Negative influence on the condition and liveliness of Scots pine in the study area is manifested by images on which stomata is sealed, which limits the possibility of gas exchange
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During the storage of spent polymer materials derived from municipal solid waste, which contain biodegradable impurities, an intense growth of microorganisms takes place. The aerobic metabolism of microorganisms may cause these materials... more
During the storage of spent polymer materials derived from municipal solid waste, which contain biodegradable impurities, an intense growth of microorganisms takes place. The aerobic metabolism of microorganisms may cause these materials to combust spontaneously and to become a real epidemiological risk for humans. The aim of the research is to determine the optimal addition of calcium oxide (CaO), which effectively reduces the number of selected microorganism groups populating the analyzed materials, in which spent polymers represent a significant fraction: refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and an undersize fraction of municipal solid waste (UFMSW). The main novelty of the experiments is to assess the benefits of using the commonly available and cheap filler (CaO), to hygienize the material and to reduce the fire hazard arising from its storage. During the mixing of spent polymer materials with pulverized CaO (mass shares: 1, 2, and 5% CaO), temperature changes were monitored using thermography. Moisture content (MC), pH, respiration activity (AT4) and bacterial count were determined before and after the experiment. During the addition of CaO (especially when the content was at 5%) to the UFMSW, higher maximum temperatures were obtained than in the case of RDF analyses, which may be the result of a high percentage of the biodegradable fraction and higher MC of the UFMSW. In all cases the waste temperature did not increase again after 3 min. CaO used in the experiment effectively limited the number of microorganisms. The addition of 5% of CaO has showed the strongest antimicrobial properties, and it can be recommended for hygienization of the analyzed materials and for the reduction of the risk of self-heating during their storage in windrows.
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The dataset presented in this article is the supplementary data for the research article titled “The combustion of polyolefins in the inert and catalytic fluidised beds”, in which polyethylene combustion in the cenosphere fluidised bed... more
The dataset presented in this article is the supplementary data for the research article titled “The combustion of polyolefins in the inert and catalytic fluidised beds”, in which polyethylene combustion in the cenosphere fluidised bed were investigated. The use of cenospheres as a bed material made it possible to free sink of PE particles in the bed and rule out its combustion in freeboard. It also lead to elimination of soot formation. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of flue gases were performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR, Gasmet DX-4000). This data article provides detailed information on changes in product concentration at intervals of a few seconds.
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In this paper, we assess various natural earth pigments as potential colorants and stabilizers for ethylene-norbornene copolymer composites. Several cycloolefin copolymer (COC) composites colored with 2 wt% of a selected pigment were... more
In this paper, we assess various natural earth pigments as potential colorants and stabilizers for ethylene-norbornene copolymer composites. Several cycloolefin copolymer (COC) composites colored with 2 wt% of a selected pigment were prepared using a two-step mixing method. The aging resistance of the polymer composites was investigated in terms of changes to their mechanical properties, following accelerated aging in the full sunlight spectrum (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 h). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface energy measurements, and spectrophotometry were used to assess the color changes, surface defects, and morphology of the composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study their thermal stability. The combustion characteristics of the prepared COC composites were evaluated based on the microcombustion calorimetry test (MCC). The application of earth pigments resulted in interesting color changes and a significant improvement in the aging resistance of the COC-filled samples, as evidenced by higher aging factor values and lower carbonyl index parameters compared to the reference (COC). The best results were observed for hematite (HM), gold ochre (GO), and red ochre (RO). In addition, the application of earth pigments, especially iron ochre (IO) and red ochre (RO), in COC contributed to a significant reduction in the heat release rate (HRR) values, indicating improved flame retardancy. This research opens the possibility of producing colorful COC composites with enhanced photostability and reduced flammability for use in polymer applications.
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Aluminosilicate microspheres are a valuable fraction of coal fly ash with diverse applications due to their low density. Currently, there is no efficient and ecologically rational method of cenosphere recovery from fly ash. A combination... more
Aluminosilicate microspheres are a valuable fraction of coal fly ash with diverse applications due to their low density. Currently, there is no efficient and ecologically rational method of cenosphere recovery from fly ash. A combination of dry methods for the recovery of both fine ash particles and aluminosilicate microspheres from coal fly ash is presented. It is comprised of fluidised bed separation followed by screening and pneumatic separation in a free-fall air chamber. Fluidised bed separation was assisted by a mechanical activator to prevent agglomeration. This step reduced the portion of material that required further treatment by 52-55 wt.%, with the recovery of microspheres exceeding 97%. Then, the concentrates were individually subjected to pneumatic separation. The final separation product for the fly ash containing 0.64 wt.% cenospheres was a cenosphere concentrate that constituted about 17 wt.% of the initial fly ash. The recovery of cenospheres was around 81%. Usage of a combination of dry methods allowed for maintaining almost 83 wt.% of the raw material in its dry form. Furthermore, the produced fly ash grain fractions could be used for different industrial purposes.
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The adsorption process of cadmium ions (Cd), manganese ions (Mn) and lead ions (Pb) onto the spent coffee grounds (SCG) and activated spent coffee grounds (biochar, A-SCG) was investigated. The SCG activation was carried out in the... more
The adsorption process of cadmium ions (Cd), manganese ions (Mn) and lead ions (Pb) onto the spent coffee grounds (SCG) and activated spent coffee grounds (biochar, A-SCG) was investigated. The SCG activation was carried out in the pyrolysis process in a fluidized bed reactor. scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements and CHN analysis were used in order to define the differences between biomaterials. In the study the different mass of materials (0.2-0.5 g) and constant heavy metal volume and concentration (20 cm 3 /100 ppm) were investigated on the adsorption process. In order to describe the sorption parameters the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were used. The maximum adsorption for biochar reached 22.3 mg/g for Pb ions, 19.6 mg/g for Mn ions and 19.4 mg/g for Cd ions which were noticeably higher than the results obtained for spent coffee grounds which reached 13.6 mg/g for Pb ions, 13.0 mg/g for Mn ions and 11.0 mg/g for Cd ions. Metal ion adsorption on both SCG and A-SCG was best described by the Langmuir model, thus chemisorption was a dominant type of adsorption. Studying the kinetics of the sorption process, one can see that the process is of a chemical nature according to the best fit of the pseudo-second rate order model. The obtained results show that the chosen sorbents can be used for the removal of cadmium, manganese and lead compounds from aqueous solutions with high efficiency.
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The dataset presented in this article is the supplementary data for the research article titled “The pyrolysis and combustion of polyoxymethylene in a fluidised bed with the possibility of incorporating CO2” [1], in which possible paths... more
The dataset presented in this article is the supplementary data for the research article titled “The pyrolysis and combustion of polyoxymethylene in a fluidised bed with the possibility of incorporating CO2” [1], in which possible paths of polyoxymethylene conversion in the fluidised bed made from cenospheres and by means of various fluidising gases (air, N2, CO2) were tested. The use of CO2 as fluidising gas was particularly interesting because above 600°C its incorporation into process products (i.e. CO-rich flue gas) was observed. The gaseous products were detected using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR, Gasmet DX-4000) at intervals of a few seconds. The data on the concentration changes over time will allow to evaluate and verificate of new kinetic models of polyoxymethylene degradation with the possibility of incorporating CO2.
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The recycling of polyoxymethylene (POM) was performed in a fluidised bed which was formed from cenospheres (hollow, spherical particles). Air, N 2 and CO 2 were used as the fluidising agents. The composition of the process products in the... more
The recycling of polyoxymethylene (POM) was performed in a fluidised bed which was formed from cenospheres (hollow, spherical particles). Air, N 2 and CO 2 were used as the fluidising agents. The composition of the process products in the flue gases as a function of fluidised bed temperature is shown and discussed for each fluidising gas. A flue gases FTIR analysis together with the spectra deconvolution of multicomponent gaseous samples were used to conduct instant quantitative monitoring of the products of POM thermal degradation. At 400°C, in atmospheres of either air or CO 2 , the process of POM thermal recycling was performed for the purpose of monomer recovery and obtained a near 90% efficiency of formaldehyde formation. At temperatures above 600°C, it was found that the use of air or N 2 leads to the recovery of energy or gas rich in CO, respectively. The CO-rich gas was obtained during the pyrolysis of POM when CO 2 constituted the fluidising agent. The amount of CO in the flue gas was almost twice as large as the amount of carbon introduced into the process in the polymer material. This means that carbon was converted to CO from the fluidising medium, thus recycling of POM to the CO-rich feedstock was obtained with a negative CO 2 emission. The main advantage of the POM pyrolysis in the nitrogen atmosphere was monomer recovery.
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This article presents the results of research on the air quality which was under the anthropogenic impact of the cement and lime industry in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains for many years. Research using geo-and bio-indicators was carried... more
This article presents the results of research on the air quality which was under the anthropogenic impact of the cement and lime industry in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains for many years. Research using geo-and bio-indicators was carried out at fixed measuring points in the years 2016-2018. Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. and two-year old Scots pine needles Pinus sylvestris L. were used for bioindication research. Physico-chemical properties of precipitation were developed on the basis of research conducted at the Jan Kochanowski University's field research station located on the Malik Mt. Increased pH and specific electrolytic conductivity (EC) of precipitation, as well as variable concentrations of heavy metals throughout a year were found. Analysis of the chemical properties of transplanted lichens and pine needles confirmed the presence of elements from the cement and lime industry sector located in the Białe Zagłębie. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the needles' surface revealed morphologic changes resulting from pollution of stoma opening and closing by small solid particles of anthropogenic origins, disturbing gas exchange.
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The results of a photocatalytic process performed in a new type of inclined, three-phase fluidised bed reactor with a periodic photocatalyst film are presented. These phases were fly ash cenospheres coated with TiO 2 , an aqueous solution... more
The results of a photocatalytic process performed in a new type of inclined, three-phase fluidised bed reactor with a periodic photocatalyst film are presented. These phases were fly ash cenospheres coated with TiO 2 , an aqueous solution of methylene blue and an air stream passing from the bottom of the photoreactor. The cenospheres have a density lower than water and could thus form a catalytic film on a top irradiated window. The formed surface film is stable but is easy to break and be reproduced in a cyclic air-sparged process. Mixing was performed in either a cyclic or a continuous manner. From an operational point of view, the best variant of mixing was a 10 s air-sparge/10 s break with a 50% duty cycle, because it provided the same discolouration efficiency and reduced energy demand by 50% in comparison with the continuous mixing. Due to film formation, the proposed catalytic reactor enables a substantial reduction in the energy required for mixing while maintaining the desired degree of discolouration.
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The dataset presented in this article is the supplementary data for the research article by Żukowski and Berkowicz (doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.05.024) [1], in which for the first time the inert and catalytic cenospheres were used as... more
The dataset presented in this article is the supplementary data for the research article by Żukowski and Berkowicz (doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.05.024) [1], in which for the first time the inert and catalytic cenospheres were used as the fluidised bed material, giving the possibility to burn liquids inside the fluidised bed without the need for using specialised dosing systems. The instantaneous concentrations of the gaseous products during the combustion of glycerol samples were detected using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR, Gasmet DX-4000). The accurate composition at the outlet of the reactor makes it possible to evaluate and verify new kinetic models of the glycerol combustion in the fluidised bed. It also will be helpful in creating new simplified models. The data presented here is essential for the evaluation of CFD combustion models which have to include accurate kinetic data.
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Perlite and vermiculite are naturally occurring minerals, commonly used by industry to obtain highly thermoisolative and/or non-flammable materials. However, there has been little research into the preparation and application of rubber... more
Perlite and vermiculite are naturally occurring minerals, commonly used by industry to obtain highly thermoisolative and/or non-flammable materials. However, there has been little research into the preparation and application of rubber compounds containing these inexpensive mineral fillers. Here, we show the benefits of perlite and vermiculite minerals as fillers for ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM) composites. To obtain more uniform dispersion and improved compatibility between the minerals and the elastomer matrix, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (AMIMTFSI) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIMTFSI) imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) were added. The mineral fillers were found to be attractive semi-reinforcing fillers, which also act as flame retardants in the elastomer composites. Furthermore, a higher content of vermiculite mineral significantly reduced the air permeability of the composites. The incorporation of ionic liquids into the EPM-filled systems had a considerable effect on the torque increment, crosslink density, and more importantly the flammability of the studied compounds. The application of 2.5 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) BMIMTFSI, in particular, reduced the flammability of the EPM composite, as the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax) decreased from 189.7 kW/m 2 to 170.2 kW/m 2 .
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The article illustrates the impact of basalt filler in the form of flakes and fibres on the toxicity of gaseous products that formed during the thermal decomposition of silicone rubber composites. The values of specific emissions of gases... more
The article illustrates the impact of basalt filler in the form of flakes and fibres on the toxicity of gaseous products that formed during the thermal decomposition of silicone rubber composites. The values of specific emissions of gases were determined with the help of the IR spectroscopy and further applied to calculate the toxicometric index. The presented method of measuring the concentrations of gaseous products resulting from thermal decomposition consists in the application of a fluidised bed reactor, which makes it possible to conduct the decomposition of a sample at a precisely assumed temperature value and imitate the conditions of a real fire. At a temperature lower than 700 • C, the gases resulting from the thermal decomposition of composites are particularly toxic due to the presence of significant concentrations of formaldehyde that does not undergo oxidation to more stable inorganic products. At a temperature of 600 • C the toxicity of gases for the samples with ceramizable additives and without them was similar. In the first case, there appeared to be a positive synergistic effect of mineral and basalt additives, and the basalt additives themselves increased the toxicity of gases. At higher temperatures of decomposition, the exponentially increasing rate of the oxidation reaction in the gaseous phase results in the lack of significant differences between the toxicity of gases for the samples with and without basalt additives. The toxicometric index value at temperatures of 700 • C and 800 • C was by one or two orders of magnitude higher, respectively, than the one that was observed in the temperature range of 500-600 • C, as inorganic components appear in the place of formaldehyde.
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The process of oxidation of gaseous CH3OH by N2O was carried out over an Ag-Fe2O3-cenosphere catalyst whose structure can be defined as double shell-core catalyst. Preparation of the catalyst was carried out in two stages: thermal... more
The process of oxidation of gaseous CH3OH by N2O was carried out over an Ag-Fe2O3-cenosphere catalyst whose structure can be defined as double shell-core catalyst. Preparation of the catalyst was carried out in two stages: thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 at above 160 °C and then electroless Ag plating. The process of methanol degradation by N2O was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor. The study confirms that it is possible to achieve complete degradation of N2O and CH3OH for the obtained catalyst at above 450 °C when the contact time of the reactants with the catalyst is approximately 6 second and when the substrates are used in stoichiometric ratios. More than 60% of the hydrogen contained in CH3OH can be converted to molecular hydrogen at 500 °C with a ratio of N2O/CH3OH not greater than 0.6 and with a contact time of reactants with the catalyst of approx. 6 seconds.
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The results of thermal recycling of rubber in the fluidized bed are presented. Two different types of the bed material were used: sand and low density spheres (ce-nospheres). For two bed types, rubber decomposition time, as the mass and... more
The results of thermal recycling of rubber in the fluidized bed are presented. Two different types of the bed material were used: sand and low density spheres (ce-nospheres). For two bed types, rubber decomposition time, as the mass and the bed temperature functions, were determined. Time of the samples residence time was calculated with the assumption, that reactor and the analytical block may be described with the well-stirred model. Time of samples decomposition, decrease with increasing temperature, as expected. It was also established, there are significant deviations between shirking core model, and obtained results of the residence time as a mass function. Cenospheric bed application allows to reduce of the process pressure drop, and caused shift of the gas decomposition products zone to the deeper region of the bed. Acoustic and optical effects confirmed significant differences between combustion of sand and cenospheric bed. Higher frequency of bubbles explosions and reduction of diffusive flames number were observed during incineration in cenospheric bed. The relationship between exhaust emission (VOC, CO, NO x) and type of the bed was not confirmed, the identical situation is observed for the samples combustion time. In the presented manuscript, the above physical quantity depends almost completely on sample type and bed temperature.
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The paper presents original method of quantitative and qualitative determination of gaseous products of polymers thermal decomposition. It is used to determine the toxic potential of emitted gases, based on their emission E (g/g) by... more
The paper presents original method of quantitative and qualitative determination of gaseous products of polymers thermal decomposition. It is used to determine the toxic potential of emitted gases, based on their emission E (g/g) by determining the FED dose or toxicological index WLC50M. The method is based on the use of a fluidized bed reactor equipped with a resistive heating jacket, which allows to conduct decomposition of a tested material at a strictly assumed temperature. To identify the types of gaseous compounds and their emission, infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation, FTIR was used. The proposed method of measuring the thermal decomposition products concentrations allows mimic the conditions of the fire at different stages of its development. IR spectra are recorded every 5 s, which enables identifying toxic gases as a function of burning time, in a precisely determined temperature. Using the library of reference spectra it is possible to determine both inorganic and organic compounds concentrations present in thermal decomposition products of the tested composites. The use of a fluidized bed reactor together with the FTIR analyser operating on-line allows for a much more accurate determination of the emissions of organic and inorganic gaseous products at the assumed temperature, compared to the methods currently used. Silicone rubber composites filled with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) were used for the tests. The effect of POSS, also in a synergistic system with melamine polyphosphate (MPP) on toxicity of gaseous thermal decomposition products of tested composites at temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800 °C was determined.
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Combustion of fuels, including renewable fuels and thermal treatment of waste (CFCs, pesticides), is associated with emissions of pollutants including halogens. The reversible process of sorption/desorption of HCl, in a fluidized... more
Combustion of fuels, including renewable fuels and thermal treatment of waste (CFCs, pesticides), is associated with emissions of pollutants including halogens. The reversible process of sorption/desorption of HCl, in a fluidized (bubbling) bed reactor (BFB), during co-combustion of Cl-materials, was carried out. The thermal decomposition of methylene chloride (DCM, CH2Cl2) in an inert sand bed with the addition of the hydroxyapatite sorbent (HAp, Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) was investigated. The process parameters were as follows: temperature-930 °C, the air excess-1.3, stream rate of CH2Cl2-50 cm 3 /h. The concentration of HCl, CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, CH3Cl, COCl2 in the exhaust gases were monitored online with FTIR spectroscopy. The main chlorine product was hydrogen chloride. Samples of unprocessed HAp, taken from the bed during the process, and solid apatite residues were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The content of chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) in the analyzed samples was respectively 11, 53 and 19 %. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed the molar ratio of Ca:P:Cl was: 1.00:0.36:0.01, 1.00:0.36:0.09, 1.00:0.37:0.04 respectively. The HAp could be used as an sorbent of the HCl(g) during combustion of materials containing chlorine.
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This paper presents the results of studies on the combustion of gaseous LPG in a bubbling fluidized bed. Relationships between the temperature, the bed mass and the location of the combustion zone and the NO x and CO concentrations in... more
This paper presents the results of studies on the combustion of gaseous LPG in a bubbling fluidized bed. Relationships between the temperature, the bed mass and the location of the combustion zone and the NO x and CO concentrations in exhaust gases are described. The concentrations of both gases increase with rising temperature and then quickly decline. It has been shown that despite the increase in average bed temperature the drop in the emission of nitrogen oxides is connected with lower temperatures inside the exploding bubbles. These temperatures strongly depend on the quantity of solid contained in them. The paper also presents the results of modeling the combustion process in a fuel-air bubble. The modeling carried out has shown that above the temperature at which bubble self-ignition becomes possible inside the bed, with further bed temperature rise there is an increase in the solids content inside the bubbles at the moment of explosion. As a result, the maximum temperature inside the bubbles falls and the emission of nitrogen oxides is reduced. In turn, the emission of CO is linked to the propagation of combustion between bubbles when self-ignition cannot take place inside them.
Highlights
1. A gaseous fuel burns in a bubbling fluidized bed
2. The combustion is intermittent and takes place inside bubbles, the combustion process starts in the toroidal part of the bubble
3. The NO concentration is linked to the bubble temperature, not to the bed temperature
4. The solids inside a bubble affect its thermal capacity
5. Consequently NO concentration falls with rising bed temperature
Highlights
1. A gaseous fuel burns in a bubbling fluidized bed
2. The combustion is intermittent and takes place inside bubbles, the combustion process starts in the toroidal part of the bubble
3. The NO concentration is linked to the bubble temperature, not to the bed temperature
4. The solids inside a bubble affect its thermal capacity
5. Consequently NO concentration falls with rising bed temperature
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Purpose This study aimed to determine whether mixed municipal solid waste used for alternative fuel production can be effectively treated with ozone hygienisation in a gaseous phase. Methods It was determined that the use of a... more
Purpose
This study aimed to determine whether mixed municipal solid waste used for alternative fuel production can be effectively treated with ozone hygienisation in a gaseous phase.
Methods
It was determined that the use of a fluidised bed reactor and a horizontal reactor with respect to processing the light fraction and the heavy fraction of waste effectively contributes to the elimination or reduction of the number of selected groups of microorganisms inhabiting mixed municipal solid waste. With the use of microbiological analysis, the presence of vegetative bacteria, spores, fungi, actinomycetes and pathogenic bacteria, i.g. Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Enterococcus faecalis, and Clostridium perfringens were determined.
Results
It was found that ozonation contributed to the elimination of the microorganisms in the tested raw materials in different ways. The efficiency of hygienisation was dependent upon whether the process was performed upon the heavy fraction or the light fraction of waste. In addition, the elimination of microorganisms was influenced by drying the samples—this caused a significant decline in their levels of humidity.
Conclusions
Based on the results, it must be considered that presented disinfection process may be used for the hygienisation of raw materials for the production of alternative fuel in the future, given that the source of this fuel can be either a light fraction or a heavy fraction of mixed municipal solid waste.
This study aimed to determine whether mixed municipal solid waste used for alternative fuel production can be effectively treated with ozone hygienisation in a gaseous phase.
Methods
It was determined that the use of a fluidised bed reactor and a horizontal reactor with respect to processing the light fraction and the heavy fraction of waste effectively contributes to the elimination or reduction of the number of selected groups of microorganisms inhabiting mixed municipal solid waste. With the use of microbiological analysis, the presence of vegetative bacteria, spores, fungi, actinomycetes and pathogenic bacteria, i.g. Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Enterococcus faecalis, and Clostridium perfringens were determined.
Results
It was found that ozonation contributed to the elimination of the microorganisms in the tested raw materials in different ways. The efficiency of hygienisation was dependent upon whether the process was performed upon the heavy fraction or the light fraction of waste. In addition, the elimination of microorganisms was influenced by drying the samples—this caused a significant decline in their levels of humidity.
Conclusions
Based on the results, it must be considered that presented disinfection process may be used for the hygienisation of raw materials for the production of alternative fuel in the future, given that the source of this fuel can be either a light fraction or a heavy fraction of mixed municipal solid waste.
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The paper presents results of a study of oxidative decomposition of methanol in a fl uidized bed of silver catalyst. The process of methanol oxidation was carried out on Ag-coated cenospheres core-shell catalyst. The catalyst was obtained... more
The paper presents results of a study of oxidative decomposition of methanol in a fl uidized bed of silver catalyst. The process of methanol oxidation was carried out on Ag-coated cenospheres core-shell catalyst. The catalyst was obtained by precipitation of silver from methanolic solution of silver nitrate on cenospheres. Cenospheres are lightweight, inert, hollow spheres, which can be easily introduced into a fl uidized bed. Application of the catalyst in a form of fl uidized bed should ensure good temperature equalization which is very important at low temperatures due to the possibility of generation of formaldehyde. It turned out that local hot points occur in that kind of a catalyst (in the form of a fl uidized bed but with very low density), thus use of additional acoustic wave is necessary to ensure good control over the temperature of the process. The products of the process of methanol oxidation were monitored on-line by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalyst has proven to be highly active in the oxidative decomposition of methanol. Full of methanol conversion in reaction of complete oxidation was achieved at 350 o C.
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The paper presents a simple way to improve the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide using mechano-chemical method. The TiO 2 (Anatase) powders was subjected to high-energy ball milling in dry environment and in methanol. It has... more
The paper presents a simple way to improve the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide using mechano-chemical method. The TiO 2 (Anatase) powders was subjected to high-energy ball milling in dry environment and in methanol. It has been shown that it is possible to induce the phase transformation from Anatase to Rutile and produce a material with a higher photocatalytic activity in the UV light. Physicochemical characteristics of the products were based on the following methods and techniques: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), IR and UV-Vis (DR) spectroscopy, measurements of specifi c surface area (BET). The photocatalytic activity of the powders was measured in the decomposition reaction of methyl orange in water.
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In this paper, the possibility of achieving a stable fluidised bed made of the cenospheres was examined. Cenospheres are the waste material from hard coal power plants. This material is perfectly spherical, and it is thin-walled and... more
In this paper, the possibility of achieving a stable fluidised bed made of the cenospheres was examined. Cenospheres are the waste material from hard coal power plants. This material is perfectly spherical, and it is thin-walled and filled with gases (mainly CO 2 , N 2). Because of their low density, particle size and sphericity, cenospheres can be easily fluidised even at low flow rates of the fluidising medium. Moreover, the application of acoustic waves during the fluidisation of cenospheres removes the apparent effect of double stationary states and moves the minimum fluidisation velocity into lower gas flow rates.
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ABSTRACT Spent multi-material packagings were thermally processed in fluidized bed reactor under heat for Al foil recovery. The foil scraps were treated with KOH and H2SO4 to produce KAl(SO4)2-12H2O crystals pptd. after cooling the... more
ABSTRACT Spent multi-material packagings were thermally processed in fluidized bed reactor under heat for Al foil recovery. The foil scraps were treated with KOH and H2SO4 to produce KAl(SO4)2-12H2O crystals pptd. after cooling the reaction mixt. (yield 66-92%).
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ABSTRACT Printed circuit boards with electronic components were combusted in a fluidized bed reactor in air-liq. petroleum gas stream. The combustion products were leached with coned. H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 at 50°C for 120 min. The metal... more
ABSTRACT Printed circuit boards with electronic components were combusted in a fluidized bed reactor in air-liq. petroleum gas stream. The combustion products were leached with coned. H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 at 50°C for 120 min. The metal recovering degree ranged from 99.95% (Cu) to 97.42% (Mn), with the exception of lead (2.60%), when H2SO4 was used, and from 99.94% (Cu) to 71.73% (Ti) when in a 2-stage process H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 were used.
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ABSTRACT PrH was combusted with air O2 in presence of N2O in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor to 950-960°C. The addn. of PrH to freeboard of the reactor resulted in the high conversion of N2O (78-98%) and of NOx (40-80%) at air excess... more
ABSTRACT PrH was combusted with air O2 in presence of N2O in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor to 950-960°C. The addn. of PrH to freeboard of the reactor resulted in the high conversion of N2O (78-98%) and of NOx (40-80%) at air excess (0.95-1.1).
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2,6-Dimethylphenol was synthesized in a fluidized bed of Fe-Cr catalyst with o-cresol recirculation. Thermodynamics and equil. of the reaction were considered. Thermal effects on the catalyst (including evapn. of the liq. reactants and... more
2,6-Dimethylphenol was synthesized in a fluidized bed of Fe-Cr catalyst with o-cresol recirculation. Thermodynamics and equil. of the reaction were considered. Thermal effects on the catalyst (including evapn. of the liq. reactants and heating) were detd. Incineration of gaseous products was recommended to recovery energy.
There is no full thermodynamic equilibrium in FBC reactors and catalytic effects are possible. Such phenomena were observed in the presence of halogens and halides (other than fluorine and fluorides) and as for flames, were interpreted in... more
There is no full thermodynamic equilibrium in FBC reactors and catalytic effects are possible. Such phenomena were observed in the presence of halogens and halides (other than fluorine and fluorides) and as for flames, were interpreted in terms of catalytic cycles. This led to the development of the iodine method for studying processes dependent on above equilibrium free radical concentrations in FBC systems and several groups have made use of it. When gaseous hydrocarbons or combustible vapours, premixed with air, are burned in a bubbling bed, other kinetic effects appear, such as NO and NO2 formation. Fuels burning at 800–950oC, cannot give much thermal NO. The temperatures are too low and times short and [NO] falls with increasing O2, with little temperature dependence. An alternative to the thermal mechanism is the “prompt” one, with NO primary and NO2 secondary. The NO2 forms at lower temperatures, at high [CO], which is explained in terms of relative rates of chain branching, ...
ABSTRACT Waste aseptic packagings were disintegrated (end size 10-20 mm) and combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor at 900°C to study the combustion course and compn. of flue gases. Two steps were distinguished in the process... more
ABSTRACT Waste aseptic packagings were disintegrated (end size 10-20 mm) and combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor at 900°C to study the combustion course and compn. of flue gases. Two steps were distinguished in the process (carbonization with flame combustion and heterogeneous combustion with disintegration of solid particles). Some amts. of CH 4 CH 2=CH 2 CH=CH, naphthalene and PhH were obsd. In the flue gas.
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ABSTRACT PrH was burned with air O2 in fluidized bed reactor on quartz sand (air excess 1.25-1.28) to study the redn. of NO with PrH In the reburning zone (air excess 0.92-1.28). Use of reburning system resulted in the conversion of... more
ABSTRACT PrH was burned with air O2 in fluidized bed reactor on quartz sand (air excess 1.25-1.28) to study the redn. of NO with PrH In the reburning zone (air excess 0.92-1.28). Use of reburning system resulted in the conversion of 58-67% of NO to N2 at air excess 0.97-1.00 and short residence time (0.2-0.3...
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ABSTRACT Non-premixed liq. pressurized gas-air mixt. was combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor to study the course of the combustion. At the excess air ratio below 1.15, the combustion took place partly on the bed, even when the... more
ABSTRACT Non-premixed liq. pressurized gas-air mixt. was combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor to study the course of the combustion. At the excess air ratio below 1.15, the combustion took place partly on the bed, even when the average temp, exceeded 900°C. When the excess air was higher than 1.6, the combustion took place inside the bed at above 800°C as in the burning of fuel-air mixt.
ABSTRACT Spent multi-material packagings were thermally processed in fluidized bed reactor under heat for Al foil recovery. The foil scraps were treated with KOH and H2SO4 to produce KAl(SO4)2-12H2O crystals pptd. after cooling the... more
ABSTRACT Spent multi-material packagings were thermally processed in fluidized bed reactor under heat for Al foil recovery. The foil scraps were treated with KOH and H2SO4 to produce KAl(SO4)2-12H2O crystals pptd. after cooling the reaction mixt. (yield 66-92%).
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT PrH was combusted with air O2 in presence of N2O in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor to 950-960°C. The addn. of PrH to freeboard of the reactor resulted in the high conversion of N2O (78-98%) and of NOx (40-80%) at air excess... more
ABSTRACT PrH was combusted with air O2 in presence of N2O in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor to 950-960°C. The addn. of PrH to freeboard of the reactor resulted in the high conversion of N2O (78-98%) and of NOx (40-80%) at air excess (0.95-1.1).
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ABSTRACT Printed circuit boards with electronic components were combusted in a fluidized bed reactor in air-liq. petroleum gas stream. The combustion products were leached with coned. H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 at 50°C for 120 min. The metal... more
ABSTRACT Printed circuit boards with electronic components were combusted in a fluidized bed reactor in air-liq. petroleum gas stream. The combustion products were leached with coned. H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 at 50°C for 120 min. The metal recovering degree ranged from 99.95% (Cu) to 97.42% (Mn), with the exception of lead (2.60%), when H2SO4 was used, and from 99.94% (Cu) to 71.73% (Ti) when in a 2-stage process H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 were used.
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ABSTRACT The paper presents a parametric analysis of the autothermicity and multiplicity of steady states for a system consisting of two fluidized bed reactors, in which coal gasification takes place, connected by solids recycle. All... more
ABSTRACT The paper presents a parametric analysis of the autothermicity and multiplicity of steady states for a system consisting of two fluidized bed reactors, in which coal gasification takes place, connected by solids recycle. All important design and operational parameters which characterize the system have been taken into account. The results obtained are presented graphically, in the form of steady state hysteresis loops. On the basis of the relationships obtained it is possible to consider the feasibility of coal gasification in a ...
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ABSTRACT Non-premixed liq. pressurized gas-air mixt. was combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor to study the course of the combustion. At the excess air ratio below 1.15, the combustion took place partly on the bed, even when the... more
ABSTRACT Non-premixed liq. pressurized gas-air mixt. was combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor to study the course of the combustion. At the excess air ratio below 1.15, the combustion took place partly on the bed, even when the average temp, exceeded 900°C. When the excess air was higher than 1.6, the combustion took place inside the bed at above 800°C as in the burning of fuel-air mixt.
ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT Three spent bleaching earths (used for refining slack wax) were regenerated in fluidized bed of glass sand by oxidn. in air stream at 700-920°C for 2600 s without auxiliary fuel under lab. condition. The C content in the earths... more
ABSTRACT Three spent bleaching earths (used for refining slack wax) were regenerated in fluidized bed of glass sand by oxidn. in air stream at 700-920°C for 2600 s without auxiliary fuel under lab. condition. The C content in the earths decreased from 50-59% down to below 0.54% after the regeneration at above 800°C (burnout up to 98.5%).
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""Introduction The synthesis in the fluid-bed catalytic reactor provides high efficiency by maximum use of surface of the catalyst. Iron-chromium catalyst is characterized by high activity and selectivity, that make it such an... more
""Introduction
The synthesis in the fluid-bed catalytic reactor provides high efficiency by maximum use of surface of the catalyst. Iron-chromium catalyst is characterized by high activity and selectivity, that make it such an attractive bed for fluidized-bed reactor. The choice of the appropriate fraction of the catalyst is necessary to ensure a proper organization of fluid flow.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
The study involved three types of iron-chromium catalyst:catalysts DJ/6 and DJ/7 (are synthetized by Industrial Chemistry Research Institute in Warsaw) and TZC-3/1 catalyst (are produced in Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnowie -Moscicach S.A.). The studies also involved different fractions, which were obtained after grinding and mechanical separations of the TZC-3/1 catalyst. The bulk densities of tested powders were determined accoring to the standard PN-EN 1097-3:200, and pycnometric densities were also established. X-ray density was determined on the basis of the composition of the TZC-3/1 catalyst, which were significantly deviated from the apparent density obtained from the mass and volume of catalyst pellets. The images of grains of tested powders were taken by using scanning electron microscopy. The fluidization process at different temperatures: 22°C, 55°C, 120°C, 200°C and 300°C were examined for the isolated fraction giving correct bed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The information about the size and the shape of grains, allow to classify the tested material to the appropriate group of Geldart’s classification. The results indicate that receiving the proper fluid states from DJ/6 and DJ/7 catalysts and the fractions of the catalyst TZC-3/1 containing grains less than 75μm will be extremely difficult and possible only with the use of additional devices. It was decided that to further design the synthesis in fluid-bed reactor the fraction with size of grains of 75-150 μm obtained from TZC-3/1 catalyst will be used. The process of fluidization of fraction 75-150 μm of TZC-3/1 catalyst were examined at different temperatures: 22°C, 55°C, 120°C, 200°C and 300°C.
CONCLUSIONS
The fraction of iron-chromium catalyst which gives the correct process of fluidization has been separated. The minimum fluidization velocities of fraction 75-150 μm of TZC-3/1 catalyst, which allow for future design the synthesis in catalytic fluidized bed reactor using iron-chromium catalyst have been designated.""
The synthesis in the fluid-bed catalytic reactor provides high efficiency by maximum use of surface of the catalyst. Iron-chromium catalyst is characterized by high activity and selectivity, that make it such an attractive bed for fluidized-bed reactor. The choice of the appropriate fraction of the catalyst is necessary to ensure a proper organization of fluid flow.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
The study involved three types of iron-chromium catalyst:catalysts DJ/6 and DJ/7 (are synthetized by Industrial Chemistry Research Institute in Warsaw) and TZC-3/1 catalyst (are produced in Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnowie -Moscicach S.A.). The studies also involved different fractions, which were obtained after grinding and mechanical separations of the TZC-3/1 catalyst. The bulk densities of tested powders were determined accoring to the standard PN-EN 1097-3:200, and pycnometric densities were also established. X-ray density was determined on the basis of the composition of the TZC-3/1 catalyst, which were significantly deviated from the apparent density obtained from the mass and volume of catalyst pellets. The images of grains of tested powders were taken by using scanning electron microscopy. The fluidization process at different temperatures: 22°C, 55°C, 120°C, 200°C and 300°C were examined for the isolated fraction giving correct bed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The information about the size and the shape of grains, allow to classify the tested material to the appropriate group of Geldart’s classification. The results indicate that receiving the proper fluid states from DJ/6 and DJ/7 catalysts and the fractions of the catalyst TZC-3/1 containing grains less than 75μm will be extremely difficult and possible only with the use of additional devices. It was decided that to further design the synthesis in fluid-bed reactor the fraction with size of grains of 75-150 μm obtained from TZC-3/1 catalyst will be used. The process of fluidization of fraction 75-150 μm of TZC-3/1 catalyst were examined at different temperatures: 22°C, 55°C, 120°C, 200°C and 300°C.
CONCLUSIONS
The fraction of iron-chromium catalyst which gives the correct process of fluidization has been separated. The minimum fluidization velocities of fraction 75-150 μm of TZC-3/1 catalyst, which allow for future design the synthesis in catalytic fluidized bed reactor using iron-chromium catalyst have been designated.""
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Results are presented, obtained when sewage sludge was burned in a purpose-designed industrial installation, comprising a 1.5 MW bubbling fluidised bed combustor. Dried sewage sludge was used in the tests. The combustion process was... more
Results are presented, obtained when sewage sludge was burned in a purpose-designed industrial installation, comprising a 1.5 MW bubbling fluidised bed combustor. Dried sewage sludge was used in the tests. The combustion process was stable, and since the moisture content of the dried sludge was low, no auxiliary fuel was required. Analysis of the flue gases has shown that the concentrations of SO2 and NOx are somewhat elevated, on account of rather high combined S and N content in the sludge. The results have confirmed that the technological solutions used were correct and that they can be used for economically effective and ecologically safe local disposal of wastes by thermal utilisation.
A 100 kW atmospheric, bubbling fluidised bed reactor was used to study the combustion of wood waste, sewage sludge and a mixture of sewage sludge and meat-and-bone meal. Steady operation of the combustor was possible, even if the fuel was... more
A 100 kW atmospheric, bubbling fluidised bed reactor was used to study the combustion of wood waste, sewage sludge and a mixture of sewage sludge and meat-and-bone meal. Steady operation of the combustor was possible, even if the fuel was abruptly changed. With sewage sludge, the flue gas concentrations of SO2 and NOx were relatively high, as the sludge fuel contained much higher concentrations of combined S and N than e.g. wood waste. Co-combustion of sewage sludge and meat-and-bone meal presented no problems and the composition of the flue gases was similar to obtained the combustion of sewage sludge from a municipal waste water treatment plant.
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Tests on the burning rubber wastes containing steel elements in fluidal bed combustor are described. In the process used pieces of tyres with 40 - 60% of steel. The results obtained indi-cate that the NOx concentration in the flue was... more
Tests on the burning rubber wastes containing steel elements in fluidal bed combustor are described. In the process used pieces of tyres with 40 - 60% of steel. The results obtained indi-cate that the NOx concentration in the flue was about 20% higher than the maximum permitted level for the combustion of coal in power stations. Partial capture of SO2 can take place together with combustion, in the bed, through the addition of a Ca-based sorbent in parallel with the fuel.
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The paper presents the results from a study of the combustion of wastes of animal origin - feathers and meat and bone meal in a 1.5 MW bubbling fluidised bed reactor. The process of thermal utili-sation is stable and short - term... more
The paper presents the results from a study of the combustion of wastes of animal origin - feathers and meat and bone meal in a 1.5 MW bubbling fluidised bed reactor. The process of thermal utili-sation is stable and short - term fluctuations on the composition of the wastes are not a problem, since the operational parameters of the combustor are constantly monitored and controlled. The process does not require conventional supporting fuel and the level of CO in the flue gases is com-parable to that observed with some low quality coals, but NOx and SO2 emissions are present, because of relatively high content of combined N and S in animal wastes. With proper selection of the operational parameters, to take into account the character of the wastes to be treated, the use of fluidised bed reactors for the thermal utilisation of such wastes should be the preferred practical proposition.
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Kontrolowana synteza termojądrowa odnosi się do takiej reakcji syntezy jąder atomowych, która zachodzi w temperaturach rzędu milionów K, a energia uzyskana z fuzji wystarcza do podtrzymania dalszej reakcji i można ją wykorzystać do celów... more
Kontrolowana synteza termojądrowa odnosi się do takiej reakcji syntezy jąder atomowych, która zachodzi w temperaturach rzędu milionów K, a energia uzyskana z fuzji wystarcza do podtrzymania dalszej reakcji i można ją wykorzystać do celów energetycznych. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano koncepcję przyszłej elektrowni termojądrowej DEMO opartej na modelu AB PPCS. Zamieszczono symulację działania systemu zamiany energii cieplnej w elektryczną wykonaną w programie CHEMCAD 6.2. Dokonano także porównania różnych typów elektrowni poprzez obliczenie ilości potrzebnego paliwa dla elektrowni o mocy 1500 MW w ciągu roku.
The controlled nuclear fusion refers to reaction of synthesis of atomic nuclei, which proceed in temperature of millions K and energy released in the process could support further reactions and also might be used as a source of electric energy. The paper comprises concept of future thermonucle ar power plant DEMO based on model AB PPCS. The system of power conversion of thermal energy into electric energy was accomplished and simulated in program CHEMCAD 6.2. A comparison of different type of power plant was made by calculation of amount of fuel needed for 1500 MW plant, during one year.
The controlled nuclear fusion refers to reaction of synthesis of atomic nuclei, which proceed in temperature of millions K and energy released in the process could support further reactions and also might be used as a source of electric energy. The paper comprises concept of future thermonucle ar power plant DEMO based on model AB PPCS. The system of power conversion of thermal energy into electric energy was accomplished and simulated in program CHEMCAD 6.2. A comparison of different type of power plant was made by calculation of amount of fuel needed for 1500 MW plant, during one year.
Przedstawiono wyniki badań termicznej regeneracji sorbentu bentonitowego, w którym do obniżenia emisji NOx wykorzystano metodę reburningu. Wykazano, że w strefie nad złożem fluidalnym można uzyskać znaczny stopień redukcji stężenia NOx w... more
Przedstawiono wyniki badań termicznej regeneracji sorbentu bentonitowego, w którym do obniżenia emisji NOx wykorzystano metodę reburningu. Wykazano, że w strefie nad złożem fluidalnym można uzyskać znaczny stopień redukcji stężenia NOx w spalinach, odniesiony do stałych warunków umownych. W strefie nadzłożowej oprócz procesu reburningu zachodzi także proces rozdziału surowca od regeneratu oraz transportu pneumatycznego rozdrobnionego ciała stałego uzyskanego po regeneracji. Wykazano, że te procesy nie pogarszają warunków redukcji NOx, a ciepło, które wydziela się nad złożem, jest częściowo przekazywane do warstwy fluidalnej, co ułatwia uzyskanie równowagi termicznej w złożu.
Thermal regeneration of bentonite sorbent with application of the reburning, as a method of reduction of NOx emission, has been presented. It has been proved that in the freebooard above fluidised bed, it can be achieved significant decrease of NOx concentration in the flue gases, related to contractual conditions. In the freeboard of the reactor besides reburning it has been conduced separation of the raw material from regenerated material and pneumatic transport of solid material achieved from regeneration. It has been revealed that transport processes have no negative influence on NOx reduction conditions. Heat evolved above the fluidised bed is partly transferred to the fluidised bed and that facilitates obtaining the thermal equilibrium in the bed.
Thermal regeneration of bentonite sorbent with application of the reburning, as a method of reduction of NOx emission, has been presented. It has been proved that in the freebooard above fluidised bed, it can be achieved significant decrease of NOx concentration in the flue gases, related to contractual conditions. In the freeboard of the reactor besides reburning it has been conduced separation of the raw material from regenerated material and pneumatic transport of solid material achieved from regeneration. It has been revealed that transport processes have no negative influence on NOx reduction conditions. Heat evolved above the fluidised bed is partly transferred to the fluidised bed and that facilitates obtaining the thermal equilibrium in the bed.
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę gospodarki zużytym sprzętem elektrycznym i elektronicznym (ZSEE) w Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce. Omówiono regulacje prawne oraz zmiany w zagospodarowaniu tego typu odpadów od momentu przystąpienia... more
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę gospodarki zużytym sprzętem elektrycznym i elektronicznym (ZSEE) w Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce. Omówiono regulacje prawne oraz zmiany w zagospodarowaniu tego typu odpadów od momentu przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej. Przedstawiono również metodę termicznego przekształcania odpadów.
This paper describes problem with wasted electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in European Union and Poland. There are showed changes in waste management of WEEE after accession of Poland to European Union. There is also described thermal waste transformation method
This paper describes problem with wasted electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in European Union and Poland. There are showed changes in waste management of WEEE after accession of Poland to European Union. There is also described thermal waste transformation method
Fourteen printed circuits were disintegrated and combusted in fluidized-sand quartz reactor (diam. 96 mm, height 400 mm) fired with PrH-PrMe mixts. The combustion gases were analyzed lor O2δ NO, NO2δ SO2δ CO, C02 and volatile org. compds.... more
Fourteen printed circuits were disintegrated and combusted in fluidized-sand quartz reactor (diam. 96 mm, height 400 mm) fired with PrH-PrMe mixts. The combustion gases were analyzed lor O2δ NO, NO2δ SO2δ CO, C02 and volatile org. compds. The solid residues were analyzed for 11 metals after extn. with concd. KOH and H2SO4 solns. High recovery degree (from 90.56% for Ti up to 99.96 for Ni) was achieved.
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Three spent bleaching earths (used for refining slack wax) were regenerated in fluidized bed of glass sand by oxidn. in air stream at 700-920°C for 2600 s without auxiliary fuel under lab. condition. The C content in the earths decreased... more
Three spent bleaching earths (used for refining slack wax) were regenerated in fluidized bed of glass sand by oxidn. in air stream at 700-920°C for 2600 s without auxiliary fuel under lab. condition. The C content in the earths decreased from 50-59% down to below 0.54% after the regeneration at above 800°C (burnout up to 98.5%).
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Production of roasted zinc concentrates by thermal treatment in fluidized bed. Part 2. Kinetic studies on ZnS oxidation in fluidized bed reactor | [in polish: Otrzymywanie prażonki cynkowej w procesie konwersji termicznej w piecu fluidyzacyjnym. Czȩść II. Badania kinetyki utleniania ZnS w reaktorze fluidyzacyjnym]more
Three ZnS concentrates were oxidized with air in fluidized bed reactor at 1130-1180 K to det. the process kinetics. The preliminary removal of Mg from the concentrates resulted in an increase in the process rate consts. by 80-100%.
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Production of roasted zinc concentrates by thermal treatment in fluidized bed. Part 1. Modification of magnesium removal and flotation of sphalerite concentrate | [in polish: Otrzymywanie prażonki cynkowej w procesie konwersji termicinej w piecu fluidyiacyjnym. Czȩść I. Modyfikacja procesu odmagnezowania i flotacji koncentratu sfalerytowego]more
Roasted sphalerite concentrate was pulped in H2O, inoculated with CaSO4 crystals, treated with H2SO4 to remove Mg and Ca ions as resp. sulphates and enriched in Zn by flotation after activated with CuSO4. The Zn content was increased from... more
Roasted sphalerite concentrate was pulped in H2O, inoculated with CaSO4 crystals, treated with H2SO4 to remove Mg and Ca ions as resp. sulphates and enriched in Zn by flotation after activated with CuSO4. The Zn content was increased from 54.3-56.4% in the raw material up to 59.0-59.2% in the final concentrates.
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Spent multi-material packagings were thermally processed in fluidized bed reactor under heat for Al foil recovery. The foil scraps were treated with KOH and H2SO4 to produce KAl(SO4)2x12H2O crystals pptd. after cooling the reaction mixt.... more
Spent multi-material packagings were thermally processed in fluidized bed reactor under heat for Al foil recovery. The foil scraps were treated with KOH and H2SO4 to produce KAl(SO4)2x12H2O crystals pptd. after cooling the reaction mixt. (yield 66-92%).
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PrH was combusted in air on fluidized beds of quartz sand (grain size 0.375-0.43 mm) and CaCO3 (grain size 0.43-0,6 mm) catalysts in a tubular quartz reactor (diam. 96 mm, height 500 mm, bed mass 300 g) at 500°C to 1050°C to study the... more
PrH was combusted in air on fluidized beds of quartz sand (grain size 0.375-0.43 mm) and CaCO3 (grain size 0.43-0,6 mm) catalysts in a tubular quartz reactor (diam. 96 mm, height 500 mm, bed mass 300 g) at 500°C to 1050°C to study the content of pollutants (C and N oxides) in the flue gas. The quartz sand did not show any catalytic action on the PrH combustion. The calcination of CaCO3 to CaO was observed during the combustion at above 700°C. The CO2 desorption/adsorption cycles on CaO were controlled by temp, changes and resulted in a substantial decrease in CO content (even down to zero) in the flue gas.
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There is presented a theoretical analysis of the statics and dynamics of systems based on a cascade of continously stirred tank reactors. Three types of systems were numerically investigated: a simple cascade of reactors, a cascade with a... more
There is presented a theoretical analysis of the statics and dynamics of systems based on a cascade of continously stirred tank reactors. Three types of systems were numerically investigated: a simple cascade of reactors, a cascade with a mass recirculation and one with flow reversal. In all these cases complicated statics and fully developed dynamics were found. In the last two cases chaos was observed.
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The paper presents the parametric analysis of the autothermicity and multiplicity of steady states for a system consisting of two fluidized bed reactors, in which coal gasification takes place, connected by solids recycle. All important... more
The paper presents the parametric analysis of the autothermicity and multiplicity of steady states for a system consisting of two fluidized bed reactors, in which coal gasification takes place, connected by solids recycle. All important design and operational parameters which characterise the system have been taken into account. The results obtained are presented graphically, in the form of steady state hysteresis loops. On the basis of the relationships obtained it is possible to consider the feasibility of coal gasification in the system with separation of endothermic (gasification) and exothermic (combustion) processes.
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Niezależnie od rodzaju paliwa oraz organizacji procesu spalania, użycie powietrza jako nośnika utleniacza w tym procesie jest źródłem emisji tlenków azotu. Istotny wzrost tej emisji następuje wtedy, gdy źródłem azotu jest samo paliwo.... more
Niezależnie od rodzaju paliwa oraz organizacji procesu spalania, użycie powietrza jako nośnika utleniacza w tym procesie jest źródłem emisji tlenków azotu. Istotny wzrost tej emisji następuje wtedy, gdy źródłem azotu jest samo paliwo. Tlenki azotu powstające w procesach spalania realizowanych zarówno w procesach przemysłowych, w energetyce zawodowej jak i w gospodarstwach domowych, przedostając się do atmosfery, stanowią poważne zagrożenie dla środowiska przyrodniczego i zdrowia [14]. Obok kopalnych paliw stałych, w coraz większym stopniu wykorzystywana jest w celach energetycznych biomasa stała, zarówno roślinna jak i zwierzęca. Zwiera ona jednak w formie zasad organicznych i aminokwasów znaczące ilości azotu, zwykle przekraczając ilości spotykane w węglach energetycznych. Spalanie biomasy z jednej strony może prowadzić do istotnego ograniczenia wzrostu emisji CO2 do atmosfery, z drugiej, może stać się istotnym czynnikiem wzrostu globalnej emisji tlenków azotu. Nieuniknione jest wobec powyższego stosowanie technik i technologii chroniących atmosferę przed dopływem dodatkowego strumienia tlenków azotu.
Oprócz metod polegających na chemicznej redukcji zawartości NOx w spalinach w oderwaniu od miejsca powstawania spalin, znane i stosowane są również metody zmniejszania ilości tych substancji w spalinach realizowane w strefie spalania. W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań eksperymentalnych, w których do obniżenia stężenia
Oprócz metod polegających na chemicznej redukcji zawartości NOx w spalinach w oderwaniu od miejsca powstawania spalin, znane i stosowane są również metody zmniejszania ilości tych substancji w spalinach realizowane w strefie spalania. W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań eksperymentalnych, w których do obniżenia stężenia
W prezentowanej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych procesu spalania paliw gazowych w inertnym złożu fluidalnym. Zaprezentowano efekty spalania związane ze składem spalin oraz zjawiska dynamiczne zachodzące wewnątrz warstwy... more
W prezentowanej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych procesu spalania paliw gazowych w inertnym złożu fluidalnym. Zaprezentowano efekty spalania związane ze składem spalin oraz zjawiska dynamiczne zachodzące wewnątrz warstwy fluidalnej. Wskazano na powiązanie zjawisk dynamicznych ze stopniem konwersji paliwa oraz
stężeniem CO i NO w spalinach.
stężeniem CO i NO w spalinach.
Kofeina (1,3,7-trimetyloksantyna) występuje w kawie i herbacie, a także jest dodawana do napoi energetyzujących, leków, a nawet do kosmetyków. Pomimo dobrego metabolizowania przez organizm ludzki trafia do środowiska w coraz większych... more
Kofeina (1,3,7-trimetyloksantyna) występuje w kawie i herbacie, a także jest dodawana do napoi energetyzujących, leków, a nawet do kosmetyków. Pomimo dobrego metabolizowania przez organizm ludzki trafia do środowiska w coraz większych ilościach. Występowanie kofeiny w wodach powierzchniowych i gruntowych daje możliwość wykorzystania tej substancji jako wskaźnika miejsc niekontrolowanego zrzutu ścieków. Praca ma na celu przedstawienie metod analitycznych stosowanych do oznaczania zawartości kofeiny w próbkach środowiskowych.
Research Interests:
The various plastics wastes were combusted in air at 850-950°C in a lab. reactor with a fluidized bed of glass-making sand (0.385-0.43 mm in grain size) to study the compn. of flue gases. The N2O and NOx contents in the gases decreased... more
The various plastics wastes were combusted in air at 850-950°C in a lab. reactor with a fluidized bed of glass-making sand (0.385-0.43 mm in grain size) to study the compn. of flue gases. The N2O and NOx contents in the gases decreased with increasing combustion temp. Formation of N2O was obsd. only during combustion of N-contg. plastics. The highest CO and MeH contents were found in the flue gas from styrene combustion.
Research Interests:
Printed circuit boards with electronic components were combusted in a fluidized bed reactor in air-liq. petroleum gas stream. The combustion products were leached with coned. H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 at 50°C for 120 min. The metal recovering... more
Printed circuit boards with electronic components were combusted in a fluidized bed reactor in air-liq. petroleum gas stream. The combustion products were leached with coned. H2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 at 50°C for 120 min. The metal recovering degree ranged from 99.95% (Cu) to 97.42% (Mn), with the exception of lead (2.60%), when H2SO4 was used, and from 99.94% (Cu) to 71.73% (Ti) when in a 2-stage processH2SO4 and HNO3/H2SO4 were used.
Research Interests:
A dry municipal sewage sludge and a mixt. of the sludge, waste bleaching earth and CaO were combusted in fluid-ized sand or limestone beds to study the compn. of the flue gases. One- and two-zone combustion (reburning) was carried out. A... more
A dry municipal sewage sludge and a mixt. of the sludge, waste bleaching earth and CaO were combusted in fluid-ized sand or limestone beds to study the compn. of the flue gases. One- and two-zone combustion (reburning) was carried out. A decrease in NOx and CO concns. was achieved.
Research Interests:
Eight types of plastics were combusted at 850-950°C together with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in a fiuidized sand bed to study the combustion course and compn. of fiue gases. Use of LPG resulted in a stabilization of the combustion... more
Eight types of plastics were combusted at 850-950°C together with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in a fiuidized sand bed to study the combustion course and compn. of fiue gases. Use of LPG resulted in a stabilization of the combustion process. A stable combustion of glass fiberreinforced poiyamide (without LPG) was also obsd.
Research Interests:
Waste aseptic packagings were disintegrated (end size 10-20 mm) and combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor at 900°C to study the combustion course and compn. of flue gases. Two steps were distinguished in the process (carbonization... more
Waste aseptic packagings were disintegrated (end size 10-20 mm) and combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor at 900°C to study the combustion course and compn. of flue gases. Two steps were distinguished in the process (carbonization with flame combustion and heterogeneous combustion with disintegration of solid particles). Some amts. of CH4 CH2=CH2 CH=-CH, naphthalene and PhH were obsd. in the flue gas.
Research Interests:
Non-premixed liq. pressurized gas-air mixt. was combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor to study the course of the combustion. At the excess air ratio below 1.15, the combustion took place partly on the bed, even when the average temp,... more
Non-premixed liq. pressurized gas-air mixt. was combusted in a fluidized sand bed reactor to study the course of the combustion. At the excess air ratio below 1.15, the combustion took place partly on the bed, even when the average temp, exceeded 900°C. When the excess air was higher than 1.6, the combustion took place inside the bed at above 800°C as in the burning of fuel-air mixt.
Research Interests:
CH2Cl2 and PhCl were added (900-5350 ppm) to liq. petroleum gas combusted in fluidized sand bed under lab. conditions to study formation of the Cl-contg. org. compds., CO and N x in flue gas. The conversion of CH2Cl2 and PhCl added was... more
CH2Cl2 and PhCl were added (900-5350 ppm) to liq. petroleum gas combusted in fluidized sand bed under lab. conditions to study formation of the Cl-contg. org. compds., CO and N x in flue gas. The conversion of CH2Cl2 and PhCl added was 92-100% at above 900°C. An increased contents of CO and NOx were also obsd.