Papers by Vladislav Puzovic
Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevich’s academic contribution to the Serbian Royal Academy is prima... more Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevich’s academic contribution to the Serbian Royal Academy is primarily evident in his preparation and submission of the archive materials for publishing. That cooperation took place during the first three decades of the twentieth century (1899–1929). The Serbian Royal Academy was a publisher of Dimitrijevich’s paper about the Serbian–Russian Church relationships in the seventeenth century, as well as the archive materials from Russia about Serbian Church history, and partially the archives from the Hilandar Monastery until the eighteenth century. The Hilandar Monastery archive materials from the eighteenth century, collected and submitted by Dimitrijevich to the Serbian Royal Academy were never published. This paper follows the path of Dimitrijevich’s work submitted to the Serbian Royal Academy, based on the materials from the Archives of the Serbian Academy of Science in Belgrade. Notes taken during the meetings of the Academy were often the only source of some Dimitrijevich’s papers. The purpose of this research is to emphasize the contribution of Dimitrijevich’s papers that are published by the Serbian Royal Academy, and to keep the memory of Dimitrijevich’s attempt to prepare and publish the archive materials from Hilandar Monastery of the eighteenth century.
KEYWORDS: Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevich, Serbian Royal Academy, archive materials, Serbian–Russian Church relationships, Hilandar Monastery.
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There are nineteen unpublished letters written bylater bishop of Zicha Jefrem Bojovich, preserved... more There are nineteen unpublished letters written bylater bishop of Zicha Jefrem Bojovich, preserved in The Manuscripts Department of The Russian State Library of Moscow. These letters, addressed to Nil Alexandrovich Popov, are part of a personal collection of this famous Russian scholar in the field of history and slavic literature. Letters from this collection were written from 1874 until 1886, while Bojovich was a student at The Moscow Spiritual Academy and a professor in the Seminary of Belgrade. These letters are a great source for Bishop Jefrem’s biography, especially for understanding his relationships with Russia. They witness a sincere friendship with Popov, one of the most prominent people in relations between Serbs and Russians, during the second half of the nineteenth century. These letters are important in order to understand Bojovich’s point of view, regarding the issues of Serbian social, political and church life in the ninth decade of the nineteenth century. Serbian Government led Pro-Austrian politics during that period of time, which affected relationships within Serbian Church and society. The most significant consequence was an uncanonical replacement of the Serbian Metropolitan Mihailo (Jovanovich) and his hierarchy. Bojovic was the first source witness of these events, who was actively supporting Metropolitan Mihailo. During his studies in Russia, Jefrem Bojovich became a true lover of Slavs, which formed his further views. The mentioned documents were analyzed in this study for the first time, and they will hopefully enrich the biography of Jefrem Bojovich. This study should help us to understand better the occasions within the church, society and politics in Serbia during the ninth decade of the nineteenth century.
KEYWORDS: Jefrem Bojovic, Bishop of Zicha, Nil Alexandrovich Popov, The Moscow Spiritual Academy, The Seminary of Belgrade, relations between Serbia and Russia.
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Since the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade began its work in 1920, until the second decad... more Since the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade began its work in 1920, until the second decade of the 21st century, seven professors taught the course of History of the Serbian Orthodox Church, not counting several professors who taught this course temporarily, for a short period of time. Those were the following professors: Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijević, Protopresbyter Radoslav Grujić, PhD, Đoko Slijepčević, PhD, Ljubomir Durković Jakšić, PhD, Dragoslav Stranjaković, PhD, Protopresbyter, Dušan Kašić, PhD, Protopresbyter Predrag Puzović, PhD. Their scientific heritage consists of 2000 bibliographic units. It encompasses all the key segments of the Serbian Church past and it is mostly based on the research of the unpublished archival material. The most of the aforementioned professors also published systematic overviews of the complete Serbian Church History. Their high academic education, which besides theological was usually historiographic as well, enabled them to perceive and analyse both historical and theological aspects of the Serbian Church History issues they dealt with. The fact that their scientific articles have been cited decades after publishing, testifies to the quality and permanence of their scientific work. The individual presentation of the basic elements of the scientific heritage of the each of the aforementioned professors gives an insight into the overall contribution of the Department of History of the Serbian Orthodox Church to Serbian academic theology.
Key words: Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, Department of History of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijević, Protopresbyter Radoslav Grujić, PhD, Đoko Slijepčević, PhD, Ljubomir Durković Jakšić, PhD, Dragoslav Stranjaković, PhD, Protopresbyter, Dušan Kašić, PhD, Protopresbyter Predrag Puzović, PhD.
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Iriney Chirich, Bishop of Backa was one of the best educated Serbian hierarchs in the first half ... more Iriney Chirich, Bishop of Backa was one of the best educated Serbian hierarchs in the first half of the twentieth century. Foundations of his theological education were laid in Russia. He graduated from the Moscow Spiritual Academy with the major in Bible Studies in the beginning of the twentieth century. Documents from the Archives of The Prerevolutionary Moscow Spiritual Academy witness about bishop Iriney’s education in Sergiev Posad. In these documents we find about bishop’s uncertain admission, his excellent grades, and his distinct candidate thesis focused in Bible Studies. Bishop Iriney Chirich had an opportunity to attend courses thought by the best Orthodox theologians of his time. Some of these professors were Mitrophan Dmitrievich Muretov, Ivan Vasylievich Popoff, Nikolai Fyodorovich Kaptereff, Michail Michailevich Taryaev. Bishop Iriney wrote his candidate thesis under the mentorship of Evgeny Alexandrovich Vorontsoff. His thesis could not be found in the Russian Archives. Recension of mentor Vorontsoff witnesses about bishop Iriney’s very successful work. Bishop Chirich gave a fine historical and philological analysis of the Wisdom of Solomon. He demonstrated outstanding philological skills as a student. This thesis became a strong foundation for Bishop Iriney’s future works.
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The study of Church History at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, during the 20th cent... more The study of Church History at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, during the 20th century, was performed within two courses – the History of the Serbian Orthodox Church and the History of Christian Church. For a certain period of time, besides these two major Church History courses, there also existed the following courses – Cultural History of Byzantium, the History of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the History of Western Christianity. These courses were taught not only by Serbian, but also by Russian professors who emigrated from Soviet Russia. This paper gives the basic outline of the scientific legacy of the Church History Professors at the aforementioned Faculty. The Russian professors had left the deepest mark in the field of the study of the history of the Church in Byzantium, and the history of the Monophysite and Nestorian Communities. Their scientific legacy was important for Serbian environment as a foundation for further study of the above-mentioned themes. The scientific legacy of the Serbian professors, was mostly related to the study of the Serbian ecclesiastical past. A fewer number of their scientific papers concerned the themes of the history of Western Christianity. The aim of this paper is to represent the main research directions in Church History at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade during the 20th century. The individual work of each professor has been examined as a part of a whole which represents a unified scientific legacy.
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Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, 2017
According to documents from Moscow archives, the religious and scientific context, historical cou... more According to documents from Moscow archives, the religious and scientific context, historical course and theological significance of the studying of two important Serbian bishops and theologians, Ilarion Zeremski and Irinej Ciric, at the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries have been researched. The process of their theological education in Sergiev Posad, so far unknown to Serbian science, was of a decisive importance for their theological and scientific work latter. In this paper, through the educational and scientific activities of their professors, are presented the currents of Russian academic theological thought at the time of their schooling. Their schooling is followed from the admission to the Academy to the acquisition of candidate of theology degree, with an emphasis on the importance of the final results in the form of their candidate dissertations. It is pointed out that Zeremski and Ciric represent the best testimony to the justifiabil...
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Saint Mardarije (Uskoković) as a student at Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy (According to Ac... more Saint Mardarije (Uskoković) as a student at Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy (According to Academy’s Archives)
Summary: Saint Mardarije (Uskoković), the first Serbian bishop in America, was formed as a theologian in Russia. He studied at the Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy form 1912 to 1916. He was not focused just on studies during the social turmoil in Russia, but took an active role in the life of local society as well. Proof for that could be found in his school profile that was not explored until now. In these documents we could find proof of Mardarije’s activism that was based on Slavophilia. We could also find out about obstacles he faced from pro German oriented circles in Russia. Maradarije was led by Slavophilia both in his pastoral and academic work. His Candidates’ Thesis was related to the Slavophilia ideas of Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Mardarije’s thesis was redacted by Ivan Savich Palymov. Serbian translation of the thesis redaction is added to this paper.
Keywords: Saint Mardarije (Uskoković), Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy, Serbian-Russian Church relationships, Slavophiles, Ivan Savich Palymov.
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Емилиан Радич и Россия – первый доктор богословия в Карловацкой митрополии
Резюме: Статья посвящ... more Емилиан Радич и Россия – первый доктор богословия в Карловацкой митрополии
Резюме: Статья посвящена обучению архидиакона Емилиана Радича в Московской духовной академии. Он являлся первым доктором богословия в Карловацкой митрополии и даже у сербов вообще. В Сергиевом Посаде он сначала получил степень магистра богословия (1878) и потом доктора богословия (1881). Анализируется процесс его обучения, который подразумевал определенные облегчения для него как иностранного студента. Особе внимание обращается на его диссератции. Его магистерская и докторская диссертации были посвящены историко-каноническом анализе церковных структур в Карловацкой митрополии. Рецензентами диссертаций являлись профессора Московской духовной академии Александр Федорович Лавров Платонов (магистерская диссертация) и Николай Александрович Заозерский (докторская диссертация). В приложении есть перевод на сербский язык рецензии профессора Лавров Платонова, в которой он оценил магистерскую диссертацию Радича как важный вклад в изучение истории церковного устройства у сербов.
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ON THE DOCTORAL THESIS OF ĐOKO SLIJEPČEVIĆ
SUMMARY: The Doctoral Thesis of Đoko Slijepčević, ded... more ON THE DOCTORAL THESIS OF ĐOKO SLIJEPČEVIĆ
SUMMARY: The Doctoral Thesis of Đoko Slijepčević, dedicated to the Metropolitan of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, was defended at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade in 1936. It is important in many aspects. It was the first doctoral thesis defended at the aforementioned faculty. Its author was one of the most prominent Serbian Church historians of the 20th century. This thesis, later published as a monograph, was the first comprehensive and systematic study dedicated to the renowned Metropolitan who, for almost half a century, governed the Metropolitante of Karlovci. Slijepčević wrote the thesis under the mentorship of Stevan Dimitrijević, the first Professor of the History of the Serbian Orthodox Church at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade. In it he presented the key aspects of Stratimirović’s work, mostly according to unpublished archival materials. The appearance of Slijepčević’s work aroused great interest in the serbian scientific community, which can be seen in the overviews and reviews of the most prominent Serbian historians in the period between the two World Wars. They recognised the dissertation as a reference work and with it Slijepčević seriously entered the serbian scientific community. This work, which today represents a biblographic rarity, has kept its scientific reference.
KEY WORDS: Đoko Slijepčević, Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, Doctoral Thesis, Metropolitan of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, Stevan Dimitrijević, Serbian Historiography.
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Prilozi za knjizevnost i jezik istoriju i folklor
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SERBIAN-RUSSIAN CHURCH RELATIONSHIPS IN WORKS OF PROTOPRESBYTER-STAVROPHOR STEVAN M. DIMITRIJEVIC... more SERBIAN-RUSSIAN CHURCH RELATIONSHIPS IN WORKS OF PROTOPRESBYTER-STAVROPHOR STEVAN M. DIMITRIJEVICH
(In memory of the first dean of The Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade)
Vladislav Puzović
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Orthodox Theology
Belgrade
vpuzovic@bfspc.bg.ac.rs
Summary: Protopresbyter- Stavrophor Stevan M. Dimitrijevich was the first Serbian scholar who systematically examined Serbian-Russian Church connections throughout the History. He began research in this field during his studies on The Spiritual Academy in Kiev in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He examined in details materials related to the Serbian Church History in the Archives of The Russian Royal Office of External Affairs in Moscow and The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church in Saint Petersburg. Dimitrijevich wrote one of the best Serbian candidate dissertations on Russian spiritual academies in 1898. It was related to diplomatic missions of the representatives from the Serbian Orthodox Church to Russia from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Stevan Dimitrijevich continued his work in the same field upon his return to the homeland. He published an article about Serbian- Russian Church relationships in the seventeenth century in the scientific journal of the Serbian Royal Academy in 1900 and 1901. That article caught the attention of the key representatives of the Serbian Church historiography of that time. Among them were Archimandrite Ilarion (Ruvarac), Archimandrite Nicephor (Ducich), and Milutin Jaksich. Dimitrijevich published the Russian archive materials about the Serbian Orthodox Church in publications of the Serbian Royal Academy during the years and decades to follow. These archive materials are still an unavoidable source for any serious research in the field of Serbian-Russian Church relations. Stevan M. Dimitrijevich concluded his work with the synthetic study about Serbian- Russian Church relations from the twelfth until the twentieth century. It was published in The Calendar of the Serbian Orthodox Church for the Year of 1948. Stevan M. Dimitrijevich‘s legacy placed him among the best experts on Serbian- Russian Church relations, as well as spiritual and cultural connections. Key words: Protopresbyter-Stavrophor Stevan M. Dimitrijevich, Serbian-Russian Church relationships, archive materials, Serbian Church historiography, Serbian Royal Academy, Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade.
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Ways of the Serbian Church Historiography: Serbian Theologians as Researchers of the History of t... more Ways of the Serbian Church Historiography: Serbian Theologians as Researchers of the History of the Serbian Church
Serbian theologians began their critical research of the past of the Serbian Church in the eighteenth century. First strides in that field were made by archimandrite Jovan Rajic in his research of the past of Serbian people. His academic legacy became a guideline for the research of the Serbian past until the second part of the nineteenth century. His legacy was replaced by archimandrite Ilarion Ruvarac, whose research shaped Serbian historiography in critical manner for the decades to come. Numerous studies and systematic reviews were published for the first time in the end of the nineteenth and in the beginning of the twentieth century. Ilarion’s brother Dimitrije Ruvarac, archimandrite Nicifor Ducic, protopresbyter Milutin Jaksic, bishop Dr Nikodim Milas, Marko Dragovic and many others worked in the same field along with Ilarion Ruvarac. The History of the Serbian Church became a theological academic discipline in the twentieth century. The Department for Serbian Church History at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade became a center for its research. This department was founded by protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevic, and his successor protopresbyter Dr Radoslav Grujic became a central figure in the field of Serbian Church History in the twentieth century. Grujic’s academic legacy marked an era, and placed Ilarion Ruvarac’s legacy in the streams of Church academical historiography of the second half of the twentieth century. Serbian Church Historiography was developing in the Serbian diaspora during the same period, and the most completed systematic book in that field was written by Dr Djoko Slijepcevic. Organizational and scientific work of Bishop Sava Vukovic marked the end of the twentieth century, because he formed a unique circle of Serbian Church historians. Around fifty Serbian theologians made a contribution in the field of Serbian Church History during the last three centuries. Their academic heritage made a firm foundation for the further development of the Serbian Church Historiography in the twenty first century.
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ИВАН САВВИЧ ПАЛЬМОВ КАК ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬ СЕРБСКОЙ ЦЕРКОВНОЙ ИСТОРИИ
Славист и профессор дореволуцио... more ИВАН САВВИЧ ПАЛЬМОВ КАК ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬ СЕРБСКОЙ ЦЕРКОВНОЙ ИСТОРИИ
Славист и профессор дореволуционной Санкт–Петербургской духовной академии Иван Саввич Пальмов (1856–1920) являлся одним из самых хороших русских знатоков славянской церковной истории. Одну часть своих научных занятий он посвятил изучению сербской церковной истории. Фундаментом этих исследований стало его путешествие по сербским духовным и культурным центрам в начале 80–ых годов XIX века. Он посетил Белград, Сремские Карловци, Новый Сад, Задр, Котор, Цетинье. Исследовал сербское рукописное наследие, знакомился с сербской исторической и богословской литературой, знакомился с актуальной ситуацией в Сербской Церкви и в обществе, общал с ведущими личностями сербской культурной жизни. В начале 90–ых годов XIX века появились его серезные научные работы по сербской церковной истории. Работы были посвящены вопросами учреждения Сербской архиепископии и патриархии в средние века. В них он указал на новые источники наподобие протеста охридского архиепископа Димитрия Хоматина сербскому архиепископу Св. Саввы. Пальмов регулярно знакомил руское научное общество с самыми новыми достижениями сербской историографической и богословской литературы. В работе представлены упомянутые аспекты деятельности Пальмова. Указано на вклад его исследований в развитии сербской церковноисторической науки. Работа подготовлена на основании протоколов заседаний Совета Санкт–Петербургской духовной академии и материалов из академического научного журнала Христианское чтение.
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ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ СЕРБСКОГО ДУХОВЕНСТВА В РОССИИ (XVIII–НАЧАЛО XX ВЕКА)
В работе анализируется образов... more ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ СЕРБСКОГО ДУХОВЕНСТВА В РОССИИ (XVIII–НАЧАЛО XX ВЕКА)
В работе анализируется образование сербского духовенства в России с XVIII по начале XX века. Подчеркивается особое значение русских духовных академий в истории образования сербского духовенства. Более чем двухсот сербов обучалось в России в упомянутый период. Представляется академический духовно-научный контекст, в котором сербы получали богословское образование. Особое внимание обращено на диссертации, которые сербы писали на академиях. Указывается что эти диссертации являются ценным вкладом в историю сербского богословия. Работа написана на основании материалов из архивов Киева, Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга.
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Формирование богословской элиты Карловацкой митрополии в России (вторая половина XIX – начало XX ... more Формирование богословской элиты Карловацкой митрополии в России (вторая половина XIX – начало XX века)
В статье рассматривается богословское образование группы профессоров Карловацкой семинарии в русских духовных академиях, во второй половине XIX и в начале XX века. Речь идет о 11 профессоров реорганизированой Карловацкой семинарии среди которых были значительные представители сербской богословской науки, наподобие Илариона Зеремского, Иринея Чирича, Владана Максимовича, Душана Якшича, Емилияна Радича. Особое внимание обращается к их диссертациям, которые они писали в России. Среди них есть хорошие научные работы рецензированные от выдающихся профессоров духовных академий, известных в научном мире. Выпускники русских духовных академий внесли большой вклад в развитие Карловацкой семинарии и вообще в духовную жизнь и богословие в Карловацкой митрополии.
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ILARION ZEREMSKI AND IRINEJ ĆIRIĆ AT THE MOSCOW
ECCLESIASTICAL ACADEMY: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HIS... more ILARION ZEREMSKI AND IRINEJ ĆIRIĆ AT THE MOSCOW
ECCLESIASTICAL ACADEMY: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY
OF FORMATION OF SERBIAN THEOLOGICAL ELITE IN RUSSIA
by
VLADISLAV PUZOVIĆ
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Orthodox Theology
Mije Kovačevića 11b, Belgrade, Serbia
vpuzovic@bfspc.bg.ac.rs
SUMMARY: According to documents from Moscow archives, the religious and scientific context, historical course and theological significance of the studying of two important Serbian bishops and theologians, Ilarion Zeremski and Irinej Ćirić, at the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries have been researched. The process of their theological education in Sergiev Posad, so far unknown to Serbian science, was of a decisive importance for their theological and scientific work latter. In this paper, through the educational and scientific activities of their professors, are presented the currents of Russian academic theological thought at the time of their schooling. Their schooling is followed from the admission to the Academy to the acquisition of candidate of theology degree, with an emphasis on the importance of the final results in the form of their candidate dissertations. It is pointed out that Zeremski and Ćirić represent the best testimony to the justifiability of theological and academic cooperation between Serbia and Russia in this period. Possitive outcomes, in their case, were the most visible in the field of Serbian biblical studies, church history and liturgical studies.
KEYWORDS: Ilarion Zeremski, Irinej Ćirić, Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy, Serbian theology, Serbian-Russian theological connections
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Patriarch Varnava Rosić and Church conflicts
within the “Zagranicnaya Russia”
During the adminis... more Patriarch Varnava Rosić and Church conflicts
within the “Zagranicnaya Russia”
During the administartion of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Varnava (Rosić) (1930-1937) became actively involved in the russian church conflicts. It was a period of continuous change in the russian church “zagranicy”. It started with joining of Russian metropolia in Western Europe led by metropolitan Eulogius (Georgijevski) under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (1931), then it continued with aggravating conflicts between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church outside of Russia (ROCOR), which culminated with a decree which prohibited conducting service to bishops of the ROCOR by the Moscow Church authorities and finally ended with an intent of a reconsiliation of russian church conflicts in emigration and reorganization of the ROCOR (1935). A significant role in this series of changes was taken by Serbian Patriarch. His engagement in the aforementioned situation is the subject of analysis of this paper. Personally attached to the Russian Orthodoxy, Patriarch Varnava wanted to contribute to the reconciliation of the schisms within the Russian Church. Firstly, he joined the petition directed to the The Patriarchate of Constantinople by the authorities of the Moscow Patriarchate and the ROCOR, when metropolitan Eulogius was moved under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, secondly he accepted a mediating role between the Moscow patriarchate, led by Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky), and the Holy Synod of the ROCOR, led by Metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky), and, finally, he took initiative in reconciliation of the schisms within the ROCOR and in reorganisation of the ROCOR. Taking the leading role in the process of regulation of the spiritual life in the fictive state of Russian refugees “Zagranicnaya Russia”, he was harshly criticized by the Moscow Patriarchate, which characterize him, under the pressure of the Bolshevik regime, as the leader of schismatics, threatening with a rupture of relations between the Moscow and Serbian Patriarchate. However, he remained a consistent patron of the ROCOR considering it a significant structure for the spiritual guidance of millions of Russian refugees.
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Papers by Vladislav Puzovic
KEYWORDS: Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevich, Serbian Royal Academy, archive materials, Serbian–Russian Church relationships, Hilandar Monastery.
KEYWORDS: Jefrem Bojovic, Bishop of Zicha, Nil Alexandrovich Popov, The Moscow Spiritual Academy, The Seminary of Belgrade, relations between Serbia and Russia.
Key words: Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, Department of History of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijević, Protopresbyter Radoslav Grujić, PhD, Đoko Slijepčević, PhD, Ljubomir Durković Jakšić, PhD, Dragoslav Stranjaković, PhD, Protopresbyter, Dušan Kašić, PhD, Protopresbyter Predrag Puzović, PhD.
Summary: Saint Mardarije (Uskoković), the first Serbian bishop in America, was formed as a theologian in Russia. He studied at the Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy form 1912 to 1916. He was not focused just on studies during the social turmoil in Russia, but took an active role in the life of local society as well. Proof for that could be found in his school profile that was not explored until now. In these documents we could find proof of Mardarije’s activism that was based on Slavophilia. We could also find out about obstacles he faced from pro German oriented circles in Russia. Maradarije was led by Slavophilia both in his pastoral and academic work. His Candidates’ Thesis was related to the Slavophilia ideas of Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Mardarije’s thesis was redacted by Ivan Savich Palymov. Serbian translation of the thesis redaction is added to this paper.
Keywords: Saint Mardarije (Uskoković), Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy, Serbian-Russian Church relationships, Slavophiles, Ivan Savich Palymov.
Резюме: Статья посвящена обучению архидиакона Емилиана Радича в Московской духовной академии. Он являлся первым доктором богословия в Карловацкой митрополии и даже у сербов вообще. В Сергиевом Посаде он сначала получил степень магистра богословия (1878) и потом доктора богословия (1881). Анализируется процесс его обучения, который подразумевал определенные облегчения для него как иностранного студента. Особе внимание обращается на его диссератции. Его магистерская и докторская диссертации были посвящены историко-каноническом анализе церковных структур в Карловацкой митрополии. Рецензентами диссертаций являлись профессора Московской духовной академии Александр Федорович Лавров Платонов (магистерская диссертация) и Николай Александрович Заозерский (докторская диссертация). В приложении есть перевод на сербский язык рецензии профессора Лавров Платонова, в которой он оценил магистерскую диссертацию Радича как важный вклад в изучение истории церковного устройства у сербов.
SUMMARY: The Doctoral Thesis of Đoko Slijepčević, dedicated to the Metropolitan of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, was defended at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade in 1936. It is important in many aspects. It was the first doctoral thesis defended at the aforementioned faculty. Its author was one of the most prominent Serbian Church historians of the 20th century. This thesis, later published as a monograph, was the first comprehensive and systematic study dedicated to the renowned Metropolitan who, for almost half a century, governed the Metropolitante of Karlovci. Slijepčević wrote the thesis under the mentorship of Stevan Dimitrijević, the first Professor of the History of the Serbian Orthodox Church at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade. In it he presented the key aspects of Stratimirović’s work, mostly according to unpublished archival materials. The appearance of Slijepčević’s work aroused great interest in the serbian scientific community, which can be seen in the overviews and reviews of the most prominent Serbian historians in the period between the two World Wars. They recognised the dissertation as a reference work and with it Slijepčević seriously entered the serbian scientific community. This work, which today represents a biblographic rarity, has kept its scientific reference.
KEY WORDS: Đoko Slijepčević, Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, Doctoral Thesis, Metropolitan of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, Stevan Dimitrijević, Serbian Historiography.
(In memory of the first dean of The Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade)
Vladislav Puzović
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Orthodox Theology
Belgrade
vpuzovic@bfspc.bg.ac.rs
Summary: Protopresbyter- Stavrophor Stevan M. Dimitrijevich was the first Serbian scholar who systematically examined Serbian-Russian Church connections throughout the History. He began research in this field during his studies on The Spiritual Academy in Kiev in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He examined in details materials related to the Serbian Church History in the Archives of The Russian Royal Office of External Affairs in Moscow and The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church in Saint Petersburg. Dimitrijevich wrote one of the best Serbian candidate dissertations on Russian spiritual academies in 1898. It was related to diplomatic missions of the representatives from the Serbian Orthodox Church to Russia from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Stevan Dimitrijevich continued his work in the same field upon his return to the homeland. He published an article about Serbian- Russian Church relationships in the seventeenth century in the scientific journal of the Serbian Royal Academy in 1900 and 1901. That article caught the attention of the key representatives of the Serbian Church historiography of that time. Among them were Archimandrite Ilarion (Ruvarac), Archimandrite Nicephor (Ducich), and Milutin Jaksich. Dimitrijevich published the Russian archive materials about the Serbian Orthodox Church in publications of the Serbian Royal Academy during the years and decades to follow. These archive materials are still an unavoidable source for any serious research in the field of Serbian-Russian Church relations. Stevan M. Dimitrijevich concluded his work with the synthetic study about Serbian- Russian Church relations from the twelfth until the twentieth century. It was published in The Calendar of the Serbian Orthodox Church for the Year of 1948. Stevan M. Dimitrijevich‘s legacy placed him among the best experts on Serbian- Russian Church relations, as well as spiritual and cultural connections. Key words: Protopresbyter-Stavrophor Stevan M. Dimitrijevich, Serbian-Russian Church relationships, archive materials, Serbian Church historiography, Serbian Royal Academy, Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade.
Serbian theologians began their critical research of the past of the Serbian Church in the eighteenth century. First strides in that field were made by archimandrite Jovan Rajic in his research of the past of Serbian people. His academic legacy became a guideline for the research of the Serbian past until the second part of the nineteenth century. His legacy was replaced by archimandrite Ilarion Ruvarac, whose research shaped Serbian historiography in critical manner for the decades to come. Numerous studies and systematic reviews were published for the first time in the end of the nineteenth and in the beginning of the twentieth century. Ilarion’s brother Dimitrije Ruvarac, archimandrite Nicifor Ducic, protopresbyter Milutin Jaksic, bishop Dr Nikodim Milas, Marko Dragovic and many others worked in the same field along with Ilarion Ruvarac. The History of the Serbian Church became a theological academic discipline in the twentieth century. The Department for Serbian Church History at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade became a center for its research. This department was founded by protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevic, and his successor protopresbyter Dr Radoslav Grujic became a central figure in the field of Serbian Church History in the twentieth century. Grujic’s academic legacy marked an era, and placed Ilarion Ruvarac’s legacy in the streams of Church academical historiography of the second half of the twentieth century. Serbian Church Historiography was developing in the Serbian diaspora during the same period, and the most completed systematic book in that field was written by Dr Djoko Slijepcevic. Organizational and scientific work of Bishop Sava Vukovic marked the end of the twentieth century, because he formed a unique circle of Serbian Church historians. Around fifty Serbian theologians made a contribution in the field of Serbian Church History during the last three centuries. Their academic heritage made a firm foundation for the further development of the Serbian Church Historiography in the twenty first century.
Славист и профессор дореволуционной Санкт–Петербургской духовной академии Иван Саввич Пальмов (1856–1920) являлся одним из самых хороших русских знатоков славянской церковной истории. Одну часть своих научных занятий он посвятил изучению сербской церковной истории. Фундаментом этих исследований стало его путешествие по сербским духовным и культурным центрам в начале 80–ых годов XIX века. Он посетил Белград, Сремские Карловци, Новый Сад, Задр, Котор, Цетинье. Исследовал сербское рукописное наследие, знакомился с сербской исторической и богословской литературой, знакомился с актуальной ситуацией в Сербской Церкви и в обществе, общал с ведущими личностями сербской культурной жизни. В начале 90–ых годов XIX века появились его серезные научные работы по сербской церковной истории. Работы были посвящены вопросами учреждения Сербской архиепископии и патриархии в средние века. В них он указал на новые источники наподобие протеста охридского архиепископа Димитрия Хоматина сербскому архиепископу Св. Саввы. Пальмов регулярно знакомил руское научное общество с самыми новыми достижениями сербской историографической и богословской литературы. В работе представлены упомянутые аспекты деятельности Пальмова. Указано на вклад его исследований в развитии сербской церковноисторической науки. Работа подготовлена на основании протоколов заседаний Совета Санкт–Петербургской духовной академии и материалов из академического научного журнала Христианское чтение.
В работе анализируется образование сербского духовенства в России с XVIII по начале XX века. Подчеркивается особое значение русских духовных академий в истории образования сербского духовенства. Более чем двухсот сербов обучалось в России в упомянутый период. Представляется академический духовно-научный контекст, в котором сербы получали богословское образование. Особое внимание обращено на диссертации, которые сербы писали на академиях. Указывается что эти диссертации являются ценным вкладом в историю сербского богословия. Работа написана на основании материалов из архивов Киева, Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга.
В статье рассматривается богословское образование группы профессоров Карловацкой семинарии в русских духовных академиях, во второй половине XIX и в начале XX века. Речь идет о 11 профессоров реорганизированой Карловацкой семинарии среди которых были значительные представители сербской богословской науки, наподобие Илариона Зеремского, Иринея Чирича, Владана Максимовича, Душана Якшича, Емилияна Радича. Особое внимание обращается к их диссертациям, которые они писали в России. Среди них есть хорошие научные работы рецензированные от выдающихся профессоров духовных академий, известных в научном мире. Выпускники русских духовных академий внесли большой вклад в развитие Карловацкой семинарии и вообще в духовную жизнь и богословие в Карловацкой митрополии.
ECCLESIASTICAL ACADEMY: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY
OF FORMATION OF SERBIAN THEOLOGICAL ELITE IN RUSSIA
by
VLADISLAV PUZOVIĆ
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Orthodox Theology
Mije Kovačevića 11b, Belgrade, Serbia
vpuzovic@bfspc.bg.ac.rs
SUMMARY: According to documents from Moscow archives, the religious and scientific context, historical course and theological significance of the studying of two important Serbian bishops and theologians, Ilarion Zeremski and Irinej Ćirić, at the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries have been researched. The process of their theological education in Sergiev Posad, so far unknown to Serbian science, was of a decisive importance for their theological and scientific work latter. In this paper, through the educational and scientific activities of their professors, are presented the currents of Russian academic theological thought at the time of their schooling. Their schooling is followed from the admission to the Academy to the acquisition of candidate of theology degree, with an emphasis on the importance of the final results in the form of their candidate dissertations. It is pointed out that Zeremski and Ćirić represent the best testimony to the justifiability of theological and academic cooperation between Serbia and Russia in this period. Possitive outcomes, in their case, were the most visible in the field of Serbian biblical studies, church history and liturgical studies.
KEYWORDS: Ilarion Zeremski, Irinej Ćirić, Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy, Serbian theology, Serbian-Russian theological connections
within the “Zagranicnaya Russia”
During the administartion of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Varnava (Rosić) (1930-1937) became actively involved in the russian church conflicts. It was a period of continuous change in the russian church “zagranicy”. It started with joining of Russian metropolia in Western Europe led by metropolitan Eulogius (Georgijevski) under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (1931), then it continued with aggravating conflicts between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church outside of Russia (ROCOR), which culminated with a decree which prohibited conducting service to bishops of the ROCOR by the Moscow Church authorities and finally ended with an intent of a reconsiliation of russian church conflicts in emigration and reorganization of the ROCOR (1935). A significant role in this series of changes was taken by Serbian Patriarch. His engagement in the aforementioned situation is the subject of analysis of this paper. Personally attached to the Russian Orthodoxy, Patriarch Varnava wanted to contribute to the reconciliation of the schisms within the Russian Church. Firstly, he joined the petition directed to the The Patriarchate of Constantinople by the authorities of the Moscow Patriarchate and the ROCOR, when metropolitan Eulogius was moved under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, secondly he accepted a mediating role between the Moscow patriarchate, led by Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky), and the Holy Synod of the ROCOR, led by Metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky), and, finally, he took initiative in reconciliation of the schisms within the ROCOR and in reorganisation of the ROCOR. Taking the leading role in the process of regulation of the spiritual life in the fictive state of Russian refugees “Zagranicnaya Russia”, he was harshly criticized by the Moscow Patriarchate, which characterize him, under the pressure of the Bolshevik regime, as the leader of schismatics, threatening with a rupture of relations between the Moscow and Serbian Patriarchate. However, he remained a consistent patron of the ROCOR considering it a significant structure for the spiritual guidance of millions of Russian refugees.
KEYWORDS: Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevich, Serbian Royal Academy, archive materials, Serbian–Russian Church relationships, Hilandar Monastery.
KEYWORDS: Jefrem Bojovic, Bishop of Zicha, Nil Alexandrovich Popov, The Moscow Spiritual Academy, The Seminary of Belgrade, relations between Serbia and Russia.
Key words: Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, Department of History of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijević, Protopresbyter Radoslav Grujić, PhD, Đoko Slijepčević, PhD, Ljubomir Durković Jakšić, PhD, Dragoslav Stranjaković, PhD, Protopresbyter, Dušan Kašić, PhD, Protopresbyter Predrag Puzović, PhD.
Summary: Saint Mardarije (Uskoković), the first Serbian bishop in America, was formed as a theologian in Russia. He studied at the Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy form 1912 to 1916. He was not focused just on studies during the social turmoil in Russia, but took an active role in the life of local society as well. Proof for that could be found in his school profile that was not explored until now. In these documents we could find proof of Mardarije’s activism that was based on Slavophilia. We could also find out about obstacles he faced from pro German oriented circles in Russia. Maradarije was led by Slavophilia both in his pastoral and academic work. His Candidates’ Thesis was related to the Slavophilia ideas of Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Mardarije’s thesis was redacted by Ivan Savich Palymov. Serbian translation of the thesis redaction is added to this paper.
Keywords: Saint Mardarije (Uskoković), Sankt Petersburg’s Spiritual Academy, Serbian-Russian Church relationships, Slavophiles, Ivan Savich Palymov.
Резюме: Статья посвящена обучению архидиакона Емилиана Радича в Московской духовной академии. Он являлся первым доктором богословия в Карловацкой митрополии и даже у сербов вообще. В Сергиевом Посаде он сначала получил степень магистра богословия (1878) и потом доктора богословия (1881). Анализируется процесс его обучения, который подразумевал определенные облегчения для него как иностранного студента. Особе внимание обращается на его диссератции. Его магистерская и докторская диссертации были посвящены историко-каноническом анализе церковных структур в Карловацкой митрополии. Рецензентами диссертаций являлись профессора Московской духовной академии Александр Федорович Лавров Платонов (магистерская диссертация) и Николай Александрович Заозерский (докторская диссертация). В приложении есть перевод на сербский язык рецензии профессора Лавров Платонова, в которой он оценил магистерскую диссертацию Радича как важный вклад в изучение истории церковного устройства у сербов.
SUMMARY: The Doctoral Thesis of Đoko Slijepčević, dedicated to the Metropolitan of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, was defended at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade in 1936. It is important in many aspects. It was the first doctoral thesis defended at the aforementioned faculty. Its author was one of the most prominent Serbian Church historians of the 20th century. This thesis, later published as a monograph, was the first comprehensive and systematic study dedicated to the renowned Metropolitan who, for almost half a century, governed the Metropolitante of Karlovci. Slijepčević wrote the thesis under the mentorship of Stevan Dimitrijević, the first Professor of the History of the Serbian Orthodox Church at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade. In it he presented the key aspects of Stratimirović’s work, mostly according to unpublished archival materials. The appearance of Slijepčević’s work aroused great interest in the serbian scientific community, which can be seen in the overviews and reviews of the most prominent Serbian historians in the period between the two World Wars. They recognised the dissertation as a reference work and with it Slijepčević seriously entered the serbian scientific community. This work, which today represents a biblographic rarity, has kept its scientific reference.
KEY WORDS: Đoko Slijepčević, Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade, Doctoral Thesis, Metropolitan of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, Stevan Dimitrijević, Serbian Historiography.
(In memory of the first dean of The Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade)
Vladislav Puzović
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Orthodox Theology
Belgrade
vpuzovic@bfspc.bg.ac.rs
Summary: Protopresbyter- Stavrophor Stevan M. Dimitrijevich was the first Serbian scholar who systematically examined Serbian-Russian Church connections throughout the History. He began research in this field during his studies on The Spiritual Academy in Kiev in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He examined in details materials related to the Serbian Church History in the Archives of The Russian Royal Office of External Affairs in Moscow and The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church in Saint Petersburg. Dimitrijevich wrote one of the best Serbian candidate dissertations on Russian spiritual academies in 1898. It was related to diplomatic missions of the representatives from the Serbian Orthodox Church to Russia from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Stevan Dimitrijevich continued his work in the same field upon his return to the homeland. He published an article about Serbian- Russian Church relationships in the seventeenth century in the scientific journal of the Serbian Royal Academy in 1900 and 1901. That article caught the attention of the key representatives of the Serbian Church historiography of that time. Among them were Archimandrite Ilarion (Ruvarac), Archimandrite Nicephor (Ducich), and Milutin Jaksich. Dimitrijevich published the Russian archive materials about the Serbian Orthodox Church in publications of the Serbian Royal Academy during the years and decades to follow. These archive materials are still an unavoidable source for any serious research in the field of Serbian-Russian Church relations. Stevan M. Dimitrijevich concluded his work with the synthetic study about Serbian- Russian Church relations from the twelfth until the twentieth century. It was published in The Calendar of the Serbian Orthodox Church for the Year of 1948. Stevan M. Dimitrijevich‘s legacy placed him among the best experts on Serbian- Russian Church relations, as well as spiritual and cultural connections. Key words: Protopresbyter-Stavrophor Stevan M. Dimitrijevich, Serbian-Russian Church relationships, archive materials, Serbian Church historiography, Serbian Royal Academy, Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade.
Serbian theologians began their critical research of the past of the Serbian Church in the eighteenth century. First strides in that field were made by archimandrite Jovan Rajic in his research of the past of Serbian people. His academic legacy became a guideline for the research of the Serbian past until the second part of the nineteenth century. His legacy was replaced by archimandrite Ilarion Ruvarac, whose research shaped Serbian historiography in critical manner for the decades to come. Numerous studies and systematic reviews were published for the first time in the end of the nineteenth and in the beginning of the twentieth century. Ilarion’s brother Dimitrije Ruvarac, archimandrite Nicifor Ducic, protopresbyter Milutin Jaksic, bishop Dr Nikodim Milas, Marko Dragovic and many others worked in the same field along with Ilarion Ruvarac. The History of the Serbian Church became a theological academic discipline in the twentieth century. The Department for Serbian Church History at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Belgrade became a center for its research. This department was founded by protopresbyter Stevan Dimitrijevic, and his successor protopresbyter Dr Radoslav Grujic became a central figure in the field of Serbian Church History in the twentieth century. Grujic’s academic legacy marked an era, and placed Ilarion Ruvarac’s legacy in the streams of Church academical historiography of the second half of the twentieth century. Serbian Church Historiography was developing in the Serbian diaspora during the same period, and the most completed systematic book in that field was written by Dr Djoko Slijepcevic. Organizational and scientific work of Bishop Sava Vukovic marked the end of the twentieth century, because he formed a unique circle of Serbian Church historians. Around fifty Serbian theologians made a contribution in the field of Serbian Church History during the last three centuries. Their academic heritage made a firm foundation for the further development of the Serbian Church Historiography in the twenty first century.
Славист и профессор дореволуционной Санкт–Петербургской духовной академии Иван Саввич Пальмов (1856–1920) являлся одним из самых хороших русских знатоков славянской церковной истории. Одну часть своих научных занятий он посвятил изучению сербской церковной истории. Фундаментом этих исследований стало его путешествие по сербским духовным и культурным центрам в начале 80–ых годов XIX века. Он посетил Белград, Сремские Карловци, Новый Сад, Задр, Котор, Цетинье. Исследовал сербское рукописное наследие, знакомился с сербской исторической и богословской литературой, знакомился с актуальной ситуацией в Сербской Церкви и в обществе, общал с ведущими личностями сербской культурной жизни. В начале 90–ых годов XIX века появились его серезные научные работы по сербской церковной истории. Работы были посвящены вопросами учреждения Сербской архиепископии и патриархии в средние века. В них он указал на новые источники наподобие протеста охридского архиепископа Димитрия Хоматина сербскому архиепископу Св. Саввы. Пальмов регулярно знакомил руское научное общество с самыми новыми достижениями сербской историографической и богословской литературы. В работе представлены упомянутые аспекты деятельности Пальмова. Указано на вклад его исследований в развитии сербской церковноисторической науки. Работа подготовлена на основании протоколов заседаний Совета Санкт–Петербургской духовной академии и материалов из академического научного журнала Христианское чтение.
В работе анализируется образование сербского духовенства в России с XVIII по начале XX века. Подчеркивается особое значение русских духовных академий в истории образования сербского духовенства. Более чем двухсот сербов обучалось в России в упомянутый период. Представляется академический духовно-научный контекст, в котором сербы получали богословское образование. Особое внимание обращено на диссертации, которые сербы писали на академиях. Указывается что эти диссертации являются ценным вкладом в историю сербского богословия. Работа написана на основании материалов из архивов Киева, Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга.
В статье рассматривается богословское образование группы профессоров Карловацкой семинарии в русских духовных академиях, во второй половине XIX и в начале XX века. Речь идет о 11 профессоров реорганизированой Карловацкой семинарии среди которых были значительные представители сербской богословской науки, наподобие Илариона Зеремского, Иринея Чирича, Владана Максимовича, Душана Якшича, Емилияна Радича. Особое внимание обращается к их диссертациям, которые они писали в России. Среди них есть хорошие научные работы рецензированные от выдающихся профессоров духовных академий, известных в научном мире. Выпускники русских духовных академий внесли большой вклад в развитие Карловацкой семинарии и вообще в духовную жизнь и богословие в Карловацкой митрополии.
ECCLESIASTICAL ACADEMY: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY
OF FORMATION OF SERBIAN THEOLOGICAL ELITE IN RUSSIA
by
VLADISLAV PUZOVIĆ
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Orthodox Theology
Mije Kovačevića 11b, Belgrade, Serbia
vpuzovic@bfspc.bg.ac.rs
SUMMARY: According to documents from Moscow archives, the religious and scientific context, historical course and theological significance of the studying of two important Serbian bishops and theologians, Ilarion Zeremski and Irinej Ćirić, at the Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries have been researched. The process of their theological education in Sergiev Posad, so far unknown to Serbian science, was of a decisive importance for their theological and scientific work latter. In this paper, through the educational and scientific activities of their professors, are presented the currents of Russian academic theological thought at the time of their schooling. Their schooling is followed from the admission to the Academy to the acquisition of candidate of theology degree, with an emphasis on the importance of the final results in the form of their candidate dissertations. It is pointed out that Zeremski and Ćirić represent the best testimony to the justifiability of theological and academic cooperation between Serbia and Russia in this period. Possitive outcomes, in their case, were the most visible in the field of Serbian biblical studies, church history and liturgical studies.
KEYWORDS: Ilarion Zeremski, Irinej Ćirić, Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy, Serbian theology, Serbian-Russian theological connections
within the “Zagranicnaya Russia”
During the administartion of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Varnava (Rosić) (1930-1937) became actively involved in the russian church conflicts. It was a period of continuous change in the russian church “zagranicy”. It started with joining of Russian metropolia in Western Europe led by metropolitan Eulogius (Georgijevski) under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (1931), then it continued with aggravating conflicts between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church outside of Russia (ROCOR), which culminated with a decree which prohibited conducting service to bishops of the ROCOR by the Moscow Church authorities and finally ended with an intent of a reconsiliation of russian church conflicts in emigration and reorganization of the ROCOR (1935). A significant role in this series of changes was taken by Serbian Patriarch. His engagement in the aforementioned situation is the subject of analysis of this paper. Personally attached to the Russian Orthodoxy, Patriarch Varnava wanted to contribute to the reconciliation of the schisms within the Russian Church. Firstly, he joined the petition directed to the The Patriarchate of Constantinople by the authorities of the Moscow Patriarchate and the ROCOR, when metropolitan Eulogius was moved under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, secondly he accepted a mediating role between the Moscow patriarchate, led by Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky), and the Holy Synod of the ROCOR, led by Metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky), and, finally, he took initiative in reconciliation of the schisms within the ROCOR and in reorganisation of the ROCOR. Taking the leading role in the process of regulation of the spiritual life in the fictive state of Russian refugees “Zagranicnaya Russia”, he was harshly criticized by the Moscow Patriarchate, which characterize him, under the pressure of the Bolshevik regime, as the leader of schismatics, threatening with a rupture of relations between the Moscow and Serbian Patriarchate. However, he remained a consistent patron of the ROCOR considering it a significant structure for the spiritual guidance of millions of Russian refugees.