KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE ADAR-MEDIATED EDITING OF TAR DNA BINDING PROTEIN 43 KDA (TDP43) Related Applications The instant application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/663,929, filed on June 25, 2024, the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Sequence Listing The application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in .XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said .XML copy, created on June 25, 2025, is named “131522-02620.xml” and is 1,377,052 bytes in size. The sequence listing contained in this .XML file is part of the specification and is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Background of the Invention Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in the world. Although the clinical symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases are different, they share a similar pathological feature, e.g., the formation and accumulation of pathological inclusions composed of abnormal aggregated proteins in affected tissues. For example, the transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43) aggregates are frequently observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). TAR DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP43) is a 414-amino acid protein encoded by the TARDBP gene on chromosome 1p36.2. TDP43 belongs to the family of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein RNA binding proteins (Wang et al., Trends in Molecular Medicine Vol. 14 No. 11, 2008, 479-485). TDP43 contains five functional domains: two RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2), which have two highly conserved hexameric ribonucleoprotein 2 (RNP2) and octameric ribonucleoprotein 1 (RNP1) regions, a nuclear export signal (NES) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) enabling it to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm transporting bound mRNA, and a glycine rich domain at the C-terminal, also known as a low complexity domain, which mediates protein-protein interactions. TDP43 is involved in multiple aspects of RNA processing, including transcription, splicing, transport, 1 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 and stabilization (Buratti and Baralle, FEBS Journal 277 (2010) 2268-2281). It is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein with a tightly autoregulated expression level that shuttles continuously between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In normal cells, TDP43 is mainly present in the nucleus and plays an important role in RNA regulation. Under pathological conditions, cleavage, hyperphosphorylation and ubiquitination of TDP43 can occur. These posttranslational modifications lead to cytoplasmic accumulation and aggregation of TDP43. In 2006, TDP43 was identified as the protein that accumulates in the vast majority of cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with tau-negative, ubiquitin-positive inclusions, and in most cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Arai et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 351 (2006) 602-611; Neumann et al., Science 314, (2006), 130-133). Subsequently, TDP43 aggregates have also been identified in a growing list of other neurodegenerative conditions (Lagier-Tourenne et al., Human Molecular Genetics, 2010, Vol. 19, Review Issue 1 R46-R64). ALS is a rapidly-progressing motor neuron disease with an average life expectancy of 3-5 years post-diagnosis. ALS is characterized by degeneration and death of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in loss of voluntary muscle control. ALS occurs in individuals of all ages, but is most common in individuals between 55 to 75 years of age, with a slightly higher incidence in males. ALS can be characterized as sporadic or familial. Sporadic ALS appears to occur at random and accounts for more than 90% of all incidences of ALS. Familial ALS accounts for 5-10% of all incidences of ALS. In most cases of sporadic ALS (about 97%), the neuropathology is characterized by abnormal cytoplasmic accumulations of TDP43 and loss of nuclear function in neurons and glia of the primary motor cortex, brainstem motor nuclei, spinal cord and the associated white matter tracts. Currently, there is no effective treatment for ALS. Similarly, FTD refers to a spectrum of progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by loss of neurons in frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. FTD is the third most common form of dementia (following Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies), and the second most common form of dementia in individuals below 65 years of age. Pathological accumulation of TDP43 accounts for about 45% of the FTD cases. Like ALS, there is no known cure for FTD, nor a therapeutic known to prevent or retard either disease’s progression. 2 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Accordingly, there exists an ongoing need for novel compositions and methods that can selectively and efficiently edit the TDP43 gene, or correct any pathogenic mutations in the gene, in order to treat and/or prevent the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Summary of the Invention The present invention provides methods of editing a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a TDP43 protein, methods for preventing cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promoting nuclear localization of a TDP43 protein, methods for repairing function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein, and methods for treating or preventing a TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and/or frontotemporal lobar degeneration, in a subject using a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration in the target TDP43 gene. The present invention provides methods for site specific editing of TDP43 in a cell, without the need to transduce or transfect the cell with genetically engineered editing enzymes. The design of the guide oligonucleotides of the present invention allows the recruitment of the ADAR enzyme, to the specific editing sites disclosed herein. The methods of the present invention can conveniently be used to make changes in TDP43, for example to introduce mutations that can prevent cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promote nuclear localization of TDP43 protein, to reverse mutations that are involved in, or cause, a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease, thereby alleviating the symptoms of and/or treating the disease. This is a great advantage when used in treating a TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and/or frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Further, the guide oligonucleotides used in the methods of the present invention allow ease of delivery and avoid any immune response, e.g., associated with viral vectors. Moreover, editing of the existing mutant gene transcripts preserves the endogenous transcriptional control of the gene including cell type specificity, control by exogenous stimuli, and splice variation, that is not preserved by expression of the gene by an exogenously introduced vector. Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention provides a method of editing a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a TDP43 protein. The method comprises contacting the TDP43 polynucleotide with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase 3 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, thereby editing the TDP43 polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the editing prevents cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promotes nuclear localization of the TDP43 protein. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing cytoplasmic aggregation of a TDP43 protein, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding the TDP43 protein with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, thereby preventing cytoplasmic aggregation of the TDP43 protein. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of promoting nuclear localization of a TDP43 protein, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding the TDP43 protein with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, thereby promoting nuclear localization of the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the TDP43 polynucleotide is contacted with the guide oligonucleotide in a cell. In some embodiments, ADAR is endogenously expressed in the cell. In some embodiments, an exogenous ADAR is introduced into the cell for expression, e.g., via a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector, or a non-viral delivery system. In some embodiments, the ADAR is a human ADAR. In some embodiments, the ADAR is human ADAR1. In some embodiments, the ADAR is the human ADAR1p110 isoform. In some embodiments, the ADAR is the human ADAR1p150 isoform. In other embodiments, the ADAR is human ADAR2. In some embodiments, the cell is selected from a eukaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, and a human cell. In some embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs in vivo. In other embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs ex vivo. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell of the subject with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, thereby treating the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising 4 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 contacting the TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, and administering the cell to the subject, thereby treating the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the cell is autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human subject. In some embodiments, the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy Body disease, argyrophilic grain disease, ALS-Parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions, hippoeampal sclerosis, inclusion body myopathy, inclusion body myositis, Parkinson's disease dementia, Parkinson-dementia complex in Kii peninsula, Pick's disease, and Machado-Joseph disease or dementia. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to the TDP43 polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type amino acid in the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the wild type amino acid comprises an amino acid at a site for phosphorylation, acetylation, or ubiquitination, and/or at a cleavage site. In some embodiments, the wild type amino acid in the TDP43 protein is selected from the group consisting of aspartate 89, lysine 95, lysine 145, aspartate 174, lysine 192, methionine 323, and serine 404 of the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 89 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glutamate. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. 5 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 174 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type methionine at position 323 of the TDP43 protein with a valine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type serine at position 404 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide further comprises one or more adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-recruiting domains. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of repairing function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding the pathogenic TDP43 protein with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, thereby repairing function of the pathogenic protein. In some embodiments, the pathogenic TDP43 protein comprises a pathogenic amino acid at position 382. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the pathogenic amino acid with a wild type amino acid or a restored amino acid. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to the TDP43 polynucleotide encoding the pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the wild type amino acid at position 382 comprises an alanine. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is contacted with the guide oligonucleotide in a cell. In some embodiments, ADAR is endogenously expressed in the cell. In some embodiments, an exogenous ADAR is introduced into the cell for expression, e.g., via a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector, or a non-viral delivery system. In some embodiments, the ADAR is a human ADAR. In some embodiments, the ADAR is human ADAR1. In some 6 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 embodiments, the ADAR is the human ADAR1p110 isoform. In some embodiments, the ADAR is the human ADAR1p150 isoform. In other embodiments, the ADAR is human ADAR2. In some embodiments, the cell is selected from a eukaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, and a human cell. In some embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs in vivo. In other embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs ex vivo. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a pathogenic TDP43 protein in a cell of the subject with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, thereby treating the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting the TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a pathogenic TDP43 protein in a cell with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, and administering the cell to the subject, thereby treating the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the pathogenic TDP43 protein comprises a pathogenic amino acid at position 382. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the pathogenic amino acid with a wild type amino acid or a restored amino acid. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to the TDP43 polynucleotide encoding the pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the wild type amino acid at position 382 comprises an alanine. In some embodiments, wherein the cell is autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic to the subject. In some embodiments, the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy Body disease, argyrophilic grain disease, ALS-Parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions, hippoeampal 7 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 sclerosis, inclusion body myopathy, inclusion body myositis, Parkinson's disease dementia, Parkinson-dementia complex in Kii peninsula, Pick's disease, and Machado-Joseph disease or dementia. In some embodiments, the subject is a human subject. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 1 to 50 or from 5 to 50, or from 3 to 80; X1, X2, and X3 are each, independently, a nucleotide, wherein at least one of X1, X2, or X3 is an alternative nucleotide. In other embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 1 to 50 or from 5 to 50, or from 3 to 80; X1, X2, and X3 are each, independently, a nucleotide, wherein at least one of X1, X2, or X3 has the structure of any one of Formula I-V:
wherein N1 is hydrogen or a nucleobase; R1 is hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy; R2 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy; R3 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy; R4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy; and R5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R4 is hydrogen and R5 is not hydrogen or hydroxy, R5 is hydrogen and R4 is not hydrogen, or R5 is hydroxy and R4 is not hydrogen. In some embodiments, at least 80% of the nucleotides of [Am] and/or [Bn] include a nucleobase, a sugar, and an internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, at least 95% of the nucleotides of [Am] and/or [Bn] include a nucleobase, a sugar, and an internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, R1 is hydroxy, halogen, or OCH3. In other embodiments, R2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, or X3 has the structure of Formula I, Formula II, or Formula V; and none of X1, X2, or X3 has the structure of Formula IV or Formula III. In other embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, or X3 has the structure of Formula I 8 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 or Formula II; and none of X1, X2, or X3 has the structure of Formula III, Formula IV, or Formula V. In some embodiments, the halogen is fluoro. In other embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is hydroxy and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is hydroxy and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is hydroxy and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is hydroxy and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase; and each of X2 and X3 is a ribonucleotide. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula II, wherein R2 is hydrogen and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula II, wherein R2 is hydrogen and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X2 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl- nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA- nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic- nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X2 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1- 9 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic- nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X3 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl- nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA- nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X2 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F- nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X1 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’- amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA- nucleotide. In other embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X2 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X2 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X3 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X2 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl- nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X1 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O- methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide. In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X2 and X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X2 is a ribonucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one 10 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 of Formulas I to V, X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X2 is a ribonucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X1 is a ribonucleotide. In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X2 and X3 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X3 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, each of X1 and X2 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X3 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X2 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas I to V, X1 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide. In some embodiments, none of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula II, wherein N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, none of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula II, wherein N1 is a cytosine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 comprises a uracil or thymine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X1 comprises a uracil nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 comprises a hypoxanthine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X1 comprises a cytosine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X3 comprises a guanine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X3 comprises a hypoxanthine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X3 comprises an adenine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 comprises a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 comprises a cytosine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 has the structure of any one of Formula I-V. In other embodiments, X2 is not a 2’-O-methyl- nucleotide. In some embodiments, X1, X2, and X3 are not 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 1 to 50 or from 5 to 50, or from 3 to 80; X1, X2, and X3 are each, independently, a nucleotide, wherein at least one of X1, X2, or X3 has the structure of any one of Formula VI- XI: 11 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620
wherein N1 is hydrogen or a nucleobase; R12 is hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, or C1-C6 alkoxy; R13 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein at least one of X1, X2, or X3 has the structure of any one of Formula VI-IX. In some embodiments, at least 80% of the nucleotides of [Am] and/or [Bn] include a nucleobase, a sugar, and an internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, R12 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 heteroalkyl. In other embodiments, the halogen is fluoro. In some embodiments, R12 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; In other embodiments, R12 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula VI, and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula VI, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula VI, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula VII, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula VII, and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula VII, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula IX, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula IX, and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula IX, and N1 is a nucleobase. 12 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula VIII, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula VIII, and N1 is a nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula VIII, and N1 is a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 does not have the structure of Formula VI. In other embodiments, X3 does not have the structure of Formula VI. In some embodiments, X2 does not have the structure of Formula VII. In other embodiments, X3 does not have the structure of Formula VII. In some embodiments, X2 does not have the structure of Formula IX. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula VI or Formula VII. In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X2 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’- amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA- nucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X1 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl- nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X1 and X2 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid- nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X3 is a ribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic- nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X2 is a ribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino- nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O- methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA- nucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X1 is a ribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide. 13 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In other embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X2 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl- nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X1 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl- nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X1 and X2 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl- nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X3 is a ribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X2 is a ribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA- nucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X1 is a ribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide. In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X2 and X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X1 and X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, each of X1 and X2 is a ribonucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X2 is a ribonucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas VI to XI, X1 is a ribonucleotide. In some embodiments, X1 comprises a hypoxanthine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X1 comprises a uracil nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 comprises a cytosine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X3 comprises a hypoxanthine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X3 comprises a guanine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X3 comprises a adenine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 comprises a cytosine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 comprises a uracil nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 does not include a nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 is not a 2’-O-methyl-nucleotide. In some embodiments, X1, X2, and X3 are not 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 1 to 50 or from 5 to 50, or from 3 to 80; X1, X2, and X3 are each, independently, a nucleotide, wherein at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of any one of Formula XII-XV: 14 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620
wherein N1 is hydrogen or a nucleobase; R6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R7 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy; R8 is hydrogen or halogen; R9 is hydrogen or hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy; R10 Is hydrogen or halogen; and R11 is hydrogen or hydroxy, halogen, or C1-C6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, at least 80% of the nucleotides of [Am] and/or [Bn] include a nucleobase, a sugar, and an internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, at least 95% of the nucleotides of [Am] and/or [Bn] include a nucleobase, a sugar, and an internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, halogen is fluoro. In some embodiments, C1-C6 alkoxy is OCH3. In some embodiments, at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula XIII, in which each of R8 and R9 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, X1 has the structure of Formula XIII, in which each of R8 and R9 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, X2 has the structure of Formula XIII, in which each of R8 and R9 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, X2 has the structure of any one of Formula XII-XV. In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X2 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic- nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X1 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′- O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl- nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X1 and X2 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X2 each 15 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X3 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X2 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X1 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, a 2’-amino-nucleotide, an arabinonucleic acid-nucleotide, a bicyclic-nucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, a constrained ethyl-nucleotide, a LNA-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide. In other embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X2 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F- nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X1 and X3 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X1 and X2 is, independently, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O- methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X3 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F- nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X2 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X1 is a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a 2’-F-nucleotide, 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, or a DNA-nucleotide. In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X2 and X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII- XV, each of X1 and X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X1 and X2 is a ribonucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X3 is a ribonucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X2 is a ribonucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X1 is a ribonucleotide. 16 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, when X1 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X2 and X3 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X2 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X1 and X3 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X3 has the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, each of X1 and X2 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X1 and X2 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X3 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; when X1 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X2 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; and when X2 and X3 each have the structure of any one of Formulas XII-XV, X1 is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide. In some embodiments, X1 includes a hypoxanthine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X1 includes a uracil nucleobase. In some embodiments, X1 includes a cytosine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X3 includes a hypoxanthine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X3 includes an adenine nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 includes a cytosine nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 includes a uracil nucleobase. In other embodiments, X2 does not include a nucleobase. In some embodiments, X2 is not a 2’-O-methyl-nucleotide. In other embodiments, X1, X2, and X3 are not 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, [Am] comprises at least one nuclease resistant nucleotide. In other embodiments, [Am] comprises at least one 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, at least one 2’- amino-nucleotide, at least one arabino nucleic acid-nucleotide, at least one bicyclic- nucleotide, at least one 2’-F-nucleotide, at least one 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, at least one constrained ethyl (cEt)-nucleotide, at least one LNA-nucleotide, and/or at least one DNA-nucleotide. In some embodiments, [Am] comprises at least one 2’-O-methyl-nucleotide, at least one 2’-F-nucleotide, at least one 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, at least one cEt-nucleotide, at least one LNA-nucleotide, and/or at least one DNA-nucleotide. In other embodiments, [Am] comprises at least three terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides, e.g., 3, 4, or 5 terminal 2’-O- methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, [Am] comprises at least one phosphorothioate linkage. In some embodiments, [Am] comprises at least five phosphorothioate linkages, e.g., at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, [Am] comprises at least ten phosphorothioate linkages. In other embodiments, [Am] comprises at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, at least one phosphorothioate linkage is stereopure. In some embodiments, [Am] comprises at least one mesyl phosphoramidate. 17 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least one nuclease resistant nucleotide. In other embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least one at least one 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-nucleotide, at least one 2’-amino-nucleotide, at least one arabino nucleic acid-nucleotide, at least one bicyclic-nucleotide, at least one 2’-F-nucleotide, at least one 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, at least one cEt-nucleotide, at least one LNA-nucleotide, and/or at least one DNA-nucleotide. In some embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least one 2’-O-methyl-nucleotide, at least one 2’-F-nucleotide, at least one 2’-O-methoxyethyl-nucleotide, at least one cEt-nucleotide, at least one LNA-nucleotide, and/or at least one DNA-nucleotide. In other embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least three terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides, e.g., 3, 4, or 5 terminal 2’-O- methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least one phosphorothioate linkage. In some embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least five phosphorothioate linkages, e.g., at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least ten phosphorothioate linkages. In other embodiments, [Bn] comprises at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, at least one phosphorothioate linkage is stereopure. In some embodiments, at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide further comprises a 5’-cap structure. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one alternative nucleobase. In some embodiments, the 5’-terminal nucleotide is a 2’-amino-nucleotide. In other embodiments, A and B combined consist of 15 to 200, 15 to 150, or 15 to 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, A and B combined consist of 15 to 85 nucleotides. In some embodiments, A and B combined consist of 15 to 82 nucleotides. In some embodiments, A and B combined consist of 18 to 85 nucleotides. In some embodiments, m is 3 to 100, 10 to 100, 3 to 90, 10 to 90, 3 to 80, 10 to 80, 3 to 70, 10 to 70, 3 to 60, 10 to 60, 3 to 50, 10 to 50, 3 to 40, 10 to 40, 3 to 35, 3 to 30, 10 to 30, 3 to 25, or 3 to 20. In other embodiments, n is 3 to 100, 10 to 100, 3 to 90, 10 to 90, 3 to 80, 10 to 80, 3 to 70, 10 to 70, 3 to 60, 10 to 60, 3 to 50, 10 to 50, 3 to 40, 10 to 40, 3 to 35, 3 to 30, 10 to 30, 3 to 25, or 3 to 20. In some embodiments, m is an integer from 3-90, from 3-80, or from 10-80. In some embodiments, n is an integer from 3-90, 3-80, or from 3-35. In some embodiments, m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3-80. In some embodiments, m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least one of X1, 18 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro, hydroxy, or methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase; [Am] and [Bn] each comprise at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides and at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages; and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In other embodiments, m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula VI, Formula VII, Formula VIII, or Formula IX, wherein N1 is a nucleobase and each of X1, X2, and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula VI, Formula VII, Formula VIII, or Formula IX is a ribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides and at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages; and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro, hydroxy, or O-methyl and N1 is a nucleobase, each of X1, X2, and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula I is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides; at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages, and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula II, wherein R2 is hydroxy, fluoro, or methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase; each of X1, X2, and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula II is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides; at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages, and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula XIII, wherein R8 and R9 are each hydrogen, and each of X1, X2 and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula XIII is a ribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides and at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages; and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. 19 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula XIII, wherein R8 and R9 are each hydrogen, and each of X1, X2 and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula XIII is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl- nucleotides and at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages; and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In another aspect, the present invention provides a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration of a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration prevents cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promotes nuclear localization of the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to the TDP43 polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 89 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glutamate. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 174 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type methionine at position 323 of the TDP43 protein with a valine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type serine at position 404 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. 20 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a pathogenic amino acid with a wild type amino acid. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the pathogenic amino acid, threonine, at position 382 of the TDP43 protein with a wild type amino acid, alanine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide is suitable for administration to a subject, and/or for delivery into a cell. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide is administered to the subject by intrathecal administration, by intravenous administration, or by subcutaneous administration. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotide comprises any one of the chemical structures as described above and herein. In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising the guide oligonucleotide of the invention, and instructions for use. In one aspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule, e.g., a DNA molecule, or an RNA molecule, encoding a TDP43 protein comprising a glycine at position 89, a glutamate at position 95, an arginine at position 95, an arginine at position 145, a glycine at position 174, an arginine at position 192, a valine at position 323, and/or a glycine at position 404. In another aspect, the present invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a TDP43 protein, wherein the TDP43 protein comprises a glycine at position 89, a glutamate at position 95, an arginine at position 95, an arginine at position 145, a glycine at position 174, an arginine at position 192, a valine at position 323, and/or a glycine at position 404. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. In other embodiments, the vector is a non-viral vector. In some embodiments, the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, a herpes simplex viral vector, a parvoviral vector, a papillomavirus vector, a vaccinia viral vector, or a hybrid or chimeric vector thereof. In another aspect, the present invention provides an isolated cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a TDP43 protein comprising a glycine at position 89, a glutamate at position 95, an arginine at position 95, an arginine at position 145, a glycine at position 174, an arginine at position 192, a valine at position 323, and/or a glycine at position 404, or a vector of the present invention. 21 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In another aspect, the invention provides a TDP43 protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61-67, 69, 70, 112-118 and 120. In some embodiments, the TDP43 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 61-67, 69, 70, 112-118 or 120, or a portion thereof. In another aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising a TDP43 protein, wherein the TDP43 protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61-67, 69, 70, 112-118 and 120. In another aspect, the invention provides a composition or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention, the vector of the invention, or the isolated cell of the invention. In some embodiments, the isolated cell further comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ADAR, or a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ADAR. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector selected from the group consisting of an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, a herpes simplex viral vector, a parvoviral vector, a papillomavirus vector, a vaccinia viral vector, or a hybrid or chimeric vector thereof. In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention, the vector of the invention, or the isolated cell of the invention, and instructions for use. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ADAR, or a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an ADAR. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector selected from the group consisting of an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, a herpes simplex viral vector, a parvoviral vector, a papillomavirus vector, a vaccinia viral vector, or a hybrid or chimeric vector thereof. In one aspect, the invention provides a method of editing a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a TDP43 protein. The method comprises contacting the TDP43 polynucleotide with a gene editing enzyme selected from the group consisting of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a nucleic acid editing enzyme, e.g., a cytidine deaminase, a phage-derived recombination system, and/or an endonuclease or meganuclease, thereby editing the TDP43 polynucleotide. In some 22 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 embodiments, the editing prevents cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promotes nuclear localization of the TDP43 protein. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promoting nuclear localization of a TDP43 protein, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding the TDP43 protein with a gene editing enzyme selected from the group consisting of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), a transcription activator- like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a nucleic acid editing enzyme, e.g., a cytidine deaminase, a phage-derived recombination system, and/or an endonuclease or meganuclease, thereby preventing cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promoting nuclear localization of the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the TDP43 polynucleotide is contacted with the gene editing enzyme in a cell. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme is endogenously expressed in the cell. In some embodiments, an exogenous gene editing enzyme is introduced into the cell for expression, e.g., via a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector, or a non-viral delivery system. In some embodiments, the cell is selected from a eukaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, and a human cell. In some embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs in vivo. In other embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs ex vivo. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell of the subject with a gene editing enzyme selected from the group consisting of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a nucleic acid editing enzyme, e.g., a cytidine deaminase, a phage-derived recombination system, and/or an endonuclease or meganuclease, thereby treating the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy Body disease, argyrophilic grain disease, ALS-Parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions, hippoeampal 23 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 sclerosis, inclusion body myopathy, inclusion body myositis, Parkinson's disease dementia, Parkinson-dementia complex in Kii peninsula, Pick's disease, and Machado-Joseph disease or dementia. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type amino acid in the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the wild type amino acid in the TDP43 protein is selected from the group consisting of aspartate 89, lysine 95, lysine 145, aspartate 174, lysine 192, methionine 323, and serine 404 of the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 89 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glutamate. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type lysine at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 174 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type lysine at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type methionine at position 323 of the TDP43 protein with a valine. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes a wild type serine at position 404 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of repairing function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein, the method comprising contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding the pathogenic TDP43 protein with a gene editing enzyme selected from the group consisting of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR- associated protein 9 (Cas9), a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc- finger nuclease (ZFN), a nucleic acid editing enzyme, e.g., a cytidine deaminase, a phage- derived recombination system, and/or an endonuclease or meganuclease, thereby repairing function of the pathogenic protein. In some embodiments, the pathogenic TDP43 protein comprises a pathogenic amino acid at position 382. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme substitutes the pathogenic amino acid with a wild type amino acid or a restored amino acid. In some embodiments, the wild type amino acid at position 382 comprises an alanine. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is contacted with the gene editing enzyme in a cell. In some embodiments, the gene editing enzyme is endogenously expressed in the 24 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 cell. In some embodiments, an exogenous gene editing enzyme is introduced into the cell for expression, e.g., via a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector, or a non-viral delivery system. In some embodiments, the cell is selected from a eukaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, and a human cell. In some embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs in vivo. In other embodiments, the contacting of the cell occurs ex vivo. Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1A shows three graphs depicting the percentage editing of the human TDP43 A382T sequence mediated by ADAR1p110, ADAR1p150, and ADAR2, respectively, with different guide oligonucleotides from Batch 277 in HEK293T cells. FIG. 1B shows three graphs depicting the percentage editing of the human TDP43 A382T sequence mediated by ADAR1p110, ADAR1p150, and ADAR2, respectively, with different guide oligonucleotides from Batch 517 in HEK293T cells. FIG. 2 depicts the structure of the human TDP43 protein and the exemplary sites for ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration in the TDP43 polynucleotide. KVKR (SEQ ID NO: 119). FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the total TDP43 expression (endogenous and lentiviral transduced) of wild type TDP43 and variants in lentiviral transduced SK-N-AS stable cell lines. FIGs. 4A and 4B shows two graphs depicting the activity levels of selected TDP43 protein variants in a Stathmin 2 splicing assay in lentiviral transduced SK-N-AS stable cell lines. STMN2 splicing using exons Ex1-Ex2 is shown in FIG. 4A, and STMN2 splicing using exons Ex1-Ex2a is shown in FIG. 4B. FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the expression levels of the endogenous TDP43 from the SK-N-AS cells that were stably transduced with the lentiviral vectors. FIGS. 6A-6D depict the solubility of TDP-43 variant in a sorbitol-induced aggregation assay. TDP-43 solubility (FIG. 6A) and insolubility (FIG. 6C) in RIPA buffer was assessed via JESS automated Western blot. The solubility of each variant was then quantified as the ratio of soluble TDP-43 in the sorbitol-treated sample compared to the soluble TDP-43 in the PBS-treated control (FIG. 6B). TDP-43 aggregation (insoluble fraction) was calculated by first normalizing insoluble TDP-43 in the sorbitol-treated samples with the soluble TDP-43 in the PBS-treated samples (representing total TDP-43 expression) and then, for each variant, that ratio was compared to that of TDP-43 WT (FIG. 6D). 25 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 FIG. 7 depicts the solubility of TDP-43 wildtype and variants in a sorbitol-induced aggregation assay. Wildtype TDP-43 and functional mutants, D89G, K145R, D174G, K192R, M323V, K95R, S404G, W334G, K95E, S409/410G, were expressed in SK-N-AS cells by stable transduction of lentiviral vectors. After sorbitol treatment, TDP-43 aggregation occurs in the cell and TDP-43 localizes to the nucleus. TDP-43 stained and DNA stained with DAPI. FIG. 8 is a graph depicting an aggregation assay where cells were transduced with vectors expressing a TDP-43 species and a vector overexpressing GFAP R239H mutant that induces aggregation in the absence of sorbitol. The insoluble fraction is calculated as fold over wildtype. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention provides methods of editing a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a TDP43 protein, methods for preventing cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promoting nuclear localization of a TDP43 protein, methods for repairing function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein, and methods for treating or preventing a TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and/or frontotemporal lobar degeneration, in a subject (e.g., a human subject) using a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration in the target gene. The present invention provides methods for site specific editing of TDP43 in a cell, without the need to transduce or transfect the cell with genetically engineered editing enzymes. The design of the guide oligonucleotides of the present invention allows the recruitment of the ADAR enzyme, to the specific editing sites disclosed herein. The methods of the present invention can conveniently be used to make changes in TDP43, for example to introduce mutations that can prevent cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promote nuclear localization of TDP43 protein, to reverse mutations that are involved in, or cause, a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease, thereby alleviating the symptoms of the disease. This is a great advantage when used in treating the TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and/or frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Further, the guide oligonucleotides used in the methods of the present invention allow ease of delivery and avoid any immune response. Moreover, editing of the existing mutant gene preserves the endogenous transcriptional control of the gene including cell type 26 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 specificity, control by exogenous stimuli, and splice variation, that is not preserved by expression of the gene by an exogenously introduced vector. The following detailed description discloses methods for editing a TDP43 polynucleotide using a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration in a TDP43 gene, how to make and use compositions containing the guide oligonucleotides capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration in a TDP43 gene, as well as TDP43 guide oligonucleotide compositions, uses, and methods for treating subjects having a TDP43-associated disease that would benefit from editing the sequence of a TDP43 gene. I. Definitions. In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. In addition, it should be noted that whenever a value or range of values of a parameter are recited, it is intended that values and ranges intermediate to the recited values are also intended to be part of this invention. The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element, e.g., a plurality of elements. The term “including” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the phrase “including, but not limited to”. The term “or” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the term “and/or,” unless context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “about” is used herein to mean within the typical ranges of tolerances in the art, e.g., acceptable variation in time between doses, acceptable variation in dosage unit amount. For example, “about” can be understood as within about 2 standard deviations from the mean. In certain embodiments, about means +10%. In certain embodiments, about means +5%. When about is present before a series of numbers or a range, it is understood that “about” can modify each of the numbers in the series or range. The term “at least” prior to a number or series of numbers is understood to include the number adjacent to the term "at least", and all subsequent numbers or integers that could logically be included, as clear from context. For example, the number of nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule must be an integer. For example, "at least 18 nucleotides of a 21- 27 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 nucleotide nucleic acid molecule" means that 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides have the indicated property. When at least is present before a series of numbers or a range, it is understood that "at least" can modify each of the numbers in the series or range. As used herein, “central triplet” or the “triplet” is understood as the three nucleotides opposite the target adenosine in the target RNA, wherein the middle nucleotide in the central triplet is directly opposite the target adenosine. The central triplet does not have to be in the middle (in the center) of the guide oligonucleotide, it may be located more to the 3' as well as to the 5' end of the guide oligonucleotide, whatever is preferred for a certain target. Central in this aspect has therefore more the meaning of the triplet that is in the center of catalytic activity when it comes to chemical modifications and targeting the target adenosine. It should also be noted that the guide oligonucleotides are sometimes depicted from 3' to 5', especially when the target sequence is shown from 5' to 3'. However, whenever herein the order of nucleotides within the guide oligonucleotide is discussed it is always from 5' to 3' of the guide oligonucleotide. The position can also be expressed in terms of a particular nucleotide within the guide oligonucleotide while still adhering to the 5' to 3' directionality, in which case other nucleotides 5' of the said nucleotide are marked as negative positions and those 3' of it as positive positions. For example, the C in the Central triplet is the nucleotide (at the 0 position) opposite the targeted adenosine and the U would in this case be the -1 nucleotide and the G would then be the +1 nucleotide, etc. In one embodiment, the central triplet comprises the nucleotide sequence UCG, wherein C is at the 0 position. As used herein, “no more than” or “less than” is understood as the value adjacent to the phrase and logical lower values or integers, as logical from context, to zero. For example, an oligonucleotide with “no more than 5 unmodified nucleotides” has 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 unmodified nucleotides. When “no more than” is present before a series of numbers or a range, it is understood that “no more than” can modify each of the numbers in the series or range. As used herein, a “TDP43” refers to the well-known gene and protein. TDP43 is also known as transactivation responsive-DNA binding protein of 43 kDa, TAR-DNA binding protein of 43 kDA, or ALS10. TDP43 is a highly conserved and essential DNA/RNA-binding protein that is involved in various steps of RNA biogenesis and processing. TDP43 contains five functional domains: two RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2), which have two highly conserved hexameric ribonucleoprotein 2 (RNP2) and octameric ribonucleioprotein 1 (RNP1) regions, a nuclear export signal (NES) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) 28 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 enabling it to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm transporting bound mRNA, and a glycine rich domain at the C-terminal, which mediates protein-protein interactions. TDP43 is involved in multiple aspects of RNA processing, including transcription, splicing, transport, and stabilization (Buratti and Baralle, FEBS Journal 277 (2010) 2268-2281). It is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein with a tightly autoregulated expression level that shuttles continuously between the nucleus and cytoplasm, but is predominantly localized to the nucleus. In normal cells, TDP43 is mainly present in the nucleus and plays important roles in RNA regulation. Under pathological conditions, cleavage, hyperphosphorylation and ubiquitination of TDP43 can occur. These posttranslational modifications lead to cytoplasmic accumulation and aggregation of TDP43. TDP43 was identified as a key component of the insoluble and ubiquitinated inclusions in the brains of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD or FTLD-TDP) diseases (Arai, T., et al. (2006). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 351, 602–611; Neumann, et al. (2006). Science 314, 130– 133). Nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic mislocalization/aggregation of TDP43 is a pathologic hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and related neurodegenerative disorders. TDP43 mislocalization causes neurodegeneration through both loss and gain of function mechanisms. Loss of TDP43 nuclear RNA processing function destabilizes the transcriptome by multiple mechanisms including disruption of pre-mRNA splicing, the failure of repression of cryptic exons, and retrotransposon activation. The accumulation of cytoplasmic TDP43 traps TDP43 in the cytoplasm and disrupts a host of downstream processes including the trafficking of RNA granules, local translation within axons, and mitochondrial function. Aggregated TDP43 from patient brains shows a number of abnormal modifications, including hyperphosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation and C-terminal fragments through proteolytic cleavage (Arai et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 351 (2006) 602-611; Neumann et al., Science 314, (2006), 130- 133; Neumann et al., Acta Neuropathol. (2009) 117: 137-149; Hasegawa et al., (2008) Annals of Neurology Vol 64 No 1, 60-70; Cohen et al., Nat Commun. 6: 5845, 2015). TDP43 aggregates have been identified in a growing list of neurodegenerative conditions (Lagier-Tourenne et al., Human Molecular Genetics, 2010, Vol. 19, Review Issue 1 R46-R64), including but not limited to: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD, such as Sporadic or familial with or without motor-neuron disease (MND), with progranulin (GRN) mutation, with C9orf72 mutations, with TARDBP mutation, with valosin-containing protein (VCP) 29 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 mutation, linked to chromosome 9p, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with ubiquitin-positive TDP43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP), Argyrophilic grain disease, Pick's disease, semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), Nonfluent Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (nfvPPA) and the like), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, such as Sporadic ALS, with TARDBP mutation, with angiogenin (ANG) mutation), Alexander disease (AxD), limbic-predominant age-related TDP43 encephalopathy (LATE), Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), Perry syndrome, Alzheimer's disease (AD, including sporadic and familial forms of AD), Down syndrome, Familial British dementia, Polyglutamine diseases (Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3; also known as Machado Joseph Disease)), Hippocampal sclerosis dementia and Myopathies (Sporadic inclusion body myositis, Inclusion body myopathy with a mutation in the valosin-containing protein (VCP; also Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia), Oculo-pharyngeal muscular dystrophy with rimmed vacuoles, Myofibrillar myopathies with mutations in the myotilin (MYOT) gene or mutations in the gene coding for desmin (DES)), Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) or Parkinson's Disease (PD). The sequence of a human TDP43 mRNA transcript can be found at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) RefSeq accession number NM_007375.4 (SEQ ID NO: 57). Additional examples of TDP43 mRNA sequences are readily available using publicly available databases, e.g., GenBank, UniProt, and OMIM. As used herein, the term “TDP43-associated disease” or “TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease,” is intended to include any disease associated with the TDP43 gene or protein. Such a disease may be caused, for example, by TDP43 gene mutations, by accumulation and/or aggregation of TDP43 protein, e.g., cytoplasmic aggregation and loss of nuclear function, by abnormal phosphorylation, acetylation, and/or ubiquitination of the TDP43 protein, by excess production of the TDP43 protein, by abnormal cleavage of the TDP43 protein, by instability of TDP43, by abnormal interactions between TDP43 and other proteins or other endogenous or exogenous substances. Exemplary TDP43-associated diseases include, but are not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy Body disease, argyrophilic grain disease, ALS-Parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, frontotemporal lobar 30 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions, hippoeampal sclerosis, inclusion body myopathy, inclusion body myositis, Parkinson's disease dementia, Parkinson-dementia complex in Kii peninsula, Pick's disease, and Machado-Joseph disease or dementia. The term “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)”, as used herein, refers to a group of neurodegenerative disease that usually attacks motor neurons and causes degeneration throughout the brain and spinal cord. ALS is characterized by degeneration and death of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in loss of voluntary muscle control. Motor neuron death is accompanied by muscle fasciculation and atrophy. Early symptoms of ALS include muscle cramps, muscle spasticity, muscle weakness (for example, affecting an arm, a leg, neck, or diaphragm), slurred and nasal speech, and difficulty chewing or swallowing. Loss of strength and control over movements, including those necessary for speech, eating, and breathing, eventually occur. Disease progression may be accompanied by weight loss, malnourishment, anxiety, depression, increased risk of pneumonia, muscle cramps, neuropathy, and possibly dementia. Most individuals diagnosed with ALS die of respiratory failure within five years of the first appearance of symptoms. ALS occurs in individuals of all ages, but is most common in individuals between 55 to 75 years of age, with a slightly higher incidence in males. ALS can be characterized as sporadic or familial. Sporadic ALS appears to occur at random and accounts for more than 90% of all incidences of ALS. Familial ALS accounts for 5-10% of all incidences of ALS. In most cases of sporadic ALS, the neuropathology is characterized by abnormal cytoplasmic accumulations of TDP43 in neurons and glia of the primary motor cortex, brainstem motor nuclei, spinal cord and the associated white matter tracts. Currently, there is no effective treatment for ALS. The term “frontotemporal dementia (FTD)”, as used herein, refers to a spectrum of progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by loss of neurons in frontal and temporal lobes of the brain – a pathological feature termed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). FTD is the third most common form of dementia (following Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies), and the second most common form of dementia in individuals below 65 years of age. FTD is characterized by changes in behavior and personality, and language dysfunction. Forms of FTD include behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), and nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA). FTD is characterized by symptoms such as muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculation, spasticity, speech impairment (dysarthria), and inability to swallow (dysphagia). In terms of pathological, proteinaceous inclusions, about 50% of cases show 31 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 pathological accumulation of TDP43. Like ALS, there is no known cure for FTD, nor a therapeutic known to prevent or retard either disease’s progression. The term “pathogenic amino acid” refers to any amino acid that is not a wild-type amino acid in a protein and which leads to a pathogenesis. The term “pathogenic protein” refers to any protein that comprises one or more pathogenic amino acids. The terms “pathogenic mutation”, “pathogenic variant”, “disease causing mutation”, “disease causing variant”, or “deleterious mutation,” refer to a genetic alteration or mutation that increases an individual’s susceptibility or predisposition to a certain disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the pathogenic mutation comprises at least one wild-type amino acid substituted by at least one pathogenic amino acid in a protein encoded by a gene. In some embodiments, the pathogenic mutation comprises a missense mutation. In some embodiments, the pathogenic mutation comprises a splice site mutation, e.g., a splice donor variant, or a splice acceptor variant. In some embodiments, the pathogenic mutation comprises a nonsense mutation. In some embodiments, the pathogenic mutation comprises at least one wild-type allele substituted by at least one pathogenic allele in the target gene. The term “restored amino acid,” as used herein, refers to an amino acid that is not a wild type amino acid at a specific position in a protein, but is an amino acid that constitutes a conservative amino acid substitution of the wild type amino acid at the specific position in the protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or 100% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid substitutes a pathogenic amino acid in the pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid substitutes a wild type amino acid in the pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is selected from the restored amino acids described in Table 2. The term “conservative amino acid substitution,” as used herein, refers to a substitution in which an amino acid is replaced by another amino acid having a side chain group R with similar chemical properties (for example, charge, size, and/or hydrophobicity), in a protein. In some embodiments, the conservative amino acid substitution affects the functional properties of the protein. In some embodiments, the conservative amino acid substitution does not substantially affect the functional properties of the protein. In some 32 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 embodiments, the conservative amino acid substitution is selected from the conservative amino acid substitutions described in Table 2. As used herein, a "premature stop codon" refers to the appearance of a stop codon where there should be a codon corresponding to an amino acid. The term “adenosine deaminase”, as used herein, refers to a polypeptide or fragment thereof capable of catalyzing the hydrolytic deamination of adenine or adenosine. In some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain is an adenosine deaminase catalyzing the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine or deoxy adenosine to deoxyinosine. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenine or adenosine in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenine or adenosine in ribonucleic acid (RNA). The adenosine deaminases may be from any organism, such as a human, chimpanzee, gorilla, monkey, cow, dog, rat, or mouse. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is from a bacterium, such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, S. putrefaciens, H. influenzae, or C. crescentus. In some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain is a variant of a naturally occurring deaminase from an organism, such as a human, chimpanzee, gorilla, monkey, cow, dog, rat, or mouse. In some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain does not occur in nature. For example, in some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain is at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75% at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, or at least 99.9% identical to a naturally occurring deaminase. For example, deaminase domains are described in International PCT Application Nos. PCT/2017/045381 (WO 2018/027078) and PCT/US2016/058344 (WO 2017/070632), each of which is incorporated herein by reference for its entirety. Also see Komor, A.C., et al., Nature 533, 420-424 (2016); Gaudelli, N.M., et al., Nature 551, 464-471 (2017); Komor, A.C., et al., Science Advances 3:eaao4774 (2017), and Rees, H.A., et al., Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(12):770-788, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. As used herein, the term “Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR)” refers to editing enzymes which can recognize certain structural motifs of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), bind to dsRNA and convert adenosine to inosine through deamination, resulting in recoding of amino acid codons that may lead to changes to the encoded protein and its 33 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 function. The nucleobases surrounding the editing site, especially the one immediately 5’ of the editing site and one immediately 3’ to the editing site, which together with the editing site are termed the triplet, play an important role in the deamination of adenosine. A preference for U at the 5′ position and G at the 3′ position relative to the editing site, was revealed from the analysis of yeast RNAs efficiently edited by overexpressed human ADAR2 and ADAR1. (See Wang et al., (2018) Biochemistry, 57: 1640-1651; Eifler et al., (2013) Biochemistry, 52: 7857-7869, and Eggington et al., (2011) Nat. Commun., 319: 1-9.) There are three known ADAR proteins expressed in humans, ADAR1, ADAR2, and ADAR3. ADAR1 and ADAR2 are expressed throughout the body, although the level of expression varies across tissues. ADAR3 is expressed only in the brain. For tissues where ADAR1 is expressed, both the p110 and p150 isoforms are expressed. However, the p150 isoform of ADAR1 is only expressed in certain conditions, for example, in response to interferon stimulation. In contrast, expression of ADAR2 is more restricted. ADAR2 is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system, however, its expression is also observed in other tissues, such as the liver. ADAR1 and ADAR2 are catalytically active, while ADAR3 is thought to be inactive. Recruiting ADAR to specific sites of selected transcripts and deamination of adenosine regardless of neighboring bases holds great promise for the treatment of disease. As used herein, the term “ADAR-recruiting domain” refers to nucleotide sequences that may be part of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention and which are able to recruit an ADAR enzyme. In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domains may form stem- loop structures that act as recruitment and binding regions for the ADAR enzyme. Oligonucleotides including such ADAR-recruiting domains may be referred to as “axiomer AONs” or “self-looping AONs.” In other embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domain does not comprise a stem-loop structure. The ADAR-recruiting domain portion may act to recruit an endogenous ADAR enzyme present in the cell and/or an exogenous ADAR enzyme introduced into the cell for expression. Such ADAR-recruiting domains do not require conjugated entities or presence of modified recombinant ADAR enzymes. Alternatively, the ADAR-recruiting portion may act to recruit a recombinant ADAR fusion protein that has been delivered to a cell or to a subject via an expression vector construct including a polynucleotide encoding an ADAR fusion protein. Such ADAR-fusion proteins may include the deaminase domain of ADAR1 or ADAR2 enzymes fused to another protein, e.g., to the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein. An ADAR-recruiting domain may be a nucleotide sequence based on a natural substrate (e.g., the GluR2 receptor pre-mRNA; such as a GluR2 ADAR- 34 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 recruiting domain), a Z-DNA structure, or a domain known to recruit another protein which is part of an ADAR fusion protein, e.g., an MS2 ADAR-recruiting domain known to be recognized by the dsRNA binding regions of ADAR. A stem-loop structure of an ADAR- recruiting domain can be an intermolecular stem-loop structure, formed by two separate nucleic acid strands, or an intramolecular stem loop structure, formed within a single nucleic acid strand. As used herein, the term “Z-DNA” refers to a left-handed conformation of the DNA double helix or RNA stem loop structures. Such DNA or dsRNA helices wind to the left in a zigzag pattern (as opposed to the right, like the more commonly found B-DNA form). Z- DNA is a known high-affinity ADAR binding substrate and has been shown to bind to human ADAR1 enzyme. “G,” “C,” “A,” “T,” and “U” each generally stand for a naturally-occurring nucleotide that contains guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymidine, and uracil as a base, respectively. However, it will be understood that the term "nucleotide" can also refer to an alternative nucleotide, as further detailed below, or a surrogate replacement moiety. The skilled person is well aware that guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil can be replaced by other moieties without substantially altering the base pairing properties of an oligonucleotide including a nucleotide bearing such replacement moiety. For example, without limitation, a nucleotide including hypoxanthine as its base can base pair with nucleotides containing adenine, cytosine, or uracil. Hence, nucleotides containing uracil, guanine, or adenine can be replaced in the nucleotide sequences of oligonucleotides featured in the invention by a nucleotide containing, for example, hypoxanthine. In another example, adenine and cytosine anywhere in the oligonucleotide can be replaced with guanine and uracil, respectively to form G-U wobble base pairing with the target mRNA. Sequences containing such replacement moieties are suitable for the compositions and methods featured in the invention. The terms “nucleobase” and “base” include the purine (e.g., adenine and guanine) and pyrimidine (e.g., uracil, thymine, and cytosine) moiety present in nucleosides and nucleotides which form hydrogen bonds in nucleic acid hybridization. In the context of the present invention, the term nucleobase also encompasses alternative nucleobases which may differ from naturally-occurring nucleobases but are functional during nucleic acid hybridization. In this context “nucleobase” refers to both naturally occurring nucleobases such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymidine, uracil, xanthine, and hypoxanthine, as well as alternative nucleobases. Such variants are, for example, described in Hirao et al (2012) 35 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Accounts of Chemical Research vol 45, page 2055 and Bergstrom (2009) Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry Suppl. 37 Chapter 1, unit 4.1. In a some embodiments the nucleobase moiety is modified by changing the purine or pyrimidine into a modified purine or pyrimidine, such as substituted purine or substituted pyrimidine, such as an “alternative nucleobase” selected from isocytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-thiozolo-cytosine, 5-propynyl-cytosine, 5-propynyl-uracil, 5- bromouracil, 5-thiazolo-uracil, 2-thio-uracil, pseudouracil, 1-methylpseudouracil, 5- methoxyuracil, 2′-thio-thymine, hypoxanthine, diaminopurine, 6-aminopurine, 2- aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 2-chloro-6-aminopurine. The nucleobase moieties may be indicated by the letter code for each corresponding nucleobase, e.g. A, T, G, C, or U, wherein each letter may optionally include alternative nucleobases of equivalent function. A “sugar” or “sugar moiety,” includes naturally occurring sugars having a furanose ring. A sugar also includes an “alternative sugar,” defined as a structure that is capable of replacing the furanose ring of a nucleoside. In certain embodiments, alternative sugars are non-furanose (or 4′-substituted furanose) rings or ring systems or open systems. Such structures include simple changes relative to the natural furanose ring, such as a six- membered ring, or may be more complicated as is the case with the non-ring system used in peptide nucleic acid. Alternative sugars may also include sugar surrogates wherein the furanose ring has been replaced with another ring system such as, for example, a morpholino or hexitol ring system. Sugar moieties useful in the preparation of oligonucleotides having motifs include, without limitation, β-D-ribose, β-D-2′-deoxyribose, substituted sugars (such as 2′, 5′ and bis substituted sugars), 4′-S-sugars (such as 4′-S-ribose, 4′-S-2′-deoxyribose and 4′-S-2′-substituted ribose), bicyclic alternative sugars (such as the 2′-O—CH2-4′ or 2′-O— (CH2)2-4′ bridged ribose derived bicyclic sugars) and sugar surrogates (such as when the ribose ring has been replaced with a morpholino or a hexitol ring system). The type of heterocyclic base and internucleoside linkage used at each position is variable and is not a factor in determining the motif. In most nucleosides having an alternative sugar moiety, the heterocyclic nucleobase is generally maintained to permit hybridization. A “nucleotide,” as used herein refers to a monomeric unit of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide that includes a nucleoside and an internucleoside linkage. The internucleoside linkage may or may not include a phosphate linkage. Similarly, “linked nucleosides” may or may not be linked by phosphate linkages. Many “alternative internucleoside linkages” are 36 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 known in the art, including, but not limited to, phosphorothioate and boranophosphate linkages. Alternative nucleosides include bicyclic nucleosides (BNAs) (e.g., locked nucleosides (LNAs) and constrained ethyl (cEt) nucleosides), peptide nucleosides (PNAs), phosphotriesters, phosphorothionates, phosphoramidates, and other variants of the phosphate backbone of native nucleoside, including those described herein. An “alternative nucleotide” as used herein, refers to a nucleotide having an alternative nucleobase or an alternative sugar, and an internucleoside linkage, which may include alternative nucleoside linkages. The term “nucleoside” refers to a monomeric unit of an oligonucleotide or a polynucleotide having a nucleobase and a sugar moiety. A nucleoside may include those that are naturally-occurring as well as alternative nucleosides, such as those described herein. The nucleobase of a nucleoside may be a naturally-occurring nucleobase or an alternative nucleobase. Similarly, the sugar moiety of a nucleoside may be a naturally-occurring sugar or an alternative sugar. The term “alternative nucleoside” refers to a nucleoside having an alternative sugar or an alternative nucleobase, such as those described herein. The term “nuclease resistant nucleotide” as used herein refers to nucleotides which limit nuclease degradation of oligonucleotides. Nuclease resistant nucleotides generally increase stability of oligonucleotides by being poor substrates for the nucleases. Nuclease resistant nucleotides are known in the art, e.g., 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides and 2’-fluoro- nucleotides. The terms “oligonucleotide” and “polynucleotide” as used herein, are defined as it is generally understood by the skilled person as a molecule including two or more covalently linked nucleosides. Such covalently bound nucleosides may also be referred to as nucleic acid molecules or oligomers. Oligonucleotides are commonly made in the laboratory by solid-phase chemical synthesis followed by purification. When referring to a sequence of the oligonucleotide, reference is made to the sequence or order of nucleobase moieties, or modifications thereof, of the covalently linked nucleotides or nucleosides. The oligonucleotide of the invention may be man-made, and is chemically synthesized, and is typically purified or isolated. Oligonucleotide is also intended to include (i) compounds that have one or more furanose moieties that are replaced by furanose derivatives or by any structure, cyclic or acyclic, that may be used as a point of covalent attachment for the base moiety, (ii) compounds that have one or more phosphodiester linkages that are either 37 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 modified, as in the case of phosphoramidate or phosphorothioate linkages, or completely replaced by a suitable linking moiety as in the case of formacetal or riboacetal linkages, and/or (iii) compounds that have one or more linked furanose-phosphodiester linkage moieties replaced by any structure, cyclic or acyclic, that may be used as a point of covalent attachment for the base moiety. The oligonucleotide of the invention may include one or more alternative nucleosides or nucleotides (e.g., including those described herein). It is also understood that oligonucleotide includes compositions lacking a sugar moiety or nucleobase but is still capable of forming a pairing with or hybridizing to a target sequence. “Oligonucleotide” refers to a short polynucleotide (e.g., of 100 or fewer linked nucleosides). The phrases “an oligonucleotide that is capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration” or “a guide oligonucleotide that is capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration” refer to an oligonucleotide that is specific for a target sequence, e.g., a TDP43 mRNA sequence, and is capable to be utilized for the deamination reaction of a specific adenosine in a target sequence through an ADAR-mediated pathway. The oligonucleotide may comprise a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a target sequence, e.g., a TDP43 mRNA sequence, e.g., a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides may comprise a nucleic acid sequence complementary to target mRNA with the exception of at least one mismatch (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mismatches). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides may comprise a nucleic acid sequence complementary to target mRNA with about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% mismatches. The oligonucleotide includes a mismatch opposite the target adenosine. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the present invention do not include those used by any non-ADAR mediated gene editing technologies known in the art., e.g., CRISPR or siRNA. The oligonucleotide may be of any length, and may range from about 10-200 bases in length, e.g., about 15-100 bases in length or about 18-100 bases in length, for example, about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 bases in length, such as about 15-50, 15-49, 15-48, 15-47, 15-46, 15-45, 15-44, 15-43, 15-42, 15-41, 15-40, 15-39, 15-38, 38 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 15-37, 15-36, 15-35, 15-34, 15-33, 15-32, 15-31, 15-31, 15-30, 15-29, 15-28, 15-27, 15-26, 15-25, 15-24, 15-23, 15-22, 16-22, 18-55, 18-50, 18-49, 18-48, 18-47, 18-46, 18-45, 18-44, 18-43, 18-42, 18-41, 18-40, 18-39, 18-38, 18-37, 18-36, 18-35, 18-34, 18-33, 18-32, 18-31, 18-31, 18-30, 18-29, 18-28, 18-27, 18-26, 18-25, 18-24, 18-23, 18-22, 19-50, 19-49, 19-48, 19-47, 19-46, 19-45, 19-44, 19-43, 19-42, 19-41, 19-40, 19-39, 19-38, 19-37, 19-36, 19-35, 19-34, 19-33, 19-32, 19-31, 19-31, 19-30, 20-50, 20-49, 20-48, 20-47, 20-46, 20-45, 20- 44,20-43, 20-42, 20-41, 20-40, 20-39, 20-38, 20-37, 20-36, 20-35, 20-34, 20-33, 20-32, 20- 31, 20-31, 20-30, 21-50, 21-49, 21-48, 21-47, 21-46, 21-45, 21-44, 21-43, 21-42, 21-41, 21- 40, 21-39, 21-38, 21-37, 21-36, 21-35, 21-34, 21-33, 21-32, 21-31, 21-31, or 21-30 bases in length. Ranges and lengths intermediate to the above recited ranges and lengths are also contemplated to be part of the invention. The term "linker" or "linking group" is a connection between two atoms that links one chemical group or segment of interest to another chemical group or segment of interest via one or more covalent bonds. Conjugate moieties can be attached to the oligonucleotide directly or through a linking moiety (e.g. linker or tether). Linkers serve to covalently connect a third region, e.g. a conjugate moiety to an oligonucleotide (e.g. the termini of region A or C). In some embodiments of the invention the conjugate or oligonucleotide conjugate of the invention may optionally, include a linker region which is positioned between the oligonucleotide and the conjugate moiety. In some embodiments, the linker between the conjugate and oligonucleotide is biocleavable. Phosphodiester containing biocleavable linkers are described in more detail in WO 2014/076195 (herein incorporated by reference). “Complementary” polynucleotides are those that are capable of base pairing according to the standard Watson-Crick complementarity rules. Specifically, purines will base pair with pyrimidines to form a combination of guanine paired with cytosine (G:C) and adenine paired with either thymine (A:T) in the case of DNA, or adenine paired with uracil (A:U) in the case of RNA. It is understood that two polynucleotides may hybridize to each other even if they are not completely complementary to each other, provided that each has at least one region that is substantially complementary to the other. Complementary sequences between an oligonucleotide and a target sequence as described herein, include base-pairing of the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide including a first nucleotide sequence to an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide including a second nucleotide sequence over the entire length of one or both nucleotide sequences. Such sequences can be referred to as "fully 39 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 complementary" with respect to each other herein. In some embodiments, the term “complementary” as used herein also encompasses the term “substantially complementary.” For example, where a first sequence is referred to as "substantially complementary" with respect to a second sequence herein, the two sequences can be fully complementary, or they can form one or more, but generally no more than 5, 4, 3 or 2 mismatched base pairs upon hybridization for a duplex up to 30 base pairs, while retaining the ability to hybridize under the conditions most relevant to their ultimate application, e.g., deamination of an adenosine. “Substantially complementary” can also refer to a polynucleotide that is substantially complementary to a contiguous portion of the mRNA of interest (e.g., an mRNA having a target adenosine). For example, a polynucleotide is complementary to at least a part of the mRNA of interest if the sequence is substantially complementary to a non-interrupted portion of the mRNA of interest. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide, as described herein, is at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75% at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, or at least 99.9% complementary to the target sequence. As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term "complementary," when used to describe a first nucleotide or nucleoside sequence in relation to a second nucleotide or nucleoside sequence, refers to the ability of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide including the first nucleotide or nucleoside sequence to hybridize and form a duplex structure under certain conditions with an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide including the second nucleotide sequence, as will be understood by the skilled person. Such conditions can, for example, be stringent conditions, where stringent conditions can include: 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA, 50 °C, or 70 °C, for 12-16 hours followed by washing (see, e.g., "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Sambrook, et al. (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). Other conditions, such as physiologically relevant conditions as can be encountered inside an organism, can apply. The skilled person will be able to determine the set of conditions most appropriate for a test of complementarity of two sequences in accordance with the ultimate application of the hybridized nucleotides or nucleosides. As used herein, the terms “variant” and “derivative” are used interchangeably and refer to naturally-occurring, synthetic, and semi-synthetic analogues of a compound, peptide, protein, or other substance described herein. A variant or derivative of a compound, peptide, 40 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 protein, or other substance described herein may retain or improve upon the biological activity of the original material. The term “mutation,” as used herein, refers to a substitution of a residue within a sequence, e.g., a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, with another residue, or a deletion or insertion of one or more residues within a sequence. Mutations are typically described herein by identifying the original residue followed by the position of the residue within the sequence and by the identity of the newly substituted residue. Various methods for making the amino acid substitutions (mutations) provided herein are well known in the art, and are provided by, for example, Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012)). In some embodiments, the presently disclosed compositions can efficiently generate an “intended mutation”, such as a point mutation, in a nucleic acid (e.g., a nucleic acid within a genome of a subject) without generating a significant number of unintended mutations, such as unintended point mutations. In some embodiments, an intended mutation is a mutation that is generated by a specific guide oligonucleotide, specifically designed to generate the intended mutation. In general, mutations made or identified in a sequence (e.g., an amino acid sequence as described herein) are numbered in relation to a reference (or wild type) sequence, i.e., a sequence that does not contain the mutations. The skilled practitioner in the art would readily understand how to determine the position of mutations in amino acid and nucleic acid sequences relative to a reference sequence. As used herein, the term “single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP),” refers to a variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals. If more than 1% of a population does not carry the same nucleotide at a specific position in the DNA sequence, then this variation can be classified as a SNP. If a SNP occurs within a gene, then the gene is described as having more than one allele. In these cases, SNPs may lead to variations in the amino acid sequence. For example, at a specific base position in the human genome, the C nucleotide can appear in most individuals, but in a minority of individuals, the position is occupied by an A. This means that there is a SNP at this specific position, and the two possible nucleotide variations, C or A, are the two alleles for this position. SNPs can fall within coding regions of genes, non-coding regions of genes, or in the intergenic regions (regions between genes). In some embodiments, SNPs within a coding sequence do not necessarily change the amino acid sequence of the protein that is produced, due to degeneracy of the genetic code. SNPs in the coding region are of two types: 41 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 synonymous and nonsynonymous SNPs. Synonymous SNPs do not affect the protein sequence, while nonsynonymous SNPs change the amino acid sequence of protein. The nonsynonymous SNPs are of two types: missense and nonsense. SNPs that are not in protein- coding regions can still affect gene splicing, transcription factor binding, messenger RNA degradation, or the sequence of noncoding RNA. Gene expression affected by this type of SNP is referred to as an eSNP (expression SNP) and can be upstream or downstream from the gene. A single nucleotide variant is a variation in a single nucleotide without any limitations of frequency and can arise in somatic cells. A somatic single nucleotide variation can also be called a single-nucleotide alteration. Although a particular SNP may not cause a disorder, some SNPs are associated with certain diseases. These associations allow for the use of specific SNPs to evaluate an individual’s genetic predisposition to develop a disease. In addition, if certain SNPs are known to be associated with a trait, then examination of certain stretches of DNA near these SNPs will help identify the gene or genes responsible for the trait. The term “contacting,” as used herein, includes contacting a target gene, e.g., TDP43 by any means. In some embodiments, a target gene is contacted with a guide oligonucleotide in a cell. Contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell with a guide oligonucleotide includes contacting the TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell in vitro with the guide oligonucleotide or contacting the TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell in vivo with the guide oligonucleotide. Contacting a cell in vitro may be done, for example, by incubating the cell with the guide oligonucleotide. Contacting a cell in vivo may be done, for example, by injecting the guide oligonucleotide into or near the tissue where the cell is located, or by injecting the guide oligonucleotide agent into another area, e.g., the bloodstream or the subcutaneous space, such that the agent will subsequently reach the tissue where the cell to be contacted is located. For example, the guide oligonucleotide may contain and/or be coupled to a ligand that directs the oligonucleotide to a site of interest. Combinations of in vitro and in vivo methods of contacting are also possible. For example, a cell may also be contacted in vitro with a guide oligonucleotide and subsequently transplanted into a subject. In one embodiment, contacting a cell with a guide oligonucleotide includes "introducing" or "delivering the oligonucleotide into the cell" by facilitating or effecting uptake or absorption into the cell. Absorption or uptake of a guide oligonucleotide can occur through unaided diffusive or active cellular processes, or by auxiliary agents or devices. Introducing a guide oligonucleotide into a cell may be in vitro and/or in vivo. For example, 42 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 for in vivo introduction, oligonucleotides can be injected into a tissue site or administered systemically. In vitro introduction into a cell includes methods known in the art such as electroporation and lipofection. Further approaches are described herein below and/or are known in the art. By “determining the level of a protein” is meant the detection of a protein, or an mRNA encoding the protein, by methods known in the art either directly or indirectly. “Directly determining” means performing a process (e.g., performing an assay or test on a sample or “analyzing a sample” as that term is defined herein) to obtain the physical entity or value. “Indirectly determining” refers to receiving the physical entity or value from another party or source (e.g., a third-party laboratory that directly acquired the physical entity or value). Methods to measure protein level generally include, but are not limited to, western blotting, immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, fluorescent polarization, phosphorescence, immunohistochemical analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry, microcytometry, microscopy, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), and flow cytometry, as well as assays based on a property of a protein including, but not limited to, enzymatic activity or interaction with other protein partners. Methods to measure mRNA levels are known in the art. “Percent (%) sequence identity” with respect to a reference polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of nucleic acids or amino acids in a candidate sequence that are identical to the nucleic acids or amino acids in the reference polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent nucleic acid or amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the capabilities of one of skill in the art, for example, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, or Megalign™ software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For example, percent sequence identity values may be generated using the sequence comparison computer program BLAST. As an illustration, the percent sequence identity of a given nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, A, to, with, or against a given nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, B, (which can alternatively be phrased as a given nucleic acid or 43 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 amino acid sequence, A that has a certain percent sequence identity to, with, or against a given nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, B) is calculated as follows: 100 multiplied by (the fraction X/Y) where X is the number of nucleotides or amino acids scored as identical matches by a sequence alignment program (e.g., BLAST) in that program’s alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of nucleic acids in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of nucleic acid or amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of nucleic acid or amino acid sequence B, the percent sequence identity of A to B will not equal the percent sequence identity of B to A. By “level” is meant a level or activity of a protein, or mRNA encoding the protein, as compared to a reference. The reference can be any useful reference, as defined herein. By a “decreased level” or an “increased level” of a protein is meant a decrease or increase in protein level, as compared to a reference (e.g., a decrease or an increase by about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 300%, about 400%, about 500%, or more; a decrease or an increase of more than about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 50%, about 75%, about 100%, or about 200%, as compared to a reference; a decrease or an increase by less than about 0.01-fold, about 0.02-fold, about 0.1-fold, about 0.3-fold, about 0.5-fold, about 0.8-fold, or less; or an increase by more than about 1.2-fold, about 1.4-fold, about 1.5-fold, about 1.8-fold, about 2-fold, about 3-fold, about 3.5-fold, about 4.5-fold, about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, about 20-fold, about 30-fold, about 40-fold, about 50-fold, about 100-fold, about 1000-fold, or more). A level of a protein may be expressed in mass/vol (e.g., g/dL, mg/mL, μg/mL, ng/mL) or percentage relative to total protein or mRNA in a sample. The term “pharmaceutical composition,” as used herein, represents a composition containing a compound described herein formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and preferably manufactured or sold with the approval of a governmental regulatory agency as part of a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of disease in a mammal. Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated, for example, for oral administration in unit dosage form (e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup); for topical administration (e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment); for intravenous administration (e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use); for intrathecal 44 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 injection; for intracerebroventricular injections; for intraparenchymal injection; or in any other pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient,” as used herein, refers any ingredient other than the compounds described herein (for example, a vehicle capable of suspending or dissolving the active compound) and having the properties of being substantially nontoxic and non-inflammatory in a patient. Excipients may include, for example: antiadherents, antioxidants, binders, coatings, compression aids, disintegrants, dyes (colors), emollients, emulsifiers, fillers (diluents), film formers or coatings, flavors, fragrances, glidants (flow enhancers), lubricants, preservatives, printing inks, sorbents, suspending or dispersing agents, sweeteners, and waters of hydration. Exemplary excipients include, but are not limited to: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate (dibasic), calcium stearate, croscarmellose, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, citric acid, crospovidone, cysteine, ethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, maltitol, mannitol, methionine, methylcellulose, methyl paraben, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, povidone, pregelatinized starch, propyl paraben, retinyl palmitate, shellac, silicon dioxide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium citrate, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, starch (corn), stearic acid, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, and xylitol. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of any of the compounds described herein. For example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the compounds described herein include those that are within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are described in: Berge et al., J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 66:1-19, 1977 and in Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, (Eds. P.H. Stahl and C.G. Wermuth), Wiley-VCH, 2008. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds described herein or separately by reacting a free base group with a suitable organic acid. The compounds described herein may have ionizable groups so as to be capable of preparation as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. These salts may be acid addition salts involving inorganic or organic acids or the salts may, in the case of acidic forms of the compounds described herein, be prepared from inorganic or organic bases. Frequently, the 45 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 compounds are prepared or used as pharmaceutically acceptable salts prepared as addition products of pharmaceutically acceptable acids or bases. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acids and bases and methods for preparation of the appropriate salts are well-known in the art. Salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids and bases including inorganic and organic acids and bases. Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptonate, hexanoate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, and valerate salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, and ethylamine. By a “reference” is meant any useful reference used to compare protein or mRNA levels or activity. The reference can be any sample, standard, standard curve, or level that is used for comparison purposes. The reference can be a normal reference sample or a reference standard or level. A “reference sample” can be, for example, a control, e.g., a predetermined negative control value such as a “normal control” or a prior sample taken from the same subject; a sample from a normal healthy subject, such as a normal cell or normal tissue; a sample (e.g., a cell or tissue) from a subject not having a disease; a sample from a subject that is diagnosed with a disease, but not yet treated with a compound described herein; a sample from a subject that has been treated by a compound described herein; or a sample of a purified protein (e.g., any described herein) at a known normal concentration. By “reference standard or level” is meant a value or number derived from a reference sample. A “normal control value” is a pre-determined value indicative of non-disease state, e.g., a value expected in a healthy control subject. Typically, a normal control value is expressed as a range (“between X and Y”), a high threshold (“no higher than X”), or a low threshold (“no lower than X”). A subject having a measured value within the normal control value for a 46 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 particular biomarker is typically referred to as “within normal limits” for that biomarker. A normal reference standard or level can be a value or number derived from a normal subject not having a disease or disorder; a subject that has been treated with a compound described herein. In preferred embodiments, the reference sample, standard, or level is matched to the sample subject sample by at least one of the following criteria: age, weight, sex, disease stage, and overall health. A standard curve of levels of a purified protein, e.g., any described herein, within the normal reference range can also be used as a reference. As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any organism to which a composition in accordance with the invention may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include any animal (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans). A subject may seek or be in need of treatment, require treatment, be receiving treatment, be receiving treatment in the future, or be a human or animal who is under care by a trained professional for a particular disease or condition. As used herein, the term “administration” refers to the administration of a composition (e.g., a compound or a preparation that includes a compound as described herein) to a subject or system. Administration to an animal subject (e.g., to a human) may be by any appropriate route, such as the one described herein. As used herein, a “combination therapy” or “administered in combination” means that two (or more) different agents or treatments are administered to a subject as part of a defined treatment regimen for a particular disease or condition. The treatment regimen defines the doses and periodicity of administration of each agent such that the effects of the separate agents on the subject overlap. In some embodiments, the delivery of the two or more agents is simultaneous or concurrent and the agents may be co-formulated. In some embodiments, the two or more agents are not co-formulated and are administered in a sequential manner as part of a prescribed regimen. In some embodiments, administration of two or more agents or treatments in combination is such that the reduction in a symptom, or other parameter related to the disorder is greater than what would be observed with one agent or treatment delivered alone or in the absence of the other. The effect of the two treatments can be partially additive, wholly additive, or greater than additive (e.g., synergistic). Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. The therapeutic agents can 47 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 be administered by the same route or by different routes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combination may be administered by intravenous injection while a second therapeutic agent of the combination may be administered orally. As used herein, the terms "treat," "treated," or "treating" mean both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological condition, disorder, or disease, or obtain beneficial or desired clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms; diminishment of the extent of a condition, disorder, or disease; stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of condition, disorder, or disease; delay in onset or slowing of condition, disorder, or disease progression; amelioration of the condition, disorder, or disease state or remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable; an amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter, not necessarily discernible by the patient; or enhancement or improvement of condition, disorder, or disease. Treatment includes eliciting a clinically significant response without excessive levels of side effects. Treatment also includes prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. As used herein, the terms “effective amount,” “therapeutically effective amount,” and “a “sufficient amount” of an agent that results in a therapeutic effect (e.g., in a cell or a subject) described herein refer to a quantity sufficient to, when administered to the subject, including a human, effect beneficial or desired results, including clinical results, and, as such, an “effective amount” or synonym thereto depends on the context in which it is being applied. For example, in the context of treating a disorder, it is an amount of the agent that is sufficient to achieve a treatment response as compared to the response obtained without administration. The amount of a given agent will vary depending upon various factors, such as the given agent, the pharmaceutical formulation, the route of administration, the type of disease or disorder, the identity of the subject (e.g., age, sex, and/or weight) or host being treated, and the like, but can nevertheless be routinely determined by one of skill in the art. Also, as used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” of an agent is an amount which results in a beneficial or desired result in a subject as compared to a control. As defined herein, a therapeutically effective amount of an agent may be readily determined by one of ordinary skill by routine methods known in the art. Dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. 48 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 “Prophylactically effective amount,” as used herein, is intended to include the amount of an oligonucleotide that, when administered to a subject having or predisposed to have a disorder, is sufficient to prevent or ameliorate the disease or one or more symptoms of the disease. Ameliorating the disease includes slowing the course of the disease or reducing the severity of later-developing disease. The “prophylactically effective amount” may vary depending on the oligonucleotide, how the agent is administered, the degree of risk of disease, and the history, age, weight, family history, genetic makeup, the types of preceding or concomitant treatments, if any, and other individual characteristics of the patient to be treated. A “therapeutically-effective amount” or “prophylactically effective amount” also includes an amount (either administered in a single or in multiple doses) of an oligonucleotide that produces some desired local or systemic effect at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any treatment. Oligonucleotides employed in the methods of the present invention may be administered in a sufficient amount to produce a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to such treatment. A prophylactically effective amount may also refer to, for example, an amount sufficient to, when administered to the subject, including a human, to delay the onset of one or more of the disorders described herein by at least 120 days, for example, at least 6 months, at least 12 months, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 4 years, at least 5 years, at least 10 years or more, when compared with the predicted onset. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present disclosure; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and from the claims. 49 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 II. Methods of the Invention The present invention provides methods of editing a TDP43 polynucleotide encoding a TDP43 protein, methods for preventing cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promoting nuclear localization of a TDP43 protein, methods for repairing function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein, and methods for treating or preventing a TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and/or frontotemporal lobar degeneration, in a subject. The methods include contacting the TDP43 polynucleotide with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide. The invention is used to make desired changes in a target sequence, e.g., a TDP43 polynucleotide, in a cell or a subject by site-directed editing of nucleotides through the use of an oligonucleotide that is capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide. As a result, the target sequence is edited through an adenosine deamination reaction mediated by ADAR, converting adenosines into inosine. The changes may be in 5' or 3' untranslated regions of a target RNA, in splice sites, in exons (changing amino acids in protein translated from the target RNA, changing codon usage or splicing behavior by changing exonic splicing silencers or enhancers, and/or introducing or removing start or stop codons), in introns (changing splicing by altering intronic splicing silencers or intronic splicing enhancers, branch points) and in general in any region affecting RNA stability, structure or functioning. The target RNA sequence may comprise a mutation that one may wish to correct or alter, such as a transition or a transversion. RNA editing enzymes are known in the art. In some embodiments, the RNA editing enzyme is the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADARs), such as hADAR1 and hADAR2 in humans or human cells. Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) catalyze adenosine (A) to inosine (I) editing of RNA that possesses double-stranded (ds) structure. A-to-I RNA editing results in nucleotide substitution, because I is recognized as G instead of A both by ribosomes and by RNA polymerases. A-to-I substitution can also cause dsRNA destabilization, as I:U mismatch base pairs are less stable than A:U base pairs. A-to-I editing occurs with both viral and cellular RNAs, and affects a broad range of biological processes. These include virus growth and persistence, apoptosis and embryogenesis, neurotransmitter receptor and ion 50 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 channel function, pancreatic cell function, and post-transcriptional gene regulation by microRNAs. Biochemical processes that provide a framework for understanding the physiologic changes following ADAR-catalyzed A-to-I ( = G) editing events include mRNA translation by changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA-structure-dependent activities such as microRNA production or targeting or protein–RNA interactions. Three human ADAR genes are known, of which two encode active deaminases (ADAR1 and ADAR2). Human ADAR3 (hADAR3) has been described in the prior art, but reportedly has no deaminase activity. Alternative promoters together with alternative splicing give rise to two protein size forms of ADAR1: an interferon-inducible ADAR1-p150 deaminase that binds dsRNA and Z-DNA, and a constitutively expressed ADAR1-p110 deaminase. ADAR2, like ADAR1-p110, is constitutively expressed and binds dsRNA. It is known that only the longer isoform of ADAR1 is capable of binding to the Z-DNA structure that can be comprised in the recruiting portion of the oligonucleotide construct according to the invention. Consequently, the level of the 150 kDa isoform present in the cell may be influenced by interferon, particularly interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). hADAR1 is also inducible by TNF-alpha. This provides an opportunity to develop combination therapy, whereby interferon-gamma or TNF-alpha and oligonucleotide constructs comprising Z-DNA as recruiting portion according to the invention are administered to a patient either as a combination product, or as separate products, either simultaneously or subsequently, in any order. Certain disease conditions may already coincide with increased IFN-gamma or TNF- alpha levels in certain tissues of a patient, creating further opportunities to make editing more specific for diseased tissues. Recruiting ADAR to specific sites of selected transcripts and deamination of adenosine regardless of neighboring bases holds great promise for the treatment of disease. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide that is capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, e.g., a guide oligonucleotide as described herein, further comprises an ADAR-recruiting domain. In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domain comprises nucleotide sequences that may be covalently linked to the oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the instant invention and may form stem-loop structures that act as recruitment 51 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 and binding regions for the ADAR enzyme. Oligonucleotides including such ADAR- recruiting domains may be referred to as “axiomer AONs” or “self-looping AONs.” In other embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domain does not comprise a stem-loop structure. The ADAR-recruiting domain portion may act to recruit an endogenous ADAR enzyme present in the cell and/or an exogenous ADAR enzyme introduced into the cell for expression. Such ADAR-recruiting domains do not require conjugated entities or presence of modified recombinant ADAR enzymes. Alternatively, the ADAR-recruiting portion may act to recruit a recombinant ADAR fusion protein that has been delivered to a cell or to a subject via an expression vector construct including a polynucleotide encoding an ADAR fusion protein. Such ADAR-fusion proteins may include the deaminase domain of ADAR1 or ADAR2 enzymes fused to another protein, e.g., to the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein. An ADAR- recruiting domain may be a nucleotide sequence based on a natural substrate (e.g., the GluR2 receptor pre-mRNA; such as a GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain), a Z-DNA structure, or a domain known to recruit another protein which is part of an ADAR fusion protein, e.g., an MS2 ADAR-recruiting domain known to be recognized by the dsRNA binding regions of ADAR. A stem-loop structure of an ADAR-recruiting domain can be an intermolecular stem-loop structure, formed by two separate nucleic acid strands, or an intramolecular stem loop structure, formed within a single nucleic acid strand. In some embodiments, the ADAR is endogenously expressed in a cell. In some embodiments, the ADAR is exogenous and is introduced into a cell for expression, e.g., via a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector, or a non-viral delivery system. The cell is selected from the group consisting of a bacterial cell, a eukaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, and a human cell. In principle the invention can be used with cells from any mammalian species, but it is preferably used with a human cell. The oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, e.g., a guide oligonucleotide as described herein, comprises a nucleic acid sequence complementary to the TDP43 mRNA, e.g. a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are complementary to target mRNA with the exception of at least one mismatch (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mismatches). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides may comprise a nucleic acid sequence complementary to target mRNA with about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% mismatches. The oligonucleotide includes a mismatch opposite the target adenosine. 52 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Once the oligonucleotide hybridizes to the target mRNA sequence, it forms a double- stranded RNA structure, which can be recognized by ADAR, and facilitates the recruitment of ADAR to the target sequence. As a result, ADAR can catalyze the deamination reaction of the specific adenosine on the TDP43 polynucleotide into an inosine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type amino acid in the TDP43 protein, e.g., aspartate 89, lysine 95, lysine 145, aspartate 174, lysine 192, methionine 323, and/or serine 404 of the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 89 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glutamate. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type aspartate at position 174 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type lysine at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type methionine at position 323 of the TDP43 protein with a valine. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type serine at position 404 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. As demonstrated in the Examples, TDP43 variants with these mutations remain functional and could potentially prevent cytoplasmic aggregation and promote nuclear localization of the protein. Upon successful editing by the methods of the invention, the adenosine (A) at position 267 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) is deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, aspartate, at position 89 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. 53 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Similarly, the adenosine (A) at position 284 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. The adenosine (A) at position 283 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glutamate. The adenosine (A) at positions 283 and 285 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glutamate. The adenosine (A) at positions 283 and 284 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. The adenosine (A) at positions 284 and 285 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. The adenosine (A) at positions 283, 284, and 285 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. The adenosine (A) at position 434 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. The adenosine (A) at positions 433 and 434 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. 54 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 The adenosine (A) at position 521 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, aspartate, at position 174 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. The adenosine (A) at position 575 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. The adenosine (A) at positions 574 and 575 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. The adenosine (A) at positions 575 and 576 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. The adenosine (A) at positions 574, 575, and 576 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. The adenosine (A) at position 965 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, methionine, at position 323 of the TDP43 protein with a valine. The adenosine (A) at position 1210 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) can be deaminated and converted to a guanosine (G) by ADAR, and this ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the wild type amino acid, serine, at position 404 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a pathogenic amino acid, including any known pathogenic amino acid known in the art for TDP43, with a wild type amino acid. 55 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the TDP43 polynucleotide encodes a TDP43 protein comprising a pathogenic amino acid, threonine, at position 382, i.e., a A382T mutation in the TDP43 protein. This mutation is known to be associated with one’s risk for ALS. In some embodiments, upon successful editing by the methods of the invention, the ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the pathogenic amino acid, threonine, at position 382 of the TDP43 protein with a wild type amino acid, i.e., an alanine, thereby removing the pathogenic or disease causing mutation in TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the TDP43 polynucleotide encodes a TDP43 protein comprising a pathogenic amino acid, serine, at position 267, i.e., a N267S mutation in the TDP43 protein. This mutation is known to be associated with one’s risk for ALS. In some embodiments, upon successful editing by the methods of the invention, the ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the pathogenic amino acid, serine, at position 267 of the TDP43 protein with a restored amino acid, i.e., a glycine, thereby removing the pathogenic or disease causing mutation in TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the TDP43 polynucleotide encodes a TDP43 protein comprising a pathogenic amino acid, glutamate, at position 263, i.e., a K263E mutation in the TDP43 protein. This mutation is known to be associated with one’s risk for ALS. In some embodiments, upon successful editing by the methods of the invention, the ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the pathogenic amino acid, glutamate, at position 263 of the TDP43 protein with a restored amino acid, i.e., a glycine, thereby removing the pathogenic or disease causing mutation in TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the TDP43 polynucleotide encodes a TDP43 protein comprising a pathogenic stop codon at position 385, i.e., a W385X mutation in the TDP43 protein. This mutation is known to be associated with one’s risk for ALS. In some embodiments, upon successful editing by the methods of the invention, the ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes the pathogenic stop codon at position 385 of the TDP43 protein with a wild type amino acid, i.e., a tryptophan, thereby removing the pathogenic or disease causing mutation in TDP43 protein. In other embodiments, the ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a pathogenic amino acid of the TDP43 protein with a restored amino acid, i.e., an amino acid that is not a wild type amino acid at a specific position in a protein, but is an amino acid that constitutes a conservative amino acid substitution of the wild type amino acid at the specific position in the protein, thereby removing the pathogenic or disease causing mutation in 56 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 TDP43 protein. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that since the pathogenic amino acid is substituted by a restored amino acid, the ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration allows restoration of the TDP43 protein function. Other gene-editing technologies known in the art can also be used in the methods of the present invention. For example, the TDP43 gene can be edited by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), additional nucleic acid editing enzymes, e.g., cytidine deaminases (e.g., APOBEC1 family deaminases), and/or homing endonucleases or meganucleases, e.g., to generate functional TDP43 variants that can prevent cytoplasmic aggregation and promote nuclear localization of the protein, or to substitute a pathogenic amino acid of the TDP43 protein with either a wild type amino acid, or a restored amino acid. In some embodiments, the TDP43 gene is edited by the CRISPR technology. The CRISPR technology is included in the invention as an approach for generating RNA-guided nuclease with customizable specificities for targeted genome editing. Genome editing mediated by these nucleases has been used to rapidly, easily and efficiently modify endogenous genes in a wide variety of biomedically important cell types and in organisms that have traditionally been challenging to manipulate genetically. In some embodiments, the TDP43 gene is edited by the transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs). The term TALEN, as used herein, is broad and includes a monomeric TALEN that can cleave double stranded DNA without assistance from another TALEN. The term TALEN is also used to refer to one or both members of a pair of TALENs that are engineered to work together to cleave DNA at the same site. In some embodiments, the TDP43 gene is edited by a nucleic acid editing enzyme, e.g., a deaminase, e.g., a cytidine deaminase. The term "cytidine deaminase" or "cytidine deaminase protein" as used herein refers to a protein, a polypeptide, or one or more functional domain(s) of a protein or a polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing a hydrolytic deamination reaction that converts a cytosine (or a cytosine moiety of a molecule) to an uracil (or a uracil moiety of a molecule). In some embodiments, the cytosine-containing molecule is an cytidine (C), and the uracil-containing molecule is an uridine (U). The cytosine-containing molecule can be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is an apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing complex (APOBEC) family deaminase, an activation-induced deaminase (AID), or a cytidine 57 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 deaminase 1 (CDA1). In some embodiments, the APOBEC family deaminase is selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1 deaminase, APOBEC2 deaminase, APOBEC3A deaminase, APOBEC3B deaminase, APOBEC3C deaminase, APOBEC3D deaminase, APOBEC3F deaminase, APOBEC3G deaminase, APOBEC3H deaminase, or any functional variants or fusion proteins thereof. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase protein recognizes and converts one or more target cytosine residue(s) in a target RNA or DNA molecule. The changes may be in 5' or 3' untranslated regions of a target RNA, in splice sites, in exons (changing amino acids in protein translated from the target RNA, changing codon usage or splicing behavior by changing exonic splicing silencers or enhancers, and/or introducing or removing start or stop codons), in introns (changing splicing by altering intronic splicing silencers or intronic splicing enhancers, branch points) and in general in any region affecting RNA stability, structure or functioning. The target RNA sequence may comprise a mutation that one may wish to correct or alter, such as a transition or a transversion. In certain embodiments, the cytidine deaminase can be introduced into a cell for expression via a viral vector or a non-viral delivery system as described herein or any known viral vectors or non-viral delivery systems in the art. In some embodiment, binding of the cytidine deaminases to the TDP43 polynucleotide results in a functional TDP43 variant that can prevent cytoplasmic aggregation and promote nuclear localization of the protein, or substitute a pathogenic amino acid of the TDP43 protein with either a wild type amino acid, or a restored amino acid. The methods of the present invention can be used with any organ, or cells from any organ, e.g., brain, skin, lung, heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, gut, muscle, gland, eye, blood and the like. The invention is particularly suitable for modifying sequences in cells, tissues or organs implicated in a diseased state of a subject, such as a human subject. Such organs include but are not limited to the liver, brain, or heart. Such cells include but are not limited to the cells in the brain, e.g., neuron cells, or glial cells. The methods of the invention can also be used with mammalian cells which are not naturally present in an organism e.g., with a cell line or with an embryonic stem (ES) cell. The methods of the invention can be used with various types of stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells, totipotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, etc. 58 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 The cells can be located in vitro or in vivo. One advantage of the invention is that it can be used with cells in situ in a living organism, but it can also be used with cells in culture. In some embodiments cells are treated ex vivo and are then introduced into a living organism (e.g. re-introduced into an organism from whom they were originally derived). In some embodiments, the cell is contacted in vivo. In other embodiments, the cell is ex vivo. The methods of invention can also be used to edit target RNA sequences in cells within a so-called organoid. Organoids are self-organized three-dimensional tissue structures derived from stem cells. Such cultures can be crafted to replicate much of the complexity of an organ, or to express selected aspects of it like producing only certain types of cells (Lancaster & Knoblich, Science 2014, vol. 345 no. 61941247125). In a therapeutic setting they are useful because they can be derived in vitro from a patient's cells, and the organoids can then be re-introduced to the patient as autologous material which is less likely to be rejected than a normal transplant. Thus, according to another preferred embodiment, the invention may be practiced on organoids grown from tissue samples taken from a patient (e.g. from their gastrointestinal tract; see Sala et al. J Surg Res. 2009; 156(2):205-12, and Sato et al. Gastroenterology 2011 ;141 : 1762-72). Upon RNA editing in accordance with the invention, the organoids, or stem cells residing within the organoids, may be used to transplant back into the patient to ameliorate organ function. In some embodiments, the cells to be treated have a genetic mutation. The mutation may be heterozygous or homozygous. The invention can be used to modify point mutations, for example, to correct a G to A mutation. In other embodiments, the cells to be treated do not have a genetic mutation. The invention can be used to create point mutations, for example, to generate an A to G mutation. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to correcting mutations, as it may instead be useful to change a wild-type sequence into a mutated sequence by applying oligonucleotides according to the invention. One example where it may be advantageous to modify a wild-type adenosine is to bring about skipping of an exon, for example by modifying an adenosine that happens to be a branch site required for splicing of said exon. Another example is where the adenosine defines or is part of a recognition sequence for protein binding, or is involved in secondary structure defining the stability of the mRNA. In some embodiments, however, the invention is used in the opposite way by introducing a disease-associated mutation into a cell line or an animal, in order to provide a useful research tool for the disease in question. As an example of creating a disease model for research purposes, an oligonucleotide sequence 59 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 described herein provides for the recruitment of editing activity in a human cell to create a mutation in TDP43, e.g., a D89G, K95E, K95R, K95G, K145E, K145R, K145G, D174G, K192R, K192E, K192G, M323V, or S404G mutation. As a result, the invention can be used to provide research tools for diseases, to introduce new mutations which are less deleterious and even more beneficial than a wild type amino acid or an existing mutation, e.g., preventing cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promoting nuclear localization of the TDP43 protein. A mutation to be reverted through RNA editing may have arisen on the level of the chromosome or some other form of DNA, such as mitochondrial DNA, or RNA, including pre-mRNA, ribosomal RNA or mitochondrial RNA. A change to be made may be in a target RNA of a pathogen, including fungi, yeasts, parasites, kinetoplastids, bacteria, phages, viruses etc., with which the cell or subject has been infected. Subsequently, the editing may take place on the RNA level on a target sequence inside such cell, subject or pathogen. Certain pathogens, such as viruses, release their nucleic acid, DNA or RNA into the cell of the infected host (cell). Other pathogens reside or circulate in the infected host. The oligonucleotide constructs of the invention may be used to edit target RNA sequences residing in a cell of the infected eukaryotic host, or to edit a RNA sequence inside the cell of a pathogen residing or circulating in the eukaryotic host, as long as the cells where the editing is to take place contain an editing entity compatible with the oligonucleotide construct administered thereto. Without wishing to be bound be theory, the RNA editing through ADAR1 and ADAR2 is thought to take place on pre-mRNAs in the nucleus, during transcription or splicing. Editing of mitochondrial RNA codons or non-coding sequences in mature mRNAs is not excluded. Deamination of an adenosine using the oligonucleotides disclosed herein includes any level of adenosine deamination, e.g., at least 1 deaminated adenosine within a target sequence (e.g., at least, 1, 2, 3, or more deaminated adenosines in a target sequence). Adenosine deamination may be assessed by a decrease in an absolute or relative level of adenosines within a target sequence compared with a control level. The control level may be any type of control level that is utilized in the art, e.g., pre-dose baseline level, or a level determined from a similar subject, cell, or sample that is untreated or treated with a control (such as, e.g., buffer only control or inactive agent control). 60 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Because the enzymatic activity of ADAR converts adenosines to inosines, adenosine deamination can alternatively be assessed by an increase in an absolute or relative level of inosines within a target sequence compared with a control level. Similarly, the control level may be any type of control level that is utilized in the art, e.g., pre-dose baseline level, or a level determined from a similar subject, cell, or sample that is untreated or treated with a control (such as, e.g., buffer only control or inactive agent control). The levels of adenosines and/or inosines within a target sequence can be assessed using any of the methods known in the art for determining the nucleotide composition of a polynucleotide sequence. For example, the relative or absolute levels of adenosines or inosines within a target sequence can be assessed using nucleic acid sequencing technologies including but not limited to Sanger sequencing methods, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS; e.g., pyrosequencing, sequencing by reversible terminator chemistry, sequencing by ligation, and real-time sequencing) such as those offered on commercially available platforms (e.g., Illumina, Qiagen, Pacific Biosciences, Thermo Fisher, Roche, and Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Clonal amplification of target sequences for NGS may be performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (also known as qPCR) on commercially available platforms from Applied Biosystems, Roche, Stratagene, Cepheid, Eppendorf, or Bio-Rad Laboratories. Additionally or alternatively, emulsion PCR methods can be used for amplification of target sequences using commercially available platforms such as Droplet Digital PCR by Bio-Rad Laboratories. In certain embodiments, surrogate markers can be used to detect adenosine deamination within a target sequence. For example, effective treatment of a subject having a genetic disorder involving G-to-A mutations with an oligonucleotide of the present disclosure, as demonstrated by an acceptable diagnostic and monitoring criteria can be understood to demonstrate a clinically relevant adenosine deamination. In certain embodiments, the methods include a clinically relevant adenosine deamination, e.g., as demonstrated by a clinically relevant outcome after treatment of a subject with an oligonucleotide of the present disclosure. Adenosine deamination in a gene of interest may be manifested by an increase or decrease in the levels of mRNA expressed by a first cell or group of cells (such cells may be present, for example, in a sample derived from a subject) in which a gene of interest is transcribed and which has or have been treated (e.g., by contacting the cell or cells with an oligonucleotide of the present disclosure, or by administering an oligonucleotide of the 61 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 invention to a subject in which the cells are or were present) such that the expression of the gene of interest is increased or decreased, as compared to a second cell or group of cells substantially identical to the first cell or group of cells but which has not or have not been so treated (control cell(s) not treated with an oligonucleotide or not treated with an oligonucleotide targeted to the gene of interest). The degree of increase or decrease in the levels of mRNA of a gene of interest may be expressed in terms of: In other embodiments, change in the levels of a gene may be assessed in terms of a reduction of a parameter that is functionally linked to the expression of a gene of interest, e.g., protein expression of the gene of interest or signaling downstream of the protein. A change in the levels of the gene of interest may be determined in any cell expressing the gene of interest, either endogenous or heterologous from an expression construct, and by any assay known in the art. A change in the level of expression of a gene of interest may be manifested by an increase or decrease in the level of the protein produced by the gene of interest that is expressed by a cell or group of cells (e.g., the level of protein expressed in a sample derived from a subject). As explained above, for the assessment of mRNA suppression, the change in the level of protein expression in a treated cell or group of cells may similarly be expressed as a percentage of the level of protein in a control cell or group of cells. A control cell or group of cells that may be used to assess the change in the expression of a gene of interest includes a cell or group of cells that has not yet been contacted with an oligonucleotide of the present disclosure. For example, the control cell or group of cells may be derived from an individual subject (e.g., a human or animal subject) prior to treatment of the subject with an oligonucleotide. The level of mRNA of a gene of interest that is expressed by a cell or group of cells may be determined using any method known in the art for assessing mRNA expression. In one embodiment, the level of expression of a gene of interest in a sample is determined by detecting a transcribed polynucleotide, or portion thereof, e.g., mRNA of the gene of interest. RNA may be extracted from cells using RNA extraction techniques including, for example, using acid phenol/guanidine isothiocyanate extraction (RNAzolTM B; Biogenesis), RNEASYTM RNA preparation kits (Qiagen) or PAXgene® (PreAnalytix, Switzerland). Typical assay formats utilizing ribonucleic acid hybridization include nuclear run-on assays, 62 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 RT-PCR, RNase protection assays, northern blotting, in situ hybridization, and microarray analysis. In some embodiments, the level of expression of the gene of interest is determined using a nucleic acid probe. The term "probe," as used herein, refers to any molecule that is capable of selectively binding to a specific sequence, e.g. to an mRNA or polypeptide. Probes can be synthesized by one of skill in the art, or derived from appropriate biological preparations. Probes may be specifically designed to be labeled. Examples of molecules that can be utilized as probes include, but are not limited to, RNA, DNA, proteins, antibodies, and organic molecules. Isolated mRNA can be used in hybridization or amplification assays that include, but are not limited to, Southern or northern analyses, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, and probe arrays. One method for the determination of mRNA levels involves contacting the isolated mRNA with a nucleic acid molecule (probe) that can hybridize to the mRNA of a gene of interest. In one embodiment, the mRNA is immobilized on a solid surface and contacted with a probe, for example by running the isolated mRNA on an agarose gel and transferring the mRNA from the gel to a membrane, such as nitrocellulose. In an alternative embodiment, the probe(s) are immobilized on a solid surface and the mRNA is contacted with the probe(s), for example, in an AFFYMETRIX gene chip array. A skilled artisan can readily adapt known mRNA detection methods for use in determining the level of mRNA of a gene of interest. An alternative method for determining the level of expression of a gene of interest in a sample involves the process of nucleic acid amplification and/or reverse transcriptase (to prepare cDNA) of for example mRNA in the sample, e.g., by RT-PCR, ligase chain reaction, self-sustained sequence replication, transcriptional amplification system, Q-Beta Replicase, rolling circle replication or any other nucleic acid amplification method, followed by the detection of the amplified molecules using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. These detection schemes are especially useful for the detection of nucleic acid molecules if such molecules are present in very low numbers. The expression levels of mRNA of a gene of interest may be monitored using a membrane blot (such as used in hybridization analysis such as northern, Southern, dot, and the like), or microwells, sample tubes, gels, beads or fibers (or any solid support including bound nucleic acids). The determination of gene expression level may also include using nucleic acid probes in solution. 63 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the level of mRNA expression is assessed using branched DNA (bDNA) assays or real time PCR (qPCR). Such methods can also be used for the detection of nucleic acids of the gene of interest. The level of protein produced by the expression of a gene of interest may be determined using any method known in the art for the measurement of protein levels. Such methods include, for example, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), hyperdiffusion chromatography, fluid or gel precipitin reactions, absorption spectroscopy, a colorimetric assays, spectrophotometric assays, flow cytometry, immunodiffusion (single or double), immunoelectrophoresis, western blotting, radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), immunofluorescent assays, electrochemiluminescence assays, and the like. Such assays can also be used for the detection of proteins indicative of the presence or replication of proteins produced by the gene of interest. Additionally, the above assays may be used to report a change in the mRNA sequence of interest that results in the recovery or change in protein function thereby providing a therapeutic effect and benefit to the subject, treating a disorder in a subject, and/or reducing of symptoms of a disorder in the subject. Methods of Treatment The present invention also includes methods of treating or preventing a TDP43- associated disease or disorder, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or frontotemporal dementia. For example, the methods of the invention may be used to treat or prevent any TDP43-associated disorders which may be caused by a guanosine to adenosine mutation, the introduction of a premature stop codon, or expression of an undesired protein. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention, when introduced to a cell or a subject, can result in correction of a guanosine to adenosine mutation. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention can result in turning off of a premature stop codon so that a desired protein is expressed. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention can result in inhibition of expression of an undesired protein. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell of the subject with a guide oligonucleotide 64 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, thereby treating the subject. In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a TDP43- associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises contacting a TDP43 polynucleotide in a cell with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, and administering the cell to the subject, thereby treating the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human subject. The methods of the invention may also include a step of identifying a subject with a TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the subject may have a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with the TDP43-associated disease in a TDP43 polynucleotide. Specifically, the methods of the invention include a step of identifying the presence of the desired nucleotide change or SNPs in the target RNA sequence, thereby verifying that the target RNA sequence has the disease causing mutations to be corrected or edited. This step will typically involve sequencing of the relevant part of the target RNA sequence, or a cDNA copy thereof (or a cDNA copy of a splicing product thereof, in case the target RNA is a pre-mRNA), and the sequence change can thus be easily verified. The presence of a desired nucleotide change of SNPs can also be detected by sequencing the genomic DNA isolated from cells or DNA fragments present in a sample, e.g., a blood sample. Alternatively the modifications may be assessed on the level of the protein (length, glycosylation, function or the like), or by some functional read-out. The methods disclosed herein also include contacting the TDP43 polynucleotides in a cell or a subject (including a subject identified as being in need of such treatment, or a subject suspected of being at risk of disease and in need of such treatment) with a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)- mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 polynucleotide, as described herein. The guide oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention are designed to specifically target the TDP43 gene of a subject (e.g., a human patient) in need thereof, and effect an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration in the TDP43 gene. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting the ADAR to the target mRNA, which then catalyze deamination of target adenosines in the target mRNA. Such treatment will be suitably introduced to a subject, particularly a human subject, suffering 65 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 from, having, susceptible to, or at risk for developing a TDP43-associated disease. The compositions disclosed herein may be also used in the treatment of any other disorders in which TDP43-associated disease may be implicated. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of monitoring treatment progress. The method includes the step of determining a level of diagnostic marker (e.g., SNP associated with a TDP43-associated disease) or diagnostic measurement (e.g., screen, assay) in a subject suffering from or susceptible to developing the TDP43-associated disease, or symptoms associated with the TDP43-associated disease in which the subject has been administered a therapeutic amount of a composition disclosed herein sufficient to treat the disease or symptoms thereof. The level of marker determined in the method can be compared to known levels of marker in either healthy normal controls or in other afflicted patients to establish the subject’s disease status. In preferred embodiments, a second level of marker in the subject is determined at a time point later than the determination of the first level, and the two levels are compared to monitor the course of disease or the efficacy of the therapy. In certain preferred embodiments, a pre-treatment level of marker in the subject is determined prior to beginning treatment according to this invention; this pre-treatment level of marker can then be compared to the level of marker in the subject after the treatment commences, to determine the efficacy of the treatment. Other methods of diagnostic measurement include, but are not limited to, electrodiagnostic tests, e.g., electropmyography (EMG) and nerve conduction study; blood and urine studies; spinal tap/lumbar puncture, X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), myelogram of cervical spine, muscle and/or nerve biopsy, or neurological examination. In some embodiments, cells are obtained from the subject and contacted with an oligonucleotide composition of the invention as provided herein. In some embodiments, the cell is autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic to the subject. In some embodiments, cells removed from a subject and contacted ex vivo with an oligonucleotide composition of the invention are re-introduced into the subject, optionally after the desired genomic modification has been effected or detected in the cells. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the present disclosure is introduced to a subject such that the oligonucleotide is delivered to a specific site within the subject. The change in the expression of the gene of interest may be assessed 66 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 using measurements of the level or change in the level of mRNA or protein produced by the gene of interest in a sample derived from a specific site within the subject. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide is introduced into the cell or the subject in an amount and for a time effective to result in one of (or more, e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more of: (a) decrease the number of adenosines within a target sequence of the gene of interest, (b) decrease the number of pathogenic mutations in the target protein, e.g., TDP43, or the proportion of target protein comprising the pathogenic mutations, (c) delayed onset of a TDP43-associated disease, (d) increased survival of subject,, (e) recovery or change in protein function, and (f) reduction in one or more of symptoms related to a TDP43- associated disease, such as cramps, muscle spasticity, muscle weakness (for example, affecting an arm, a leg, neck, or diaphragm), atrophy, fasciculation, speech impairment (dysarthria), and inability to swallow (dysphagia). Treating disorders associated with G-to-A mutations can also result in a decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects in comparison to an untreated population. For example, the mortality rate is decreased by more than 2% (e.g., more than 5%, 10%, or 25%). A decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects may be measured by any reproducible means, for example, by calculating for a population the average number of disease-related deaths per unit time following initiation of treatment with a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound described herein. A decrease in the mortality rate of a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average number of disease-related deaths per unit time following completion of a first round of treatment with a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound described herein. A. Methods of Administration The delivery of an oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the invention to a cell, e.g., a cell within a subject, such as a human subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof, such as a subject having a TDP43-associated disease) can be achieved in a number of different ways. For example, delivery may be performed by contacting a cell with an oligonucleotide of the invention either in vitro or in vivo. Contacting a cell in vitro may be done, for example, by incubating the cell with the oligonucleotide. In vivo delivery may be performed directly by administering a composition including an oligonucleotide to a subject. Alternatively, in vivo delivery may be performed indirectly by administering one or more vectors that encode and 67 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 direct the expression of the oligonucleotide. Contacting a cell in vivo may be done, for example, by injecting the oligonucleotide into or near the tissue where the cell is located, or by injecting the oligonucleotide into another area, e.g., the central nervous system (CNS), optionally via intrathecal, intravitreal or other injection, or to the bloodstream or the subcutaneous space, such that the oligonucleotide will subsequently reach the tissue where the cell to be contacted is located. Combinations of in vitro and in vivo methods of contacting a cell are also possible. The delivery of an oligonucleotide to a cell may be direct or indirect. Furthermore, the oligonucleotides may be conjugated to a targeting ligand or a targeting moiety, including any ligand described herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, the targeting ligand is a carbohydrate moiety, e.g., GalNAc3 ligand, or any other ligand that directs the oligonucleotide to a site of interest, for example, the liver. In other embodiments, the targeting ligand is a lipophilic moiety or any other ligand that directs the delivery of the oligonucleotide to the CNS or the brain (e.g., neurons). Contacting of a cell with an oligonucleotide may be done in vitro or in vivo. Known methods can be adapted for use with an oligonucleotide of the invention (see e.g., Akhtar S. and Julian R L., (1992) Trends Cell. Biol. 2(5):139-144 and WO94/02595, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). For in vivo delivery, factors to consider in order to deliver an oligonucleotide molecule include, for example, biological stability of the delivered molecule, prevention of non-specific effects, and accumulation of the delivered molecule in the target tissue. The non-specific effects of an oligonucleotide can be minimized by local administration, for example, by direct injection or implantation into a tissue or topically administering the preparation. Local administration to a treatment site maximizes local concentration of the agent, limits the exposure of the agent to systemic tissues that can otherwise be harmed by the agent or that can degrade the agent, and permits a lower total dose of the oligonucleotide molecule to be administered. For administering an oligonucleotide systemically for the treatment of a disease, the oligonucleotide can include alternative nucleobases, alternative sugar moieties, and/or alternative internucleoside linkages, or alternatively delivered using a drug delivery system; both methods act to prevent the rapid degradation of the oligonucleotide by endo- and exo- nucleases in vivo. Modification of the oligonucleotide or the pharmaceutical carrier can also permit targeting of the oligonucleotide composition to the target tissue and avoid undesirable off-target effects. Oligonucleotide molecules can be modified by chemical conjugation to 68 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 lipophilic groups such as cholesterol to enhance cellular uptake and prevent degradation. In an alternative embodiment, the oligonucleotide can be delivered using drug delivery systems such as a nanoparticle, a lipid nanoparticle, a polyplex nanoparticle, a lipoplex nanoparticle, a dendrimer, a polymer, liposomes, or a cationic delivery system. Positively charged cationic delivery systems facilitate binding of an oligonucleotide molecule (negatively charged) and also enhance interactions at the negatively charged cell membrane to permit efficient uptake of an oligonucleotide by the cell. Cationic lipids, dendrimers, or polymers can either be bound to an oligonucleotide, or induced to form a vesicle or micelle that encases an oligonucleotide. The formation of vesicles or micelles further prevents degradation of the oligonucleotide when administered systemically. In general, any methods of delivery of nucleic acids known in the art may be adaptable to the delivery of the oligonucleotides of the invention. Methods for making and administering cationic oligonucleotide complexes are well within the abilities of one skilled in the art (see e.g., Sorensen, D R., et al. (2003) J. Mol. Biol 327:761-766, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Some non- limiting examples of drug delivery systems useful for systemic delivery of oligonucleotides include DOTAP, Oligofectamine, "solid nucleic acid lipid particles", cardiolipin, polyethyleneimine, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides, and polyamidoamines. In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide forms a complex with cyclodextrin for systemic administration. In some embodiments the oligonucleotides of the invention are delivered by polyplex or lipoplex nanoparticles. The guide oligonucleotides can be delivered in a manner to target a particular tissue, such as the central nervous system (CNS) (e.g., neuronal, glial or vascular tissue of the brain). In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are administered via intrathecal injection, i.e., injection into the spinal fluid which bathes the brain and spinal cord tissue. Intrathecal injection of guide oligonucleotides into the spinal fluid can be performed as a bolus injection or via minipumps which can be implanted beneath the skin, providing a regular and constant delivery of oligonucleotides into the spinal fluid. The circulation of the spinal fluid from the choroid plexus, where it is produced, down around the spinal chord and dorsal root ganglia and subsequently up past the cerebellum and over the cortex to the arachnoid granulations, where the fluid can exit the CNS, that, depending upon size, stability, and solubility of the compounds injected, molecules delivered intrathecally could hit targets throughout the entire CNS. 69 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the intrathecal administration is via a pump. The pump may be a surgically implanted osmotic pump. In one embodiment, the osmotic pump is implanted into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal to facilitate intrathecal administration. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides are administered intrathecally during a lumbar puncture procedure. In some embodiments, the intrathecal administration is via an intrathecal delivery system for a pharmaceutical including a reservoir containing a volume of the pharmaceutical agent, and a pump configured to deliver a portion of the pharmaceutical agent contained in the reservoir. More details about this intrathecal delivery system may be found in WO 2015/116658, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. i. Membranous Molecular Assembly Delivery Methods Oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention can also be delivered using a variety of membranous molecular assembly delivery methods including polymeric, biodegradable microparticle, or microcapsule delivery devices known in the art. For example, a colloidal dispersion system may be used for targeted delivery an oligonucleotide agent described herein. Colloidal dispersion systems include macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. The oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the invention can also be provided as micellar formulations. Micelles are a particular type of molecular assembly in which amphipathic molecules are arranged in a spherical structure such that all the hydrophobic portions of the molecules are directed inward, leaving the hydrophilic portions in contact with the surrounding aqueous phase. The converse arrangement exists if the environment is hydrophobic. ii. Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Methods Oligonucleotides for use in the methods of in the invention may be fully encapsulated in a lipid formulation, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), or other nucleic acid-lipid particles. LNPs are extremely useful for systemic applications, as they exhibit extended circulation lifetimes following intravenous (i.v.) injection and accumulate at distal sites (e.g., sites physically separated from the administration site). LNPs include "pSPLP," which include an encapsulated condensing agent-nucleic acid complex as set forth in PCT 70 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Publication No. WO 00/03683. The particles of the present invention typically have a mean diameter of about 50 nm to about 150 nm, more typically about 60 nm to about 130 nm, more typically about 70 nm to about 110 nm, most typically about 70 nm to about 90 nm, and are substantially nontoxic. In addition, the nucleic acids when present in the nucleic acid-lipid particles of the present invention are resistant in aqueous solution to degradation with a nuclease. Nucleic acid-lipid particles and their method of preparation are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,976,567; 5,981,501; 6,534,484; 6,586,410; 6,815,432; U.S. Publication No. 2010/0324120 and PCT Publication No. WO 96/40964. In one embodiment, the lipid to drug ratio (mass/mass ratio) (e.g., lipid to oligonucleotide ratio) will be in the range of from about 1:1 to about 50:1, from about 1:1 to about 25:1, from about 3:1 to about 15:1, from about 4:1 to about 10:1, from about 5:1 to about 9:1, or about 6:1 to about 9:1. Ranges intermediate to the above recited ranges are also contemplated to be part of the invention. Non-limiting examples of cationic lipid include N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC), N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), N--(I-(2,3- dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP), N--(I-(2,3- dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), N,N-dimethyl-2,3- dioleyloxy)propylamine (DODMA), 1,2-DiLinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA), 1,2-Dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLenDMA), 1,2- Dilinoleylcarbamoyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-C-DAP), 1,2-Dilinoleyoxy-3- (dimethylamino)acetoxypropane (DLin-DAC), 1,2-Dilinoleyoxy-3-morpholinopropane (DLin-MA), 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDAP), 1,2-Dilinoleylthio-3- dimethylaminopropane (DLin-S-DMA), 1-Linoleoyl-2-linoleyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-2-DMAP), 1,2-Dilinoleyloxy-3-trimethylaminopropane chloride salt (DLin-TMA.Cl), 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-trimethylaminopropane chloride salt (DLin-TAP.Cl), 1,2-Dilinoleyloxy-3- (N-methylpiperazino)propane (DLin-MPZ), or 3-(N,N-Dilinoleylamino)-1,2-propanediol (DLinAP), 3-(N,N-Dioleylamino)-1,2-propanedio (DOAP), 1,2-Dilinoleyloxo-3-(2-N,N- dimethylamino)ethoxypropane (DLin-EG-DMA), 1,2-Dilinolenyloxy-N,N- dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA), 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-K-DMA) or analogs thereof, (3aR,5s,6aS)-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca- 9,12-dienyetetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-5-amine (ALN100), (6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)- heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl4-(dimethylamino)butanoate (MC3), 1,1'-(2-(4-(2-((2- (bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)ethyl)(2-hydroxydodecyl)ami-no)ethyl)piperazin-1- 71 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 yeethylazanediyedidodecan-2-ol (Tech G1), or a mixture thereof. The cationic lipid can include, for example, from about 20 mol % to about 50 mol % or about 40 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle. The ionizable/non-cationic lipid can be an anionic lipid or a neutral lipid including, but not limited to, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1- carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl- phosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE), cholesterol, or a mixture thereof. The non-cationic lipid can be, for example, from about 5 mol % to about 90 mol %, about 10 mol %, or about 58 mol % if cholesterol is included, of the total lipid present in the particle. The conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles can be, for example, a polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-lipid including, without limitation, a PEG-diacylglycerol (DAG), a PEG-dialkyloxypropyl (DAA), a PEG-phospholipid, a PEG-ceramide (Cer), or a mixture thereof. The PEG-DAA conjugate can be, for example, a PEG-dilauryloxypropyl (Ci2), a PEG-dimyristyloxypropyl (Ci4), a PEG-dipalmityloxypropyl (Ci6), or a PEG- distearyloxypropyl (Ci8). The conjugated lipid that prevents aggregation of particles can be, for example, from 0 mol % to about 20 mol % or about 2 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-lipid particle further includes cholesterol at, e.g., about 10 mol % to about 60 mol % or about 50 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle. B. Combination Therapies A method of the invention can be used alone or in combination with an additional therapeutic agent, e.g., other agents that treat the same disorder, e.g., TDP43-associated disease, or symptoms associated therewith, or in combination with other types of therapies to the disorder. In combination treatments, the dosages of one or more of the therapeutic compounds may be reduced from standard dosages when administered alone. For example, 72 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 doses may be determined empirically from drug combinations and permutations or may be deduced by isobolographic analysis. Dosages of the compounds when combined should provide a therapeutic effect. In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an antidepressant, an antipsychotic, or a cholinesterase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is Riluzole, Edaravone, or Sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol. The second agent may also be a therapeutic agent which is a non-drug treatment. For example, the second agent may be a therapy, e.g., a physical therapy, an occupational therapy, or a speech therapy. In any of the combination embodiments described herein, the first and second therapeutic agents are administered simultaneously or sequentially, in either order. The first therapeutic agent may be administered immediately, up to 1 hour, up to 2 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 4 hours, up to 5 hours, up to 6 hours, up to 7 hours, up to, 8 hours, up to 9 hours, up to 10 hours, up to 11 hours, up to 12 hours, up to 13 hours, 14 hours, up to hours 16, up to 17 hours, up 18 hours, up to 19 hours up to 20 hours, up to 21 hours, up to 22 hours, up to 23 hours up to 24 hours or up to 1-7, 1-14, 1-21 or 1-30 days before or after the second therapeutic agent. III. Compositions of the Invention The compositions of the present invention include a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration in the TDP43 gene. The oligonucleotides, or guide oligonucleotides of the invention may be utilized to deaminate target adenosines on a specific mRNA, e.g., an adenosine which may be deaminated to produce a therapeutic result, e.g., in a subject in need thereof. Examples of modifications resulting from deamination of target adenosines within a target codon are provided in Table 1 below. Table 1
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Because the deamination of the adenosine to an inosine may result in a protein that no longer bears the mutated A at the target position, the identification of the deamination into inosine may be a functional read-out, for instance an assessment on whether a functional 74 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 protein is present, or even the assessment that a disease that is caused by the presence of the adenosine is (partly) reversed. The functional assessment for each of the diseases mentioned herein will generally be according to methods known to the skilled person. When the presence of a target adenosine causes aberrant splicing, the read-out may be the assessment of whether the aberrant splicing is still taking place, or not, or less. On the other hand, when the deamination of a target adenosine is wanted to introduce a splice site, then similar approaches can be used to check whether the required type of splicing is indeed taking place. A very suitable manner to identify the presence of an inosine after deamination of the target adenosine is of course RT-PCR and sequencing, using methods that are well-known to the person skilled in the art. In general, mutations in any target RNA that can be reversed using oligonucleotide constructs according to the invention are G-to-A mutations, and oligonucleotide constructs can be designed accordingly. Mutations that may be targeted using oligonucleotide constructs according to the invention also include C to A, U to A (T to A on the DNA level) in the case of recruiting adenosine deaminases. Although RNA editing in the latter circumstances may not necessarily revert the mutation to wild-type, the edited nucleotide may give rise to an improvement over the original mutation. For example, a mutation that causes an in frame stop codon – giving rise to a truncated protein, upon translation - may be changed into a codon coding for an amino acid that may not be the original amino acid in that position, but that gives rise to a (full length) protein with at least some functionality, at least more functionality than the truncated protein. The oligonucleotides, or guide oligonucleotides of the invention may be utilized to deaminate target adenosines on a specific mRNA to generate a restored amino acid. Exemplary restored amino acids of the invention are described in Table 2 below. Table 2.
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In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is selected from the group consisting of serine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, methionine, alanine, arginine, valine, cysteine, and tryptophan. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is serine. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is glycine. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is aspartic acid. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is glutamic acid. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is methionine. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is alanine. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is arginine. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is valine. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is cysteine. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid is tryptophan. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or 100% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 5% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 10% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 20% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, 76 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 the restored amino acid restores at least 30% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 40% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 50% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 60% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 70% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 80% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores at least 90% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the restored amino acid restores 100% of the function of a pathogenic TDP43 protein. Oligonucleotide Agents The oligonucleotides of the present invention are complementary to target mRNA sequence, e.g., TDP43. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are complementary to target mRNA with the exception of at least one mismatch, i.e., the oligonucleotide includes a mismatch opposite the target adenosine. In the guide oligonucleotides of the present invention, the nucleobase opposite the target adenosine will be considered a mismatch to the target sequence, therefore each guide oligonucleotide will comprise at least one mismatch. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 mismatches to the target sequence, with 1 mismatch opposite the target adenosine. The guide oligonucleotides are also capable of recruiting adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes to deaminate selected adenosines on the target mRNA. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide further comprises one or more ADAR-recruiting domains. In some embodiments, only one adenosine is deaminated. In some embodiments, 1, 2, or 3 adenosines are deaminated. The guide oligonucleotides are capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration of a TDP43 polynucleotide, wherein the adenosine to inosine alteration prevents cytoplasmic aggregation and/or promotes nuclear localization of the TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a wild type amino acid in the TDP43 protein, e.g., aspartate 89, lysine 95, lysine 145, aspartate 174, lysine 192, methionine 323, and/or serine 404 of the TDP43 protein. 77 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 267 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, aspartate, at position 89 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 284 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine, respectively. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 283 and 284 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 284 and 285 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 283, 284, and 285 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 95 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 434 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 434 and 434 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 145 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 521 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, aspartate, at position 174 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. 78 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 575 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 574 and 575 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 575 and 576 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with an arginine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 573, 574, and 575 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, lysine, at position 192 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 965 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, methionine, at position 323 of the TDP43 protein with a valine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 1210 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the wild type amino acid, serine, at position 404 of the TDP43 protein with a glycine. The guide oligonucleotides are also capable of recruiting adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes to deaminate selected adenosines on the target mRNA, wherein the adenosine to inosine alteration substitutes a pathogenic amino acid with a wild type amino acid or a restored amino acid. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 1144 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the pathogenic amino acid, threonine, at position 382 of the TDP43 protein with a wild type amino acid, alanine. 79 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 799 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the pathogenic amino acid, serine, at position 267 of the TDP43 protein with a restored amino acid, glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 788 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the pathogenic amino acid, glutamate, at position 263 of the TDP43 protein with a restored amino acid, glycine. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides are capable of recruiting ADAR enzymes to deaminate the adenosine (A) at position 1155 of the TDP43 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) resulting in a substitution of the pathogenic stop codon at position 385 of the TDP43 protein with a wild type amino acid, tryptophan. The oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention may further include modifications (e.g., alternative nucleotides) to increase stability and/or increase deamination efficiency. Whenever reference is made to nucleotides in the guide oligonucleotide, such as cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, Pyrrolocytidine, and -D-Glucosyl-5- hydroxy- methylcytosine are included; when reference is made to adenine, 2-aminopurine, 2,6- diaminopurine, 3-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 8-azidoadenosine, 8- methyladenosine, 7- aminomethyl-7-deazaguanosine, 7-deazaguanosine, N6-Methyladenine and 7-methyladenine are included; when reference is made to uracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 5- methyluracil, dihydrouracil, pseudouracil, and thienouracil, dihydrouracil, 4-thiouracil and 5- hydroxymethyluracil are included; when reference is made to guanosine, 7-methylguanosine, 8-aza-7-deazaguanosine, thienoguanosine and 1 -methylguanosine are included. Whenever reference is made to nucleosides or nucleotides, ribofuranose derivatives, such as 2'- deoxy, 2'-hydroxy, 2-fluororibose and 2'-0-substituted variants, such as 2'-0- methyl, are included, as well as other modifications, including 2'-4' bridged variants. Whenever reference is made to oligonucleotides, linkages between two mono- nucleotides may be phosphodiester linkages as well as modifications thereof, including, phosphodiester, phosphotriester, phosphoro(di)thioate, methylphosphonate, phosphor- amidate linkers, and the like. 80 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Modifications A guide oligonucleotide according to the present invention may be chemically modified in its entirety, for example by modifying all nucleotides with a 2'-O-methylated sugar moiety (2'-OMe). Various chemistries and modifications are known in the field of oligonucleotides that can be readily used in accordance with the invention. The regular internucleosidic linkages between the nucleotides may be altered by mono- or di-thioation of the phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphorothioate esters or phosphorodithioate esters, respectively. Other modifications of the internucleosidic linkages are possible, including amidation and peptide linkers. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides of the present invention have one, two, three, four or more phosphorothioate linkages. It will be understood by the skilled person that the number of such linkages may vary on each end, depending on the target sequence, or based on other aspects, such as toxicity. The ribose sugar may be modified by substitution of the 2'-O moiety with a lower alkyl (C1-4, such as 2'-0-methyl), alkenyl (C2-4), alkynyl (C2-4), methoxyethyl (2'-O-MOE), -H (as in DNA) or other substituent. Preferred substituents of the 2'-OH group are a methyl, methoxyethyl or 3,3'- dimethylallyl group. The latter is known for its property to inhibit nuclease sensitivity due to its bulkiness, while improving efficiency of hybridization (Angus & Sproat. 1993. FEBS Vol. 325, no. 1 , 2, 123-7). Alternatively, locked nucleic acid sequences (LNAs), comprising a 2'-4' intramolecular bridge (usually a methylene bridge between the 2' oxygen and 4' carbon) linkage inside the ribose ring, or 2’- fluoroarabinonucleosides (FANA), may be applied. Purine nucleobases and/or pyrimidine nucleobases may be modified to alter their properties, for example, by amination or deamination of the heterocyclic rings. The exact chemistries and formats may vary from oligonucleotide construct to oligonucleotide construct and from application to application. It is believed that 4 or more consecutive DNA nucleotides (4 consecutive deoxyriboses) in an oligonucleotide create so-called gapmers that - when annealed to their RNA cognate sequences - induce cleavage of the target RNA by RNaseH. According to the present invention, RNaseH cleavage of the target RNA is generally to be avoided as much as possible. Examples of chemical modifications in the guide oligonucleotides of the present invention are modifications of the sugar moiety, including by cross-linking substituents within the sugar (ribose) moiety (e.g., as in locked nucleic acids: LNA), by substitution of the 2'-O atom with alkyl (e.g. 2'-O-methyl), alkynyl (2'-O-alkynyl), alkenyl (2'-O-alkenyl), 81 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 alkoxyalkyl (e.g. methoxyethyl: 2'-O-MOE) groups, having a length as specified above, and the like. Additional modifications may include 2’-fluoro modifications (2’F), for example, 2’F modification at the +3 position (the center nucleotide in the triplet being position 0). In addition, the phosphodiester group of the backbone may be modified by thioation, dithioation, amidation and the like to yield phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, etc., internucleosidic linkages. The internucleotidic linkages may be replaced in full or in part by peptide linkages to yield in peptidonucleic acid sequences and the like. Alternatively, or in addition, the nucleobases may be modified by (de)amination, to yield inosine or 2'6'-diaminopurines and the like. A further modification may be methylation of the C5 in the cytidine moiety of the nucleotide, to reduce potential immunogenic properties known to be associated with CpG sequences. Yet, a further modification of beta- D-homoDNA-cytidine may also be included in the guide oligonucleotides of the present invention. Mismatches Mismatches, wobbles and/or out- looping bulges (caused by nucleotides in the guide oligonucleotide that do not form perfect base pairs with the target RNA according to the Watson-Crick base pairing rules) are generally tolerated and may improve editing activity of the target RNA sequence. The number of mismatches, wobbles or bulges in the guide oligonucleotide of the present invention (when it hybridizes to its RNA target sequence) may be one (which may be the one mismatch formed at the target adenosine position, when a cytosine is the opposite nucleoside, or some other position in the guide oligonucleotide) or more (either including or not including the mismatch at the target adenosine), depending on the length of the guide oligonucleotide. Additional mismatches, wobbles or bulges may be upstream as well as downstream of the target adenosine. In the guide oligonucleotides of the present invention, the nucleobase opposite the target adenosine will be considered a mismatch to the target sequence, therefore each guide oligonucleotide will comprise at least one mismatch. In some embodiments, the guide oligonucleotides comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 mismatches to the target sequence, with 1 mismatch opposite the target adenosine. In some embodiments, a mismatch or wobble is present at position 12 nucleotides upstream (towards the 5' end) from the targeted adenosine. In some embodiments, a mismatch or wobble is present at position 16 nucleotides upstream (towards the 5' end) from the targeted adenosine. In some embodiments, a mismatch or wobble is present at position 17 nucleotides 82 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 upstream (towards the 5' end) from the targeted adenosine. In some embodiments, a mismatch or wobble is present at position 21 nucleotides upstream (towards the 5' end) from the targeted adenosine. The bulges or mismatches may be at a single position (caused by one mismatching, wobble or bulge base pair) or a series of nucleotides that are not fully complementary (caused by more than one consecutive mismatching or wobble base pair or bulge, preferably two or three consecutive mismatching and/or wobble base pairs and/or bulges). A. Alternative Oligonucleotides In one embodiment, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention, is naturally-occurring, and does not include, e.g., chemical modifications and/or conjugations known in the art and described herein. In another embodiment, one or more of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention, is chemically modified to enhance stability or other beneficial characteristics (e.g., alternative nucleotides). Without being bound by theory, it is believed that certain modification can increase nuclease resistance and/or serum stability, or decrease immunogenicity. For example, polynucleotides of the invention may contain nucleotides found to occur naturally in DNA or RNA (e.g., adenine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, or inosine) or may contain nucleotides which have one or more chemical modifications to one or more components of the nucleotide (e.g., the nucleobase, sugar, or phospho-linker moiety). Oligonucleotides of the invention may be linked to one another through naturally-occurring phosphodiester bonds, or may be modified to be covalently linked through phosphorothiorate, 3’-methylenephosphonate, 5’- methylenephosphonate, 3’-phosphoamidate, 2’-5’ phosphodiester, guanidinium, S- methylthiourea, or peptide bonds. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula I-V:
, Formula I Formula II Formula III Formula IV Formula V In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula I, e.g., has the structure: 83 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620
. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula II, e.g., has the structure:
. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula III. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula IV, e.g., has the structure:
. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula V, e.g., has the structure:
. In certain embodiments of the invention, substantially all of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention are alternative nucleotides. In other embodiments of the invention, all of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention are alternative nucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the invention in which "substantially all of the nucleotides are alternative nucleotides" are largely but not wholly modified and can include no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 naturally-occurring nucleotides. In still other embodiments of the invention, 84 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 oligonucleotides of the invention can include no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 alternative nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides of the instant invention include the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is fluoro, hydroxy, or methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase, or the structure of Formula V, wherein R4 is hydrogen and R5 is hydrogen; each of X1, X2, and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula I is a ribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides; at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages, and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides of the instant invention include the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, or from 3 to 25; at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula I, wherein R1 is hydroxy, fluoro, or O-methyl and N1 is a nucleobase, each of X1, X2, and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula I is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides; at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages, and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides of the instant invention include the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least one of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula II, wherein R2 is hydroxy, fluoro, or methoxy and N1 is a nucleobase; each of X1, X2, and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula II is a DNA nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides; at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages, and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. 85 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5- methylcytosine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase; X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine 86 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; or X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula XII-XV:
In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula XII, e.g., has the structure:
. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula XIII, e.g., has the structure:
. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula XIV, e.g., has the structure:
. In some embodiments, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotide of the invention has the structure of any one of Formula XV. 87 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In certain embodiments of the invention, substantially all of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention are alternative nucleotides. In other embodiments of the invention, all of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention are alternative nucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the invention in which "substantially all of the nucleotides are alternative nucleotides" are largely but not wholly modified and can include no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 naturally-occurring nucleotides. In still other embodiments of the invention, oligonucleotides of the invention can include no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 alternative nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides of the instant invention include the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula XIII, wherein R8 and R9 are each hydrogen, and each of X1, X2 and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula XIII is a ribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides and at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages; and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides of the instant invention include the structure: [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] wherein each of A and B is a nucleotide; m and n are each, independently, an integer from 3 to 100, from 3 to 80, from 10 to 80, from 3 to 40, from 3 to 35, or from 3 to 25; at least of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula XIII, wherein R8 and R9 are each hydrogen, and each of X1, X2 and X3 that does not have the structure of Formula XIII is a deoxyribonucleotide; [Am] and [Bn] each include at least five terminal 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides and at least four terminal phosphorothioate linkages; and at least 20% of the nucleotides of [Am] and [Bn] combined are 2’-O-methyl-nucleotides. In some embodiments, at least of X1, X2, and X3 has the structure of Formula XIII, wherein R8 and R9 are each hydrogen. In some embodiments, X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 88 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; X1 includes an adenine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; X1 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5- methylcytosine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; X1 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase; X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes an adenine nucleobase; X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a guanine or hypoxanthine nucleobase; X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a uracil or thymine nucleobase; or X1 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase, X2 includes a cytosine, 5- 89 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 methylcytosine, uracil, or thymine nucleobase or does not include a nucleobase, and X3 includes a cytosine or 5-methylcytosine nucleobase. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the instant invention include a recruitment domain for the ADAR enzyme (e.g., an ADAR-recruiting domain). In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domain is a stem-loop structure. Such oligonucleotides may be referred to as “axiomer AONs” or “self-looping AONs.” In other embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domain does not comprise a stem-loop structure. The recruitment portion acts in recruiting a natural ADAR enzyme present in the cell and/or an exogenous ADAR enzyme introduced into the cell for expression to the dsRNA formed by hybridization of the target sequence with the targeting portion. The recruitment portion may be a stem-loop structure mimicking either a natural substrate (e.g. the glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (GluR2) receptor; such as a GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain) or a Z-DNA structure known to be recognized by the dsRNA binding regions of ADAR enzymes (e.g., a Z-DNA ADAR-recruiting domain). As GluR2 and Z-DNA ADAR- recruiting domains are high affinity binding partners to ADAR, there is no need for conjugated entities or presence of modified recombinant ADAR enzymes. A stem-loop structure can be an intermolecular stem-loop structure, formed by two separate nucleic acid strands, or an intramolecular stem loop structure, formed within a single nucleic acid strand. The stem-loop structure of the recruitment portion may be a step loop structure described in WO 2016/097212, US 2018/0208924, Merkle et al. Nature Biotechnology, 37: 133-8 (2019), Katrekar et al. Nature Methods, 16(3): 239-42 (2019), Fukuda et al. Scientific Reports, 7: 41478 (2017), the stem-loop structures of the ADAR recruitment portion of which are herein incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides include one or more ADAR-recruiting domains (e.g., 1 or 2 ADAR-recruiting domains). In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domain is at the 5’ end of the oligonucleotide. In other embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domain is at the 3’ end of said oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes a first ADAR-recruiting domain and a second ADAR-recruiting domain. the first ADAR-recruiting domain is at the 5’ end of said oligonucleotide, and the second ADAR-recruiting domain is at the 3’ end of said oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XVI:
Formula XVI, 90 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 wherein [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] is the oligonucleotide of any one of formulas I-XV; C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; L1 is a loop region; and D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; L2 is an optional linker; wherein the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, wherein the duplex structure includes at least one, two, or three mismatches between nucleotides of C and nucleotides of D, and wherein C or D includes at least one alternative nucleobase. In some embodiments, C and D include at least one alternative nucleobase. In other embodiments, L1 includes linked nucleosides. In yet another embodiment, L1 consists of linked nucleosides. In some embodiments, L1 includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, C or D includes at least one alternative internucleoside linkage and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, C and D each independently includes at least one alternative internucleoside linkage and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XVII:
Formula XVII, wherein [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] is the oligonucleotide of any one of Formulas I-XV; C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; L1 is a loop region that does not consist of linked nucleosides; and D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; L2 is an optional linker, wherein the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, and wherein the duplex structure includes at least one, two or three mismatches between nucleotides of C and nucleotides of D. In some embodiments, L1 has the structure of Formula XVIII: F1-(G1)j-(H1)k-(G2)m-(I)-(G3)n-(H2)p-(G4)q–F2 Formula XVIII, wherein F1 is a bond between the loop region and C; F2 is a bond between D and [Am] or between D and, optionally, the linker; G1, G2, G3, and G4 each, independently, is selected from optionally substituted C1-C2 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C3 heteroalkyl, O, S, and NRN; RN is hydrogen, optionally substituted C1–4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2–4 alkenyl, 91 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 optionally substituted C2–4 alkynyl, optionally substituted C2–6 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6–12 aryl, or optionally substituted C1–7 heteroalkyl; C1 and C2 are each, independently, selected from carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, sulphonyl, or phosphoryl; j, k, m, n, p, and q are each, independently, 0 or 1; and I is optionally substituted C1–10 alkyl, optionally substituted C2–10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2–10 alkynyl, optionally substituted C2–6 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6–12 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C10 polyethylene glycol, or optionally substituted C1–10 heteroalkyl, or a chemical bond linking F1-(G1)j-(H1)k- (G2)m-(I)-(G3)n-(H2)p-(G4)q– F2. In some embodiments, L1 includes a carbohydrate-containing linking moiety. In some embodiments, C or D each includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, C and D each includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XIX: C-L1-D-L2-[Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] Formula XIX, wherein [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] is the oligonucleotide of any one of formulas I to XV; C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; L1 is a loop region including at least one alternative nucleobase or at least one alternative internucleoside linkage; and D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; L2 is an optional linker, wherein the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, and wherein the duplex structure includes at least one, two, or three mismatches between nucleotides of C and nucleotides of D. In some embodiments, L1 includes at least one alternative nucleobase and at least one alternative internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XX: C-L1-D-L2-[Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] Formula XX, wherein [Am]-X1-X2-X3-[Bn] is the oligonucleotide of any one of formulas I to XV; C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; L1 is a loop region including at least one alternative sugar moiety, wherein the alternative sugar moiety is selected from the group consisting of a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-sugar moiety, a 2′-amino-sugar 92 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 moiety, a 2′-fluoro-sugar moiety, a 2’-O-MOE sugar moiety, an arabino nucleic acid (ANA) sugar moiety, a deoxyribose sugar moiety, and a bicyclic nucleic acid; D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length; and L2 is an optional linker, wherein the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, and wherein the duplex structure includes at least one, two or three mismatches between nucleotides of C and nucleotides of D. In some embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety is selected from an oxy-LNA sugar moiety (also referred to as an “LNA sugar moiety”), a thio-LNA sugar moiety, an amino- LNA sugar moiety, a cEt sugar moiety, and an ethylene-bridged (ENA) sugar moiety. In some embodiments, the ANA sugar moiety is a 2’-fluoro-ANA sugar moiety. In some embodiments, C or D includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, C and D each includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, C is complementary to at least 5 contiguous nucleobases of D. In some embodiments, at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%) of the nucleobases of C are complementary to the nucleobases of D. In some embodiments, C includes a nucleobase sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleobase sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34. In some embodiments, D includes a nucleobase sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleobase sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, and 35. In some embodiments, C-L1-D includes a nucleobase sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleobase sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36. In some embodiments, the at least one alternative nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxycytosine, 5-methoxycytosine, N4- methylcytosine, N3-Methylcytosine, N4-ethylcytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, 5-bromocytosine, 5-iodocytosine, 5-aminocytosine, 5-ethynylcytosine, 5-propynylcytosine, pyrrolocytosine, 5-aminomethylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, naphthyridine, 5- methoxyuracil, pseudouracil, dihydrouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine, 4- thiothymine, 5,6-dihydrothymine, 5-halouracil, 5-propynyluracil, 5-aminomethyluracil, 5- 93 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 hydroxymethyluracil, hypoxanthine, 7-deazaguanine, 8-aza-7-deazaguanine, 7-aza-2,6- diaminopurine, thienoguanine, N1-methylguanine, N2-methylguanine, 6-thioguanine, 8- methoxyguanine, 8-allyloxyguanine, 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine, 7-methylguanine, imidazopyridopyrimidine, 7-deazaadenine, 3-deazaadenine, 8-aza-7-deazaadenine, 8-aza-7- deazaadenine, N1-methyladenine, 2-methyladenine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methyladenine, 8- methyladenine, or 8-azidoadenine. In some embodiments, the at least one alternative nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of 2-amino-purine, 2,6-diamino-purine, 3-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-methyl-adenine, 8-azido-adenine, 8-methyl-adenine, 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine, 5-methyl- cytosine, pyrrolo-cytosine, 7-aminomethyl-7-deaza-guanine, 7-deaza-guanine, 7-methyl- guanine, 8-aza-7-deaza-guanine, thieno-guanine, hypoxanthine, 4-thio-uracil, 5-methoxy- uracil, dihydro-uracil, or pseudouracil. In some embodiments, the at least one alternative internucleoside linkage is selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, a 2’-alkoxy internucleoside linkage, and an alkyl phosphate internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, the at least one alternative internucleoside linkage is at least one phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, the at least one alternative sugar moiety is selected from the group consisting of a 2′-O-alkyl-sugar moiety, a 2′-O-methyl-sugar moiety, a 2′-amino-sugar moiety, a 2′-fluoro-sugar moiety, a 2’-O-MOE sugar moiety, an ANA sugar moiety deoxyribose sugar moiety, and a bicyclic nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety is selected from an oxy-LNA sugar moiety, a thio-LNA sugar moiety, an amino-LNA sugar moiety, a cEt sugar moiety, and an ethylene-bridged (ENA) sugar moiety. In some embodiments, the ANA sugar moiety is a 2’-fluoro-ANA sugar moiety. In some embodiments, the at least one alternative sugar moiety is a 2′-O-methyl-sugar moiety, a 2′- fluoro-sugar moiety, or a 2’-O-MOE sugar moiety. In some embodiments, the at least one mismatch is a paired A to C mismatch, a paired G to G mismatch, or a paired C to A mismatch. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes at least two mismatches between nucleotides of C and nucleotides of D. In some embodiments, the at least two mismatches are separated by at least three linked nucleosides. In some embodiments, the at least two mismatches are separated by three linked nucleosides. 94 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the at least one mismatch includes a nucleoside having an alternative nucleobase. In some embodiments, the alternative nucleobase has the structure:
wherein R1 is hydrogen, trifluoromethyl, optionally substituted amino, hydroxyl, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy; R2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted amino, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or a salt thereof. In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides of the invention include those including an ADAR-recruiting domain having a structure of Formula XXXIV: C-L1-D, Formula XXXIV, wherein C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of about 10-50 linked nucleosides in length (e.g., about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 linked nucleosides in length), L1 is a loop region, and D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of about 10-50 linked nucleosides in length (e.g., about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 linked nucleosides in length). In some embodiments, C includes a region that is complementary to D such that the two strands hybridize and form a duplex under suitable conditions. Generally, the duplex structure is between 5 and 50 linked nucleosides in length, e.g., between, 5-49, 5-45, 5-40, 5- 35, 5-30, 5-25, 5-20, 5-15, 5-10, 5-6, 8-50, 8-45, 8-40, 8-35, 8-30, 8-25, 8-20, 8-15, 8-10, 15- 50, 15-45, 15-40, 15-35, 15-30, 15-25, 15-20, 15-16, 20-50, 20-45, 20-40, 20-35, 20-30, 20- 25, 25-50, 25-45, 25-40, 25-35, or 25-30 linked nucleosides in length. Ranges and lengths intermediate to the above-recited ranges and lengths are also contemplated to be part of the invention. In some embodiments, C is complementary to at least 5 contiguous nucleobases (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or more contiguous nucleobases) of D, and the oligonucleotide forms a duplex structure of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 linked nucleosides in length). In some embodiments, the duplex structure includes at least one mismatch between nucleotides of C and nucleotides of D (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mismatches). In some embodiments, the mismatch is a paired A to C mismatch. In some embodiments, the A nucleoside of the A to C mismatch is on the C strand and the C nucleoside of the A to C 95 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 mismatch is on the D strand. In some embodiments, the A nucleoside of the A to C mismatch is on the D strand and the C nucleoside of the A to C mismatch is on the C strand. In other embodiments, the mismatch is a paired G-to-G mismatch. In still yet other embodiments, the mismatch is a paired C to A mismatch. In some embodiments, the C nucleoside of the C to A mismatch is on the C strand and the A nucleoside of the C to A mismatch is on the D strand. In some embodiments, the C nucleoside of the C to A mismatch is on the D strand and the A nucleoside of the C to A mismatch is on the C strand. In some embodiments, the mismatch is a paired I to I mismatch. In some embodiments, the mismatch is a paired I to G mismatch. In some embodiments, the I nucleoside of the I to G mismatch is on the C strand and the G nucleoside of the I to G mismatch is on the D strand. In some embodiments, the I nucleoside of the I to G mismatch is on the D strand and the G nucleoside of the I to G mismatch is on the C strand. In some embodiments, the mismatch is a paired G to I mismatch. In some embodiments, the G nucleoside of the G to I mismatch is on the C strand and the I nucleoside of the G to I mismatch is on the D strand. In some embodiments, the G nucleoside of the G to I mismatch is on the D strand and the I nucleoside of the G to I mismatch is on the C strand. In some embodiments, the mismatch includes a nucleoside having an alternative nucleobase. In some embodiments, the alternative nucleobase has the structure:
wherein R1 is hydrogen, trifluoromethyl, optionally substituted amino, hydroxyl, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkoxy; R2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted amino, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl; and R3 and R4 are, independently, hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, R1 is a hydrogen bond donor group (e.g., a hydroxyl group, an amino group). In some embodiments, R1 is a hydrogen bond accepting group (e.g., an alkoxy group). In some embodiments, the duplex structure includes two mismatches. In some embodiments, the mismatches are at least three linked nucleosides apart. For example, when mismatches are “separated by 3 nucleotides,” the oligonucleotide includes the structure M1- N1-N2-N3-M2, where M1 is the first mismatch, N1, N2, and N3 are paired nucleobases, and M2 is the second mismatch. In some embodiments M1 is a paired A to C mismatch and M2 is a paired G-to-G mismatch. 96 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the loop region, L1, includes linked nucleosides. In some embodiments, L1 includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In other embodiments, the loop region has the structure of Formula XVIII: F1-(G1)j-(H1)k-(G2)m-(I)-(G3)n-(H2)p-(G4)q–F2 Formula XVIII, wherein F1 is a bond between the loop region and C; F2 is a bond between D and a nucleotide or between D and, optionally, a linker; G1, G2, G3, and G4 each, independently, is selected from optionally substituted C1-C2 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C3 heteroalkyl, O, S, and NRN; RN is hydrogen, optionally substituted C1–4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2–4 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2–4 alkynyl, optionally substituted C2–6 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6–12 aryl, or optionally substituted C1–7 heteroalkyl; C1 and C2 are each, independently, selected from carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, sulphonyl, or phosphoryl; j, k, m, n, p, and q are each, independently, 0 or 1; and I is optionally substituted C1–10 alkyl, optionally substituted C2–10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2–10 alkynyl, optionally substituted C2–6 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6–12 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C10 polyethylene glycol, or optionally substituted C1–10 heteroalkyl, or a chemical bond linking F1-(G1)j-(H1)k- (G2)m-(I)-(G3)n-(H2)p-(G4)q–F2. In some embodiments, the linker is optional. In some embodiments, the loop region, L1 includes a carbohydrate-containing linking moiety. In one embodiment, one or more of the nucleotides of the oligonucleotides of the invention, is naturally-occurring, and does not include, e.g., chemical modifications and/or conjugations known in the art and described herein. In another embodiment, one or more of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention is chemically modified to enhance stability or other beneficial characteristics (e.g., alternative nucleotides). Without being bound by theory, it is believed that certain modification can increase nuclease resistance and/or serum stability, or decrease immunogenicity. For example, polynucleotides of the invention may contain nucleotides found to occur naturally in DNA or RNA (e.g., adenine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, or inosine) or may contain nucleotides which have one or more chemical modifications to one or more components of the nucleotide (e.g., the nucleobase, sugar, or phospho-linker moiety). Oligonucleotides of the invention may be linked to one another through naturally-occurring phosphodiester bonds, or may be modified to be covalently linked through phosphorothiorate, 3’-methylenephosphonate, 5’- 97 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 methylenephosphonate, 3’-phosphoamidate, 2’-5’ phosphodiester, guanidinium, S- methylthiourea, or peptide bonds. In some embodiments, C includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In other embodiments, D includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, both C and D each include at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In certain embodiments of the invention, substantially all of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention are alternative nucleotides. In other embodiments of the invention, all of the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide of the invention are alternative nucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the invention in which "substantially all of the nucleotides are alternative nucleotides" are largely but not wholly modified and can include no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 naturally-occurring nucleotides. In still other embodiments of the invention, an oligonucleotide of the invention can include no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 alternative nucleotides. In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides of the invention include an ADAR- recruiting domain having the structure of Formula XXXIV, wherein C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, L1 is a loop region, and D is a single- stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, C is complementary to at least 5 contiguous nucleobases of D, and the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, the duplex structure includes at least one, two, or three mismatches. In some embodiments, C or D includes at least one alternative nucleobase. In some embodiments, C and D each include at least one alternative nucleobase. In some embodiments, C and/or D, independently, further include at least one alternative internucleoside linkage and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In some embodiments, L1 includes linked nucleotides. In other embodiments, L1 consists of linked nucleosides. In some embodiments, L1 includes at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides of the invention include an ADAR- recruiting domain having the structure of Formula XXXIV, wherein C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, L1 is a loop region that does not consist 98 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 of linked nucleosides, and D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, C is complementary to at least 5 contiguous nucleobases of D, and the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, the duplex structure includes at least one, two, or three mismatches. In some embodiments, L1 has the structure of Formula VIII, as described herein. In some embodiments, L1 includes a carbohydrate-containing linking moiety. In some embodiments, C and/or D, independently, include at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides of the invention include an ADAR- recruiting domain having the structure of Formula XXXIV, wherein C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, L1 is a loop region including at least one alternative nucleobase or at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, C is complementary to at least 5 contiguous nucleobases of D, and the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, the duplex structure includes at least one, two, or three mismatches. In some embodiments, L1 includes at least one alternative nucleobase and at least one alternative internucleoside linkage. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides of the invention include an ADAR- recruiting domain having the structure of Formula XXXIV, wherein C is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10-50 linked nucleosides in length, L1 is a loop region including, at least one alternative sugar moiety that is not a 2’-O-methyl sugar moiety (e.g., the alternative sugar moiety is selected from the group consisting of a 2′-O-C1-C6 alkyl-sugar moiety, a 2′-amino- sugar moiety, a 2′-fluoro-sugar moiety, a 2’-O-MOE sugar moiety, an LNA sugar moiety, an arabino nucleic acid (ANA) sugar moiety, a 2′-fluoro-ANA sugar moiety, a deoxyribose sugar moiety, and a bicyclic nucleic acid), and D is a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 10- 50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, C is complementary to at least 5 contiguous nucleobases of D, and the oligonucleotide includes a duplex structure formed by C and D of between 10-50 linked nucleosides in length. In some embodiments, the duplex structure includes at least one, two, or three mismatches. In some embodiments, C and/or D, independently, include at least one alternative nucleobase, at least one alternative internucleoside linkage, and/or at least one alternative sugar moiety. 99 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, C includes a nucleobase sequence having at least 50% sequence identity (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity) to a nucleobase sequence set forth in of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34, and D includes a nucleobase sequence complementary to the nucleobase sequence of C, wherein the sequence includes at least one mismatch as described herein. In other embodiments, D includes a nucleobase sequence having at least 50% sequence identity (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity) to a nucleobase sequence set forth in of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, and 35, and C includes a nucleobase sequence complementary to the nucleobase sequence of C, wherein the sequence includes at least one mismatch as described herein. In some embodiments, C-L1-D includes a nucleobase sequence having at least 50% sequence identity (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity) to a nucleobase sequence set forth in of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36, wherein the sequence includes at least one mismatch as described herein. Nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-36 are provided below: Table 3
100 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620
It will be understood that, although the sequences in SEQ ID NOs: 1-36 are described as unmodified and/or un-conjugated sequences, the RNA of the oligonucleotides of the invention may include any one of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-36 that is an alternative nucleoside and/or conjugated as described in detail below. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide of the invention may further include a 5’ cap structure. In some embodiments, the 5’ cap structure is a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap. An oligonucleotide of the invention can be synthesized by standard methods known in the art as further discussed below, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer, such as are commercially available from, for example, Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, Inc. The oligonucleotide compound can be prepared using solution-phase or solid-phase organic synthesis or both. Organic synthesis offers the advantage that the oligonucleotide including unnatural or alternative nucleotides can be easily prepared. Single-stranded oligonucleotides of the invention can be prepared using solution-phase or solid-phase organic synthesis or both. Further, it is contemplated that for any sequence identified herein, further optimization could be achieved by systematically either adding or removing linked nucleosides to generate longer or shorter sequences. Further still, such optimized sequences can be adjusted by, e.g., the introduction of alternative nucleosides, alternative sugar moieties, and/or alternative internucleosidic linkages as described herein or as known in the art, including alternative nucleosides, alternative sugar moieties, and/or alternative internucleosidic linkages as known in the art and/or discussed herein to further optimize the molecule (e.g., increasing serum stability or circulating half-life, increasing thermal stability, enhancing transmembrane delivery, targeting to a particular location or cell type, and/or increasing interaction with RNA editing enzymes (e.g., ADAR)). 101 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the one or more ADAR-recruiting domains are GluR2 ADAR- recruiting domains. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGUGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 37) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXI, as shown below: Formula XXI, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGUGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 38) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXII, as shown below:
Formula XXII, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGUGUCGAGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCUCGACACC (SEQ ID NO: 39) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXIII, as shown below: 102 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620
Formula XXIII, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: *s*s*G**GAGAAGAGGAGAA*AA*A*G**AAA*G**G*****G*******GA*A** (SEQ ID NO: 40) wherein * is a 2’-O-methyl nucleotide and s is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage between two linked nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXIV, as shown below:
Formula XXIV, wherein [ASO] includes any one of the oligonucleotides presented herein, wherein * is a 2’- O-methyl nucleotide, wherein s is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domains further include at least one nuclease-resistant nucleotide (e.g., 2’-O-methyl nucleotide). In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domains include at least one alternative internucleoside linkage (e.g., a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage). In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU (SEQ ID NO: 41) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXV, as shown below:
Formula XXV, 103 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 42) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXVI, as shown below:
Formula XXVI, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGUGUCGAGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCUCGACACC (SEQ ID NO: 43) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXVII, as shown below:
Formula XVII, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU (SEQ ID NO: 44) 104 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXVIII, as shown below:
Formula XXVIII, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCU (SEQ ID NO: 45) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXIX, as shown below:
Formula XXIX, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GUGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUAC (SEQ ID NO: 46) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXX, as shown below:
Formula XXX, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: 105 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 UGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUA (SEQ ID NO: 47) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXXI, as shown below:
Formula XXXI, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 48) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXXII, as shown below:
Formula XXXII, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. In some embodiments, the GluR2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: GUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 49) In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes the structure of Formula XXXIII, as shown below:
Formula XXXIII, wherein [ASO] includes any of the oligonucleotides of the instant invention, wherein m designates a mismatched nucleotide. 106 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domains are Z-DNA ADAR-recruiting domains. In some embodiments, the ADAR-recruiting domains are MS2 ADAR-recruiting domains. In some embodiments, an MS2 bacteriophage stem-loop structure may be used as an ADAR-recruiting domain (e.g., and MS2 ADAR-recruiting domain). MS2 stem-loops are known to bind the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein, which when fused to the deaminase domain of ADAR (e.g. an ADAR fusion protein) can be used for target-specific deamination. In some embodiments, the MS2 ADAR-recruiting domain has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, as shown below in the 5’ to 3’ direction: ACATGAGGATCACCCATGT (SEQ ID NO: 50) In some embodiments, an ADAR fusion protein is administered to the cell or to the subject using an expression vector construct including a polynucleotide encoding an ADAR fusion protein. In some embodiments, the ADAR fusion protein includes a deaminase domain of ADAR fused to an MS2 bacteriophage coat protein. In some embodiments, the deaminase domain of ADAR is a deaminase domain of ADAR1, e.g., ADAR1p110, or ADAR1p150. In some embodiments, the deaminase domain of ADAR is a deaminase domain of ADAR2. The ADAR fusion protein may be a fusion protein described in Katrekar et al. Nature Methods, 16(3): 239-42 (2019), the ADAR fusion protein of which is herein incorporated by reference The nucleic acids featured in the invention can be synthesized and/or modified by methods well established in the art, such as those described in "Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry," Beaucage, S. L. et al. (Edrs.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Alternative nucleotides and nucleosides include those with modifications including, for example, end modifications, e.g., 5'-end modifications (phosphorylation, conjugation, inverted linkages) or 3'-end modifications (conjugation, DNA nucleotides, inverted linkages, etc.); base modifications, e.g., replacement with stabilizing bases, destabilizing bases, or bases that base pair with an expanded repertoire of partners, removal of bases (abasic nucleotides), or conjugated bases; sugar modifications (e.g., at the 2'-position or 4'-position) or replacement of the sugar; and/or backbone modifications, including modification or replacement of the phosphodiester linkages. The nucleobase may also be an isonucleoside in which the nucleobase is moved from the C1 position of the sugar moiety to a different position (e.g. C2, C3, C4, or C5). Specific examples of oligonucleotide compounds useful in the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to alternative nucleosides containing modified backbones or no 107 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 natural internucleoside linkages. Nucleotides and nucleosides having modified backbones include, among others, those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, alternative RNAs that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides. In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide will have a phosphorus atom in its internucleoside backbone. Alternative internucleoside linkages include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3'-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3'-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boronophosphates having normal 3'-5' linkages, 2'-5'-linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3'-5' to 5'-3' or 2'-5' to 5'-2'. Various salts, mixed salts, and free acid forms are also included. Alternative internucleoside linkages that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatoms and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S, and CH2 component parts. In other embodiments, suitable oligonucleotides include those in which both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, a mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar of a nucleoside is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. 108 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Some embodiments featured in the invention include oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleotides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular -CH2-NH-CH2-, -CH2-N(CH3)-O-CH2-[known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], -CH2-O-N(CH3)-CH2-, -CH2-N(CH3)-N(CH3)-CH2- and -N(CH3)-CH2- CH2-[wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as -O-P-O-CH2-] of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides featured herein have morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotides described herein include phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO), in which the deoxyribose moiety is replaced by a morpholine ring, and the charged phosphodiester inter-subunit linkage is replaced by an uncharged phosphorodiamidate linkage, as described in Summerton, et al., Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 1997, 7:63-70. Alternative nucleosides and nucleotides can also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. The oligonucleotides, e.g., oligonucleotides, featured herein can include one of the following at the 2'-position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl can be substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkyl or C2 to C10 alkenyl and alkynyl. Exemplary suitable modifications include -O[(CH2)nO]mCH3, -O(CH2)nOCH3, -O(CH2)n-NH2, -O(CH2)nCH3, - O(CH2)n-ONH2, and -O(CH2)n-ON[(CH2)nCH3]2, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. In other embodiments, oligonucleotides include one of the following at the 2' position: C1 to C10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH3, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. In some embodiments, the modification includes a 2'-methoxyethoxy (2'-O-CH2CH2OCH3, also known as 2'-O-(2- methoxyethyl) or 2'-O-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chin. Acta, 1995, 78:486-504) i.e., an alkoxy-alkoxy group. 2’-O-MOE nucleosides confer several beneficial properties to oligonucleotides including, but not limited to, increased nuclease resistance, improved pharmacokinetics properties, reduced non-specific protein binding, reduced toxicity, reduced 109 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 immunostimulatory properties, and enhanced target affinity as compared to unmodified oligonucleotides. Another exemplary alternative contains 2'-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a - O(CH2)2ON(CH3)2 group, also known as 2'-DMAOE, as described in examples herein below, and 2'-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2'-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2'-DMAEOE), i.e., 2'-O-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-N(CH3)2. Further exemplary alternatives include: 5'-Me-2'-F nucleotides, 5'-Me-2'-OMe nucleotides, 5'-Me-2'-deoxynucleotides, (both R and S isomers in these three families); 2'-alkoxyalkyl; and 2'-NMA (N-methylacetamide). Other alternatives include 2'-methoxy (2'-OCH3), 2'-aminopropoxy (2'- OCH2CH2CH2NH2) and 2'-fluoro (2'-F). Similar modifications can also be made at other positions on the nucleosides and nucleotides of an oligonucleotide, particularly the 3' position of the sugar on the 3' terminal nucleotide or in 2'-5' linked oligonucleotides and the 5' position of 5' terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides can also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920. The entire contents of each of the foregoing are hereby incorporated herein by reference. An oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the present invention can also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as "base") alternatives (e.g., modifications or substitutions). Unmodified or natural nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Alternative nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine, 5- hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, 5-carboxycytosine, pyrrolocytosine, dideoxycytosine, uracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 5-hydroxydeoxyuracil, dihydrouracil, 4-thiouracil, pseudouracil, 1-methyl-pseudouracil, deoxyuracil, 5-hydroxybutynl-2’-deoxyuracil, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 7-deaza-xanthine, thienoguanine, 8-aza-7-deazaguanine, 7-methylguanine, 7- deazaguanine, 6-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine, 8-aminoguanine, 2,2,7-trimethylguanine, 8- methyladenine, 8-azidoadenine, 7-methyladenine, 7-deazaadenine, 3-deazaadenine, 2,6- diaminopurine, 2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 8-amino-adenine, thymine, dideoxythymine, 5-nitroindole, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2- 110 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8- thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl anal other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo, particularly 5- bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 8-azaguanine and 8- azaadenine, and 3-deazaguanine. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in Modified Nucleosides in Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Medicine, Herdewijn, P. ed. Wiley-VCH, 2008; those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. L, ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, these disclosed by Englisch et al., (1991) Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 30:613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds featured in the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6- azapyrimidines, and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil, and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2o C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are exemplary base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2'-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted alternative nucleobases as well as other alternative nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808, 4,845,205; 5,130,30; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,681,941; 5,750,692; 6,015,886; 6,147,200; 6,166,197; 6,222,025; 6,235,887; 6,380,368; 6,528,640; 6,639,062; 6,617,438; 7,045,610; 7,427,672; and 7,495,088, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In other embodiments, the sugar moiety in the nucleotide may be a ribose molecule, optionally having a 2’-O-methyl, 2’-O-MOE, 2’-F, 2’-amino, 2’-O-propyl, 2’-aminopropyl, or 2’-OH modification. An oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the present invention can include one or more bicyclic sugar moieties. A "bicyclic sugar" is a furanosyl ring modified by the bridging of two atoms. A "bicyclic nucleoside" ("BNA") is a nucleoside having a sugar moiety 111 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 including a bridge connecting two carbon atoms of the sugar ring, thereby forming a bicyclic ring system. In certain embodiments, the bridge connects the 4'-carbon and the 2'-carbon of the sugar ring. Thus, in some embodiments an agent of the invention may include one or more locked nucleosides. A locked nucleoside is a nucleoside having a modified ribose moiety in which the ribose moiety includes an extra bridge connecting the 2' and 4' carbons. In other words, a locked nucleoside is a nucleoside including a bicyclic sugar moiety including a 4'-CH2-O-2' bridge. This structure effectively "locks" the ribose in the 3'-endo structural conformation. The addition of locked nucleosides to oligonucleotides has been shown to increase oligonucleotide stability in serum, and to reduce off-target effects (Grunweller, A. et al., (2003) Nucleic Acids Research 31(12):3185-3193). Examples of bicyclic nucleosides for use in the polynucleotides of the invention include without limitation nucleosides including a bridge between the 4' and the 2' ribosyl ring atoms. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide agents of the invention include one or more bicyclic nucleosides including a 4' to 2' bridge. Examples of such 4' to 2' bridged bicyclic nucleosides, include but are not limited to 4'-(CH2)-O-2' (LNA); 4'-(CH2)-S-2'; 4'-(CH2)2-O-2' (ENA); 4'-CH(CH3)-O-2' (also referred to as "constrained ethyl" or "cEt") and 4'- CH(CH2OCH3)-O-2' (and analogs thereof; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,845); 4'- C(CH3)(CH3)-O-2' (and analogs thereof; see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,283); 4'-CH2-N(OCH3)- 2' (and analogs thereof; see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,425); 4'-CH2-O-N(CH3)2-2' (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0171570); 4'-CH2-N(R)-O-2', wherein R is H, C1-C12 alkyl, or a protecting group (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,672); 4'-CH2-C(H)(CH3)-2' (see, e.g., Chattopadhyaya et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 118-134); and 4'-CH2-C(=CH2)-2' (and analogs thereof; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,426). The entire contents of each of the foregoing are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Additional representative U.S. Patents and US Patent Publications that teach the preparation of locked nucleic acid nucleotides include, but are not limited to, the following: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,490; 6,525,191; 6,670,461; 6,770,748; 6,794,499; 6,998,484; 7,053,207; 7,034,133; 7,084,125; 7,399,845; 7,427,672; 7,569,686; 7,741,457; 8,022,193; 8,030,467; 8,278,425; 8,278,426; 8,278,283; US 2008/0039618; and US 2009/0012281, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Any of the foregoing bicyclic nucleosides can be prepared having one or more stereochemical sugar configurations including for example α-L-ribofuranose and β-D- ribofuranose (see WO 99/14226). 112 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 An oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the invention can also be modified to include one or more constrained ethyl nucleotides. As used herein, a "constrained ethyl nucleotide" or "cEt" is a locked nucleic acid including a bicyclic sugar moiety including a 4'- CH(CH3)-O-2' bridge. In one embodiment, a constrained ethyl nucleotide is in the S conformation referred to herein as "S-cEt." An oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the invention may also include one or more "conformationally restricted nucleotides" ("CRN"). CRN are nucleotide analogs with a linker connecting the C2' and C4' carbons of ribose or the C3 and --C5' carbons of ribose. CRN lock the ribose ring into a stable conformation and increase the hybridization affinity to mRNA. The linker is of sufficient length to place the oxygen in an optimal position for stability and affinity resulting in less ribose ring puckering. In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the invention includes one or more monomers that are UNA (unlocked nucleic acid) nucleotides. UNA is unlocked acyclic nucleic acid, wherein any of the bonds of the sugar has been removed, forming an unlocked "sugar" residue. In one example, UNA also encompasses monomer with bonds between C1'-C4' have been removed (i.e. the covalent carbon-oxygen-carbon bond between the C1' and C4' carbons). In another example, the C2'-C3' bond (i.e. the covalent carbon-carbon bond between the C2' and C3' carbons) of the sugar has been removed (see Nuc. Acids Symp. Series, 52, 133-134 (2008) and Fluiter et al., Mol. Biosyst., 2009, 10, 1039 hereby incorporated by reference). The ribose molecule may also be modified with a cyclopropane ring to produce a tricyclodeoxynucleic acid (tricyclo DNA). The ribose moiety may be substituted for another sugar such as 1,5,-anhydrohexitol, threose to produce a threose nucleoside (TNA), or arabinose to produce an arabino nucleoside. The ribose molecule can also be replaced with non-sugars such as cyclohexene to produce cyclohexene nucleoside or glycol to produce glycol nucleosides. The ribose molecule can also be replaced with non-sugars such as cyclohexene to produce cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA) or glycol to produce glycol nucleic acids (GNA).Potentially stabilizing modifications to the ends of nucleotide molecules can include N-(acetylaminocaproyl)-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6-NHAc), N-(caproyl-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6), N-(acetyl-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-NHAc), thymidine-2'-O-deoxythymidine (ether), N-(aminocaproyl)-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6-amino), 2-docosanoyl-uridine-3''- 113 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 phosphate, inverted base dT(idT) and others. Disclosure of this modification can be found in PCT Publication No. WO 2011/005861. Other alternatives chemistries of an oligonucleotide of the invention include a 5' phosphate or 5' phosphate mimic, e.g., a 5'-terminal phosphate or phosphate mimic of an oligonucleotide. Suitable phosphate mimics are disclosed in, for example US Patent Publication No. 2012/0157511, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention include sugar- modified nucleosides and may also include DNA or RNA nucleosides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes sugar-modified nucleosides and DNA nucleosides. Incorporation of alternative nucleosides into the oligonucleotide of the invention may enhance the affinity of the oligonucleotide for the target nucleic acid. In that case, the alternative nucleosides can be referred to as affinity enhancing alternative nucleotides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide includes at least 1 alternative nucleoside, such as at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15 or at least 16 alternative nucleosides. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotides include from 1 to 10 alternative nucleosides, such as from 2 to 9 alternative nucleosides, such as from 3 to 8 alternative nucleosides, such as from 4 to 7 alternative nucleosides, such as 6 or 7 alternative nucleosides. In an embodiment, the oligonucleotide of the invention may include alternatives, which are independently selected from these three types of alternative (alternative sugar moiety, alternative nucleobase, and alternative internucleoside linkage), or a combination thereof. Preferably the oligonucleotide includes one or more nucleosides including alternative sugar moieties, e.g., 2′ sugar alternative nucleosides. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide of the invention include the one or more 2′ sugar alternative nucleoside independently selected from the group consisting of 2′-O-alkyl-RNA, 2′-O-methyl-RNA, 2′-alkoxy-RNA, 2′-O-methoxyethyl-RNA, 2′-amino-DNA, 2′-fluoro- DNA, ANA, 2′-fluoro-ANA, and BNA (e.g., LNA) nucleosides. In some embodiments, the one or more alternative nucleoside is a BNA. In some embodiments, at least 1 of the alternative nucleosides is a BNA (e.g., an LNA), such as at least 2, such as at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, or at least 114 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 8 of the alternative nucleosides are BNAs. In a still further embodiment, all the alternative nucleosides are BNAs. In a further embodiment the oligonucleotide includes at least one alternative internucleoside linkage. In some embodiments, the internucleoside linkages within the contiguous nucleotide sequence are phosphorothioate or boranophosphate internucleoside linkages. In some embodiments, all the internucleotide linkages in the contiguous sequence of the oligonucleotide are phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments the phosphorothioate linkages are stereochemically pure phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, the phosphorothioate linkages are Sp phosphorothioate linkages. In other embodiments, the phosphorothioate linkages are Rp phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide for use in the methods of the invention includes at least one alternative nucleoside which is a 2′-O-MOE-RNA, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 102′-O-MOE-RNA nucleoside units. In some embodiments, the 2’-O-MOE-RNA nucleoside units are connected by phosphorothioate linkages. In some embodiments, at least one of said alternative nucleoside is 2′-fluoro DNA, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 102′- fluoro-DNA nucleoside units. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide of the invention includes at least one BNA unit and at least one 2′ substituted alternative nucleoside. In some embodiments of the invention, the oligonucleotide includes both 2′ sugar modified nucleosides and DNA units. B. Oligonucleotide Conjugated to Ligands Oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention may be chemically linked to one or more ligands, moieties, or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g., beryl-S-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3- phosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyloxycholesterol moiety. In one embodiment, a ligand alters the distribution, targeting, or lifetime of an oligonucleotide into which it is incorporated. In some embodiments, a ligand provides an enhanced affinity for a selected target, e.g., molecule, cell or cell type, compartment, e.g., a 115 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 cellular or organ compartment, tissue, organ, or region of the body, as, e.g., compared to a species absent such a ligand. Ligands can include a naturally occurring substance, such as a protein (e.g., human serum albumin (HSA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or globulin); carbohydrate (e.g., a dextran, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, inulin, cyclodextrin, N-acetylglucosamine, N- acetylgalactosamine, or hyaluronic acid); or a lipid. The ligand can also be a recombinant or synthetic molecule, such as a synthetic polymer, e.g., a synthetic polyamino acid. Examples of polyamino acids include polyamino acid is a polylysine (PLL), poly L-aspartic acid, poly L-histidine, styrene-maleic acid anhydride copolymer, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolied) copolymer, divinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer (HMPA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyurethane, poly(2-ethylacryllic acid), N-isopropylacrylamide polymers, or polyphosphazine. Example of polyamines include: polyethylenimine, polylysine (PLL), spermine, spermidine, polyamine, pseudopeptide-polyamine, peptidomimetic polyamine, dendrimer polyamine, arginine, amidine, protamine, cationic ionizable lipid, cationic porphyrin, quaternary salt of a polyamine, or an alpha helical peptide. Ligands can also include targeting groups, e.g., a cell or tissue targeting agent, e.g., a lectin, glycoprotein, lipid or protein, e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a kidney cell. A targeting group can be a thyrotropin, melanotropin, lectin, glycoprotein, surfactant protein A, Mucin carbohydrate, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N- acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-gulucosamine multivalent mannose, multivalent fucose, glycosylated polyaminoacids, multivalent galactose, transferrin, bisphosphonate, polyglutamate, polyaspartate, a lipid, cholesterol, a steroid, bile acid, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, biotin, or an RGD peptide or RGD peptide mimetic. In certain embodiments, the ligand is a multivalent galactose, e.g., an N-acetyl-galactosamine. Other examples of ligands include dyes, intercalating agents (e.g. acridines), cross- linkers (e.g. psoralen, mitomycin C), porphyrins (TPPC4, texaphyrin, Sapphyrin), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., phenazine, dihydrophenazine), artificial endonucleases (e.g. EDTA), lipophilic molecules, e.g., cholesterol, cholic acid, adamantane acetic acid, 1-pyrene butyric acid, dihydrotestosterone, 1,3-Bis-O(hexadecyl)glycerol, geranyloxyhexyl group, hexadecylglycerol, borneol, menthol, 1,3-propanediol, heptadecyl group, palmitic acid, myristic acid,O3-(oleoyl)lithocholic acid, O3-(oleoyl)cholenic acid, dimethoxytrityl, or phenoxazine) and peptide conjugates (e.g., antennapedia peptide, Tat peptide), alkylating 116 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 agents, phosphate, amino, mercapto, PEG (e.g., PEG-40K), MPEG, [MPEG]2, polyamino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, radiolabeled markers, enzymes, haptens (e.g. biotin), transport/absorption facilitators (e.g., aspirin, vitamin E, folic acid), synthetic ribonucleases (e.g., imidazole, bisimidazole, histamine, imidazole clusters, acridine-imidazole conjugates, Eu3+ complexes of tetraazamacrocycles), dinitrophenyl, HRP, or AP. Ligands can be proteins, e.g., glycoproteins, or peptides, e.g., molecules having a specific affinity for a co-ligand, or antibodies e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a hepatic cell. Ligands can also include hormones and hormone receptors. They can also include non-peptidic species, such as lipids, lectins, carbohydrates, vitamins, cofactors, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl- gulucosamine multivalent mannose, or multivalent fucose. The ligand can be a substance, e.g., a drug, which can increase the uptake of the oligonucleotide agent into the cell, for example, by disrupting the cell's cytoskeleton, e.g., by disrupting the cell's microtubules, microfilaments, and/or intermediate filaments. The drug can be, for example, taxon, vincristine, vinblastine, cytochalasin, nocodazole, japlakinolide, latrunculin A, phalloidin, swinholide A, indanocine, or myoservin. In some embodiments, a ligand attached to an oligonucleotide as described herein acts as a pharmacokinetic modulator (PK modulator). PK modulators include lipophiles, bile acids, steroids, phospholipid analogues, peptides, protein binding agents, PEG, vitamins etc. Exemplary PK modulators include, but are not limited to, cholesterol, fatty acids, cholic acid, lithocholic acid, dialkylglycerides, diacylglyceride, phospholipids, sphingolipids, naproxen, ibuprofen, vitamin E, biotin etc. Oligonucleotides that include a number of phosphorothioate linkages are also known to bind to serum protein, thus short oligonucleotides, e.g., oligonucleotides of about 5 bases, 10 bases, 15 bases, or 20 bases, including multiple of phosphorothioate linkages in the backbone are also amenable to the present invention as ligands (e.g. as PK modulating ligands). In addition, aptamers that bind serum components (e.g. serum proteins) are also suitable for use as PK modulating ligands in the embodiments described herein. Ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the invention may be synthesized by the use of an oligonucleotide that bears a pendant reactive functionality, such as that derived from the attachment of a linking molecule onto the oligonucleotide (described below). This reactive oligonucleotide may be reacted directly with commercially-available ligands, ligands that are 117 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 synthesized bearing any of a variety of protecting groups, or ligands that have a linking moiety attached thereto. The oligonucleotides used in the conjugates of the present invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid-phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is also known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides, such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. In the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotides of the present invention, such as the ligand- molecule bearing sequence-specific linked nucleosides of the present invention, the oligonucleotides and oligonucleosides may be assembled on a suitable DNA synthesizer utilizing standard nucleotide or nucleoside precursors, or nucleotide or nucleoside conjugate precursors that already bear the linking moiety, ligand-nucleotide or nucleoside-conjugate precursors that already bear the ligand molecule, or non-nucleoside ligand-bearing building blocks. When using nucleotide-conjugate precursors that already bear a linking moiety, the synthesis of the sequence-specific linked nucleosides is typically completed, and the ligand molecule is then reacted with the linking moiety to form the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides or linked nucleosides of the present invention are synthesized by an automated synthesizer using phosphoramidites derived from ligand-nucleoside conjugates in addition to the standard phosphoramidites and non-standard phosphoramidites that are commercially available and routinely used in oligonucleotide synthesis. i. Lipid Conjugates In one embodiment, the ligand or conjugate is a lipid or lipid-based molecule. Such a lipid or lipid-based molecule preferably binds a serum protein, e.g., human serum albumin (HSA). An HSA binding ligand allows for distribution of the conjugate to a target tissue, e.g., a non-kidney target tissue of the body. For example, the target tissue can be the liver, including parenchymal cells of the liver. Other molecules that can bind HSA can also be used as ligands. For example, neproxin or aspirin can be used. A lipid or lipid-based ligand can (a) increase resistance to degradation of the conjugate, (b) increase targeting or transport 118 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 into a target cell or cell membrane, and/or (c) can be used to adjust binding to a serum protein, e.g., HSA. A lipid-based ligand can be used to inhibit, e.g., control the binding of the conjugate to a target tissue. For example, a lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA more strongly will be less likely to be targeted to the kidney and therefore less likely to be cleared from the body. A lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA less strongly can be used to target the conjugate to the kidney. In another aspect, the ligand is a moiety, e.g., a vitamin, which is taken up by a target cell, e.g., a proliferating cell. Exemplary vitamins include vitamin A, E, and K. Other exemplary vitamins include are B vitamin, e.g., folic acid, B12, riboflavin, biotin, pyridoxal or other vitamins or nutrients taken up by cancer cells. Also included are HSA and low density lipoprotein (LDL). ii. Cell Permeation Agents In another aspect, the ligand is a cell-permeation agent, preferably a helical cell- permeation agent. Preferably, the agent is amphipathic. An exemplary agent is a peptide such as tat or antennopedia. If the agent is a peptide, it can be modified, including a peptidylmimetic, invertomers, non-peptide or pseudo-peptide linkages, and use of D-amino acids. The helical agent is preferably an alpha-helical agent, which preferably has a lipophilic and a lipophobic phase. The ligand can be a peptide or peptidomimetic. A peptidomimetic (also referred to herein as an oligopeptidomimetic) is a molecule capable of folding into a defined three- dimensional structure similar to a natural peptide. The attachment of peptide and peptidomimetics to oligonucleotide agents can affect pharmacokinetic distribution of the oligonucleotide, such as by enhancing cellular recognition and absorption. The peptide or peptidomimetic moiety can be about 5-50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long. A peptide or peptidomimetic can be, for example, a cell permeation peptide, cationic peptide, amphipathic peptide, or hydrophobic peptide (e.g., consisting primarily of Tyr, Trp, or Phe). The peptide moiety can be a dendrimer peptide, constrained peptide or crosslinked peptide. In another alternative, the peptide moiety can include a hydrophobic membrane translocation sequence (MTS). An exemplary hydrophobic MTS-containing peptide is RFGF having the amino acid sequence AAVALLPAVLLALLAP (SEQ ID NO: 51). An RFGF 119 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 analogue (e.g., amino acid sequence AALLPVLLAAP (SEQ ID NO: 52) containing a hydrophobic MTS can also be a targeting moiety. The peptide moiety can be a "delivery" peptide, which can carry large polar molecules including peptides, oligonucleotides, and protein across cell membranes. For example, sequences from the HIV Tat protein (GRKKRRQRRRPPQ; SEQ ID NO: 53) and the Drosophila Antennapedia protein (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK; SEQ ID NO: 54) have been found to be capable of functioning as delivery peptides. A peptide or peptidomimetic can be encoded by a random sequence of DNA, such as a peptide identified from a phage-display library, or one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) combinatorial library (Lam et al., Nature, 354:82-84, 1991). Examples of a peptide or peptidomimetic tethered to an oligonucleotide agent via an incorporated monomer unit for cell targeting purposes is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-peptide, or RGD mimic. A peptide moiety can range in length from about 5 amino acids to about 40 amino acids. The peptide moieties can have a structural modification, such as to increase stability or direct conformational properties. Any of the structural modifications described below can be utilized. An RGD peptide for use in the compositions and methods of the invention may be linear or cyclic, and may be modified, e.g., glycosylated or methylated, to facilitate targeting to a specific tissue(s). RGD-containing peptides and peptidomimetics may include D-amino acids, as well as synthetic RGD mimics. In addition to RGD, one can use other moieties that target the integrin ligand. Some conjugates of this ligand target PECAM-1 or VEGF. A cell permeation peptide is capable of permeating a cell, e.g., a microbial cell, such as a bacterial or fungal cell, or a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. A microbial cell- permeating peptide can be, for example, an α-helical linear peptide (e.g., LL-37 or Ceropin P1), a disulfide bond-containing peptide (e.g., α-defensin, β-defensin, or bactenecin), or a peptide containing only one or two dominating amino acids (e.g., PR-39 or indolicidin). A cell permeation peptide can also include a nuclear localization signal (NLS). For example, a cell permeation peptide can be a bipartite amphipathic peptide, such as MPG, which is derived from the fusion peptide domain of HIV-1 gp41 and the NLS of SV40 large T antigen (Simeoni et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 31:2717-2724, 2003). iii. Carbohydrate Conjugates In some embodiments of the compositions and methods of the invention, an oligonucleotide further includes a carbohydrate. The carbohydrate conjugated 120 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 oligonucleotide is advantageous for the in vivo delivery of nucleic acids, as well as compositions suitable for in vivo therapeutic use, as described herein. As used herein, "carbohydrate" refers to a compound which is either a carbohydrate per se made up of one or more monosaccharide units having at least 6 carbon atoms (which can be linear, branched or cyclic) with an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom bonded to each carbon atom; or a compound having as a part thereof a carbohydrate moiety made up of one or more monosaccharide units each having at least six carbon atoms (which can be linear, branched or cyclic), with an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom bonded to each carbon atom. Representative carbohydrates include the sugars (mono-, di-, tri- and oligosaccharides containing from about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 monosaccharide units), and polysaccharides such as starches, glycogen, cellulose and polysaccharide gums. Specific monosaccharides include C5 and above (e.g., C5, C6, C7, or C8) sugars; di- and trisaccharides include sugars having two or three monosaccharide units (e.g., C5, C6, C7, or C8). In one embodiment, a carbohydrate conjugate for use in the compositions and methods of the invention is a monosaccharide. In certain embodiments, the monosaccharide is an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). GalNAc conjugates, which comprise one or more N- acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) derivatives. In some embodiments, the GalNAc conjugate serves as a ligand that targets the oligonucleotides to particular cells. In some embodiments, the GalNAc conjugate targets the oligonucleotides to liver cells, e.g., by serving as a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor of liver cells (e.g., hepatocytes). In some embodiments, the carbohydrate conjugate further includes one or more additional ligands as described above, such as, but not limited to, a PK modulator and/or a cell permeation peptide. Additional carbohydrate conjugates (and linkers) suitable for use in the present invention include those described in PCT Publication Nos. WO 2014/179620 and WO 2014/179627, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. iv. Linkers In some embodiments, the conjugate or ligand described herein can be attached to an oligonucleotide with various linkers that can be cleavable or non-cleavable. Linkers typically include a direct bond or an atom such as oxygen or sulfur, a unit such as NR8, C(O), C(O)NH, SO, SO2, SO2NH or a chain of atoms, such as, but not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or 121 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 unsubstituted alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylalkenyl, heterocyclylalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylarylalkyl, alkylarylalkenyl, alkylarylalkynyl, alkenylarylalkyl, alkenylarylalkenyl, alkenylarylalkynyl, alkynylarylalkyl, alkynylarylalkenyl, alkynylarylalkynyl, alkylheteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroarylalkenyl, alkylheteroarylalkynyl, alkenylheteroarylalkyl, alkenylheteroarylalkenyl, alkenylheteroarylalkynyl, alkynylheteroarylalkyl, alkynylheteroarylalkenyl, alkynylheteroarylalkynyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl, alkylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkylhererocyclylalkynyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, alkynylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, alkynylhereroaryl, which one or more methylenes can be interrupted or terminated by O, S, S(O), SO2, N(R8), C(O), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; where R8 is hydrogen, acyl, aliphatic or substituted aliphatic. In one embodiment, the linker is between about 1-24 atoms, 2-24, 3-24, 4-24, 5-24, 6-24, 6-18, 7-18, 8-18 atoms, 7-17, 8-17, 6-16, 7-17, or 8-16 atoms. A cleavable linking group is one which is sufficiently stable outside the cell, but which upon entry into a target cell is cleaved to release the two parts the linker is holding together. In a preferred embodiment, the cleavable linking group is cleaved at least about 10 times, 20, times, 30 times, 40 times, 50 times, 60 times, 70 times, 80 times, 90 times, or more, or at least about 100 times faster in a target cell or under a first reference condition (which can, e.g., be selected to mimic or represent intracellular conditions) than in the blood of a subject, or under a second reference condition (which can, e.g., be selected to mimic or represent conditions found in the blood or serum). Cleavable linking groups are susceptible to cleavage agents, e.g., pH, redox potential, or the presence of degradative molecules. Generally, cleavage agents are more prevalent or found at higher levels or activities inside cells than in serum or blood. Examples of such degradative agents include: redox agents which are selective for particular substrates or which have no substrate specificity, including, e.g., oxidative or reductive enzymes or reductive agents such as mercaptans, present in cells, that can degrade a redox cleavable linking group by reduction; esterases; endosomes or agents that can create an acidic environment, e.g., those that result in a pH of five or lower; enzymes that can hydrolyze or 122 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 degrade an acid cleavable linking group by acting as a general acid, peptidases (which can be substrate specific), and phosphatases. A cleavable linkage group, such as a disulfide bond can be susceptible to pH. The pH of human serum is 7.4, while the average intracellular pH is slightly lower, ranging from about 7.1-7.3. Endosomes have a more acidic pH, in the range of 5.5-6.0, and lysosomes have an even more acidic pH at around 5.0. Some linkers will have a cleavable linking group that is cleaved at a preferred pH, thereby releasing a cationic lipid from the ligand inside the cell, or into the desired compartment of the cell. A linker can include a cleavable linking group that is cleavable by a particular enzyme. The type of cleavable linking group incorporated into a linker can depend on the cell to be targeted. For example, a liver-targeting ligand can be linked to a cationic lipid through a linker that includes an ester group. Liver cells are rich in esterases, and therefore the linker will be cleaved more efficiently in liver cells than in cell types that are not esterase- rich. Other cell-types rich in esterases include cells of the lung, renal cortex, and testis. Linkers that contain peptide bonds can be used when targeting cell types rich in peptidases, such as liver cells and synoviocytes. In general, the suitability of a candidate cleavable linking group can be evaluated by testing the ability of a degradative agent (or condition) to cleave the candidate linking group. It will also be desirable to also test the candidate cleavable linking group for the ability to resist cleavage in the blood or when in contact with other non-target tissues. Thus, one can determine the relative susceptibility to cleavage between a first and a second condition, where the first is selected to be indicative of cleavage in a target cell and the second is selected to be indicative of cleavage in other tissues or biological fluids, e.g., blood or serum. The evaluations can be carried out in cell free systems, in cells, in cell culture, in organ or tissue culture, or in whole animals. It can be useful to make initial evaluations in cell-free or culture conditions and to confirm by further evaluations in whole animals. In preferred embodiments, useful candidate compounds are cleaved at least about 2, 4, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or about 100 times faster in the cell (or under in vitro conditions selected to mimic intracellular conditions) as compared to blood or serum (or under in vitro conditions selected to mimic extracellular conditions). 123 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 a. Redox Cleavable Linking Groups In one embodiment, a cleavable linking group is a redox cleavable linking group that is cleaved upon reduction or oxidation. An example of reductively cleavable linking group is a disulphide linking group (--S--S--). To determine if a candidate cleavable linking group is a suitable "reductively cleavable linking group," or for example is suitable for use with a particular oligonucleotide moiety and particular targeting agent one can look to methods described herein. For example, a candidate can be evaluated by incubation with dithiothreitol (DTT), or other reducing agent using reagents know in the art, which mimic the rate of cleavage which would be observed in a cell, e.g., a target cell. The candidates can also be evaluated under conditions which are selected to mimic blood or serum conditions. In one embodiment, candidate compounds are cleaved by at most about 10% in the blood. In other embodiments, useful candidate compounds are degraded at least about 2, 4, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or about 100 times faster in the cell (or under in vitro conditions selected to mimic intracellular conditions) as compared to blood (or under in vitro conditions selected to mimic extracellular conditions). The rate of cleavage of candidate compounds can be determined using standard enzyme kinetics assays under conditions chosen to mimic intracellular media and compared to conditions chosen to mimic extracellular media. b. Phosphate-Based Cleavable Linking Groups In another embodiment, a cleavable linker includes a phosphate-based cleavable linking group. A phosphate-based cleavable linking group is cleaved by agents that degrade or hydrolyze the phosphate group. An example of an agent that cleaves phosphate groups in cells are enzymes such as phosphatases in cells. Examples of phosphate-based linking groups are -O-P(O)(ORk)-O-, -O-P(S)(ORk)-O-, -O-P(S)(SRk)-O-, -S-P(O)(ORk)-O-, -O-P(O)(ORk)- S-, -S-P(O)(ORk)-S-, -O-P(S)(ORk)-S-, -S-P(S)(ORk)-O-, -O-P(O)(Rk)-O-, -O-P(S)(Rk)-O-, - S-P(O)(Rk)-O-, -S-P(S)(Rk)-O-, -S-P(O)(Rk)-S-, -O-P(S)(Rk)-S-. These candidates can be evaluated using methods analogous to those described above. c. Acid Cleavable Linking Groups In another embodiment, a cleavable linker includes an acid cleavable linking group. An acid cleavable linking group is a linking group that is cleaved under acidic conditions. In preferred embodiments acid cleavable linking groups are cleaved in an acidic environment with a pH of about 6.5 or lower (e.g., about 6.0, 5.75, 5.5, 5.25, 5.0, or lower), or by agents 124 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 such as enzymes that can act as a general acid. In a cell, specific low pH organelles, such as endosomes and lysosomes can provide a cleaving environment for acid cleavable linking groups. Examples of acid cleavable linking groups include but are not limited to hydrazones, esters, and esters of amino acids. Acid cleavable groups can have the general formula – C=NN--, C(O)O, or --OC(O). A preferred embodiment is when the carbon attached to the oxygen of the ester (the alkoxy group) is an aryl group, substituted alkyl group, or tertiary alkyl group such as dimethyl pentyl or t-butyl. These candidates can be evaluated using methods analogous to those described above. d. Ester-Based Linking Groups In another embodiment, a cleavable linker includes an ester-based cleavable linking group. An ester-based cleavable linking group is cleaved by enzymes such as esterases and amidases in cells. Examples of ester-based cleavable linking groups include but are not limited to esters of alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups. Ester cleavable linking groups have the general formula --C(O)O--, or --OC(O)--. These candidates can be evaluated using methods analogous to those described above. e. Peptide-Based Cleaving Groups In yet another embodiment, a cleavable linker includes a peptide-based cleavable linking group. A peptide-based cleavable linking group is cleaved by enzymes such as peptidases and proteases in cells. Peptide-based cleavable linking groups are peptide bonds formed between amino acids to yield oligopeptides (e.g., dipeptides, tripeptides etc.) and polypeptides. Peptide-based cleavable groups do not include the amide group (--C(O)NH--). The amide group can be formed between any alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynelene. A peptide bond is a special type of amide bond formed between amino acids to yield peptides and proteins. The peptide-based cleavage group is generally limited to the peptide bond (i.e., the amide bond) formed between amino acids yielding peptides and proteins and does not include the entire amide functional group. Peptide-based cleavable linking groups have the general formula --NHCHRAC(O)NHCHRBC(O)--, where RA and RB are the R groups of the two adjacent amino acids. These candidates can be evaluated using methods analogous to those described above. In one embodiment, an oligonucleotide of the invention is conjugated to a carbohydrate through a linker. Linkers include bivalent and trivalent branched linker groups. 125 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Exemplary oligonucleotide carbohydrate conjugates with linkers of the compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, those described in formulas 24-35 of PCT Publication No. WO 2018/195165. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941; 6,294,664; 6,320,017; 6,576,752; 6,783,931; 6,900,297; 7,037,646; 8,106,022, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In certain instances, the nucleotides of an oligonucleotide can be modified by a non- ligand group. A number of non-ligand molecules have been conjugated to oligonucleotides in order to enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide, and procedures for performing such conjugations are available in the scientific literature. Such non-ligand moieties have included lipid moieties, such as cholesterol (Kubo, T. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm, 2007, 365(1):54-61; Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86:6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4:1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660:306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3:2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20:533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10:111; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259:327; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75:49), a phospholipid, e.g., di- hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H- phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36:3651; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18:3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14:969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36:3651), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264:229), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277:923). Representative United States 126 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates have been listed above. Typical conjugation protocols involve the synthesis of an oligonucleotide bearing an amino linker at one or more positions of the sequence. The amino group is then reacted with the molecule being conjugated using appropriate coupling or activating reagents. The conjugation reaction can be performed either with the oligonucleotide still bound to the solid support or following cleavage of the oligonucleotide, in solution phase. Purification of the oligonucleotide conjugate by HPLC typically affords the pure conjugate. Compositions of TDP43 Variants In one aspect, the present invention provides a TDP43 protein, e.g,. a TDP43 protein variant, and compositions comprising the TDP43 protein variant. The TDP43 protein variant may have a reduced level of cytoplasmic aggregation and/or an enhanced level of nuclear localization when compared to a wild type TDP43 protein. In some embodiments, the TDP43 protein variant comprises a glycine at position 89, a glutamate at position 95, an arginine at position 95, an arginine at position 145, a glycine at position 174, an arginine at position 192, a valine at position 323, and/or a glycine at position 404. In some embodiments, the TDP43 protein comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61-67, 69, 70, 112-118 and 120. In some embodiments, the TDP43 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 61-67, 69, 70, 112-118 or 120, or a portion thereof. In another aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding a TDP43 protein, e.g., a TDP43 protein variant, of the invention. As used herein, the term "nucleic acid molecule" is intended to include DNA molecules (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA) and analogs of the DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs. The nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA. A nucleic acid molecule used in the methods of the present invention can be isolated using standard molecular biology techniques. Using all or portion of a nucleic acid sequence of interest as a hybridization probe, nucleic acid molecules can be isolated using standard hybridization and cloning techniques (e.g., as described in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. 127 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). A nucleic acid molecule of the invention can also be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using synthetic oligonucleotide primers designed based upon the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of interest. A nucleic acid molecule of the invention can be amplified using cDNA, mRNA or, alternatively, genomic DNA as a template and appropriate oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification techniques. Furthermore, oligonucleotides corresponding to nucleotide sequences of interest can be prepared by standard synthetic techniques, e.g., using an automated DNA synthesizer. The nucleic acids of the invention can also be prepared, e.g., by standard recombinant DNA techniques. A nucleic acid of the invention can also be chemically synthesized using standard techniques. Various methods of chemically synthesizing polydeoxynucleotides are known, including solid-phase synthesis which has been automated in commercially available DNA synthesizers (See e.g., Itakura et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,598,049; Caruthers et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,458,066; and Itakura U.S. Patent Nos. 4,401,796 and 4,373,071, incorporated by reference herein). In one aspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA or mRNA, encoding a TDP43 protein variant comprising a glycine at position 89, a glutamate at position 95, a glycine at position 95, an arginine at position 95, a glutamate at position 145, a glycine at position 145, an arginine at position 145, a glycine at position 174, an arginine at position 192, a glutamate at position 192, a glycine at position 192, a valine at position 323, and/or a glycine at position 404. In one aspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA or mRNA, encoding a TDP43 protein variant comprising a glycine at position 267, and/or a glycine at position 263. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules can be present in an inducible construct. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules can be present in a construct which leads to constitutive expression. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be delivered to cells, e.g., neuron cells, or to subjects, in a vector, e.g., a recombinant expression vector. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be delivered to cells, e.g., neuron cells, or to subjects, in the absence of a vector. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a 128 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 “plasmid,” which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non- episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors.” In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions. The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner which allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell). The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cells, those which are constitutively active, those which are inducible, and those which direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, and the like. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or portions thereof, 129 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 including fusion proteins or portions thereof, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a TDP43 protein is expressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector. When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector’s control functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding a TDP43 protein is contained within a viral vector and may be delivered to cells, e.g., neuron cells, or to subjects. Preferably a viral vector is one whose use for gene therapy is well known in the art. Examples of viral vector systems utilized in the gene therapy art and, thus, suitable for use in the present invention, include the following: retroviruses including lentiviruses; adenoviruses; adenoviral/retroviral chimeras; adeno-associated viruses; herpes simplex virus I or II; parvovirus; reticuloendotheliosis virus. Extrachromosomal replicating vectors may also be used in the gene therapy methods of the present invention. Other viruses that can be used as vectors for gene delivery include poliovirus, papillomavirus, vaccinia virus, lentivirus, as well as hybrid or chimeric vectors incorporating favorable aspects of two or more viruses. The vector will include one or more promoters or enhancers, the selection of which will be known to those skilled in the art. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus and simian virus 40. Suitable promoters include, but are not limited to, the retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR), the SV40 promoter, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and other viral and eukaryotic cellular promoters known to the skilled artisan. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells see chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. In another embodiment, the viral vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid). Tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art. In one embodiment, a tissue-specific promoter for use in the vectors and methods of the invention is a neuron cell-specific promoter. Generally, methods are known in the art for construction of gene therapy vectors, transfection and transformation of the cells of interest. For example, a virus can be placed in contact with the neuronal cell of interest or alternatively, can be injected into a subject suffering from a neurodegenerative disorder. 130 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration, stereotactic injection, or by in vivo electroporation. Local administration of nucleic acids and/or gene therapy vectors described herein can be by any suitable method in the art including, for example, injection, gene gun, by topical application of the nucleic acid in a gel, oil, or cream, by electroporation, using lipid-based transfection reagents, transscleral delivery, by implantation of scleral plugs or a drug delivery device, or by any other suitable transfection method. The nucleic acid molecules encoding a TDP43 protein can also be delivered using non-viral methods for gene transfer, preferably those whose use in gene therapy is known in the art. Examples of such non-viral vectors for gene delivery include, but are not limited to, prokaryotic vectors, cationic liposomes, DNA-protein complexes, non-viral T7 autogene vectors, fusogenic liposomes, direct injection of nucleic acid ("naked DNA"), particle or receptor-mediated gene transfer, hybrid vectors such as DNA-adenovirus conjugates or other molecular conjugates involving a non-viral and viral component, starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers, cationic peptides, and mammalian artificial chromosomes. In one aspect of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule or the vector containing the same will be in the form of a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the gene therapy vector, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention would be administered in the form of injectable compositions. The vector can be prepared as an injectable, either as liquid solutions or suspensions. The preparation may also be emulsified. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like and combinations thereof. In addition, if desired, the preparation may contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH-buffering agents, adjuvants or immunopotentiators. 131 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 In another aspect, the present invention provides an isolated cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a TDP43 protein variant, e.g., a TDP43 protein comprising a glycine at position 89, a glutamate at position 95, a glycine at position 95, an arginine at position 95, a glutamate at position 145, a glycine at position 145, an arginine at position 145, a glycine at position 174, a glutamate at position 145, a glycine at position 145, an arginine at position 192, a valine at position 323, and/or a glycine at position 404. IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the oligonucleotides of the disclosure. In one embodiment, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing an oligonucleotide, e.g., a guide oligonucleotide, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions containing the oligonucleotide are useful for treating a subject who would benefit from editing a target gene, e.g., a TDP43 polynucleotide. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration can be oral, parental, topical (e.g., by a transdermal patch), intrathecal, intranasal, intratracheal, epidermal and transdermal. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; subdermal, e.g., via an implanted device, administration. Parenteral administration may be by continuous infusion over a selected period of time. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration can include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like can be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like can also be useful. Suitable topical formulations include those in which the oligonucleotides featured in the disclosure are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Suitable lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g., dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g., dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g., dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA). Oligonucleotides featured in the 132 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 disclosure can be encapsulated within liposomes or can form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides can be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Suitable fatty acids and esters include but are not limited to arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C1-20 alkyl ester (e.g., isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Topical formulations are described in detail in US 6,747,014, which is incorporated herein by reference. Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intraparenchymal, intrathecal, intraventricular or intrahepatic administration can include sterile aqueous solutions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. In some embodiments, the compositions and formulations are administered via intrathecal injection, e.g., into spinal cord motor neurons. In some embodiments, the compositions and formulations are administered intrathecally during a lumbar puncture procedure. Useful solutions for oral or parenteral administration can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical art, described, for example; in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed. (Mack Publishing Company, 1990). The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Formulations also can include, for example, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, and hydrogenated naphthalenes. Other potentially useful parenteral carriers for these drugs include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations of the present disclosure suitable for oral administration may be in the form of: discrete units such as capsules, gelatin capsules, sachets, tablets, troches, or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the drug; a powder or granular composition; a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid; or an oil- in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion. The drug may also be administered in the form of a bolus, electuary or paste. A tablet may be made by compressing or molding the drug optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the drug in a free-flowing form such as a powder or 133 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 granules, optionally mixed by a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding; in a suitable machine; a mixture of the powdered drug and suitable carrier moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water; ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, and/or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the 134 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions; methods of preparation include vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. Formulations suitable for intra-articular administration may be in the form of a sterile aqueous preparation of the drug that may be in microcrystal line form, for example, in the form of an aqueous microcrystalline suspension. Liposomal formulations or biodegradable polymer systems may also be used to present the drug for both intra-articular and ophthalmic administration. Systemic administration also can be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants generally are known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents and bile salts. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds typically are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. The active compounds may be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used; such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811. Oral or parenteral compositions can be formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the disclosure are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals. Furthermore, administration can be by periodic injections of a bolus, or can be made more 135 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 continuous by intravenous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal administration from an external reservoir (e.g., an intravenous bag). Where the active compound is to be used as part of a transplant procedure, it can be provided to the living tissue or organ to be transplanted prior to removal of tissue or organ from the donor. The compound can be provided to the donor host. Alternatively, or in addition, once removed from the donor, the organ or living tissue can be placed in a preservation solution containing the active compound. In all cases, the active compound can be administered directly to the desired tissue, as by injection to the tissue, or it can be provided systemically, either by oral or parenteral administration, using any of the methods and formulations described herein and/or known in the art. Where the drug comprises part of a tissue or organ preservation solution, any commercially available preservation solution can be used to advantage. For example, useful solutions known in the art include Collins solution, Wisconsin solution, Belzer solution, Eurocollins solution and lactated Ringer's solution. The pharmaceutical formulations of the present disclosure, which can conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, can be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. The compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present disclosure can also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions can further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol or dextran. The suspension can also contain stabilizers. The compositions of the present disclosure can also be prepared and formulated in additional formulations, such as emulsions or microemulsions, or be incorporated into a particle, e.g., a microparticle, which can be produced by spray-drying, or other methods including lyophilization, evaporation, fluid bed drying, vacuum drying, or a combination of these techniques. Penetration enhancers, e.g., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants, may be added in order to effect the efficient 136 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 delivery of the compositions of the present disclosure, e.g., the delivery of the oligonucleotides, to the subject. Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotide agents at the cellular level can also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present disclosure, such as, cationic lipids, e.g., lipofectin, cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, e.g.,polylysine. The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may also include a pharmaceutical carrier or excipient. A pharmaceutical carrier or excipient is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient can be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.). Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids can include sterile and non- sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). Compounds that exhibit high therapeutic indices are 137 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of the compositions (e.g., a composition including an oligonucleotide) described herein, can vary depending on many factors, such as the pharmacodynamic properties of the compound; the mode of administration; the age, health, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the frequency of the treatment, and the type of concurrent treatment, if any; and the clearance rate of the compound in the animal to be treated. One of skill in the art can determine whether to administer the composition and tailor the appropriate dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with the composition based on the above factors. The compositions described herein may be administered initially in a suitable dosage that may be adjusted as required, depending on the clinical response. In some embodiments, the dosage of a composition (e.g., a composition including an oligonucleotide) is a prophylactically or a therapeutically effective amount. In some embodiments, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments. In addition, it is to be understood that the initial dosage administered may be increased beyond the above upper level in order to rapidly achieve the desired blood-level or tissue level, or the initial dosage may be smaller than the optimum and the daily dosage may be progressively increased during the course of treatment depending on the particular situation. If desired, the daily dose may also be divided into multiple doses for administration, for example, two to four times per day. The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure may be administered in dosages sufficient to edit a target gene, e.g., a TDP43 polynucleotide, and/or treat a TDP43-associated disease. In therapeutic use for treating, preventing, or combating, the TDP43-associated disease in subjects, the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions thereof will be administered orally or parenterally at a dosage to obtain and maintain a concentration, that is, an amount, or blood-level or tissue level of active component in the animal undergoing treatment which will be effective. The term “effective amount” is understood to mean that the compound of the disclosure is present in or on the recipient in an amount sufficient to elicit biological activity. Generally, an effective amount of dosage of active component will be in the range of from about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 10 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 100 μg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of body weight per day, e.g., about 2 mg/kg, or about 3 mg/kg. 138 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 V. Kits In certain aspects, the instant disclosure provides kits that include a pharmaceutical formulation including a guide oligonucleotide capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration of the TDP43 polynucleotide, and a package insert with instructions to perform any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the kits include instructions for using the kit to edit a TDP43 polynucleotide. In other embodiments, the kits include instructions for using the kit to edit a TDP43 polynucleotide and to treat a TDP43-associated disease. The instructions will generally include information about the use of the kit for editing nucleic acid molecules. In other embodiments, the instructions include at least one of the following: precautions; warnings; clinical studies; and/or references. The instructions may be printed directly on the container (when present), or as a label applied to the container, or as a separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with the container. In a further embodiment, a kit can comprise instructions in the form of a label or separate insert (package insert) for suitable operational parameters. In some embodiments, the kit includes a pharmaceutical formulation including an oligonucleotide agent capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on a TDP43 polynucleotide, an additional therapeutic agent, and a package insert with instructions to perform any of the methods described herein. The kit may be packaged in a number of different configurations such as one or more containers in a single box. The different components can be combined, e.g., according to instructions provided with the kit. The components can be combined according to a method described herein, e.g., to prepare and administer a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the kit can comprise one or more containers with appropriate positive and negative controls or control samples, to be used as standard(s) for detection, calibration, or normalization. The kit can further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically- acceptable buffer, such as (sterile) phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution, or dextrose solution; and other suitable additives such as penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, as described herein. It can further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, and package inserts with instructions for use. The kit can also 139 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 include a drug delivery system such as liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, and microspheres, as described herein. The kit can further include a delivery device, e.g., for delivery to the brain, such as needles, syringes, pumps, and package inserts with instructions for use. This invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The entire contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application, as well as the Figures and the Sequence Listing, are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Examples Example 1. Repairing an amino acid substitution mutation A382T in the TDP43 transcript by targeted A to I editing for the treatment of a TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease Guide oligonucleotides were chemically synthesized on an automated RNA/DNA synthesizer using standard β-cyanoethylphosphoramidite chemistry and a universal solid support such as controlled pore glass (CPG). 5′-O-DMT-3′-phosphoramidite RNA, 2’-O- methyl-RNA, 2’-Fluoro-arabinose-RNA (FANA) and DNA monomers, i.e., A, C, G, U, and T, were purchased from commercial sources. All oligonucleotides were synthesized by BioSpring GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany) at a 200 nmol scale. After the synthesis, oligonucleotides were cleaved from the solid support, deprotected, and purified by an HPLC system using standard protocols. Oligonucleotides were desalted, dialyzed, and lyophilized. The purity of each lyophilized oligo was ≥90% as determined by analytical reversed-phase HPLC. The sequence integrity of the oligonucleotides was determined by ESI-MS. Human ADAR2 (NM_015833.4; SEQ ID NO: 55), human ADAR1p110 (NM_001025107.3; SEQ ID NO: 56), human ADAR1p150 (NM_001111.5; SEQ ID NO: 68) and human TDP43 A382T (SEQ ID NO: 58) sequences (ORF only) were cloned into pcDNA3.1 plasmid under the control of the CMV promoter using BamHI and XbaI restriction sites (Quintara Bio, Berkeley, CA) and the correct insert was sequence verified. For editing experiments, ADAR2/pcDNA3.1 plasmid, or ADAR1p110/pcDNA3.1 plasmid, or ADAR1p150/pcDNA3.1 plasmid, and TDP43 A382T/pcDNA3.1 plasmid were transfected into HEK293T cells (ATCC) using Lipofectamine 3000 and OPTIMEM (Life Technologies) at a ratio of 1:35. After 4 hours, the culture media was replenished with fresh warmed media (DMEM High Glucose; Life Technologies). 12-16 hours after transfection, the transfected HEK293T cells were transfected with guide oligonucleotides. For guide 140 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 oligonucleotides from Batch 277, the final concentration in each well was 100 nM. For guide oligonucleotides from Batch 517, the final concentration in each well was 10 nM. All transfections were carried out with Lipofectamine 3000 in a 384-well format according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 12-16 hours after the second transfection, the cells were washed once with ice cold PBS and total mRNA isolation was performed using Dyna Beads mRNA Direct Kit (Life Technologies) adapted for KingFisher Flex Purification (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The samples were treated with TURBO DNase (Life Technologies) prior to elution. The resultant isolated mRNA was used for cDNA synthesis using SuperScript IV Vilo according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Life Technologies). cDNA was used as template for PCR (Platinum II Hot-Start PCR Master Mix; Life Technologies) to generate an amplicon for Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing was performed by Quintara Biosciences (Berkeley, CA). Adenosine to inosine editing yields were quantified by measuring the peak height of adenosine and guanosine and dividing the guanosine peak height by the total peak height measurements of adenosine and guanosine combined. Exemplary guide oligonucleotides targeting human TDP43 (A382T) from two batches (Batch 277 and Batch 517) are described in Table 4. The corresponding on-target percent editing of the guide oligonucleotides is shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B and Tables 5 and 6. As shown in Tables 5 and 6, guide oligonucleotides from Batch 277 had better editing results when compared to guide oligonucleotides from Batch 517. Editing mediated by ADAR2 was observed to be comparable to editing mediated by ADAR1p110 and ADAR1p150. These data demonstrated that TDP43 is a target for ADAR-mediated site-specific editing, and additional guide oligonucleotides targeting other sites of TDP43 can be designed, e.g., a site that affects aggregation of the protein. The following abbreviations are used to indicate modifications in the oligonucleotide sequences. Modification Abbreviation RNA rN DNA dN 2'-O-Methyl(2'-OMe) mN 2’O-methoxyethyl (2’-MOE) MN 2'-F-RNA FN 2’-F-Arabinose (FANA) fN 141 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 LNA LN Phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage * Table 4. Guide Oligonucleotides Targeting Human TDP43 (A382T)
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Table 5. Cell Based Editing with Guide Oligonucleotides Targeting Human TDP43 (A382T)
Table 6. Cell Based Editing with Guide Oligonucleotides Targeting Human TDP43 (A382T)
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Example 2. Identification of functional TDP43 variants TDP43 was known to be a major constituent of pathogenic aggregates in various neurogenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) neuropathology. Aggregated cytoplasmic TDP43 is the pathological signature in almost all cases of ALS and approximately 50% of the FTD patients. Other neurodegenerative diseases also manifest with TDP43 neuropathology, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsons disease and Huntington’s disease. In this example, novel TDP43 variants with single amino acid changes in phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and cleavage sites (e.g., D89G, K95E, K95R, K145E, K145R, D174G, K192E, K192R, M323V, and S404G) were designed and generated in order to identify functional TDP43 variants that can prevent cytoplasmic aggregation and promote nuclear localization of TDP43 protein (FIG. 2). Briefly, lentiviral vectors were used to introduce the TDP43 variants into stable neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-AS, which had a low endogenous TDP43 expression level (FIG. 3). A Stathmin 2 (STMN2) splicing assay was performed to evaluate the function of the TDP43 protein variants. As shown in FIG. 4, lysine to glutamic acid mutations in the RNA binding domains (i.e., K145E and K192E) were detrimental to STMN2 splicing, while other TDP43 protein variants were shown to remain functional. A TDP43 autoregulation assay was also performed to evaluate the function of the TDP43 protein variants. As shown in FIG. 5, lysine to glutamic acid mutations in the RNA binding domains (i.e., K145E and K192E) were detrimental to the ability of TDP43 to downregulate its endogenous expression levels, while other TDP43 protein variants were shown to remain functional. A sorbitol aggregation assay was subsequently performed with the stable cell lines expressing the TDP43 protein variants. Sorbitol is a toxic drug that induces stress formation in cells that causes TDP43 to aggregate. Using this surrogate stress model, TDP43 variants that are less prone to aggregation when stress is induced with sorbitol could be identified. Briefly, 0.12 × 106 SK-N-AS cells expressing TDP43 variants were seeded per well in 12- well plates and treated the following day with 1 M Sorbitol or the equivalent volume of PBS 147 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 for 1 hour. Cells were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer (Thermo Fisher SC) containing HALT protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Thermo Fisher SC), benzonase (Sigma-Aldrich) and MgCl2 for 30’ at 4°C. Lysates were spun at 4°C for 30 min at 16,000 g and the supernatants containing the RIPA-soluble material were transferred into new tubes. The RIPA-insoluble pellets were washed with RIPA buffer, recentrifuged and dissolved in urea ReadyPrep™ Sequential Extraction Kit Reagent 2 (BioRad) containing HALT protease and phosphatase inhibitors, benzonase and MgCl2. Total protein was determined with the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher SC). TDP43 in the RIPA-soluble and insoluble fractions was detected using recombinant anti-TDP43 antibody [EPR18554] (Abcam, ab190963) in a JESS automated Western blot (Bio-techne). SK-N-AS cells expressing the indicated TDP43 variants were treated with 1 M sorbitol (Sorb) or the equivalent volume of PBS for 1 hour. The levels of TDP43 protein in the soluble and insoluble (aggregates) fractions were determined to identify TDP43 variants that can prevent aggregation. TDP43 solubility (FIG. 6A) and insolubility (FIG. 6C) in RIPA buffer was assessed via JESS automated Western blot. The solubility of each variant was then quantified as the ratio of soluble TDP43 in the sorbitol-treated sample compared to the soluble TDP43 in the PBS-treated control (FIG. 6B). While sorbitol decreased the levels of TDP43 variants in the soluble fraction compared to PBS, TDP43 S404G showed a significant increase in solubility compared to WT TDP43 upon sorbitol treatment (FIG 6A, FIG. 6B). In addition, TDP43 D89G, K95E and K145R also showed a trend for increased solubility compared to WT TDP43 upon sorbitol treatment (FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B). In parallel, while sorbitol treatment increased TDP43 protein levels in the insoluble fraction compared to PBS, several TDP43 variants showed less protein levels (and hence less aggregation) in the insoluble fraction compared to WT TDP43 (FIG. 6C). Because insoluble TDP43 was not detected in PBS-treated samples, TDP43 aggregation (insoluble fraction) was calculated by first normalizing insoluble TDP43 in the sorbitol- treated samples with the soluble TDP43 in the PBS-treated samples (representing total TDP43 expression) and then, for each variant, that ratio was compared to that of WT TDP43 (FIG. 6D). Variants D89G, K95E and K145R significantly decreased TDP43 aggregation compared to WT TDP43 after sorbitol treatment (FIG. 6D). S404G variant also decreased TDP43 aggregation, however this change was not statistically significant (D). * p<0.05 Unpaired Student’s t-test vs WT. 148 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 To determine if functional variants of TDP43 can localize to the nucleus, SK-N-AS cells expressing the indicated TDP43 variants (D89G, K145R, D174G, K192R, M323V, K95R, S404G, W334G, K95E, and S409/410G) were plated on black-walled, transparent bottom, plastic 96-well plates and treated with 1 M sorbitol (Sorb) or the equivalent volume of PBS for 1 hour. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualize localization of TDP43 proteins in the cells. Cells were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS pH 7.4 for 10 min at room temperature and then washed 2-3X with ice cold PBS. The cells were permeabilized by incubating the cells for 10 min with PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100, and washing the cells in PBS three times for 5 minutes on ice. Blocking and immunostaining was performed by incubating cells with 5% BSA in PBST (PBS+ 0.1% Tween 20) for 30 min to block unspecific binding of the antibodies, and then incubated in diluted antibody in 1% BSA/PBST rocking overnight at 4°C. The solution was aspirated and the cells were washed three times in PBS for 5 minutes each wash. Cells were then incubated with the secondary antibody in 1% BSA for 1 h at room temperature in the dark. The secondary antibody was removed and the cells were washed three times in PBS for 5 minutes each in the dark. Cells were counter-stained with 0.5 ug/mL DAPI in PBS for 1 min. Lastly the cells were washed and imaged (FIG. 7). To confirm the sorbitol aggregation assays, cells expressing functional TDP43 variants or wildtype TDP43 were transfected with a construct which overexpressed a GFAP R239H mutant that induces aggregation in the absence of sorbitol. FIG. 8 depicts the insoluble fraction compared to wild type. Functional variants D89G and D174G had significantly more aggregation than any of the other variants. K95R, K192R, M323V, W334G, and S404G showed similar amounts of protein in the insoluble fraction compared to wild type, while K95E and K145R had less protein in the insoluble fraction. Based on the results of the splicing, autoregulation and aggregation assays, functional TDP43 protein variants that can prevent cytoplasmic aggregation are selected for the design of guide oligonucleotides capable of effecting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration on the TDP43 mRNA. 149 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 Example 3. Generating an amino acid substitution mutation in the TDP43 transcript by targeted A to I editing for the prevention of cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP43 protein and the treatment of a TDP43-associated neurodegenerative disease Guide oligonucleotides capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration of the TDP43 polynucleotide are chemically synthesized on an automated RNA/DNA synthesizer using standard β-cyanoethylphosphoramidite chemistry and a universal solid support such as controlled pore glass (CPG) as described above. Specifically, guide oligonucleotides capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration of the TDP43 polynucleotide that result in a D89G, K95E, K95R, K145R, D174G, K192R, M323V, or S404G mutation in the TDP43 protein are synthesized. Human ADAR2, human ADAR1p110, human ADAR1p150 and human wild type TDP43 (NM_007375.4; SEQ ID NO: 57) sequences (ORF only) are cloned into pcDNA3.1 plasmid. For editing experiments, ADAR2/pcDNA3.1, ADAR1p150/pcDNA3.1 or ADAR1p110/pcDNA3.1 plasmid and TDP43/pcDNA3.1 plasmid are transfected into HEK293T cells (ATCC) using Lipofectamine 3000 and P3000 (Life Technologies) in 10 cm dish. After 4 hours, the culture media are replenished with fresh warmed media (DMEM High Glucose; Life Technologies). 12-16 hours after transfection, the transfected HEK293T cells are transfected with guide oligonucleotides such that the final concentration in each well is 100 nM. All transfections are carried out with Lipofectamine 3000 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 12-16 hours after the second transfection, the cells are washed once with ice cold PBS and total mRNA isolation is performed using Dyna Beads mRNA Direct Kit (Life Technologies) adapted for KingFisher Flex Purification (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The samples are treated with TURBO DNase (Life Technologies) prior to elution. The resultant isolated mRNA is used for cDNA synthesis using SuperScript IV Vilo according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Life Technologies). The cDNA is used as template for PCR (Platinum II Hot-Start PCR Master Mix; Life Technologies) to generate an amplicon for Sanger sequencing. Adenosine to inosine editing yields are quantified by measuring the peak height of adenosine and guanosine and dividing the guanosine peak height by the total peak height measurements of adenosine and guanosine combined. A sorbitol aggregation assay is subsequently performed with SK-N-AS cells. Cells are pre-treated with guide oligonucleotides that effect an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine 150 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 alteration of the TDP43 polynucleotide to create TDP43 variants, e.g., TDP43, D89G, K95E, K95R, K145R, D174G, K192R, M323V, or S404G variants. SK-N-AS cells expressing the indicated TDP43 variants are then treated with sorbitol or the equivalent volume of PBS, to induce aggregation, as described above. The levels of TDP43 protein in the soluble and insoluble (aggregates) fractions are determined. Cells pretreated with guide oligonucleotides have a reduced level of aggregation as compared to the control. Example 4: Restoring Wild-Type Activity of a Pathogenic TDP43 Protein with a Restored Amino Acid Guide oligonucleotides capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration of the TDP43 polynucleotide are chemically synthesized on an automated RNA/DNA synthesizer using standard β-cyanoethylphosphoramidite chemistry and a universal solid support such as controlled pore glass (CPG) as described above. Specifically, guide oligonucleotides capable of effecting an ADAR-mediated adenosine to inosine alteration of the TDP43 polynucleotide that result in substitution of a pathogenic amino acid by a restored amino acid at the specific position of the TDP43 protein are synthesized. Human ADAR2, human ADAR1p110, human ADAR1p150 and a pathogenic TDP43 mutant (ORF only) are cloned into pcDNA3.1 plasmid. For editing experiments, ADAR2/pcDNA3.1, ADAR1p150/pcDNA3.1 or ADAR1p110/pcDNA3.1 plasmid and TDP43/pcDNA3.1 plasmid are transfected into HEK293T cells (ATCC) using Lipofectamine 3000 and P3000 (Life Technologies) in 10 cm dish. After 4 hours, the culture media are replenished with fresh warmed media (DMEM High Glucose; Life Technologies). 12-16 hours after transfection, the transfected HEK293T cells are transfected with guide oligonucleotides such that the final concentration in each well is 100 nM. All transfections are carried out with Lipofectamine 3000 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 12-16 hours after the second transfection, the cells are washed once with ice cold PBS and total mRNA isolation is performed using Dyna Beads mRNA Direct Kit (Life Technologies) adapted for KingFisher Flex Purification (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The samples are treated with TURBO DNase (Life Technologies) prior to elution. The resultant isolated mRNA is used for cDNA synthesis using SuperScript IV Vilo according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Life Technologies). The cDNA is used as template for PCR (Platinum II Hot-Start PCR Master Mix; Life Technologies) to generate an amplicon for Sanger sequencing. Adenosine to 151 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 inosine editing yields are quantified by measuring the peak height of adenosine and guanosine and dividing the guanosine peak height by the total peak height measurements of adenosine and guanosine combined. Other embodiments All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Where a term in the present application is found to be defined differently in a document incorporated herein by reference, the definition provided herein is to serve as the definition for the term. While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that invention is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure that come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and follows in the scope of the claims. EQUIVALENTS Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments and methods described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the following claims. 152 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 INFORMAL SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO: 1 GGUGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAU SEQ ID NO: 2 AUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCACC SEQ ID NO: 3 GGUGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCACC SEQ ID NO: 4 GGUGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAU SEQ ID NO: 5 AUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCACC SEQ ID NO: 6 GGUGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCACC SEQ ID NO: 7 GGUGUCGAGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAU SEQ ID NO: 8 AUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCUCGACACC SEQ ID NO: 9 GGUGUCGAGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCUCGACACC SEQ ID NO: 10 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAU SEQ ID NO: 11 AUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 12 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 13 GUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAU SEQ ID NO: 14 AUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCAC SEQ ID NO: 15 GUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCAC SEQ ID NO: 16 GGUGUCGAGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAU 153 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 SEQ ID NO: 17 AUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCUCGACACC SEQ ID NO: 18 GGUGUCGAGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCUCGACACC SEQ ID NO: 19 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAU SEQ ID NO: 20 AUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 21 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 22 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCA SEQ ID NO: 23 UGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 24 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 25 GUGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCA SEQ ID NO: 26 UGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUAC SEQ ID NO: 27 GUGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUAC SEQ ID NO: 28 UGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCA SEQ ID NO: 29 UGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUA SEQ ID NO: 30 UGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUA SEQ ID NO: 31 GGUGGAAUAGUAUACCA SEQ ID NO: 32 UGGUAUAGUAUCCCACC 154 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 SEQ ID NO: 33 GGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACC SEQ ID NO: 34 GUGGAAUAGUAUACCA SEQ ID NO: 35 UGGUAUAGUAUCCCAC SEQ ID NO: 36 GUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCAC SEQ ID NO: 37 GGUGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCACC SEQ ID NO: 38 GGUGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCACC SEQ ID NO: 39 GGUGUCGAGAAGAGGAGAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUCUCGUCUCCUCGACACC SEQ ID NO: 40 *s*s*G**GAGAAGAGGAGAA*AA*A*G**AAA*G**G*****G*******GA*A** SEQ ID NO: 41 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 42 GUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCAC SEQ ID NO: 43 GGUGUCGAGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCUCGACACC SEQ ID NO: 44 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUAACAAUAUGCUAAAUGUUGUUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 45 GGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCU SEQ ID NO: 46 GUGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUAC SEQ ID NO: 47 UGGGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACCUA SEQ ID NO: 48 GGUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCACC SEQ ID NO: 49 GUGGAAUAGUAUACCAUUCGUGGUAUAGUAUCCCAC 155 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 SEQ ID NO: 50 ACATGAGGATCACCCATGT SEQ ID NO: 51 AAVALLPAVLLALLAP SEQ ID NO: 52 AALLPVLLAAP SEQ ID NO: 53 GRKKRRQRRRPPQ SEQ ID NO: 54 RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK SEQ ID NO: 55 >NM_015833.4 Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase RNA specific B1 (ADARB1), transcript variant 2, mRNA GAGGCGCTGAGGCGGCCGTGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCGGCGGCCAAGCGGCCAGGTTGG CGGCCGGGGCTCCGGGCCGCGCGAGGCCACGGCCACGCCGCGCCGCTGCGCACAACCAACGAGGCAGA GCGCCGCCCGGCGCGAGACTGCGGCCGAAGCGTGGGGCGCGCGTGCGGAGGACCAGGCGCGGCGCGGC TGCGGCTGAGAGTGGAGCCTTTCAGGCTGGCATGGAGAGCTTAAGGGGCAACTGAAGGAGACACACTG GCCAAGCGCGGAGTTCTGCTTACTTCAGTCCTGCTGAGATACTCTCTCAGTCCGCTCGCACCGAAGGA AGCTGCCTTGGGATCAGAGCAGACATAAAGCTAGAAAAATTTCAAGACAGAAACAGTCTCCGCCAGTC AAGAAACCCTCAAAAGTATTTTGCCATGGATATAGAAGATGAAGAAAACATGAGTTCCAGCAGCACTG ATGTGAAGGAAAACCGCAATCTGGACAACGTGTCCCCCAAGGATGGCAGCACACCTGGGCCTGGCGAG GGCTCTCAGCTCTCCAATGGGGGTGGTGGTGGCCCCGGCAGAAAGCGGCCCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGCAA TGGCCACTCCAAGTACCGCCTGAAGAAAAGGAGGAAAACACCAGGGCCCGTCCTCCCCAAGAACGCCC TGATGCAGCTGAATGAGATCAAGCCTGGTTTGCAGTACACACTCCTGTCCCAGACTGGGCCCGTGCAC GCGCCTTTGTTTGTCATGTCTGTGGAGGTGAATGGCCAGGTTTTTGAGGGCTCTGGTCCCACAAAGAA AAAGGCAAAACTCCATGCTGCTGAGAAGGCCTTGAGGTCTTTCGTTCAGTTTCCTAATGCCTCTGAGG CCCACCTGGCCATGGGGAGGACCCTGTCTGTCAACACGGACTTCACATCTGACCAGGCCGACTTCCCT GACACGCTCTTCAATGGTTTTGAAACTCCTGACAAGGCGGAGCCTCCCTTTTACGTGGGCTCCAATGG GGATGACTCCTTCAGTTCCAGCGGGGACCTCAGCTTGTCTGCTTCCCCGGTGCCTGCCAGCCTAGCCC AGCCTCCTCTCCCTGTCTTACCACCATTCCCACCCCCGAGTGGGAAGAATCCCGTGATGATCTTGAAC GAACTGCGCCCAGGACTCAAGTATGACTTCCTCTCCGAGAGCGGGGAGAGCCATGCCAAGAGCTTCGT CATGTCTGTGGTCGTGGATGGTCAGTTCTTTGAAGGCTCGGGGAGAAACAAGAAGCTTGCCAAGGCCC GGGCTGCGCAGTCTGCCCTGGCCGCCATTTTTAACTTGCACTTGGATCAGACGCCATCTCGCCAGCCT ATTCCCAGTGAGGGTCTTCAGCTGCATTTACCGCAGGTTTTAGCTGACGCTGTCTCACGCCTGGTCCT GGGTAAGTTTGGTGACCTGACCGACAACTTCTCCTCCCCTCACGCTCGCAGAAAAGTGCTGGCTGGAG TCGTCATGACAACAGGCACAGATGTTAAAGATGCCAAGGTGATAAGTGTTTCTACAGGAACAAAATGT ATTAATGGTGAATACATGAGTGATCGTGGCCTTGCATTAAATGACTGCCATGCAGAAATAATATCTCG GAGATCCTTGCTCAGATTTCTTTATACACAACTTGAGCTTTACTTAAATAACAAAGATGATCAAAAAA GATCCATCTTTCAGAAATCAGAGCGAGGGGGGTTTAGGCTGAAGGAGAATGTCCAGTTTCATCTGTAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCCTGTGGAGATGCCAGAATCTTCTCACCACATGAGCCAATCCTGGAAGGGTCTCG CTCTTACACCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAGTGGTGCAATCATGGCTCACTGCAGCCTCGACCTCCTGGGCTCT TAAGCGATCCTTCCACCTCAACCTTCCAAGGAGCTGGGACTACAGAACCAGCAGATAGACACCCAAAT CGTAAAGCAAGAGGACAGCTACGGACCAAAATAGAGTCTGGTGAGGGGACGATTCCAGTGCGCTCCAA TGCGAGCATCCAAACGTGGGACGGGGTGCTGCAAGGGGAGCGGCTGCTCACCATGTCCTGCAGTGACA AGATTGCACGCTGGAACGTGGTGGGCATCCAGGGATCCCTGCTCAGCATTTTCGTGGAGCCCATTTAC TTCTCGAGCATCATCCTGGGCAGCCTTTACCACGGGGACCACCTTTCCAGGGCCATGTACCAGCGGAT CTCCAACATAGAGGACCTGCCACCTCTCTACACCCTCAACAAGCCTTTGCTCAGTGGCATCAGCAATG 156 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 CAGAAGCACGGCAGCCAGGGAAGGCCCCCAACTTCAGTGTCAACTGGACGGTAGGCGACTCCGCTATT GAGGTCATCAACGCCACGACTGGGAAGGATGAGCTGGGCCGCGCGTCCCGCCTGTGTAAGCACGCGTT GTACTGTCGCTGGATGCGTGTGCACGGCAAGGTTCCCTCCCACTTACTACGCTCCAAGATTACCAAGC CCAACGTGTACCATGAGTCCAAGCTGGCGGCAAAGGAGTACCAGGCCGCCAAGGCGCGTCTGTTCACA GCCTTCATCAAGGCGGGGCTGGGGGCCTGGGTGGAGAAGCCCACCGAGCAGGACCAGTTCTCACTCAC GCCCTGACCCGGGCAGACATGATGGGGGGTGCAGGGGGCTGTGGGCATCCAGCGTCATCCTCCAGAAC CTCACATCTGAACTGGGGGCAGGTGCATACCTTGGGGAGGGAGTAGGGGGACACGGGGGACCACCAGG TGTCCACGGTTGTCCCCAGCATCTCACATCAGACCTGGGGCAGGTGCGCAGTGTGGGGAGGGGATGGG GTGCGTCAGGGCCCAGCATCGCCGCCTGGCATCTCTCTGCCGCAGCATTTCCCCTTCTGAACCGTCCA GTGACTGCTTTCAATCTCGGTTTACGTTTAGAAATTGAGTTCTACTGAGTAGGGCTTCCTTAAGTTTA GGAAAATAGAAATTACTTTGTGTGAAATTCTTGAATAAATAATTTATTCAGAGCTAGGAATGTGGTTT ATAAAATAGGAAGTAATTGTGTCAGGTCACTTTTATGCCACATTATTTTAATTGCAAAAAAGCATCTA TATATGGAGGAGGGTGGGAAAATAGAGGTAGGAAATAGTAGCCTAAAGGAAATCGCCACACGTCTGTC TAAACTTAGGTCTCTTTTCTCCGTAGGTACCTCCCTGGGTAGTTCCACACACTAGGTTGTAACAGTCT CTCCCTGAGGAGCAGACTCCCAGCATGGTGTAGCGTGGCCCTGTCATGCACATGGGGTCCCGCAGCAG TGACTGTGTGTCCTGCAGAGGCGTGACCCAGGCCCCTGTAGCCCTCAGCCTCCTCTAGAAGCTTCTGT ACTCCTTGTAGGATCAGATCATGGAAAACTTTTCTCAGTTTACTTCTAAGTAATCACAGATAATACAT GGCCAGTAATCCCAGGCTGGCCATTCATTCAGGTTTTTTAAAGGATATTTAACTTTTATGGACTAGAA GGAATCACGAGGGCTACTGCACAATACATGGCCTAAGTTCCCTCTGTTCCTTCCTCTGAATCGAATGG ATGTGGGTGACCGCCCGAAGGCCTTCACAGGATGGAAGTAGAATGATTTCAGTAGATACTCATTCTTG GAAAATGCCATAGTTTTAAATTATTGTTTCCAGCTTTATCAAAGACATGTTTGAAAAATAAAAAGCAT CCAAGTGAGAGCTGGTGAGACCACGTGCTGCTGGCGTAGTGTAGGCCAGACATTGACAGTCCTGACGG GAGCTCAGGGCTGCCCAGCGCCCAGCGTGCACGGGACGGCCCCACGACAGAGGGAGTCAGCCCGGGAG GTCAGGAGCGCGGCGGGCGAGGGCCCTGTGTGGACCACCTCCACCAAGCTCAGAGATTTGCACCAGGT GCCTTGTTGCCTCCGCTCAGGATGAAAGAGGAGCTGAGAGAAGTGCTCTGCCTGCCAGTGCAGTGCCC AGCTCCAAGGCTCTAGAGGGTGTTCAGGTGGGTCTCCTGGGGCCATGGGGAGAGATTGGTGCAGACCT TACCCCACAGCATACACCTGCCACAGCGAAATCCAGGGTGTTGGCACCTGTGTGTCCGTGATGAGCCT AGGAAACCAGAGCAGGGGCAGAGGGGCGTCATCCTCCCACCGGACGCTGGGAGCTCAGACCCCAAAAC TGAAACACCGTGGCTTCGGCGGGGGGTGTGCCTCCTGATGTCAGGAGCCCCATCCACGTGTGTCCACA CAGATCTCGTCGCAGCACGGCAGGAAGGGGTGCTGCTTAGGGCTCATTGTTGGGGACATGACCGGGTT CAGCGGCTAGAACATCTGCCCCACAGCAGCCTCCTCCTCCACCGAAGAGGGTAGTTGTCTCCCTGAAG CAGTCACAGCAGGCGTCTCTGCCGCTCCGTCACCACAGTGGGGTTTTGTTCAGGCAGATCGCGCTGGG GTTCTGCACCTGCAGAAGGAGAGGGGTCTGTTGTCGCTGGCTTTCCCCCAAGCAGGCTCTTGCACACT CTAGAAAAAACACCTTGTAAGTCTGTGCATTTTTATTGTCTTGATAAATTGTATTTTTTTCTAATGGG GATTGGGAGATGGACTTCGTTTTTAAAAATATGTGGATTTTGGTTACCAAGTTTAGTGTTAATATATT CCATATACATACAAAACTACCCGGTATGTCTGGCTTTTCCCTTCTGTCAGGTAATAGCTAAAGTCAGC ATGATTGCTCCCTGTACCACCCCAAATAAGTGAGTGCCTCACCTTGTGGGGCCTGAGCAGCTACCTTG AGACCATGTGAGGTGGCACCTTTCCGGGGTGGACTCGTGCGGCCTTGAGGACAGGCACAGGGCACCCT ATCCCAAGCCGTCCAGGCAGGAGGAAGGCAGCCAAGGCAACTGGGTTCTGGGAGCCCTGGGTGGGGCA GCTGTGGGGAGGAACTGGGTTCGGGGAGCCCTGGGCGGGGCGGCTGTTGGGGGGAACTGGGTTCGGGG TGCCCTGGGCAGGGGGCTACTGGGGGGCGGCTGTGAGGAGGAGTTGGGTTCAGGGAGCCCTGGGCGGG GTGGCTGTCAGGGGGAACTGGGTTCCGGGAGCCCTGGGCCGGGGCAGGGGGCGGCTGTAGGAAGGAAC TGGTTTCGGGGAGCCCTGGGCGGGGCGGCTGTGGGGAGGAAGGTGACGTGCAGGGGACCAGAGGCTCT GCACTGCTCCTAGGACAGCTCATCTGTAATCAGAAAAAAAATAAACAAAATACAGAACGCTGACTCCT CCGTGAGACAGATCGGGGACCTTAGCACTTTAATCCCTCCCTTCTGAGCGCTCGGTGTGCACTTTTAG ACTATAGCTGTTTCATTGACGTGTCACTCTCCATCCAGTGTCCTTGATGTGGCTTTTAGAGACTTAGC AGAAAATTCGACACAAGCAGGAACTTGATTTTTTAAGAAAAAATATTACATTTTGAGGACATTTTGAC AAGTAGGGGAAGAGAGGGCTTCTGTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTAACTAAACCTGAAGTATTA ATTCCACAAAGACACTGTCCCTCAGGACCACTCAGGTACAGCTCTGCCAGGGACAGAGTCCTGCTAGT GGGAGGTCTCAGGTGGGGCGGTGTGTTCTGTGCCATGAGGCAGCGACAGGTCCAGATGGATGTCGTCA CCACCTTCCTCAGCTCTCATCACCTGGTCGTACGCCAGGCCCACCTCTTCCCAGCAAGGGACGCCAAA GAACTGCAGTTTTTATTCTGAGTCTTAATTTAACTTTTCATCATCTTTTCCTATTTTGGAGAATTTTT TGTAATTAAAAGCAATTATTTTAAAATGTGCAAGCCAGTATCTCACAAGGCATGGATTTCTGTGGAAT TTATTTTTATTCAAATAACCATATTTATCTCCAGGCTGTGGAATCGCCACTTTCTTTGTGAAGACAGT GTCTCTCCTTGTAATCTCACACAGGTACACTGAGGAGGGGACGGCTCCGTCTTCACATTGTGCACAGA 157 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 TCTGAGGATGGGATTAGCGAAGCTGTGGAGACTGCACATCCGGACCTGCCCATGTCTCAAAACAAACA CATGTACAGTGGCTCTTTTTCCTTCTCAAACACTTTACCCCAGAAGCAGGTGGTCTGCCCCAGGCATA AAGAAGGAAAATTGGCCATCTTTCCCACCTCTAAATTCTGTAAAATTATAGACTTGCTCAAAAGATTC CTTTTTATCATCCCCACGCTGTGTAAGTGGAAAGGGCATTGTGTTCCGTGTGTGTCCAGTTTACAGCG TCTCTGCCCCCTAGCGTGTTTTGTGACAATCTCCCTGGGTGAGGAGTGGGTGCACCCAGCCCCGAGGC CAGTGGTTGCTCGGGGCCTTCCGTGTGAGTTCTAGTGTTCACTTGATGCCGGGGAATAGAATTAGAGA AAACTCTGACCTGCCGGGTTCCAGGGACTGGTGGAGGTGGATGGCAGGTCCGACTCGACCATGACTTA GTTGTAAGGGTGTGTCGGCTTTTTCAGTCTCATGTGAAAATCCTCCTGTCTCTGGCAGCACTGTCTGC ACTTTCTTGTTTACTGTTTGAAGGGACGAGTACCAAGCCACAAGAACACTTCTTTTGGCCACAGCATA AGCTGATGGTATGTAAGGAACCGATGGGCCATTAAACATGAACTGAACGGTTAAAAGCACAGTCTATG GAACGCTAATGGAGTCAGCCCCTAAAGCTGTTTGCTTTTTCAGGCTTTGGATTACATGCTTTTAATTT GATTTTAGAATCTGGACACTTTCTATGAATGTAATTCGGCTGAGAAACATGTTGCTGAGATGCAATCC TCAGTGTTCTCTGTATGTAAATCTGTGTATACACCACACGTTACAACTGCATGAGCTTCCTCTCGCAC AAGACCAGCTGGAACTGAGCATGAGACGCTGTCAAATACAGACAAAGGATTTGAGATGTTCTCAATAA AAAGAAAATGTTTCACTA SEQ ID NO: 56 >NM_001025107.3 Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase RNA specific (ADAR), transcript variant 4, mRNA ATTGATTCCCGACTGAAGGTAGAGAAGGCTACGTGGTGGGGGAGGGTGGGGGGAGGGTCGCGGCCGCA CTGGCAGTCTCCGGGTGTCCGGCCGTGTCCCGAGGAAGTGCAAGACCCGGGGTATTCCCTCAGCGGAT ACTACACCCATCCATTTCAAGGCTATGAGCACAGACAGCTCAGGTACCAGCAGCCTGGGCCAGGATCT TCCCCCAGTAGTTTCCTGCTTAAGCAAATAGAATTTCTCAAGGGGCAGCTCCCAGAAGCACCGGTGAT TGGAAAGCAGACACCGTCACTGCCACCTTCCCTCCCAGGACTCCGGCCAAGGTTTCCAGTACTACTTG CCTCCAGTACCAGAGGCAGGCAAGTGGACATCAGGGGTGTCCCCAGGGGCGTGCATCTCAGAAGTCAG GGGCTCCAGAGAGGGTTCCAGCATCCTTCACCACGTGGCAGGAGTCTGCCACAGAGAGGTGTTGATTG CCTTTCCTCACATTTCCAGGAACTGAGTATCTACCAAGATCAGGAACAAAGGATCTTAAAGTTCCTGG AAGAGCTTGGGGAAGGGAAGGCCACCACAGCACATGATCTGTCTGGGAAACTTGGGACTCCGAAGAAA GAAATCAATCGAGTTTTATACTCCCTGGCAAAGAAGGGCAAGCTACAGAAAGAGGCAGGAACACCCCC TTTGTGGAAAATCGCGGTCTCCACTCAGGCTTGGAACCAGCACAGCGGAGTGGTAAGACCAGACGGTC ATAGCCAAGGAGCCCCAAACTCAGACCCGAGTTTGGAACCGGAAGACAGAAACTCCACATCTGTCTCA GAAGATCTTCTTGAGCCTTTTATTGCAGTCTCAGCTCAGGCTTGGAACCAGCACAGCGGAGTGGTAAG ACCAGACAGTCATAGCCAAGGATCCCCAAACTCAGACCCAGGTTTGGAACCTGAAGACAGCAACTCCA CATCTGCCTTGGAAGATCCTCTTGAGTTTTTAGACATGGCCGAGATCAAGGAGAAAATCTGCGACTAT CTCTTCAATGTGTCTGACTCCTCTGCCCTGAATTTGGCTAAAAATATTGGCCTTACCAAGGCCCGAGA TATAAATGCTGTGCTAATTGACATGGAAAGGCAGGGGGATGTCTATAGACAAGGGACAACCCCTCCCA TATGGCATTTGACAGACAAGAAGCGAGAGAGGATGCAAATCAAGAGAAATACGAACAGTGTTCCTGAA ACCGCTCCAGCTGCAATCCCTGAGACCAAAAGAAACGCAGAGTTCCTCACCTGTAATATACCCACATC AAATGCCTCAAATAACATGGTAACCACAGAAAAAGTGGAGAATGGGCAGGAACCTGTCATAAAGTTAG AAAACAGGCAAGAGGCCAGACCAGAACCAGCAAGACTGAAACCACCTGTTCATTACAATGGCCCCTCA AAAGCAGGGTATGTTGACTTTGAAAATGGCCAGTGGGCCACAGATGACATCCCAGATGACTTGAATAG TATCCGCGCAGCACCAGGTGAGTTTCGAGCCATCATGGAGATGCCCTCCTTCTACAGTCATGGCTTGC CACGGTGTTCACCCTACAAGAAACTGACAGAGTGCCAGCTGAAGAACCCCATCAGCGGGCTGTTAGAA TATGCCCAGTTCGCTAGTCAAACCTGTGAGTTCAACATGATAGAGCAGAGTGGACCACCCCATGAACC TCGATTTAAATTCCAGGTTGTCATCAATGGCCGAGAGTTTCCCCCAGCTGAAGCTGGAAGCAAGAAAG TGGCCAAGCAGGATGCAGCTATGAAAGCCATGACAATTCTGCTAGAGGAAGCCAAAGCCAAGGACAGT GGAAAATCAGAAGAATCATCCCACTATTCCACAGAGAAAGAATCAGAGAAGACTGCAGAGTCCCAGAC CCCCACCCCTTCAGCCACATCCTTCTTTTCTGGGAAGAGCCCCGTCACCACACTGCTTGAGTGTATGC ACAAATTGGGGAACTCCTGCGAATTCCGTCTCCTGTCCAAAGAAGGCCCTGCCCATGAACCCAAGTTC CAATACTGTGTTGCAGTGGGAGCCCAAACTTTCCCCAGTGTGAGTGCTCCCAGCAAGAAAGTGGCAAA GCAGATGGCCGCAGAGGAAGCCATGAAGGCCCTGCATGGGGAGGCGACCAACTCCATGGCTTCTGATA ACCAGCCTGAAGGTATGATCTCAGAGTCACTTGATAACTTGGAATCCATGATGCCCAACAAGGTCAGG AAGATTGGCGAGCTCGTGAGATACCTGAACACCAACCCTGTGGGTGGCCTTTTGGAGTACGCCCGCTC CCATGGCTTTGCTGCTGAATTCAAGTTGGTCGACCAGTCCGGACCTCCTCACGAGCCCAAGTTCGTTT ACCAAGCAAAAGTTGGGGGTCGCTGGTTCCCAGCCGTCTGCGCACACAGCAAGAAGCAAGGCAAGCAG 158 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 GAAGCAGCAGATGCGGCTCTCCGTGTCTTGATTGGGGAGAACGAGAAGGCAGAACGCATGGGTTTCAC AGAGGTAACCCCAGTGACAGGGGCCAGTCTCAGAAGAACTATGCTCCTCCTCTCAAGGTCCCCAGAAG CACAGCCAAAGACACTCCCTCTCACTGGCAGCACCTTCCATGACCAGATAGCCATGCTGAGCCACCGG TGCTTCAACACTCTGACTAACAGCTTCCAGCCCTCCTTGCTCGGCCGCAAGATTCTGGCCGCCATCAT TATGAAAAAAGACTCTGAGGACATGGGTGTCGTCGTCAGCTTGGGAACAGGGAATCGCTGTGTGAAAG GAGATTCTCTCAGCCTAAAAGGAGAAACTGTCAATGACTGCCATGCAGAAATAATCTCCCGGAGAGGC TTCATCAGGTTTCTCTACAGTGAGTTAATGAAATACAACTCCCAGACTGCGAAGGATAGTATATTTGA ACCTGCTAAGGGAGGAGAAAAGCTCCAAATAAAAAAGACTGTGTCATTCCATCTGTATATCAGCACTG CTCCGTGTGGAGATGGCGCCCTCTTTGACAAGTCCTGCAGCGACCGTGCTATGGAAAGCACAGAATCC CGCCACTACCCTGTCTTCGAGAATCCCAAACAAGGAAAGCTCCGCACCAAGGTGGAGAACGGAGAAGG CACAATCCCTGTGGAATCCAGTGACATTGTGCCTACGTGGGATGGCATTCGGCTCGGGGAGAGACTCC GTACCATGTCCTGTAGTGACAAAATCCTACGCTGGAACGTGCTGGGCCTGCAAGGGGCACTGTTGACC CACTTCCTGCAGCCCATTTATCTCAAATCTGTCACATTGGGTTACCTTTTCAGCCAAGGGCATCTGAC CCGTGCTATTTGCTGTCGTGTGACAAGAGATGGGAGTGCATTTGAGGATGGACTACGACATCCCTTTA TTGTCAACCACCCCAAGGTTGGCAGAGTCAGCATATATGATTCCAAAAGGCAATCCGGGAAGACTAAG GAGACAAGCGTCAACTGGTGTCTGGCTGATGGCTATGACCTGGAGATCCTGGACGGTACCAGAGGCAC TGTGGATGGGCCACGGAATGAATTGTCCCGGGTCTCCAAAAAGAACATTTTTCTTCTATTTAAGAAGC TCTGCTCCTTCCGTTACCGCAGGGATCTACTGAGACTCTCCTATGGTGAGGCCAAGAAAGCTGCCCGT GACTACGAGACGGCCAAGAACTACTTCAAAAAAGGCCTGAAGGATATGGGCTATGGGAACTGGATTAG CAAACCCCAGGAGGAAAAGAACTTTTATCTCTGCCCAGTATAGTATGCTCCAGTGACAGATGGATTAG GGTGTGTCATACTAGGGTGTGAGAGAGGTAGGTCGTAGCATTCCTCATCACATGGTCAGGGGATTTTT TTTTCTCCTTTTTTTTTCTTTTTAAGCCATAATTGGTGATACTGAAAACTTTGGGTTCCCATTTATCC TGCTTTCTTTGGGATTGCTAGGCAAGGTCTGGCCAGGCCCCCCTTTTTTCCCCCAAGTGAAGAGGCAG AAACCTAAGAAGTTATCTTTTCTTTCTACCCAAAGCATACATAGTCACTGAGCACCTGCGGTCCATTT CCTCTTAAAAGTTTTGTTTTGATTTGTTTCCATTTCCTTTCCCTTTGTGTTTGCTACACTGACCTCTT GCGGTCTTGATTAGGTTTCAGTCAACTCTGGATCATGTCAGGGACTGATAATTTCATTTGTGGATTAC GCAGACCCCTCTACTTCCCCTCTTTCCCTTCTGAGATTCTTTCCTTGTGATCTGAATGTCTCCTTTTC CCCCTCAGAGGGCAAAGAGGTGAACATAAAGGATTTGGTGAAACATTTGTAAGGGTAGGAGTTGAAAA CTGCAGTTCCCAGTGCCACGGAAGTGTGATTGGAGCCTGCAGATAATGCCCAGCCATCCTCCCATCCT GCACTTTAGCCAGCTGCAGGGCGGGCAAGGCAAGGAAAGCTGCTTCCCTGGAAGTGTATCACTTTCTC CGGCAGCTGGGAAGTCTAGAACCAGCCAGACTGGGTTAAGGGAGCTGCTCAAGCAATAGCAGAGGTTT CACCCGGCAGGATGACACAGACCACTTCCCAGGGAGCACGGGCATGCCTTGGAATATTGCCAAGCTTC CAGCTGCCTCTTCTCCTAAAGCATTCCTAGGAATATTTTCCCCGCCAATGCTGGGCGTACACCCTAGC CAACGGGACAAATCCTAGAGGGTATAAAATCATCTCTGCTCAGATAATCATGACTTAGCAAGAATAAG GGCAAAAAATCCTGTTGGCTTAACGTCACTGTTCCACCCGGTGTAATATCTCTCATGACAGTGACACC AAGGGAAGTTGACTAAGTCACATGTAAATTAGGAGTGTTTTAAAGAATGCCATAGATGTTGATTCTTA ACTGCTACAGATAACCTGTAATTGAGCAGATTTAAAATTCAGGCATACTTTTCCATTTATCCAAGTGC TTTCATTTTTCCAGATGGCTTCAGAAGTAGGCTCGTGGGCAGGGCGCAGACCTGATCTTTATAGGGTT GACATAGAAAGCAGTAGTTGTGGGTGAAAGGGCAGGTTGTCTTCAAACTCTGTGAGGTAGAATCCTTT GTCTATACCTCCATGAACATTGACTCGTGTGTTCAGAGCCTTTGGCCTCTCTGTGGAGTCTGGCTCTC TGGCTCCTGTGCATTCTTTGAATAGTCACTCGTAAAAACTGTCAGTGCTTGAAACTGTTTCCTTTACT CATGTTGAAGGGACTTTGTTGGCTTTTAGAGTGTTGGTCATGACTCCAAGAGCAGAGCAGGGAAGAGC CCAAGCATAGACTTGGTGCCGTGGTGATGGCTGCAGTCCAGTTTTGTGATGCTGCTTTTACGTGTCCC TCGATAACAGTCAGCTAGACACACTCAGGAGGACTACTGAGGCTCTGCGACCTTCAGGAGCTGAGCCT GCCTCTCTCCTTTAGATGACAGACCTTCATCTGGGAACGTGCTGAGCCAGCACCCTCAGATGATTTCC CTCCAAACTGCTGACTAGGTCATCCTCTGTCTGGTAGAGACATTCACATCTTTGCTTTTATTCTATGC TCTCTGTACTTTTGACCAAAAATTGACCAAAGTAAGAAAATGCAAGTTCTAAAAATAGACTAAGGATG CCTTTGCAGAACACCAAAGCATCCCAAGGAACTGGTAGGGAAGTGGCGCCTGTCTCCTGGAGTGGAAG AGGCCTGCTCCCTGGCTCTGGGTCTGCTGGGGGCACAGTAAATCAGTCTTGGCACCCACATCCAGGGC AGAGAGGTCTGTGGTTCTCAGCATCAGAAGGCAGCGCAGCCCCTCTCCTCTTCAGGCTACAGGGTTGT CACCTGCTGAGTCCTCAGGTTGTTTGGCCTCTCTGGTCCATCTTGGGCATTAGGTTCTCCAGCAGAGC TCTGGCCAGCTGCCTCTTCTTTAACTGGGAACACAGGCTCTCACAAGATCAGAACCCCCACTCACCCC CAAGATCTTATCTAGCAAGCCTGTAGTATTCAGTTTCTGTTGTAGGAAGAGAGCGAGGCATCCCTGAA TTCCACGCATCTGCTGGAAACGAGCCGTGTCAGATCGCACATCCCTGCGCCCCCATGCCCCTCTGAGT CACACAGGACAGAGGAGGCAGAGCTTCTGCCCACTGTTATCTTCACTTTCTTTGTCCAGTCTTTTGTT 159 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 TTTAATAAGCAGTGACCCTCCCTACTCTTCTTTTTAATGATTTTTGTAGTTGATTTGTCTGAACTGTG GCTACTGTGCATTCCTTGAATAATCACTTGTAAAAATTGTCAGTGCTTGAAGCTGTTTCCTTTACTCA CATTGAAGGGACTTCGTTGGTTTTTTGGAGTCTTGGTTGTGACTCCAAGAGCAGAGTGAGGAAGACCC CCAAGCATAGACTCGGGTACTGTGATGATGGCTGCAGTCCAGTTTTATGATTCTGCTTTTATGTGTCC CTTGATAACAGTGACTTAACAATATACATTCCTCATAAATAAAAAAAAAACAAGAATCTGAATTCTTA GAAA SEQ ID NO: 57 >NM_007375.4 Homo sapiens TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP), mRNA ATTTTGTGGGAGCGAAGCGGTGGCTGGGCTGCGCTTGGGTCCGTCGCTGCTTCGGTGTCCCTGTCGGG CTTCCCAGCAGCGGCCTAGCGGGAAAAGTAAAAGATGTCTGAATATATTCGGGTAACCGAAGATGAGA ACGATGAGCCCATTGAAATACCATCGGAAGACGATGGGACGGTGCTGCTCTCCACGGTTACAGCCCAG TTTCCAGGGGCGTGTGGGCTTCGCTACAGGAATCCAGTGTCTCAGTGTATGAGAGGTGTCCGGCTGGT AGAAGGAATTCTGCATGCCCCAGATGCTGGCTGGGGAAATCTGGTGTATGTTGTCAACTATCCAAAAG ATAACAAAAGAAAAATGGATGAGACAGATGCTTCATCAGCAGTGAAAGTGAAAAGAGCAGTCCAGAAA ACATCCGATTTAATAGTGTTGGGTCTCCCATGGAAAACAACCGAACAGGACCTGAAAGAGTATTTTAG TACCTTTGGAGAAGTTCTTATGGTGCAGGTCAAGAAAGATCTTAAGACTGGTCATTCAAAGGGGTTTG GCTTTGTTCGTTTTACGGAATATGAAACACAAGTGAAAGTAATGTCACAGCGACATATGATAGATGGA CGATGGTGTGACTGCAAACTTCCTAATTCTAAGCAAAGCCAAGATGAGCCTTTGAGAAGCAGAAAAGT GTTTGTGGGGCGCTGTACAGAGGACATGACTGAGGATGAGCTGCGGGAGTTCTTCTCTCAGTACGGGG ATGTGATGGATGTCTTCATCCCCAAGCCATTCAGGGCCTTTGCCTTTGTTACATTTGCAGATGATCAG ATTGCGCAGTCTCTTTGTGGAGAGGACTTGATCATTAAAGGAATCAGCGTTCATATATCCAATGCCGA ACCTAAGCACAATAGCAATAGACAGTTAGAAAGAAGTGGAAGATTTGGTGGTAATCCAGGTGGCTTTG GGAATCAGGGTGGATTTGGTAATAGCAGAGGGGGTGGAGCTGGTTTGGGAAACAATCAAGGTAGTAAT ATGGGTGGTGGGATGAACTTTGGTGCGTTCAGCATTAATCCAGCCATGATGGCTGCCGCCCAGGCAGC ACTACAGAGCAGTTGGGGTATGATGGGCATGTTAGCCAGCCAGCAGAACCAGTCAGGCCCATCGGGTA ATAACCAAAACCAAGGCAACATGCAGAGGGAGCCAAACCAGGCCTTCGGTTCTGGAAATAACTCTTAT AGTGGCTCTAATTCTGGTGCAGCAATTGGTTGGGGATCAGCATCCAATGCAGGGTCGGGCAGTGGTTT TAATGGAGGCTTTGGCTCAAGCATGGATTCTAAGTCTTCTGGCTGGGGAATGTAGACAGTGGGGTTGT GGTTGGTTGGTATAGAATGGTGGGAATTCAAATTTTTCTAAACTCATGGTAAGTATATTGTAAAATAC ATATGTACTAAGAATTTTCAAAATTGGTTTGTTCAGTGTGGAGTATATTCAGCAGTATTTTTGACATT TTTCTTTAGAAAAAGGAAGAGCTAAAGGAATTTTATAAGTTTTGTTACATGAAAGGTTGAAATATTGA GTGGTTGAAAGTGAACTGCTGTTTGCCTGATTGGTAAACCAACACACTACAATTGATATCAAAAGGTT TCTCCTGTAATATTTTATCCCTGGACTTGTCAAGTGAATTCTTTGCATGTTCAAAACGGAAACCATTG ATTAGAACTACATTCTTTACCCCTTGTTTTAATTTGAACCCCACCATATGGATTTTTTTCCTTAAGAA AATCTCCTTTTAGGAGATCATGGTGTCACAGTGTTTGGTTCTTTTGTTTTGTTTTTTAACACTTGTCT CCCCTCATACACAAAAGTACAATATGAAGCCTTCATTTAATCTCTGCAGTTCATCTCATTTCAAATGT TTATGGAAGAAGCACTTCATTGAAAGTAGTGCTGTAAATATTCTGCCATAGGAATACTGTCTACATGC TTTCTCATTCAAGAATTCGTCATCACGCATCACAGGCCGCGTCTTTGACGGTGGGTGTCCCATTTTTA TCCGCTACTCTTTATTTCATGGAGTCGTATCAACGCTATGAACGCAAGGCTGTGATATGGAACCAGAA GGCTGTCTGAACTTTTGAAACCTTGTGTGGGATTGATGGTGGTGCCGAGGCATGAAAGGCTAGTATGA GCGAGAAAAGGAGAGAGCGCGTGCAGAGACTTGGTGGTGCATAATGGATATTTTTTAACTTGGCGAGA TGTGTCTCTCAATCCTGTGGCTTTGGTGAGAGAGTGTGCAGAGAGCAATGATAGCAAATAATGTACGA ATGTTTTTTGCATTCAAAGGACATCCACATCTGTTGGAAGACTTTTAAGTGAGTTTTTGTTCTTAGAT AACCCACATTAGATGAATGTGTTAAGTGAAATGATACTTGTACTCCCCCTACCCCTTTGTCAACTGCT GTGAATGCTGTATGGTGTGTGTTCTCTTCTGTTACTGATATGTAAGTGTGGCAATGTGAACTGAAGCT GATGGGCTGAGAACATGGACTGAGCTTGTGGTGTGCTTTGCAGGAGGACTTGAAGCAGAGTTCACCAG TGAGCTCAGGTGTCTCAAAGAAGGGTGGAAGTTCTAATGTCTGTTAGCTACCCATAAGAATGCTGTTT GCTGCAGTTCTGTGTCCTGTGCTTGGATGCTTTTTATAAGAGTTGTCATTGTTGGAAATTCTTAAATA AAACTGATTTAAATAATATGTGTCTTTGTTTTGCAGCCCTGAATGCAAAGAATTCATAGCAGTTAATT CCCCTTTTTTGACCCTTTTGAGATGGAACTTTCATAAAGTTTCTTGGCAGTAGTTTATTTTGCTTCAA ATAAACTTATTTGAAAAGTTGTCTCAAGTCAAATGGATTCATCACCTGTCATGCATTGACACCTGATA CCCAGACTTAATTGGTATTTGTTCTTGCATTGGCCAAAGTGAAAATTTTTTTTTTTCTTTTGAAATCT AGTTTTGAATAAGTCTGGGTGACCGCACCTAAAATGGTAAGCAGTACCCTCCGGCTTTTTCTTAGTGC 160 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 CTCTGTGCATTTGGGTGATGTTCTATTTACATGGCCTGTGTAAATCTCCATTGGGAAGTCATGCCTTC TAAAAAGATTCTTATTTGGGGGAGTGGGCAAAATGTTGATTATTTTCTAATGCTTTGTAGCAAAGCAT ATCAATTGAAAAGGGAATATCAGCACCTTCCTAGTTTGGGATTTGAAAAGTGGAATTAATTGCAGTAG GGATAAAGTAGAAGAAACCACAAATTATCTTGTGCCTGAAATCCATTAAGAGGCCTGATAGCTTTAAG AATTAGGGTGGGTTGTCTGTCTGGAAGTGTTAAGTGGAATGGGCTTTGTCCTCCAGGAGGTGGGGGAA TGTGGTAACATTGAATACAGTTGAATAAAATCGCTTACAAAACTCACACTCTCACAATGCATTGTTAA GTATGTAAAAGCAATAACATTGATTCTCTGTTGTACTTTTTTGTAACTAATTCTGTGAGAGTTGAGCT CATTTTCTAGTTGGAAGAATGTGATATTTGTTGTGTTGGTAGTTTACCTAATGCCCTTACCTAATTAG ATTATGATAAATAGGTTTGTCATTTTGCAAGTTACATAAACATTTATCAATGAAGTCATCCTTTAGAC TTGTAATCGCCACATTGTTTCATTATTCAGTTTCCTCTGTAAAGGGATCTTGAGTTGTTTTAATTTTT TTTTTCTGCATCTGAATCTGCATGATTTCCAAACCCTGTACCATCTGAATTTTGCATTTTAGCACTTG CACTATTACTCAGCAGCAGTAACATGGTAACACTTAAAATGGTACTCGGGGACCTCCAAAGACTAAAC TGACAAGCCTTCAAGGAGCCCAGGGGTAAGTTAACTTGTCAACGGCATGGTTTAATCCCTTCTTTACA CTTGTGTAAATTTCAGTTACTGGTCATAGAAGGCTTTCAATGTTGAGTGGCCTTTTATTAACATGTTT ATGGTACTGCATAGATACGGGTATTTATTTTACCCTAAGAAGATTTTGAAGTTTAAAAGTACTTAAAC TATTTGGCAAAGATTTGTTTTTAAAAATCTATTTGGTCAATCTAAATGCATTCATTCTAAAAAATTTT TTGAACCAGATAAATAAAATTTTTTTTTGACACCAC SEQ ID NO: 58, Homo sapiens TDP43 A382T ORF ATGTCTGAATATATTCGGGTAACCGAAGATGAGAACGATGAGCCCATTGAAATACCATCGGAAGACGA TGGGACGGTGCTGCTCTCCACGGTTACAGCCCAGTTTCCAGGGGCGTGTGGGCTTCGCTACAGGAATC CAGTGTCTCAGTGTATGAGAGGTGTCCGGCTGGTAGAAGGAATTCTGCATGCCCCAGATGCTGGCTGG GGAAATCTGGTGTATGTTGTCAACTATCCAAAAGATAACAAAAGAAAAATGGATGAGACAGATGCTTC ATCAGCAGTGAAAGTGAAAAGAGCAGTCCAGAAAACATCCGATTTAATAGTGTTGGGTCTCCCATGGA AAACAACCGAACAGGACCTGAAAGAGTATTTTAGTACCTTTGGAGAAGTTCTTATGGTGCAGGTCAAG AAAGATCTTAAGACTGGTCATTCAAAGGGGTTTGGCTTTGTTCGTTTTACGGAATATGAAACACAAGT GAAAGTAATGTCACAGCGACATATGATAGATGGACGATGGTGTGACTGCAAACTTCCTAATTCTAAGC AAAGCCAAGATGAGCCTTTGAGAAGCAGAAAAGTGTTTGTGGGGCGCTGTACAGAGGACATGACTGAG GATGAGCTGCGGGAGTTCTTCTCTCAGTACGGGGATGTGATGGATGTCTTCATCCCCAAGCCATTCAG GGCCTTTGCCTTTGTTACATTTGCAGATGATCAGATTGCGCAGTCTCTTTGTGGAGAGGACTTGATCA TTAAAGGAATCAGCGTTCATATATCCAATGCCGAACCTAAGCACAATAGCAATAGACAGTTAGAAAGA AGTGGAAGATTTGGTGGTAATCCAGGTGGCTTTGGGAATCAGGGTGGATTTGGTAATAGCAGAGGGGG TGGAGCTGGTTTGGGAAACAATCAAGGTAGTAATATGGGTGGTGGGATGAACTTTGGTGCGTTCAGCA TTAATCCAGCCATGATGGCTGCCGCCCAGGCAGCACTACAGAGCAGTTGGGGTATGATGGGCATGTTA GCCAGCCAGCAGAACCAGTCAGGCCCATCGGGTAATAACCAAAACCAAGGCAACATGCAGAGGGAGCC AAACCAGGCCTTCGGTTCTGGAAATAACTCTTATAGTGGCTCTAATTCTGGTGCAACAATTGGTTGGG GATCAGCATCCAATGCAGGGTCGGGCAGTGGTTTTAATGGAGGCTTTGGCTCAAGCATGGATTCTAAG TCTTCTGGCTGGGGAATG SEQ ID NO: 59, TDP43 ORF Coding sequence ATGTCTGAATATATTCGGGTAACCGAAGATGAGAACGATGAGCCCATTGAAATACCATCGGAAGACGA TGGGACGGTGCTGCTCTCCACGGTTACAGCCCAGTTTCCAGGGGCGTGTGGGCTTCGCTACAGGAATC CAGTGTCTCAGTGTATGAGAGGTGTCCGGCTGGTAGAAGGAATTCTGCATGCCCCAGATGCTGGCTGG GGAAATCTGGTGTATGTTGTCAACTATCCAAAAGATAACAAAAGAAAAATGGATGAGACAGATGCTTC ATCAGCAGTGAAAGTGAAAAGAGCAGTCCAGAAAACATCCGATTTAATAGTGTTGGGTCTCCCATGGA AAACAACCGAACAGGACCTGAAAGAGTATTTTAGTACCTTTGGAGAAGTTCTTATGGTGCAGGTCAAG AAAGATCTTAAGACTGGTCATTCAAAGGGGTTTGGCTTTGTTCGTTTTACGGAATATGAAACACAAGT GAAAGTAATGTCACAGCGACATATGATAGATGGACGATGGTGTGACTGCAAACTTCCTAATTCTAAGC AAAGCCAAGATGAGCCTTTGAGAAGCAGAAAAGTGTTTGTGGGGCGCTGTACAGAGGACATGACTGAG GATGAGCTGCGGGAGTTCTTCTCTCAGTACGGGGATGTGATGGATGTCTTCATCCCCAAGCCATTCAG GGCCTTTGCCTTTGTTACATTTGCAGATGATCAGATTGCGCAGTCTCTTTGTGGAGAGGACTTGATCA TTAAAGGAATCAGCGTTCATATATCCAATGCCGAACCTAAGCACAATAGCAATAGACAGTTAGAAAGA AGTGGAAGATTTGGTGGTAATCCAGGTGGCTTTGGGAATCAGGGTGGATTTGGTAATAGCAGAGGGGG TGGAGCTGGTTTGGGAAACAATCAAGGTAGTAATATGGGTGGTGGGATGAACTTTGGTGCGTTCAGCA TTAATCCAGCCATGATGGCTGCCGCCCAGGCAGCACTACAGAGCAGTTGGGGTATGATGGGCATGTTA 161 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 GCCAGCCAGCAGAACCAGTCAGGCCCATCGGGTAATAACCAAAACCAAGGCAACATGCAGAGGGAGCC AAACCAGGCCTTCGGTTCTGGAAATAACTCTTATAGTGGCTCTAATTCTGGTGCAGCAATTGGTTGGG GATCAGCATCCAATGCAGGGTCGGGCAGTGGTTTTAATGGAGGCTTTGGCTCAAGCATGGATTCTAAG TCTTCTGGCTGGGGAATG SEQ ID NO: 60 Human wild-type TDP43 sequence (NP_031401.1) MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 61 Mutant TDP43 D89G MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETGASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 62 Mutant TDP43 K95E MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVEVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 69 Mutant TDP43 K95R MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVRVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 70 Mutant TDP43 K95G MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVGVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 63 Mutant TDP43 K145R MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSRGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 120 Mutant TDP43 K145E MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSEGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP 162 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 112 Mutant TDP43 K145G MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSGGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 64 Mutant TDP43 D174G MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCGCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 65 Mutant TDP43 K192R MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRRVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 113 Mutant TDP43 K192E MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSREVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 114 Mutant TDP43 K192G MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRGVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 115 Mutant TDP43 N267S MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSSRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 116 Mutant TDP43 K263E MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPEHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM 163 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 SEQ ID NO: 66 Mutant TDP43 M323V MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMVAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 117 Mutant TDP43 A382T MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGATIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 118 Mutant TDP43 W385X MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGXGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSSMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 67 Mutant TDP43 S404G MSEYIRVTEDENDEPIEIPSEDDGTVLLSTVTAQFPGACGLRYRNPVSQCMRGVRLVEGILHAPDAGWGNLVYVV NYPKDNKRKMDETDASSAVKVKRAVQKTSDLIVLGLPWKTTEQDLKEYFSTFGEVLMVQVKKDLKTGHSKGFGFV RFTEYETQVKVMSQRHMIDGRWCDCKLPNSKQSQDEPLRSRKVFVGRCTEDMTEDELREFFSQYGDVMDVFIPKP FRAFAFVTFADDQIAQSLCGEDLIIKGISVHISNAEPKHNSNRQLERSGRFGGNPGGFGNQGGFGNSRGGGAGLG NNQGSNMGGGMNFGAFSINPAMMAAAQAALQSSWGMMGMLASQQNQSGPSGNNQNQGNMQREPNQAFGSGNNSYS GSNSGAAIGWGSASNAGSGSGFNGGFGSGMDSKSSGWGM SEQ ID NO: 68 >NM_001111.5 Homo sapiens adenosine deaminase RNA specific (ADAR), transcript variant 1, mRNA GAACCGGAGCCATCTTGGGCCCGGCGCGCAGACCCGCGGAGTTTCCCGTGCCGACGCCCCGGGGCCACTTCCAGT GCGGAGTAGCGGAGGCGTGGGGGCCTCGAGGGGCTGGCGCGGCCCAGCGGTCGGGCCAGGGTCGTGCCGCCGGCG GGTCGGGCCGGGCAATGCCTCGCGGGCGCAATGAATCCGCGGCAGGGGTATTCCCTCAGCGGATACTACACCCAT CCATTTCAAGGCTATGAGCACAGACAGCTCAGGTACCAGCAGCCTGGGCCAGGATCTTCCCCCAGTAGTTTCCTG CTTAAGCAAATAGAATTTCTCAAGGGGCAGCTCCCAGAAGCACCGGTGATTGGAAAGCAGACACCGTCACTGCCA CCTTCCCTCCCAGGACTCCGGCCAAGGTTTCCAGTACTACTTGCCTCCAGTACCAGAGGCAGGCAAGTGGACATC AGGGGTGTCCCCAGGGGCGTGCATCTCAGAAGTCAGGGGCTCCAGAGAGGGTTCCAGCATCCTTCACCACGTGGC AGGAGTCTGCCACAGAGAGGTGTTGATTGCCTTTCCTCACATTTCCAGGAACTGAGTATCTACCAAGATCAGGAA CAAAGGATCTTAAAGTTCCTGGAAGAGCTTGGGGAAGGGAAGGCCACCACAGCACATGATCTGTCTGGGAAACTT GGGACTCCGAAGAAAGAAATCAATCGAGTTTTATACTCCCTGGCAAAGAAGGGCAAGCTACAGAAAGAGGCAGGA ACACCCCCTTTGTGGAAAATCGCGGTCTCCACTCAGGCTTGGAACCAGCACAGCGGAGTGGTAAGACCAGACGGT CATAGCCAAGGAGCCCCAAACTCAGACCCGAGTTTGGAACCGGAAGACAGAAACTCCACATCTGTCTCAGAAGAT CTTCTTGAGCCTTTTATTGCAGTCTCAGCTCAGGCTTGGAACCAGCACAGCGGAGTGGTAAGACCAGACAGTCAT AGCCAAGGATCCCCAAACTCAGACCCAGGTTTGGAACCTGAAGACAGCAACTCCACATCTGCCTTGGAAGATCCT CTTGAGTTTTTAGACATGGCCGAGATCAAGGAGAAAATCTGCGACTATCTCTTCAATGTGTCTGACTCCTCTGCC CTGAATTTGGCTAAAAATATTGGCCTTACCAAGGCCCGAGATATAAATGCTGTGCTAATTGACATGGAAAGGCAG GGGGATGTCTATAGACAAGGGACAACCCCTCCCATATGGCATTTGACAGACAAGAAGCGAGAGAGGATGCAAATC AAGAGAAATACGAACAGTGTTCCTGAAACCGCTCCAGCTGCAATCCCTGAGACCAAAAGAAACGCAGAGTTCCTC ACCTGTAATATACCCACATCAAATGCCTCAAATAACATGGTAACCACAGAAAAAGTGGAGAATGGGCAGGAACCT GTCATAAAGTTAGAAAACAGGCAAGAGGCCAGACCAGAACCAGCAAGACTGAAACCACCTGTTCATTACAATGGC CCCTCAAAAGCAGGGTATGTTGACTTTGAAAATGGCCAGTGGGCCACAGATGACATCCCAGATGACTTGAATAGT ATCCGCGCAGCACCAGGTGAGTTTCGAGCCATCATGGAGATGCCCTCCTTCTACAGTCATGGCTTGCCACGGTGT 164 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 TCACCCTACAAGAAACTGACAGAGTGCCAGCTGAAGAACCCCATCAGCGGGCTGTTAGAATATGCCCAGTTCGCT AGTCAAACCTGTGAGTTCAACATGATAGAGCAGAGTGGACCACCCCATGAACCTCGATTTAAATTCCAGGTTGTC ATCAATGGCCGAGAGTTTCCCCCAGCTGAAGCTGGAAGCAAGAAAGTGGCCAAGCAGGATGCAGCTATGAAAGCC ATGACAATTCTGCTAGAGGAAGCCAAAGCCAAGGACAGTGGAAAATCAGAAGAATCATCCCACTATTCCACAGAG AAAGAATCAGAGAAGACTGCAGAGTCCCAGACCCCCACCCCTTCAGCCACATCCTTCTTTTCTGGGAAGAGCCCC GTCACCACACTGCTTGAGTGTATGCACAAATTGGGGAACTCCTGCGAATTCCGTCTCCTGTCCAAAGAAGGCCCT GCCCATGAACCCAAGTTCCAATACTGTGTTGCAGTGGGAGCCCAAACTTTCCCCAGTGTGAGTGCTCCCAGCAAG AAAGTGGCAAAGCAGATGGCCGCAGAGGAAGCCATGAAGGCCCTGCATGGGGAGGCGACCAACTCCATGGCTTCT GATAACCAGCCTGAAGGTATGATCTCAGAGTCACTTGATAACTTGGAATCCATGATGCCCAACAAGGTCAGGAAG ATTGGCGAGCTCGTGAGATACCTGAACACCAACCCTGTGGGTGGCCTTTTGGAGTACGCCCGCTCCCATGGCTTT GCTGCTGAATTCAAGTTGGTCGACCAGTCCGGACCTCCTCACGAGCCCAAGTTCGTTTACCAAGCAAAAGTTGGG GGTCGCTGGTTCCCAGCCGTCTGCGCACACAGCAAGAAGCAAGGCAAGCAGGAAGCAGCAGATGCGGCTCTCCGT GTCTTGATTGGGGAGAACGAGAAGGCAGAACGCATGGGTTTCACAGAGGTAACCCCAGTGACAGGGGCCAGTCTC AGAAGAACTATGCTCCTCCTCTCAAGGTCCCCAGAAGCACAGCCAAAGACACTCCCTCTCACTGGCAGCACCTTC CATGACCAGATAGCCATGCTGAGCCACCGGTGCTTCAACACTCTGACTAACAGCTTCCAGCCCTCCTTGCTCGGC CGCAAGATTCTGGCCGCCATCATTATGAAAAAAGACTCTGAGGACATGGGTGTCGTCGTCAGCTTGGGAACAGGG AATCGCTGTGTGAAAGGAGATTCTCTCAGCCTAAAAGGAGAAACTGTCAATGACTGCCATGCAGAAATAATCTCC CGGAGAGGCTTCATCAGGTTTCTCTACAGTGAGTTAATGAAATACAACTCCCAGACTGCGAAGGATAGTATATTT GAACCTGCTAAGGGAGGAGAAAAGCTCCAAATAAAAAAGACTGTGTCATTCCATCTGTATATCAGCACTGCTCCG TGTGGAGATGGCGCCCTCTTTGACAAGTCCTGCAGCGACCGTGCTATGGAAAGCACAGAATCCCGCCACTACCCT GTCTTCGAGAATCCCAAACAAGGAAAGCTCCGCACCAAGGTGGAGAACGGAGAAGGCACAATCCCTGTGGAATCC AGTGACATTGTGCCTACGTGGGATGGCATTCGGCTCGGGGAGAGACTCCGTACCATGTCCTGTAGTGACAAAATC CTACGCTGGAACGTGCTGGGCCTGCAAGGGGCACTGTTGACCCACTTCCTGCAGCCCATTTATCTCAAATCTGTC ACATTGGGTTACCTTTTCAGCCAAGGGCATCTGACCCGTGCTATTTGCTGTCGTGTGACAAGAGATGGGAGTGCA TTTGAGGATGGACTACGACATCCCTTTATTGTCAACCACCCCAAGGTTGGCAGAGTCAGCATATATGATTCCAAA AGGCAATCCGGGAAGACTAAGGAGACAAGCGTCAACTGGTGTCTGGCTGATGGCTATGACCTGGAGATCCTGGAC GGTACCAGAGGCACTGTGGATGGGCCACGGAATGAATTGTCCCGGGTCTCCAAAAAGAACATTTTTCTTCTATTT AAGAAGCTCTGCTCCTTCCGTTACCGCAGGGATCTACTGAGACTCTCCTATGGTGAGGCCAAGAAAGCTGCCCGT GACTACGAGACGGCCAAGAACTACTTCAAAAAAGGCCTGAAGGATATGGGCTATGGGAACTGGATTAGCAAACCC CAGGAGGAAAAGAACTTTTATCTCTGCCCAGTATAGTATGCTCCAGTGACAGATGGATTAGGGTGTGTCATACTA GGGTGTGAGAGAGGTAGGTCGTAGCATTCCTCATCACATGGTCAGGGGATTTTTTTTTCTCCTTTTTTTTTCTTT TTAAGCCATAATTGGTGATACTGAAAACTTTGGGTTCCCATTTATCCTGCTTTCTTTGGGATTGCTAGGCAAGGT CTGGCCAGGCCCCCCTTTTTTCCCCCAAGTGAAGAGGCAGAAACCTAAGAAGTTATCTTTTCTTTCTACCCAAAG CATACATAGTCACTGAGCACCTGCGGTCCATTTCCTCTTAAAAGTTTTGTTTTGATTTGTTTCCATTTCCTTTCC CTTTGTGTTTGCTACACTGACCTCTTGCGGTCTTGATTAGGTTTCAGTCAACTCTGGATCATGTCAGGGACTGAT AATTTCATTTGTGGATTACGCAGACCCCTCTACTTCCCCTCTTTCCCTTCTGAGATTCTTTCCTTGTGATCTGAA TGTCTCCTTTTCCCCCTCAGAGGGCAAAGAGGTGAACATAAAGGATTTGGTGAAACATTTGTAAGGGTAGGAGTT GAAAACTGCAGTTCCCAGTGCCACGGAAGTGTGATTGGAGCCTGCAGATAATGCCCAGCCATCCTCCCATCCTGC ACTTTAGCCAGCTGCAGGGCGGGCAAGGCAAGGAAAGCTGCTTCCCTGGAAGTGTATCACTTTCTCCGGCAGCTG GGAAGTCTAGAACCAGCCAGACTGGGTTAAGGGAGCTGCTCAAGCAATAGCAGAGGTTTCACCCGGCAGGATGAC ACAGACCACTTCCCAGGGAGCACGGGCATGCCTTGGAATATTGCCAAGCTTCCAGCTGCCTCTTCTCCTAAAGCA TTCCTAGGAATATTTTCCCCGCCAATGCTGGGCGTACACCCTAGCCAACGGGACAAATCCTAGAGGGTATAAAAT CATCTCTGCTCAGATAATCATGACTTAGCAAGAATAAGGGCAAAAAATCCTGTTGGCTTAACGTCACTGTTCCAC CCGGTGTAATATCTCTCATGACAGTGACACCAAGGGAAGTTGACTAAGTCACATGTAAATTAGGAGTGTTTTAAA GAATGCCATAGATGTTGATTCTTAACTGCTACAGATAACCTGTAATTGAGCAGATTTAAAATTCAGGCATACTTT TCCATTTATCCAAGTGCTTTCATTTTTCCAGATGGCTTCAGAAGTAGGCTCGTGGGCAGGGCGCAGACCTGATCT TTATAGGGTTGACATAGAAAGCAGTAGTTGTGGGTGAAAGGGCAGGTTGTCTTCAAACTCTGTGAGGTAGAATCC TTTGTCTATACCTCCATGAACATTGACTCGTGTGTTCAGAGCCTTTGGCCTCTCTGTGGAGTCTGGCTCTCTGGC TCCTGTGCATTCTTTGAATAGTCACTCGTAAAAACTGTCAGTGCTTGAAACTGTTTCCTTTACTCATGTTGAAGG GACTTTGTTGGCTTTTAGAGTGTTGGTCATGACTCCAAGAGCAGAGCAGGGAAGAGCCCAAGCATAGACTTGGTG CCGTGGTGATGGCTGCAGTCCAGTTTTGTGATGCTGCTTTTACGTGTCCCTCGATAACAGTCAGCTAGACACACT CAGGAGGACTACTGAGGCTCTGCGACCTTCAGGAGCTGAGCCTGCCTCTCTCCTTTAGATGACAGACCTTCATCT GGGAACGTGCTGAGCCAGCACCCTCAGATGATTTCCCTCCAAACTGCTGACTAGGTCATCCTCTGTCTGGTAGAG ACATTCACATCTTTGCTTTTATTCTATGCTCTCTGTACTTTTGACCAAAAATTGACCAAAGTAAGAAAATGCAAG TTCTAAAAATAGACTAAGGATGCCTTTGCAGAACACCAAAGCATCCCAAGGAACTGGTAGGGAAGTGGCGCCTGT CTCCTGGAGTGGAAGAGGCCTGCTCCCTGGCTCTGGGTCTGCTGGGGGCACAGTAAATCAGTCTTGGCACCCACA TCCAGGGCAGAGAGGTCTGTGGTTCTCAGCATCAGAAGGCAGCGCAGCCCCTCTCCTCTTCAGGCTACAGGGTTG TCACCTGCTGAGTCCTCAGGTTGTTTGGCCTCTCTGGTCCATCTTGGGCATTAGGTTCTCCAGCAGAGCTCTGGC CAGCTGCCTCTTCTTTAACTGGGAACACAGGCTCTCACAAGATCAGAACCCCCACTCACCCCCAAGATCTTATCT AGCAAGCCTGTAGTATTCAGTTTCTGTTGTAGGAAGAGAGCGAGGCATCCCTGAATTCCACGCATCTGCTGGAAA CGAGCCGTGTCAGATCGCACATCCCTGCGCCCCCATGCCCCTCTGAGTCACACAGGACAGAGGAGGCAGAGCTTC 165 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 TGCCCACTGTTATCTTCACTTTCTTTGTCCAGTCTTTTGTTTTTAATAAGCAGTGACCCTCCCTACTCTTCTTTT TAATGATTTTTGTAGTTGATTTGTCTGAACTGTGGCTACTGTGCATTCCTTGAATAATCACTTGTAAAAATTGTC AGTGCTTGAAGCTGTTTCCTTTACTCACATTGAAGGGACTTCGTTGGTTTTTTGGAGTCTTGGTTGTGACTCCAA GAGCAGAGTGAGGAAGACCCCCAAGCATAGACTCGGGTACTGTGATGATGGCTGCAGTCCAGTTTTATGATTCTG CTTTTATGTGTCCCTTGATAACAGTGACTTAACAATATACATTCCTCATAAATAAAAAAAAAACAAGAATCTGAA TTCTTAGAAA
SEQ ID NO: 79 5’- mG*mG*mUFG*mUmCFG*FA*FG*FA*FA*FG*FA*FG*FG*FA*FG*FA*FA*mCFA*FA*mUFA*m UFG*mCmUFA*FA*FA*mUFG*mUmUFG*mUmUmCmUmCFG*mUmCmUmCmCmUmCFG*FA*mCFA*m CmCmUmGmCmAFU*mUFG*FG*mAmUFG*mCFU*mGFA*FU*mCmCmCFC*FA*mAFC*LCmAmAFU* mUdG*dC*dT*mGmCmAmCLC*mA*mG*LA*mA-3’ 166 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620
SEQ ID NO: 85 5'- FC*mC*mU*mG*FC*mAFU*FU*mG*FG*mA*mUFG*FC*mU*mGmA*mUmC*mCmC*mCmA*mAFC* mCmA*mAFU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGFC*FA*mC*mC*mA*FG*FA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 86 5'- FC*mC*mU*mG*FC*mAFU*FU*mG*FG*mA*mUFG*FC*mU*mGmA*mUmC*mCmC*mCmA*mAFC* mCmA*mAFU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGFC*mA*mC*mC*mA*FG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 87 5'- FC*mC*mU*mG*FC*mAFU*FU*mG*FG*mA*mUFG*FC*mU*mGmA*mUmC*mCmC*mCmA*mAFC* mCmA*mAFU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGFC*FA*mC*mC*mA*FG*FA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 88 5'- mC*mC*mU*mG*mCmArU*mUmGmGmAmUrG*mCmUmGmArU*mCmCrC*rC*mAmArC*mCrA*mAm UmUdG*dC*dT*mGmCmAmCmC*mA*mG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 89 5'- mC*mC*mU*mG*mC*mAmUdT*mGFG*mAmU*FG*mC*dTmG*FA*dT*mCmC*mCdC*FA*mA*FC* FC*dAmA*FU*dTdG*dC*dT*mGmC*mAmC*mC*mA*mG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 90 167 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 5'- mC*mC*mU*mG*mC*dAmUmU*mGdG*mAmU*FG*mC*mUmG*FA*FU*mCdC*mCmC*FA*mA*FC* FC*mAmA*FU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGdC*mAmC*dC*mA*mG*dA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 91 5'- mC*mC*mU*mG*mC*dAmUdT*mGFG*mAmU*FG*mC*dTmG*FA*FU*mCmC*mCmC*FA*mA*FC* FC*mAmA*FU*dTdG*dC*dT*mGmC*dAmC*mC*mA*dG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 92 5'- mC*mC*mU*mG*mC*mAmUmU*mGFG*mAmU*dG*mC*dTmG*FA*FU*dCmC*mCmC*FA*mA*FC* FC*mAmA*FU*dTdG*dC*dT*mGdC*mAmC*mC*dA*mG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 93 5'- mC*mC*mU*mG*mC*mAdTmU*mGFG*mAmU*FG*mC*mUmG*FA*FU*dCmC*mCdC*FA*dA*FC* FC*mAmA*dT*mUdG*dC*dT*mGmC*mAmC*mC*mA*mG*dA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 94 5'- mC*mC*MT*mG*mC*MAmUmU*mGFG*MAmU*FG*mC*mUmG*FA*FU*mCmC*mCMC*FA*mA*FC* FC*mAmA*FU*MTdG*dC*dT*mGmC*mAMC*mC*mA*mG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 95 5'- MC*mC*mU*MG*mC*mAMTmU*mGFG*mAMT*FG*mC*mUmG*FA*FU*mCmC*mCmC*FA*MA*FC* FC*mAmA*FU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGmC*MAmC*mC*mA*mG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 96 5'- MC*mC*mU*mG*MC*MAMTmU*mGFG*mAmU*FG*mC*mUmG*MA*FU*mCmC*MCmC*FA*mA*FC* FC*mAmA*FU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGmC*mAmC*mC*mA*mG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 97 5'- mC*MC*mU*mG*mC*mAmUmU*mGFG*mAmU*MG*MC*mUmG*FA*FU*mCmC*mCmC*MA*mA*FC* FC*mAmA*FU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGmC*mAmC*MC*mA*MG*mA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 98 5'- mC*mC*mU*mG*mC*mAMTmU*mGFG*mAmU*FG*mC*mUmG*FA*FU*MCmC*mCMC*FA*MA*FC* FC*mAmA*MT*mUdG*dC*dT*mGmC*mAmC*mC*mA*mG*MA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 99 5'- mC*FC*mU*mG*FC*FAFU*FU*mGmGmAFU*mG*mCFU*FG*FA*mU*FC*mC*mCFC*FA*mA*mC FC*FA*FA*FU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGFC*mAmCmC*mA*mG*FA*mA-3’ SEQ ID NO: 100 5'- mC*FC*FG*mA*FC*mC*mCmU*mGmC*mAmU*mUmG*FG*mA*mUFG*mCmU*mGFA*FU*mC*mCm C*mCFA*mAFC*FC*mA*mAFU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGmC*mAmC*mC*mA*mG*mA*mA-3' SEQ ID NO: 101 168 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 5'- mC*FC*FG*mA*FC*mC*mCmU*mGmC*mAmU*mUmG*FG*mA*mUFG*mCmU*mGFA*FU*mC*mCm C*mCFA*mAFC*FC*mA*mAFU*mUdG*dC*dT*mGFC*mAmC*mC*mA*mG*mA*mA-3' SEQ ID NO: 102 5'- mA*mU*mU*mG*FG*mAmUFG*mCmUmGFA*FU*mCmCmCmCFA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*dC* dT*mGFC*mAMCFC*MA*mGFA*mAMTmUmAMG*MA*mGmCmCFA*mCmUFA*mU*mA*mA*mG-3’ SEQ ID NO: 103 5'- mA*mU*mU*mG*FG*mAmUFG*mCmUmGFA*FU*mCmCmCmCFA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*dC* dT*mGFC*MAmCFC*MA*mGFA*mAmUmUmAMG*FA*mGmCmCFA*MCmUFA*MT*mA*mA*mG-3’ SEQ ID NO: 104 5'- mA*FU*mU*FG*FG*mAmUFG*mCFU*mGFA*FU*mCmCmCFC*FA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*d C*dT*mGFC*mAmCFC*FA*mGFA*FA*mUmUmAFG*FA*mGFC*mCFA*mCmU*FA*FU*mA*FA*m G-3’ SEQ ID NO: 105 5'- mA*FU*mU*FG*FG*mAmUMGmCFU*mGFA*FU*MCMCMCFC*FA*mAMCFC*mAmAMTmUdG*dC*d T*mGFC*mAmCFC*FA*mGFA*FA*mUmUmAFG*FA*mGFC*mCFA*mCmU*FA*FU*mA*FA*mG- 3’ SEQ ID NO: 106 5'- mA*MT*MTFG*FG*mAMTFG*mCFU*mGFA*FU*mCmCMCMCFA*mAMCFC*mAmAFU*mUdG*dC*d T*mGFC*mAmCFC*FA*mGFA*FA*mUmUmAFG*FA*mGFC*mCFA*mCmU*FA*FU*mA*FA*mG- 3’ SEQ ID NO: 107 5'- mA*FU*mU*FG*FG*mAmUFG*mCFU*mGFA*FU*mCmCmCFC*FA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*d C*dT*mGFC*MAmCFC*FA*mGMAFA*mUmUmAMGMAMGFC*mCMAmCmU*FA*FU*mA*FA*mG-3’ SEQ ID NO: 108 5'- mA*FU*mU*FG*FG*mAmUFG*mCFU*mGFA*FU*mCmCmCFC*FA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*d C*dT*mGFC*mAmCFC*FA*mGFA*MAMTMTMAFG*FA*mGFC*mCFA*mCmU*FA*FU*mA*MA*MG -3’ SEQ ID NO: 109 5'- mA*FU*mU*FG*FG*mAmUFG*mCFU*mGFA*FU*mCmCmCFC*FA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*d C*dT*mGFC*mAmCFC*FA*MGFA*FA*mUmUMAMGFA*mGFC*mCFA*MCmU*MAFU*MA*FA*mG- 3’ SEQ ID NO: 110 5'- mA*FU*mU*FG*FG*mAmUFG*mCFU*mGFA*FU*mCmCmCFC*FA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*d C*dT*mGFC*mAMCFC*FA*mGFA*FA*MTmUmAFG*FA*MGFC*mCFA*mCMTFA*FU*MA*FA*MG -3’ 169 ME1\53617750.v1
KB-030-PCT Attorney Docket No.: 131522-02620 SEQ ID NO: 111 5'- mA*mU*mU*mG*FG*mAmUFG*mCmUmGFA*FU*mCmCmCmCFA*mAFC*FC*mAmAFU*mUdG*dC* fI*mGFC*mAmCFC*FA*mGFA*mAmUmUmAFG*FA*mGmCmCFA*mCmUFA*mU*mA*mA*mG-3’ 170 ME1\53617750.v1