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WO2025240722A1 - Azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions comprising a chlorinated compound and a c6-hydrocarbon and use of the compositions as flash spinning agents - Google Patents

Azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions comprising a chlorinated compound and a c6-hydrocarbon and use of the compositions as flash spinning agents

Info

Publication number
WO2025240722A1
WO2025240722A1 PCT/US2025/029530 US2025029530W WO2025240722A1 WO 2025240722 A1 WO2025240722 A1 WO 2025240722A1 US 2025029530 W US2025029530 W US 2025029530W WO 2025240722 A1 WO2025240722 A1 WO 2025240722A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
weight percent
dichloroethylene
cis
methylpentane
dimethylbutane
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2025/029530
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jan VAN MEERVELD
Martin Schiller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
DuPont Safety and Construction Inc
Original Assignee
DuPont Safety and Construction Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by DuPont Safety and Construction Inc filed Critical DuPont Safety and Construction Inc
Publication of WO2025240722A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025240722A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C19/00—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms
    • C07C19/01—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing chlorine
    • C07C19/03—Chloromethanes
    • C07C19/04—Chloroform
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C21/00—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms
    • C07C21/02—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C07C21/04—Chloro-alkenes
    • C07C21/073—Dichloro-alkenes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D1/00—Treatment of filament-forming or like material
    • D01D1/02—Preparation of spinning solutions
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/11—Flash-spinning
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D01F6/04—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/28—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D01F6/30—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds comprising olefins as the major constituent
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/44—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds
    • D01F6/46—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds of polyolefins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to (I) an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition
  • an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-l,2-dichloroethyiene, and trahs-1,2-dichloroethyiene, and (2) a linear or branched C.-, hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, (ii) a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising these azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions and a polymer, and (lii) a process for the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymers using the spin fluid.
  • a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, c
  • Flash spinning is a process for producing fibrils that involves the following steps: (i) dissolving a polymer in a composition comprising one or more solvents (often called a spin agent), at elevated temperature and pressure to form a homogeneous solution (often called a spin fluid), (ii) reducing the pressure sufficiently below the spin fluid’s cloud point pressure (i.e , the pressure at which the spin fluid transitions from a clear solution to a cloudy , two- phase dispersion), while still maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent the spin fluid from reaching Its bubble point pessure fi.e , the pressure at which the spin agent in the spin fluid begins to boil), (iii) releasing the resulting dispersion continuously through one or moreorifices into a lower pressure region at or near atmospheric temperature and pressure so that the spin agent flash evaporates as it emerges from the one or more orifices, (iv) collecting the polymer which remains as a stream of fibrils, e g , plexifilamentary fibrils, and (v
  • solvents that can be used with polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) or with fluoropolymers such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers (ETFE) are dichioromethane (DCM) and 1,2-dichloroethylene (BCE).
  • DCM dichioromethane
  • BCE 1,2-dichloroethylene
  • BCM and BCE are each too strong of a solvent and cannot be used as the only component in a spin agent composition for flash spinning because they dissolve polymers at relatively low pressures in particular, because BCM and DOE dissolve polymers at relatively low pressures, the cloud point pressure of a spin fluid using a spin agent with these chlorinated solvents alone is so close to the bubble point pressure that use of such spin agent is not feasible.
  • Weaker solvents such as hydrofluorocarbons can be mixed with BCM or BCE to reduce the solvent strength of the spin agent and increase the spin fluid's cloud point pressure such that flash spinning can be readily accomplished?
  • solvents that can be used with polymers such as polyolefins
  • polymers such as polyolefins
  • cyclic Os-? hydrocarbons for example, cyclopentane or cyclohexane.
  • cyclic hydrocarbon solvents are typically blended with other components to adjust the polymer solubility to give a cloud-point pressure of the spin fluid so that flash spinning can be readily accomplished. It is beneficial if such blended hydrocarbon-based spin agents form a homogeneous liquid phase at ambienttemperature and pressure, and if they exhibit azeotropic or azeotrope-like behavior at blend ratios which are suitable for flash spinning
  • WO 2016/200873 A1 suggests spin agent compositions of dichioromethane or 1 ,2- dichloroethylene with l H,6H-perfiuorohexane. i H-perfluorohexane, or 1H- perfluoroheptane.
  • GWP global warming potential
  • Such spin agent compositions should: also form a homogeneous liquid phase at ambient temperatures and pressures, rather than a heterogeneous liquid phase where, due to low miscibility of the components of the spin agent composition, a liquid-liquid . phase separation occurs.
  • Compositions forming heterogeneous liquid phases are usually undesired since processes involving such compositions are more complex and expensive due to the liquid-liquid phase separation.
  • US 7,179,413 Bl describes flash spinning of synthetic polymers from a spin agent consisting of a primary spin agent selected from CrC?
  • hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, fluorinated compounds, and brominated compounds and a co-spin agent which is a fluorinated compound containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms and a double bond, and having a boiling point below 100 °C.
  • GWP global warming potential
  • low GWP azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of a chlorinated solvent and a non-cyclic hydrocarbon that (i) form a positive homogenous azeotrope with a boiling temperature below 60 °C, (ii) simplify the spin agent recovery and re-use process, and (iii) provide suitable cloud point pressures for flash spinning both non-fluorinated and fluorinated polymers.
  • a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and
  • a linear or branched Ge hydrocarbon selected from the group insisting of n- hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition comprising or consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane. In a further embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane.
  • the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2- dimethylbutane.
  • the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane.
  • the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 2- methylperitane.
  • the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane.
  • the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis- 1,2- dichforoethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane,
  • the invention is directed to a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising (a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE). based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition composing (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1.2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ca hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methy (pentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane.
  • a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising (a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-te
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer.
  • the process comprises the steps oft
  • a polymer selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the apin fluid, and
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition
  • a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene
  • a linear or branched C « hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n- hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane.
  • Fig. 1 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of trichloromethane (TOM) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) at 40 °C,
  • Fig. 3 shows the calculated vapoMiquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (trans-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) at 40 °C.
  • Fig. 4 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene (cis- 1 ,2-DCE) and n-hexane at 40 °C.
  • Fig. 5 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-12-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) at 40 'C.
  • Fig. 6 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) at 40 °C.
  • Fig. 7 shows the calculated vapor-hquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 , 2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) at 40 °C.
  • Fig. 8 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- i,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1, 2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2, 3-DMB) at 40 °C.
  • Fig. 9 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of trichloromethane (TCM) and 2-methylpentane (2- MP) in a 15:85 ratio by weight
  • PE polyethylene
  • TCM trichloromethane
  • 2- MP 2-methylpentane
  • Fig. 10 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of trichloromethane (TCM) and 3-methylpentane (3- MP) in a 20:80 ratio by weight.
  • Fig. 11 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid: comprising 11 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene (trans-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2- dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) in a 20:80 ratio by weight
  • Fig. 12 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-12-DCE) and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight, the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1, 2-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) in a 54.5:45.5 ratio by weight, and the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid cornprising 11 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene (cis-1, 2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight.
  • PE polyethylene
  • cis-12-DCE cis-12-DCE
  • Fig. 13 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 25 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2- dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight.
  • PE polyethylene
  • cis-1 ,2-DCE 2-dichloroethylene
  • 2,2-DMB 2,2- dimethylbutane
  • Fig. 14 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 20 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-12-dichloroethylene (cis-1.2-DCE) and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight
  • ETFE poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
  • cis-1.2-DCE spin agent of cis-12-dichloroethylene
  • Fig. 15 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poiy(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-12-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) in a 54.5:45.5 ratio by weight.
  • ETFE ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene
  • cis-12-DCE cis-12-DCE
  • 2-methylpentane (2-MP) 2-methylpentane
  • Fig. 16 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight and the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in a 40:60 ratio by weight.
  • EFE poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
  • cis-1 ,2-DCE spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene
  • 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in a 40:60 ratio by weight.
  • Fig. 17 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethy tone (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight.
  • ETFE poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
  • cis-1 ,2-DCE spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethy tone
  • 2,2-DMB 2,2-dimethylbutane
  • Density is determined according to the method described in ISO 1183 (Plastics - Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics).
  • Melting temperature is determined by differential scanning calorimetry, following the guidance provided in ASTM D3418 (Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and ASTM Standard F2625 (Standard Test Method for Measurement of Enthalpy of Fusion, Percent Crystallinity and Melting Point of Ultra-High-Molecular weight polyethylene by means of differential scanning calorimetry).
  • heating and cooling is performed under inert gas ata rate of 10 °C/minute, heating the sample first from room temperature to 210 °C, then cooling the sample back to room temperature and subsequently heating the sample a second time to 210 °O.
  • the melting point reported herein is the peak temperature of the endotherm of the second heating cycle.
  • poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) the same procedures apply: with a maximum temperature of 300%.
  • the melt flow rate is determined according to the method described in ISO 1133 (Plastics - Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics).
  • the melt flow rate for polyethylene is determined under condition “D” at a temperature of 190 % and using a mass of 2160 grams (2.16kg), 5000 grams (5kg) or 21 ,600 gram (21 ,6kg).
  • the melt flow rate for poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) is determined according to the method described in ASTM D3159 (Standard Specification for Modified ETFE Fluoropolymer Molding and Extrusion Materials).
  • the term "polymer” is Intended to embrace, without limitation, homopolymers, copolymers (such as for example, block, graft, random, and alternating copolymers), terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof.
  • the term “polymer” shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to, Isotactic, syndiotactic, and random symmetries.
  • polymer type refers to the chemical class into which the polymer falls, for example, polyolefin, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc,
  • polyethylene is intended to embrace not only homopolymers of ethylene, but also copolymers and terpolymers wherein at least 85% of the recurring units are ethylene units, and the comonomer unit is for example propylene, butylene, hexene or octene.
  • One useful polyethylene is a polyethylene that has a melting temperature of about 123 °C to about 140 °C, a density in the range of 0.94 to 0.98 grams per cubic centimeter (ISO 1133), and a melt flow rate (ISO 1133, 190 "C/2160 grams) of between 0 05 g/10min and 30 g/IOmin, preferably less than 4 g/IOmin, and/or a melt flow rate (ISO 1133, 190 °0/21,600 grams) of between 1 g/10min and 15 g/IOmin.
  • EFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene*
  • plexifilamentary refers to a three-dimensional integral network or web of a multitude of thin, ribbon-like, fibrils of random length and a median fibril width of less than about 25 microns
  • the fibrils are generally coextensively aligned with the longitudinal axis of the structure, and they intermitently unite and separate at irregular intervals in various places throughout the length, width, and thickness of the structure to form a continuous three-dimensional network or web.
  • spin agent dr
  • spin agent composition* refer to a composition comprising one or more solvents and any additives that are used to initially dissolve the polymer(s) to form the spin fluid.
  • Suitable additives include stabilizers, such as antioxidants or acid scavengers.
  • spin fluid refers to a solution for spinning in a flash spinning process comprising a : polymer and a spin agent.
  • the solution may also include one or more additives
  • dew point pressure refers to the pressure at which, at constant temperature, liquid starts condensing from a vapor, vapor mixture, or vapor-gas mixture.
  • bubble point pressure refers to the pressure at which, at constant temperature, a liquid, liquid mixture, or liquid-solution begins to bod.
  • azeotropic composition refers to a composition comprising two or more fluids wherein the bubble point pressure equals the dew point pressure.
  • An azeotropic composition boils without change of the composition and behaves as a single substance.
  • the azeotropic compositions described herein are determined in a temperature range of - 20 °C to 100 °C and expressed in mass fractions.
  • azeotrope-like composition refers to a composition comprising two or more fluids which exhibit only small differences between the dew point pressure and the bubble point pressure, i.eoul the dew point pressure is different by 5% or less from the bubble point pressure (both expressed in absolute pressure)
  • An azeotrope-like composition boils without substantial change of the composition and behaves substantially as a single substance.
  • the azeotrope-like compositions described herein are determined in a temperature range of -20 °C to 100 °C and expressed in mass fractions.
  • cloud point pressure*' refers to the pressure at which, at constant temperature, a dear single phase spin fluid transitions from a dear solution to a cloudy, two-phase dispersion. At the cloud point pressure, a clear spin fluid becomes turbid.
  • Atmospheric pressure means 101.325 kPa.
  • Essentially atmospheric pressure means 101.325 kPa 1 5 %.
  • the singular forms "a,” “an,” and “the” indude the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • a range of values is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value.
  • values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about.” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. All ranges are inclusive and combinable.
  • Azeotropic or Azeotrope-like Compositions Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about29 to about 89 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 71 to about 11 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 39 to about 79 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 61 to about 21 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 ' C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 340 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 27 to about 87 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 73to about 13 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 37 to about 77 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 63 to about 23 weight percent 2-methyipentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 112 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 25 to about ⁇ 5 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 75 to about 15 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 35 to about 75 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 65 to about 25 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 57 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 54 to about 63 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 46 to about 37 weight percent 2-methylpentane These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 340 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 56.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 44.0 weight percent 2- methyipentane at a pressure of about 56.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 e G.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 58.5 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.5 weight percent 2- methylpentane at a pressure of about 111 ,9 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C. in some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 63.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 37.0 weight percent 2- 5 methylpentane at a pressure of about 340 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C. ; i
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 58.3 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41,7 weight percent 2- methylpentane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 56.9 10 °C.
  • Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trichlorometharie and 3-methylpentane
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or 15 consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of. or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 96 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 64 to about 4 weight 20 percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 46 to about 86 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 54 to about 14 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 326 kPa
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 as to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 67 to about 7 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 43 to about 83 weight percent trichtoromethane and from about 57 to about 17 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to 30 about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 107 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about I to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 32 to about 92 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 68 to about 8 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from 35 about 42 to about 82 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 58 to about 18 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 54 kPa.
  • the composition comprising trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane is azeotropic.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of Or consists of from about 58 to about 73 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 42 to about 27 weight percent 3-methylpentane
  • These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 326 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 58 5 weight percent trichloramethane and about 41.5 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 3.0 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 °G.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 64.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 36.0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 24 1 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 *C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 66.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 34.0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 53.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 68.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 32.0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 106.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 73.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 27 0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 326 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °G. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 68. i weight percent trichloromethane and about 31.9 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 58.4 °G. ; Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane
  • compositions comprising or consisting essentially of trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans- 1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 34 to about 94 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 6 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 44 to about 84 weight percent transit) 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 56 to about 16 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 460 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and is from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 90 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 10 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 40 to about 80 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 ° C to about 60 ’C and at a 20 boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 161 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, dr consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 28 to about 88 weight percent trahs-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 72 to about 12 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from 25 about 38 to about 78 weight percent trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 22 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 “C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 6 kPa to about 85 kP
  • the composition comprising trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 30 2,2-dimethylbutane is azeotropic.
  • the azeotropic compostion consists essentially of or consists of from about 52 to about 75 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 25 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 *C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 35 kPa to about 460 kPa. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 52.6 weight percent trans- 1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 47.4 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutahe at a pressure of about 5.9 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 X.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 56.0 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 44.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 16.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about O X.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.5 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 40.2 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 “C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 63.0 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 37.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 84.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 X.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 67.0 wight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 33.0 weight percent 2 ,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 160 5 kPa and at a boiling tem perature of about 60 X .
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 75 0 weight percent trans- 1 .2-dichloroethylene and about 25.0 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 460 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 X.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 64 1 weight percent trans- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and about 35 9 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 45.3 X,
  • Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and n-hexane
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 332 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 46 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 54 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 95 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 85 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethyleneand from about 45 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 "G to about 60 a c and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 107 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 49 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 57 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 1 weight percent h-hexane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 54 kPa in some embodiments, the composition comprising cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane is azeotropic.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 72 to about 79 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 28 to about 21 weight percent n-hexane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 332 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 73.2 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 26.8 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 3 ⁇ 1 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 6 C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 72.2 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 27.8 weight percent n-hexa ne at a pressure ctf about 23.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 73.0 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 27.0 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 53.1 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 74.5 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and about 25.5 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 106.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C. ;
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 78.5 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 21.5 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 332 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 74.3 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethyfene : and about 25 7 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 58.5 a C. Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2 -methylpentane
  • azeotropic or .azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 .2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 26 to about 86 weight percent cis-1 (2-dichloroethylene and from about 74 to about 14 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 76 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 64 to about 24 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 361 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 1 to about 77 weight percent cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 23 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 24 to about 84 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 76 to about 16 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 34 to about 74 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 26 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 'C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 119 kPa
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 31 to about 72 weight percent cis-1, 2toichloroethylene and from about 69 to about 28 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 23 to about 83 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 77 to about 17 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 73 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 67 to about 27 weight percent 2- methylpentane.
  • These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at
  • the composition comprising ais-1,2*dichloroethytene and 2- methylpentane is azeotropic
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 52 to about 60 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 361 kPa. "
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 52.6 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 47.4 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 3.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 "G. in some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 53.5 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 46 5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 27 6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of abouW ⁇ C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 54.5 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 45.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 60.4 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 56.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 44.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 118.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 “G. : ; In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.5 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 40 5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 361 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 55.5 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and about 44.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 55.0 °C, Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1, 2» dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane. or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 67 to about 7 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 G C to about 100 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 348 kPa
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 91 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 9 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 81 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethyiene
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 “C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 114 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 90 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 10 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 80 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 58 kPa.
  • the composition comprising cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and 3- methylpentane is azeotropic.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 59 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 41 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 348 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.0 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 41.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 3.5 kPa and at a toiling temperature of about -20 °C. ;
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.5 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 26.0 kPa and at a toiling temperature of about 20 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 60.6 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 394 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 57.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °c.
  • the azeotrope composition consists essentially of or consists of about 62.1 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 37.9 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 113 5 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C.
  • the azeotrope composition consists essentially of or consists of about 66.5 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 33.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 348 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 61.9 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 38.1 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 56.5 °C.
  • Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethyibutane
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 , 2- diChloroethylene and from about 95 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane,
  • These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist offrom about I to about 60 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 40 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 49 weight percent 2.2- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the composition comprising cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane is azeotropic
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 21 to about 36 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 64 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 ; 'C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 414 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 21 0 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 79 0 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 5.4 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 ”6.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 23.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 77.0 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 36.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 ’G.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 25.5 weight percent cis-l,2-dichloroethylene and about 74.5 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 76.2 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 q G.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 28.5 weight percent cis-l,2-dichloroethylene and about 71.5 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 144.5 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of : or consists of about 35.5 weight percent cts-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 64.5 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 414 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about ioo °c.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 26.6 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 73.4 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 101 3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 48.6 C.
  • Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 19 to about 79 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 81 to about 21 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 29 to about 69 weight percent cis- 1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 71 to about 31 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane,
  • These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 “C to about 100 °G and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kRa to about 367 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of. or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 72 weight percent cis-
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 “G to about 60 °G and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 123 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 74 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 26 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 66 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethyiene and from about 99 to about 34 weight percent 2,3- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about : 75 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and : from about 85 to about 25 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 25 to about 65 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 75 to about 35 weight percent
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 40 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 63 kPa.
  • composition comprising cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 43 to about 55 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 57 to about 45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 J C and at a boiling pressure of about 4 kPa to about 367 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 43.0 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and about 57.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 4.0 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 45.0 weight : percent : cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene : and about 55.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 29.0 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20TG
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 47 0 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 53 0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of aoout 62 7 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C. In some embodiments f the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 49.5 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 50.5 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 122.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of i about 55.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 45.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 367 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C.
  • the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 48.6 weight percent cis-l ,2-dichloroethylene and about 51.4 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 54.1 °C.
  • the compound trichloromethane (TCM, chloroform) has a reported GWP-100 global (warming potential over a 100-year period) of 20.6 (IPCC 2021 report) No calculated GWP value is available for trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and for cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions disclosed herein combining the chlorinated compounds trichlQromethane or dichloroethylene and different linear or branched hexanes have a very low global warming potential (GWP).
  • GWP global warming potential
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trichloromethane and either 2-methylpentane or 3-methylpentane have a GWP-100 of less than about 20, or less than about 15, or less than about 10, or less than about 5.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trans/cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and one of n- hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane have a GWP-100 of at or close to zero.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like Compositions as described herein have the advantage of being homogeneous azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions.
  • the components of the composition at ambient temperatures and pressures form a single liquid phase.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions where, due to low miscibility of the components of the composition, the components of the composition undergo phase separation in the liquid phase. Phase separation is usually undesired since processes involving the composition are more complex and expensive.
  • the homogeneous nature of the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions is achievable over a broad range of practical conditions including ambient pressure and temperature.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are useful in a wide range of applications.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are used as spin agents for flash spinning, in other embodiments as cleaning agents, and in other embodiments as solvents.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-hke compositions are spin agents within spin fluids for flash spinning.
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylehe, and (2) a linear or branched C 6 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • a polymer selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE)
  • the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • the polymer is polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
  • the spin agent comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from -the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched C 6 hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and(b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (T) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • a spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (T) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene,
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 9 to about 28 weight percent, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent, or from about 12 to about 20 weight percent of a polyethylene , based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2‘dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ca hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • a spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trich
  • the spin fluid comprises fa) from about 9 to about 16 weight percent or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, seleded from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylehe, and (2) a linear or branched Cs hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane,
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 15 to about 25 weight percent or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent
  • the spin fluid comprises ⁇ a) from about 22 to about 34 weight percent or from about 26 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene
  • the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of thespin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 70 to about 86 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the - spin fl uid, and in other embodiments from about 72 to about 82 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 81 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 66 to about 78 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 66 to about 74 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • the polymer in the spin fluid is polyethylene (PE) or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), and the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound and a linear or branched Os hydrocarbon as summarized in the below Table 1.
  • the concentrations in the spin fluid of the polymers discussed above may be combined with the concentrations of the spin agent components shown below.
  • the spin fluid may include additives, such as antioxidants or acid scavengers in minor amounts, provided that their presence does not interfere with the azeotropic or azeotrope-like nature of the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions described herein.
  • the spin fluid comprises additives in an amount of about 1.5 weight percent or less of the total amount of the spin agent, and in other embodiments in an amount of about 0.1 weight percent or less of the total amount of the spin agent. >
  • the polyethylene is a high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and blends/mixtures of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (L.DPE), in particular linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
  • the polyethylene is a high-density polyethylene (HOPE).
  • the spin fluid comprising the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition as described herein exhibits a cloud point pressure in the range of about 45 to about 300 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 300 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 300 bar. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprising the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition as described herein exhibits a cloud point pressure in the range of about 45 to about 250 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 250 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 250 bar.
  • the spin fluid comprising the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition as described herein exhibits a cloud point pressure in the range of about 45 to about 200 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 200 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 200 bar.
  • the flash spinning process must take place at an operating pressure below the spin fluid's cloud point pressure but above the spin fluid s bubble point pressure If the cloud point pressure is above about 300 bar, the flash spinning equipment must be built to withstand very high pressure which increases costs and operational constraints
  • the homogeneous azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions When used as/ a spin agent, the homogeneous azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions have the advantage that in the spin agent recovery process, upon 5 condensation of the spin agent, no phase separation occurs Furthermore, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like /compositions described herein result in spin fluids with / a cloud point pressure at or close to the azeotrope. This then makes it easy to condense the used spin agent into a liquid with the same or substantially the same composition sodhat it can be re- used. io
  • a process for the preparation of piexifilamentary fibrils of polymer comprises the steps of:
  • a polymer selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethyiene-co-tetrafluoroethyiene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
  • the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition
  • a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-t,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2- 25 dichloroethylene
  • a linear or branched Cs hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methyipentane, 2,2- dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethyibutane.
  • the flash-spinning is performed at a pressure in the range 30 of about 45 to about 300 bar, or in the range of about 50 to about 300 bar, or in the range of about 70 to about 300 bar. In some embodiments, the flash-spinning is performed at a pressure in the range of about 45 to about 250 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 250 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 250 bar. In some embodiments, the flash-spinning is performed at a pressure in the range of as about 45 to about 200 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 200 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 200 bar. The region of lower pressure into which flash spinning occurs is usually at or around atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • Hie polymer in the spin fluid is polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
  • the spin agent in the spin fluid comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethy
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-fflethylpentane, ⁇ -dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • a spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 9 to about 28 weight percent, or from about 10 to about 25 Weight percent, or from about 12 to about 20 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b> a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched C 6 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 9 to about 16 weight percent or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount Of the spin fluid, and (b)
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 15 to about 25 weight percent or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeofrope-like composition comprising (1) a ⁇ chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene, and trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Gj> hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3- methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimetoylbutane.
  • a ⁇ chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene, and trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene
  • a linear or branched Gj> hydrocarbon
  • the polymer is polyethylene and the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, as summarized in table 1 above.
  • the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbut
  • the spin fluid comprises from about 70 to about 93 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • toe spin fluid comprises from about 72 to about 91 weight percent of a spin agent, based on toe total amount of the spin fluid, in other embodiments from about 75 to about 90 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 80 to about 88 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • toe spin fluid comprises from about 84 to about 91 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 89 to about 91 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid
  • the spin fluid comprises from about 75 to about 85 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 75 to about 82 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising ⁇ 1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trtehlorometoarie, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- 1,2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched C 6 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane. 3-methylpentane, 2.2-dimethylbutane.
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 14 to about 30 weight percent or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition com prising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from toe group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ge hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition com prising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from toe group consisting of trichloromethane,
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) tom about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-f ,2-dichloroethylene.
  • a linear or branched C 8 hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methyipentane, 3-mefhylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane.
  • the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 22 to about 34 weight percent or from about 26 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylenefr based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 > a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- i ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched G « hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and : 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • the polymer is a poiy(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) and the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2- dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched C 8 hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methyipentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane, as summarized in Table 1 above.
  • the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2- dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched C 8 hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methyipentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-di
  • the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 70 to about 86 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 72 to about 82 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 81 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 66 to about 78 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 66 to about 74 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer obtainable by the process described herein.
  • plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene obtainable by the process described herein.
  • plexifilamentary fibrils of poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) obtainable by the process described herein.
  • the shape of the assembly of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer discharged from each spin orifice may be modified by any methods known in the art.
  • the plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer discharged from each spin orifice may be modified by passing into a shroud such as described on US 3.387,326. in other embodiments by passing into a slotted outlet such as described in US 3.467.744 or US 5.788,993. and in other embodiments passing into a slot fan jet as described in US 8.1 14,325
  • streams of fibrils from multiple orifices may exit via a common slot as described in US 3,564.088
  • Sheets of Nonwoven Flash-spun Plexifilamentary Fibrils by Collection, Consolidation, Bonding, Softening, and Articles Made from Sheets of Nonwoven Flash-spun Plexifilamentary Fibrils
  • Sheets comprising plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer can be formed by any method known in the art.
  • the stream of fibrils discharged from each spin orifice is directed towards a deflector device which alternately directs the stream of fibrils to the left and right onto a moving collecting device such that the fibrils accumulate in the form of a collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils, formed from fibrils oriented in an overlapping, multi-directional configuration
  • Deflection of the stream of fibrils may be achieved by any suitable means known in the art, including, but not limited to, those described in US 3,277.526 and US 3,387,326, US 3,169,899, US 3,497,918, US 3,456,156, US 3.593,074, US 3,851.023 and US 3.860.369, US 4/48 595, US 5.045.258, US 5,643,524, US 5,731 ,011 , US 5,750,152 and WO92/20511.
  • the stream of fibrils may also be laid down to form a collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils without deflection as described in US 5,788,993 and US 8,114,325.
  • the method of forming a collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils may further utilize structures in the spin cell such as those described in US 5,123,983, US 5,296,172, and WO92/20511.
  • the streams of fibrils are discharged from spin orifices located on a rotating support, and the fibrils are collected on a collecting belt which surrounds the rotating arrangement circumferentially as described in US 7,118,698, US 7,621 ,731 , US 7,786,034, and US 7,998,388.
  • the collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils formed by flash-spinning as described herein may be consolidated by applying a small amount of pressure to the sheet to form a consolidated sheet of nonwoven flash- spun plexifilamentary fibrils.
  • the sheet may be passed under a roller which applies pressure to the sheet to form a consolidated sheet.
  • a consolidated sheet as described herein is subjected to thermal or mechanical bonding as known in the art to form a thermally or mechanically bonded sheet. Bonding may also be achieved by impregnation of a consolidated sheet with a chemical bonding agent, either throughout the entire sheet, or at isolated points distributed over the sheet, or pattern-wise.
  • the bonded sheet is subjected to a mechanical softening process to obtain a softened sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils,
  • an antistatic treatment is applied to the bonded or softened sheet.
  • the antistatic treatment is applied by applying a coating composition comprising an antistatic compound.
  • a multilayer structure comprising at least one sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils as described herein, and at least one further : sheet or a film
  • the sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils as described herein is a collected sheet, a consolidated sheet, a bonded sheet or a softened sheet.
  • the sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils as described herein has many uses and may be used in a variety of articles and applications, including, but not limited to, multilayer structures, garments (including, but not limited to, protective apparel), house wrap, roof lining, car covers, medical and non-medical packaging, filtration media, print media, tags and labels, and accessories.
  • Trichloromethane (TCM), GAS No, 67-66-3, has an atmospheric boiling point of 61 “G and a molecular weight of 119.38 g/mol.
  • the trichloromethane used had a purity level above 99 percent by weight
  • Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (trans-1,2-0GE), CAS No, 156-60-5, has an atmospheric boiling point of 48 °C and a molecular weight of 96.94 g/mol.
  • the trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene used had a purity level above 98 percent by weight.
  • Gis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-l,2-DCE), CAS No. 156-59-2, has an atmospheric boiling point of 60 °G and a molecular weight of 96.94 g/mol The cis-1,2-dichloroethylene used had a purity level above 97 percent by weight.
  • N-hexane CAS No. 110-54-3, has an atmospheric boiling point of 69 °C and a molecular weight of 86.16 g/mol.
  • the n-hexane used for the cloud point and flash spin experiments had a purity level above 95 percent by weight.
  • the ri-hexane used for the vapor liquid equilibrium experiments had a purity level above 99 percent by weight 2-Methylpentane (2-MP), CAS No. 107-83-5, has an atmospheric boiling point of 60 °C and a molecular weight of 86.18 g/mol.
  • the 2-methylpentane used had a purity level above 99 %.
  • 3-M ethylpentane (3-MP), CAS No. 96-14-0 has an atmospheric boiling point of 64 °C and a molecular weight of 86.13 g/mol.
  • the 3-methylpentane used had a purity level above
  • 2,2-Oimethylbutane CAS No. 75-83-2, has an atmospheric boiling point of 49 °C and a molecular weight of 86.18 g/mol.
  • the 2, 2-dimethylbutane used had a purity level above 98 %. ;
  • Polyethylene A was a polyethylene having a density of 0 96 g/cm 3 (ISO 1183) and a melt flow rate of 0.9 g/10min (IS0 1133 at 190 °C/2.16 kg).
  • Polyethylene B was a polyethylene having a density of 0.957 g/cm 3 (ISO 1183) and a melt flow rate of 0.27 g/10min (ISO 1133 at i 90 o C/2.16 kg).
  • Polyethylene C was a polyethylene having a density of 0.957 g/cm 3 (IS0 1183) and a melt flow rate of 1 .2 g/1 Omin (ISO 1133 at 190 °C/2.16 kg).
  • the apparatus was charged with polymer pellets and spin agent and a pressure of at least 50 bar was applied to the pistons to compress the charge and avoid the spin fluid from boiling during subsequent heating.
  • the contents were then heated to mixing temperature and held at that temperature for about 30 to 45 minutes during which time : a differential pressure was alternatively established between the two cylinders to repeatedly force the contents through the mixing channel from one cylinder to the other to provide mixing and e ⁇ ctive formation of a spin fluid.
  • the spin fluid temperature was then increased to the final spin temperature and held there for about 10 to 20 minutes to equilibrate.
  • the pressure of the spin fluid was kept above the cloud point pressure during mixing and during the increase in temperature from the mixing temperature to the spin temperature. Mixing was continued throughout this period.
  • the accumulator was set to the pressure desired for spinning.
  • the valve between the accumulator and the twin piston assembly was opened to reduce the pressure of the spin fluid to the desired spin pressure, and about two to five seconds later, the spinneret orifice was opened to release the spin fluid into conditions of atmospheric pressure.
  • the delay of about two to five seconds corresponds to the residence time in the letdown chamber in a continuous spinning process
  • the resultant stream of flash-spun fibrils was collected in a stainless-steel open mesh screen basket During spinning, the spin pressure was recorded just upstream of the spinneret.
  • the spinneret assembly was replaced with a view ceil assembly containing a i/2 inch (12.3 mm) diameter high-pressure sight glass, through which the contents of the cell could be viewed as they flow through the channel.
  • the window was lit by means of a fiber optic light guide, while the view through the sight glass was displayed using a digital camera.
  • a Type J thermocouple was located about 5 mm behind the high-pressure sight glass.
  • the Type 1 thermocouple and a pressure measuring device located in close proximity to the window measured the pressure and temperature inside the view celt behind the sight glass and the pressure and temperature were continuously monitored by a computer.
  • Example 1 Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane
  • Figure 1 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition - of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane at 40 °C corresponds to about 56.0 wt% trichloromethane and about 44.0 wt% 2-methylpentane.
  • the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about- 56.6 kPa.
  • the azeotropic-like -composition of trichloromethane and 2-- methylpentane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1*99 wt% to about 99:1 wt%.
  • Example 2 Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane
  • Figure 2 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium tor the composition of trichloromethane arid 3-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane at 40 °C corresponds to about 66.0 wt% trichloromethane -and about 34.0 wt% 3-methylpentane, the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 53.6 kPa.
  • the azeotropic-like composition of trichloromethane and 3- methylpentane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1 :99 wt% to about 99:1 wt%.
  • Example 3 Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane
  • Figure 3 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trans-
  • the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 84.6 kPa.
  • the azeotropic-lite composition of trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1:99 wt% to about 99:1 wt%.
  • Example 4 Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and n-hexane
  • Figure 4 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
  • the azeotropic composition of ⁇ cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and n-hexane at 40 °C corresponds to about 73.0 wt% cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and about 27.0 wt% n-hexane.
  • the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 53.1 kPa.
  • 1,2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 49:99 wt% to about 51:1 wt%.
  • Example 5 Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane
  • Figure 5 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
  • the azeotropic composition of cis- 1,2- dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane at 40 °C corresponds to about 54.5 wt% cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and about 45.5 wt% 2-methylpentane.
  • the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 60.4 kPa.
  • Figure 5 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
  • the azeotropic composition of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane at 40 C corresponds to about 60.6 wt% cis-1 , 2- dichloroethylene and about 39.4 wt% 3-methylpentane.
  • the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 57.3 kPa,
  • Example 7 Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane
  • Figure 7 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
  • the azeotropic composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane at 40 °C corresponds to about 25.5 wt% cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and about 74.5 wt% 2,2-dimethylbutane,
  • the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 75.2 kPa
  • the azeotropic-like composition of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1 :99 wt% to about 46:54 wt%.
  • Example 8 Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane
  • Figure 8 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
  • the azeotropic composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane at 40 °C corresponds to about 47.0 wt% cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and about 53.0 wt% 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 62.7 kPa.
  • the azeotropic-like composition of cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane at a 5% deviation : from the : azeotrope point was found to be from about 1:99 wt% to about 74:26 wt%.
  • Figure 9 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene A and a spin agent of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane in a 15:85 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Example 10 Cloud point study of polyethylene
  • Figure 10 shows the cloud point pressure curve Of a spin fluid comprising 18 Wt% polyethylene A and a spin agent of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane in a 20:80 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Figure 11 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene B and a spin agent of trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane in a 20:80 ratio by weight,
  • This spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Figure 12 shows the cloud point pressure curves of three different spin fluids comprising different polyethylenes at different concentrations and different spin agents.
  • Example 12 concerns the cloud point pressure curve Of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene B and a spin agent of cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Example 13 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene A and a spin agent of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane in a 54 5:45 5 ratio by weight
  • This spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning
  • Example 14 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene B and a spin agent of cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Figure 13 shows the cloud point pressure curves of two different spin fluids comprising different polyethylenes at different concentrations and different spin agents.
  • Example 15 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 25 wt% polyethylene C and a spin agent of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 25 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Example 16 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene D and a spin agent of css-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2.3-dsmethylbutane in a 35:65 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning
  • Table 2 below shows the conditions for flash spinning PE from spin fluids comprising PE in different concentrations and different spin agents at different temperatures.
  • Example 25 Cloud point studies of poly(ethylene-co4etrafluoroethylene)
  • Figure 14 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 20 wt% poly(ethylene-co4etrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene ( cis-1, 2-DCE) and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 20 wt% ETFE shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Example 26 Cloud point studies of poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
  • Figure 15 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethyiene-co-fetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 , 2-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) in a 54.5:45.5 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 26 wt% ETFE shows a cioud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Example 27 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight
  • Example 28 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane in a 40:60 ratio by weight.
  • ETFE poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
  • spin fluids comprising from 26 wt% ETFE show a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Figure 17 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid: comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight.
  • This spin fluid comprising 26 wt% ETFE shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
  • Examples 30 to 35 Flash spinning performance of poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) Flash spinning of was performed on the equipment described in the above for different spin fluids.
  • the Table 3 below shows the conditions for flash spinning poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroetiylene) (ETFE) from spin fluids comprising ETFE in different concentrations and different spin agents at different temperatures.
  • Table 3 Summary of the flash spinning experiments of Examples 30 to 35.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions allow the successful flash-spinning from spin fluids at relatively high polymer concentrations. This allows an efficient preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymers at a high process productivity.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions exhibit a desirably low GWP value of below 15, or at or close to zero. This makes these compositions suitable as replacement for spin agents disclosed in the prior art.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions form a positive homogenous azeotrope with an advantageously low boiling temperature of 60 °C.
  • Such low boiling temperature correlates to a pressure around (or only slightly above) atmospheric pressure.
  • the azeotrope-like compositions which are centered around the azeotrope point exhibit only small differences between the bubble point pressure and the dew point pressure. This has the advantage that the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions do not change significantly during the different steps of the spin agent recovery process and thus allow the spin agent to be re-used/recycled in a commercial process.
  • the present application provides an azeotropic or azeotrope- like composition comprising
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 29 to about 89 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 71 to about 11 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 39 to about 79 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 61 to about 21 weight percent 2-methylpehtane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 3 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 340 kPa. 5.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 3 to 4 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 Weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 27 to about 87 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 73 to about 13 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 37 to about 77 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 63 to about 23 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 5 boiling at a temperature of about -20 " C to about 60 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 112 kPa.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 3 to 6 comprising, consisting essentially of. or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 25 to about 85 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 75 to about 15 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 35 to about 75 weight percent frichloromethane and from about 65 to about 25 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 7 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 “G and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 57 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 8 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 54 to about 63 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 46 to about 37 weight percent 2-methylpentane 10.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 9 boiling at a temperature of about -20
  • azeotropic composition of any one : of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 54.6 weight percent trichloromethane and about 45.4 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 11 boiling at a temperature of about -20 "G at a pressure of about 3.3 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 56.0 weight percent tridiloromethane and about 44.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 58 5 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 63.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 37.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 17 boiling at a temperature of about 100 °C at a pressure of about 340 kPa. 19.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 58.3 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.7 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 96 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 64 to about4 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 46 to about 86 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 54 to about 14 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 21 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 326 kPa.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 21 to 22 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent tr chloromethane and from about 67 to about
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 23 boiling at a temperature of about -20 V C to about 60 : C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 107 kPa.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-hke composition of any one of embodiments 21 to 24 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane arid from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 32 to about 92 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 68 to about
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 27 boiling at a temperature of about «• 20 °C to about 100 6 G at a pressure of about 3 kPa toabout 326 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 58,5 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 64.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 36.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 66.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 34.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 34.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 33 boiling at a temperature of about 40
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 68.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 32.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • 36. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 35 boiling at a temperature of about 60 °C at a pressure of about 106.6 kPa.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 73.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 27.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic composition of embodiment 37 boiling at a temperature of about 100 °C at a pressure of about 326 kPa.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 68.1 weight percent trichloromethane and about 31.9 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 39 boiling at a temperature of about 584 “C at a pressure of about 101 3 kPa.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 dr 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 34 to about 94 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 6 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 44 to about 84 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 56 to about 16 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition of embodiment 41 boiling at a temperature of about -20 ' C to about 100 C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about460 kPa.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 42 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trahs-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 90 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 10 weight percrent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about AQ to about 80 weight percent trans-1,2-dichtoroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 44.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 43 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 161 kPa. 45.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 44 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 28 to about 88 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 72 to about 12 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 38 to about 78 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichioroethylene and from about 62 to about 22 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 45 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 85 kPa.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 46 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 52 to about 75 weight percent trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 25 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 47 boiling at a temperature of about - 20 °C to about TOO °C at a pressure of about 5 kPa to about 460 kPa.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 52 6 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 47.4 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 56.0 weight percent trans-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and about 44.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 59.5 weight perceht trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 53 boiling at a temperature of about 20
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 63.0 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 37.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 55 boiling at a temperature of about 40 °C at a pressure of about 84.6 kPa , 57.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 67.0 weight percent trans-T2-dichtoroethylene and about 33.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 75.0 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethyiene and about 25.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 64.1 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 35.9 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 39 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 53 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 47 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 53 to about 95 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichlordethylehe and from about 47 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane. or from about 53 to about 85 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 47 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 63 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °G to about 100 °G and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 332 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 63 to 64 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 46 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 54 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 95 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 85 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethyiene and from about 45 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane, 66
  • the azeotropic or azeotrc ⁇ e-Iike composition of embodiment 65 boiling at a : temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about T07
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 63 to 66 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 49 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 57 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichioroethylene and from about 43 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 732 weight percent cis-1 ,2-diGhloroethylene and about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 72.2 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 73.0 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 27.0 weight percent n-hexane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 74.5 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-diGhloroethylene and about 25.5 weight percent n-hexane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 77 boiling at a temperature of about 60 X at a pressure of about 106.3 kPa. 79.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 78.5 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 743 weight percent cis4,2-dichtoroethylehe and about 25,7 weight percent n-hexane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 26 to about 86 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 74 to about 14 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 76 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 64 to about 24 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 83 to 84 comprising, consisting essentially of. or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 1 to about 77 weight percent Cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 23 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 24 to about 84 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 76 to about 16 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 34 to about 74 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 26 Weight percent 2-methylpentane
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 85 boiling at temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 119 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition of any one of embodiments 83 to 86 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 31 to about 72 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 69 to about 28 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 23 to about 83 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 77 to about 17 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 73 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 67 to about 27 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 89 boiling at a temperature of about - 20 ’C to about ioo °C at a pressure of about 3 kPa to about 361 kPa.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 53.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 54 5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting Of about 56.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 4.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 55.5 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about I to about 99 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent cis-1,2-dichl0roethyiene and from about 67 to about
  • 104 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 t 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight perGent 3- methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 91 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethyiene and from about 62 to about 9 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 81 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 19 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 105 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 114 kPa.
  • the azeofropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 103 to 106 comprising, cohsisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 90 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 10 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 80 weight percent cis-l,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 3- methylpentane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 107 boiling at a temperature of about -20 1 C to about 40 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 58 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 108 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 59 to about 67 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 41 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 109 boiling at a temperature of about -20 P C to about 100 °C at a pressure of about 3 kPa to about 348 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 59.0 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 41.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 112.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 111 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C at a pressure of about 3.5 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 59.5 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichlorOethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 113 boiling at a temperature of about 20 °C at a pressure of about 26.0 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 60.6 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 66.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 61.9 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 38.1 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 122.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 64 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichtoroethylene and from about 85 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 123 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about S' kPa to about 414 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 123 to 124 comprising, consisting essentially of. or consisting of from about 1 to about 60 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 40 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 49 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 125 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 145 kP
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 123 to 126 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 53 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichlorOethylene and from about 99 to about 47 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 46 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and tom about 99 to about 54 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 46 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 54 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 46 weight percent ciS-1, 2-dichtorcethylene and from about 85 to about 54 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic composition of any ; one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 21.0 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 79.0 Weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 23.0 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 25.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 74.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 136.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 135 boiling at a temperature of about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 28.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 71.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 138 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 137 boiling at a temperature of about
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 35.5 weight percent cis-1»2-dichlorOethylene and about 64,5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 19 to about 79 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 81 to about 21 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 29 to about 69 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 71 to about 31 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane,
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 143 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 367 kPa.
  • the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 145 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 123 kPa.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 143 to 146 comprising, consisting essentially of , or consisting of from about 1 to about 74 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 26 weight percent 2,3- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 66 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 34 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 75 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 25 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 25 to about 65 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 75 to about 35 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 147 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 63 kPa,
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 43.0 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 57.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic composition of embodiment 151 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C at a pressure of about 4.0 kPa.
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 45.0 weight percent cls-1 ,2-dichtoroethylene and about 55.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • the azeotropic composition of embodiment 153 boiling at a temperature of about
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 47.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 53.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 55.0 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 45.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane. ;
  • the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 48.6 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichlorbethylene and about
  • the present application provides a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising (a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE», based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
  • spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising
  • the spin fluid of embodiment 163 comprising from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of the spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • spin fluid of embodiment 169, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent tridiloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
  • an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of Or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from
  • Weight percent 3-methylpentane or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent trichloromethane and tom about 90 to about 80 Weight percent 3-methylpentane.
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethyleneand : from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 39 to about 55 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from
  • the spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170 wherein the spin agent ; comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylerie arid from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-d
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent
  • 2,2-dimethylbutane or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to. about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane.
  • the spin fl uid of embodiment 179 or 180 comprising from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene- ⁇ ro-tetraflU(xoethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-c®4etrafluoroethyiene), each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • the present application provides a process tor the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer which comprises the steps of:
  • a polymer selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
  • spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of the spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • spin fluid comprises from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid
  • spin fluid comprises from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poiy(ethyiene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a polyfethylene- co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a polyfethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylenej. each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 50 : weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from : about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2 ⁇ iethylpentane, or from about 20 to
  • BO consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans- 1,2-dichloroetiiyiene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimetnylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent frans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percerit 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent trans- 1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane , or from about 39 to about 55 weight5 percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 45 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 39 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 50 weight percent n-hexane.
  • the spin agento comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositibn which consists essentially of or consists of tom about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or tom about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and5 from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2- methylpentane.
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from atx>ut 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55; weight percent cis-1, 2-d
  • the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutahe, or from about
  • spin fluid comprises from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
  • the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially of or consists of (1) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpenta ne, or
  • spin fluid comprises from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). each based on the total amount of the spin fluid
  • the present application provides a use of the spin fluid of any of embodiments 163 to 186 for preparing plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) by flash spinning
  • the plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) obtainable or obtained by the process of any one of embodiments 187 to 210.
  • a bonded sheet obtainable by thermally or mechanically bonding the consolidated sheet of embodiment 214.
  • a softened sheet obtainable by softening the consolidated sheet of embodiment 198 or by softening the bonded sheet of embodiment 215. 217.
  • An article comprising plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) of embodiment 212 and/or a sheet of any one of embodiments 213 to 216.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to (i) an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched C6 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, (ii) a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising these azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions and a polymer, and (iii) a process for the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymers using the spin fluid.

Description

TITLE
AZEOTROPIC AND AZEOTROPE-LIKE COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A CHLORINATED COMPOUND AND A C6-HYDROCARBON AND USE OF THE COMPOSITIONS AS FLASH SPINNING AGENTS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to (I) an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-l,2-dichloroethyiene, and trahs-1,2-dichloroethyiene, and (2) a linear or branched C.-, hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, (ii) a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising these azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions and a polymer, and (lii) a process for the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymers using the spin fluid.
BACKGROUND
Flash spinning is a process for producing fibrils that involves the following steps: (i) dissolving a polymer in a composition comprising one or more solvents (often called a spin agent), at elevated temperature and pressure to form a homogeneous solution (often called a spin fluid), (ii) reducing the pressure sufficiently below the spin fluid’s cloud point pressure (i.e , the pressure at which the spin fluid transitions from a clear solution to a cloudy , two- phase dispersion), while still maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent the spin fluid from reaching Its bubble point pessure fi.e , the pressure at which the spin agent in the spin fluid begins to boil), (iii) releasing the resulting dispersion continuously through one or moreorifices into a lower pressure region at or near atmospheric temperature and pressure so that the spin agent flash evaporates as it emerges from the one or more orifices, (iv) collecting the polymer which remains as a stream of fibrils, e g , plexifilamentary fibrils, and (v) recovering the evaporated spin agent for re-use. Examples of flash spinning processes are disclosed in US 3,O81,S19 arid US 3,227,794. In a commercial flash spinning process, the spin agent's solvent properties and physical properties are critical. In particular, the solvent properties of the spin agent determine whether and under what conditions fibrils are produced in the flash spinning process and the spin agent's physical properties impact the process for recovering and re- using the spin agent. The process for recovenng spin agents typically involves a step in which the spin agent is condensed from the gas state to the liquid state, and it is preferred that the composition of the spin agent remains essentially constant during this step. This is inherent when spin agents comprise only one solvent but notwhen they comprise two or more solvents which are often required to provide the necessary solvent properties for flash spinning the desired polymer. Accordingly, when using a spin agent that comprises two or more solvents, it is advantageous to use a composition that is azeotropic or azeotrope-like which behaves similarly to a spin agent with only one solvent.
Examples of solvents that can be used with polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) or with fluoropolymers such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers (ETFE) are dichioromethane (DCM) and 1,2-dichloroethylene (BCE). At practical operating temperatures, BCM and BCE are each too strong of a solvent and cannot be used as the only component in a spin agent composition for flash spinning because they dissolve polymers at relatively low pressures in particular, because BCM and DOE dissolve polymers at relatively low pressures, the cloud point pressure of a spin fluid using a spin agent with these chlorinated solvents alone is so close to the bubble point pressure that use of such spin agent is not feasible. Weaker solvents such as hydrofluorocarbons can be mixed with BCM or BCE to reduce the solvent strength of the spin agent and increase the spin fluid's cloud point pressure such that flash spinning can be readily accomplished?
Other examples of solvents that can be used with polymers such as polyolefins are cyclic Os-? hydrocarbons, for example, cyclopentane or cyclohexane. Similar to spin agent systems based on chlorinated solvents, cyclic hydrocarbon solvents are typically blended with other components to adjust the polymer solubility to give a cloud-point pressure of the spin fluid so that flash spinning can be readily accomplished. It is beneficial if such blended hydrocarbon-based spin agents form a homogeneous liquid phase at ambienttemperature and pressure, and if they exhibit azeotropic or azeotrope-like behavior at blend ratios which are suitable for flash spinning
WO 2016/200873 A1 suggests spin agent compositions of dichioromethane or 1 ,2- dichloroethylene with l H,6H-perfiuorohexane. i H-perfluorohexane, or 1H- perfluoroheptane. However, use of such linear hydrofluorocarbons in combination with DCM or BCE results in spin agents that often exhibit undesirably high global warming potential (GWP). In view of the growing concerns regarding climate change and increasing regulatory requirements, there is a need to find suitable low GWP replacements for spin agent compositions disclosed in the prior art. Such spin agent compositions should: also form a homogeneous liquid phase at ambient temperatures and pressures, rather than a heterogeneous liquid phase where, due to low miscibility of the components of the spin agent composition, a liquid-liquid . phase separation occurs. Compositions forming heterogeneous liquid phases are usually undesired since processes involving such compositions are more complex and expensive due to the liquid-liquid phase separation. US 7,179,413 Bl describes flash spinning of synthetic polymers from a spin agent consisting of a primary spin agent selected from CrC? hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, fluorinated compounds, and brominated compounds and a co-spin agent which is a fluorinated compound containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms and a double bond, and having a boiling point below 100 °C. The presence of fluorinated compounds in these mixtures may still result in an undesirably high global warming potential (GWP).
Accordingly, there is a need for, and the present inventors have discovered, low GWP azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of a chlorinated solvent and a non-cyclic hydrocarbon that (i) form a positive homogenous azeotrope with a boiling temperature below 60 °C, (ii) simplify the spin agent recovery and re-use process, and (iii) provide suitable cloud point pressures for flash spinning both non-fluorinated and fluorinated polymers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising
(1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and
(2) a linear or branched Ge hydrocarbon, selected from the group insisting of n- hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
In one embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition comprising or consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane. In a further embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane.
In one embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2- dimethylbutane.
In one embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane.
In a further embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 2- methylperitane. In a farther embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane. In a farther embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane. In a further embodiment the invention is directed to an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising or consisting essentially of cis- 1,2- dichforoethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane,
In a further embodiment the invention is directed to a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising (a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE). based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition composing (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1.2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ca hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methy (pentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane.
In a further embodiment the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer. The process comprises the steps oft
(i) generating a spin fluid comprising
(a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the apin fluid, and
(b) a spin agent, and
(ii) flash-spinning the spin fluid at a pressure that is above the vapor pressure of the spin fluid into a region of essentially atmospheric pressure to form)plexifilamentary fibrils of the polymer, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched C« hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n- hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Fig. 1 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of trichloromethane (TOM) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) at 40 °C,
Fig. 2 shows the calculated vapoNiquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of trichloromethane (TCM) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) at 40 °C.
Fig. 3 shows the calculated vapoMiquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (trans-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) at 40 °C.
Fig. 4 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene (cis- 1 ,2-DCE) and n-hexane at 40 °C. Fig. 5 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-12-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) at 40 'C.
Fig. 6 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) at 40 °C. Fig. 7 shows the calculated vapor-hquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 , 2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) at 40 °C.
Fig. 8 shows the calculated vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the compositions of cis- i,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1, 2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2, 3-DMB) at 40 °C.
Fig. 9 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of trichloromethane (TCM) and 2-methylpentane (2- MP) in a 15:85 ratio by weight
Fig. 10 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of trichloromethane (TCM) and 3-methylpentane (3- MP) in a 20:80 ratio by weight. Fig. 11 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid: comprising 11 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene (trans-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2- dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) in a 20:80 ratio by weight
Fig. 12 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-12-DCE) and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight, the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1, 2-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) in a 54.5:45.5 ratio by weight, and the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid cornprising 11 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene (cis-1, 2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight. Fig. 13 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 25 wt% polyethylene (PE) and a spin agent of cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2- dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight.
Fig. 14 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 20 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-12-dichloroethylene (cis-1.2-DCE) and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight
Fig. 15 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poiy(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-12-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) in a 54.5:45.5 ratio by weight.
Fig. 16 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight and the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in a 40:60 ratio by weight.
Fig. 17 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethy tone (cis-1 ,2-DCE) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions and Clarification of Terms Before addressing details of embodiments, some terms and test methods are defined or clarified. Unless otherwise mentioned, all tests were carried out without preconditioning of the samples. When average values are indicated herein, this refers to the arithmetic average.
Density is determined according to the method described in ISO 1183 (Plastics - Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics).
Melting temperature is determined by differential scanning calorimetry, following the guidance provided in ASTM D3418 (Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and ASTM Standard F2625 (Standard Test Method for Measurement of Enthalpy of Fusion, Percent Crystallinity and Melting Point of Ultra-High-Molecular weight polyethylene by means of differential scanning calorimetry). For polyethylene, heating and cooling is performed under inert gas ata rate of 10 °C/minute, heating the sample first from room temperature to 210 °C, then cooling the sample back to room temperature and subsequently heating the sample a second time to 210 °O. The melting point reported herein is the peak temperature of the endotherm of the second heating cycle. For poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) the same procedures apply: with a maximum temperature of 300%.
The melt flow rate is determined according to the method described in ISO 1133 (Plastics - Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplastics). The melt flow rate for polyethylene is determined under condition “D” at a temperature of 190 % and using a mass of 2160 grams (2.16kg), 5000 grams (5kg) or 21 ,600 gram (21 ,6kg).
The melt flow rate for poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) is determined according to the method described in ASTM D3159 (Standard Specification for Modified ETFE Fluoropolymer Molding and Extrusion Materials). The term "polymer" is Intended to embrace, without limitation, homopolymers, copolymers (such as for example, block, graft, random, and alternating copolymers), terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polymer" shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to, Isotactic, syndiotactic, and random symmetries.
The term "polymer type" refers to the chemical class into which the polymer falls, for example, polyolefin, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc,
The term "polyethylene” is intended to embrace not only homopolymers of ethylene, but also copolymers and terpolymers wherein at least 85% of the recurring units are ethylene units, and the comonomer unit is for example propylene, butylene, hexene or octene. One useful polyethylene is a polyethylene that has a melting temperature of about 123 °C to about 140 °C, a density in the range of 0.94 to 0.98 grams per cubic centimeter (ISO 1133), and a melt flow rate (ISO 1133, 190 "C/2160 grams) of between 0 05 g/10min and 30 g/IOmin, preferably less than 4 g/IOmin, and/or a melt flow rate (ISO 1133, 190 °0/21,600 grams) of between 1 g/10min and 15 g/IOmin.
The terms *'poly(ethylene-co*tetrafluoroethylene)w or “ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene* (“ETFE”) are intended to embrace not only copolymers of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene but also copolymers where at least 70% of the recurring units are ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene units. The ratio of ethylene to tetrafluoroethylene units in the copolymer may vary over wide limits. For example, the mole ratio of tetrafluoroethylene to ethylene units may be from about 40/60 to about 70/30.
The term “plexifilamentary” refers to a three-dimensional integral network or web of a multitude of thin, ribbon-like, fibrils of random length and a median fibril width of less than about 25 microns In plexifilamentary structures, the fibrils are generally coextensively aligned with the longitudinal axis of the structure, and they intermitently unite and separate at irregular intervals in various places throughout the length, width, and thickness of the structure to form a continuous three-dimensional network or web.
The terms “spin agent’ dr “spin agent composition*’ refer to a composition comprising one or more solvents and any additives that are used to initially dissolve the polymer(s) to form the spin fluid. Suitable additives include stabilizers, such as antioxidants or acid scavengers.
The term “spin fluid" refers to a solution for spinning in a flash spinning process comprising a: polymer and a spin agent. The solution may also include one or more additives The term “dew point pressure” refers to the pressure at which, at constant temperature, liquid starts condensing from a vapor, vapor mixture, or vapor-gas mixture. The term “bubble point pressure” refers to the pressure at which, at constant temperature, a liquid, liquid mixture, or liquid-solution begins to bod.
; The term “azeotropic composition" refers to a composition comprising two or more fluids wherein the bubble point pressure equals the dew point pressure. An azeotropic composition boils without change of the composition and behaves as a single substance. The azeotropic compositions described herein are determined in a temperature range of - 20 °C to 100 °C and expressed in mass fractions.
The term “azeotrope-like composition" refers to a composition comprising two or more fluids which exhibit only small differences between the dew point pressure and the bubble point pressure, i.e„ the dew point pressure is different by 5% or less from the bubble point pressure (both expressed in absolute pressure) An azeotrope-like composition boils without substantial change of the composition and behaves substantially as a single substance. The azeotrope-like compositions described herein are determined in a temperature range of -20 °C to 100 °C and expressed in mass fractions. The term "cloud point pressure*' refers to the pressure at which, at constant temperature, a dear single phase spin fluid transitions from a dear solution to a cloudy, two-phase dispersion. At the cloud point pressure, a clear spin fluid becomes turbid.
Atmospheric pressure means 101.325 kPa. Essentially atmospheric pressure means 101.325 kPa 1 5 %. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" indude the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. When a range of values is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about." it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. All ranges are inclusive and combinable.
Azeotropic or Azeotrope-like Compositions Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane
Provided herein are azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane
In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about29 to about 89 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 71 to about 11 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 39 to about 79 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 61 to about 21 weight percent 2-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 ' C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 340 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 27 to about 87 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 73to about 13 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 37 to about 77 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 63 to about 23 weight percent 2-methyipentane.
These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 112 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 25 to about §5 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 75 to about 15 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 35 to about 75 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 65 to about 25 weight percent 2-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 57 kPa.
In some embodiments, the composition comprising trichloromethane and 2- methylpentane is azeotropic.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 54 to about 63 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 46 to about 37 weight percent 2-methylpentane These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 340 kPa.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 54.6 weight percent trichloromethane and about 45.4 weight percent 2- methylpentane at a pressure of about 3.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 “(X ;
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 56.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 44.0 weight percent 2- methyipentane at a pressure of about 56.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 eG.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 58.5 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.5 weight percent 2- methylpentane at a pressure of about 111 ,9 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C. in some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 63.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 37.0 weight percent 2- 5 methylpentane at a pressure of about 340 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C. ; i
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 58.3 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41,7 weight percent 2- methylpentane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 56.9 10 °C.
Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trichlorometharie and 3-methylpentane Provided herein are azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or 15 consisting essentially of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of. or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 96 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 64 to about 4 weight 20 percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 46 to about 86 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 54 to about 14 weight percent 3-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 326 kPa In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 as to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 67 to about 7 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 43 to about 83 weight percent trichtoromethane and from about 57 to about 17 weight percent 3-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to 30 about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 107 kPa. in other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about I to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 32 to about 92 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 68 to about 8 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from 35 about 42 to about 82 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 58 to about 18 weight percent 3-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 54 kPa. in some embodiments, the composition comprising trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane is azeotropic. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of Or consists of from about 58 to about 73 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 42 to about 27 weight percent 3-methylpentane These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 326 kPa. i In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 58 5 weight percent trichloramethane and about 41.5 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 3.0 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 °G.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 64.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 36.0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 24 1 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 *C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 66.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 34.0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 53.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 68.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 32.0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 106.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 73.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 27 0 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 326 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °G. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 68. i weight percent trichloromethane and about 31.9 weight percent 3- methylpentane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 58.4 °G. ; Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane
Provided herein are azeotropic or azeotrope-like : compositions comprising or consisting essentially of trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane.
5 In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans- 1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 34 to about 94 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 6 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 44 to about 84 weight percent transit) 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 56 to about 16 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 460 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and is from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 90 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 10 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 40 to about 80 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 ° C to about 60 ’C and at a 20 boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 161 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, dr consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 28 to about 88 weight percent trahs-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 72 to about 12 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from 25 about 38 to about 78 weight percent trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 22 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 “C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 6 kPa to about 85 kPa,
In some embodiments, the composition comprising trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 30 2,2-dimethylbutane is azeotropic.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic compostion consists essentially of or consists of from about 52 to about 75 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 25 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 *C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 35 kPa to about 460 kPa. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 52.6 weight percent trans- 1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 47.4 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutahe at a pressure of about 5.9 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 X.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 56.0 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 44.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 16.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about O X.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.5 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 40.2 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 “C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 63.0 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 37.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 84.6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 X.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 67.0 wight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 33.0 weight percent 2 ,2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 160 5 kPa and at a boiling tem perature of about 60 X .
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 75 0 weight percent trans- 1 .2-dichloroethylene and about 25.0 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 460 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 X.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 64 1 weight percent trans- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and about 35 9 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 45.3 X,
Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and n-hexane
Provided herein are azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 39 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 53 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 47 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about S3 to about 95 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichlor6ethylene and from about47 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 53toabout 85 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 47 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 332 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 46 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 54 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 95 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 85 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethyleneand from about 45 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 "G to about 60 ac and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 107 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 49 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 57 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 1 weight percent h-hexane. orfrom about 57 to about 95 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroetiylene and from about 43 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 57 to about 85 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 54 kPa in some embodiments, the composition comprising cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane is azeotropic. in some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 72 to about 79 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 28 to about 21 weight percent n-hexane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 332 kPa.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 73.2 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 26.8 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 3^1 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 6C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 72.2 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 27.8 weight percent n-hexa ne at a pressure ctf about 23.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 73.0 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 27.0 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 53.1 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 74.5 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and about 25.5 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 106.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C. ;
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 78.5 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 21.5 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 332 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 74.3 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethyfene : and about 25 7 weight percent n-hexane at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 58.5 aC. Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2 -methylpentane
Provided herein are azeotropic or .azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 .2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 26 to about 86 weight percent cis-1 (2-dichloroethylene and from about 74 to about 14 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 76 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 64 to about 24 weight percent 2-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 361 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 1 to about 77 weight percent cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 23 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 24 to about 84 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 76 to about 16 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 34 to about 74 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 26 weight percent 2-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 'C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 119 kPa In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 31 to about 72 weight percent cis-1, 2toichloroethylene and from about 69 to about 28 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 23 to about 83 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 77 to about 17 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 73 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 67 to about 27 weight percent 2- methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °G to about 40 ° G and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 61 kPa.
In some embodiments, the composition comprising ais-1,2*dichloroethytene and 2- methylpentane is azeotropic
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 52 to about 60 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 361 kPa. "
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 52.6 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 47.4 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 3.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 "G. in some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 53.5 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 46 5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 27 6 kPa and at a boiling temperature of abouW^C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 54.5 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 45.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 60.4 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 56.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 44.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 118.8 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 “G. : ; In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.5 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 40 5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 361 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C. in some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 55.5 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and about 44.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 55.0 °C, Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1, 2» dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane
Provided herein are azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane. or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 67 to about 7 weight percent 3-methylpentane. or from about 43 to about 83 weight percent cis-1.2- dichloroethylene and from about 57 to about 17 weight percent 3-methylpentane These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 GC to about 100 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 348 kPa In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 91 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 9 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 81 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethyiene and from about 62 to about 19 weight percent 3-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 “C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 114 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 90 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 10 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 80 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 3-methylpentane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 58 kPa.
In some embodiments, the composition comprising cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and 3- methylpentane is azeotropic. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 59 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 41 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 348 kPa. in some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.0 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 41.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 3.5 kPa and at a toiling temperature of about -20 °C. ;
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 59.5 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 26.0 kPa and at a toiling temperature of about 20 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 60.6 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 394 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 57.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °c.
In some embodiments, the azeotrope composition consists essentially of or consists of about 62.1 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 37.9 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 113 5 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotrope composition consists essentially of or consists of about 66.5 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 33.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 348 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 61.9 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 38.1 weight percent 3-methylpentane at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 56.5 °C. Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethyibutane
Provided herein : are azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 , 2- diChloroethylene and from about 95 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 *c to about too °C arid at a boiling pressure of about ;5 kPa to about 414 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist offrom about I to about 60 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 40 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 49 weight percent 2.2- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 ’C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 145 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 53 Weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 47 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 46 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 54 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 46 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 54 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 46 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 54 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 77 kPa
In some embodiments, the composition comprising cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane is azeotropic, tn some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 21 to about 36 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 64 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 ;'C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 414 kPa.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 21 0 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 79 0 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 5.4 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 ”6.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 23.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 77.0 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 36.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20 ’G.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 25.5 weight percent cis-l,2-dichloroethylene and about 74.5 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 76.2 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 qG.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 28.5 weight percent cis-l,2-dichloroethylene and about 71.5 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 144.5 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C. In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of : or consists of about 35.5 weight percent cts-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 64.5 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 414 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about ioo °c.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 26.6 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 73.4 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 101 3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 48.6 C.
Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane
Provided herein are azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising or consisting essentially of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 19 to about 79 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 81 to about 21 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 29 to about 69 weight percent cis- 1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 71 to about 31 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 “C to about 100 °G and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kRa to about 367 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of. or consist of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 72 weight percent cis-
1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 28 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 16 to about 76 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 84 to about 24 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane,: or from about 26 to about 66 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 74 to about 34 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 “G to about 60 °G and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 123 kPa. In other embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of from about 1 to about 74 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 26 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 66 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethyiene and from about 99 to about 34 weight percent 2,3- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about : 75 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and : from about 85 to about 25 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 25 to about 65 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 75 to about 35 weight percent
2.3-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 40 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 63 kPa.
In some embodiments, the composition comprising cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and
2.3-dimethylbutane is azeotropic
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of from about 43 to about 55 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 57 to about 45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane. These azeotropic compositions boil at a temperature of about -20 C to about 100 JC and at a boiling pressure of about 4 kPa to about 367 kPa.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 43.0 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and about 57.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 4.0 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about -20 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 45.0 weight : percent : cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene : and about 55.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 29.0 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 20TG
;2T In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 47 0 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and about 53 0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of aoout 62 7 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 40 °C. In some embodimentsf the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 49.5 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 50.5 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 122.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 60 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of i about 55.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 45.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 367 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 100 °C.
In some embodiments, the azeotropic composition consists essentially of or consists of about 48.6 weight percent cis-l ,2-dichloroethylene and about 51.4 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa and at a boiling temperature of about 54.1 °C.
Properties of the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions
The compound trichloromethane (TCM, chloroform) has a reported GWP-100 global (warming potential over a 100-year period) of 20.6 (IPCC 2021 report) No calculated GWP value is available for trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and for cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene. However, these compounds are expected to have short atmospheric lifetimes due to theirrelatively high reactivity, so a very low GWP-100 of essentially zero may be assumed, While no specific data is available for n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2- dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, values reported for hydrocarbons with up to four carbon atoms show a rapid decline in GWP-100 as the number of carbon atoms increases, so it is reasonable to assume a GWP-100 of at or close to zero for these compounds.
Accordingly, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions disclosed herein combining the chlorinated compounds trichlQromethane or dichloroethylene and different linear or branched hexanes have a very low global warming potential (GWP). In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trichloromethane and either 2-methylpentane or 3-methylpentane have a GWP-100 of less than about 20, or less than about 15, or less than about 10, or less than about 5. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions comprising trans/cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and one of n- hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane have a GWP-100 of at or close to zero. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like Compositions as described herein have the advantage of being homogeneous azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. For homogenous azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions, the components of the composition at ambient temperatures and pressures form a single liquid phase. This is to be contrasted with heterogeneous azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions, where, due to low miscibility of the components of the composition, the components of the composition undergo phase separation in the liquid phase. Phase separation is usually undesired since processes involving the composition are more complex and expensive. The homogeneous nature of the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions is achievable over a broad range of practical conditions including ambient pressure and temperature.
The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are useful in a wide range of applications. In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are used as spin agents for flash spinning, in other embodiments as cleaning agents, and in other embodiments as solvents.
Spin Agents and Spin Fluids for Flash Spinning
In some embodiments, the azeotropic or azeotrope-hke compositions are spin agents within spin fluids for flash spinning.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylehe, and (2) a linear or branched C6 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
In some embodiments of the spin fluid, the polymer is polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), and the spin agent comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from -the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched C6 hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and(b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (T) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 9 to about 28 weight percent, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent, or from about 12 to about 20 weight percent of a polyethylene , based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2‘dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ca hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises fa) from about 9 to about 16 weight percent or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, seleded from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylehe, and (2) a linear or branched Cs hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane, In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 15 to about 25 weight percent or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising f 1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene, and trans- 1.2-dichloroethylene. and (2) a linear or branched C.-. hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3- methylpentane. 2,2-dimethylbutane. and 2.3-d methylbutane.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 70 to about 93 weight percent of a spin agent, based bn the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 72 to about 91 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, in other embodiments from about 75 to about 90 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 80 : to about 88 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 84 to about 91 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 89 to about 91 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 75 to about 85 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 75 to about 82 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methy Ipentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane. in other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 14 to about 30 weight percent or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1)a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ge hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a pol^ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethyienex based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane. cis-l .2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 , 2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane. 2-methylpentane. 3-methylpentane. 2,2-dimethylbutane. and 2,3- dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises < a) from about 22 to about 34 weight percent or from about 26 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of thespin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 70 to about 86 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the - spin fl uid, and in other embodiments from about 72 to about 82 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 81 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 66 to about 78 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 66 to about 74 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
In some embodiments, the polymer in the spin fluid is polyethylene (PE) or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), and the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound and a linear or branched Os hydrocarbon as summarized in the below Table 1. In some embodiments, the concentrations in the spin fluid of the polymers discussed above may be combined with the concentrations of the spin agent components shown below.
Table 1: Preferred spin fluid / spin agent compositions
The spin fluid may include additives, such as antioxidants or acid scavengers in minor amounts, provided that their presence does not interfere with the azeotropic or azeotrope-like nature of the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises additives in an amount of about 1.5 weight percent or less of the total amount of the spin agent, and in other embodiments in an amount of about 0.1 weight percent or less of the total amount of the spin agent. >
In some embodiments, the polyethylene (PE) is a high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and blends/mixtures of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (L.DPE), in particular linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). In some embodiments, the polyethylene is a high-density polyethylene (HOPE).
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprising the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition as described herein exhibits a cloud point pressure in the range of about 45 to about 300 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 300 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 300 bar. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprising the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition as described herein exhibits a cloud point pressure in the range of about 45 to about 250 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 250 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 250 bar. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprising the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition as described herein exhibits a cloud point pressure in the range of about 45 to about 200 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 200 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 200 bar. The flash spinning process must take place at an operating pressure below the spin fluid's cloud point pressure but above the spin fluid s bubble point pressure If the cloud point pressure is above about 300 bar, the flash spinning equipment must be built to withstand very high pressure which increases costs and operational constraints
When used as/ a spin agent, the homogeneous azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions have the advantage that in the spin agent recovery process, upon 5 condensation of the spin agent, no phase separation occurs Furthermore, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like /compositions described herein result in spin fluids with / a cloud point pressure at or close to the azeotrope. This then makes it easy to condense the used spin agent into a liquid with the same or substantially the same composition sodhat it can be re- used. io
Preparation of Plexifilamentaty Film-fibril Strands of Polymer
In some embodiments, there is provided a process for the preparation of piexifilamentary fibrils of polymer. The process comprises the steps of:
(i) generating a spin fluid comprising
15 (a) about 1 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethyiene-co-tetrafluoroethyiene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
(b) a spin agent; and
(ii) flash spinning the spin fluid at a pressure above the vapor pressure of the spin
20 fluid into a region of essentially atmospheric pressure to form piexifilamentary fibrils of the polymer; wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-t,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2- 25 dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Cs hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methyipentane, 2,2- dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethyibutane.
In some embodiments, the flash-spinning is performed at a pressure in the range 30 of about 45 to about 300 bar, or in the range of about 50 to about 300 bar, or in the range of about 70 to about 300 bar. In some embodiments, the flash-spinning is performed at a pressure in the range of about 45 to about 250 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 250 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 250 bar. In some embodiments, the flash-spinning is performed at a pressure in the range of as about 45 to about 200 bar, in other embodiments in the range of about 50 to about 200 bar, and in other embodiments in the range of about 70 to about 200 bar. The region of lower pressure into which flash spinning occurs is usually at or around atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
In some embodiments of the process, Hie polymer in the spin fluid is polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), and the spin agent in the spin fluid comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethy|butane.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-fflethylpentane, ^^-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 9 to about 28 weight percent, or from about 10 to about 25 Weight percent, or from about 12 to about 20 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b> a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched C6 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 9 to about 16 weight percent or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount Of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 ) a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- 1 ,2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Cs hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 15 to about 25 weight percent or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeofrope-like composition comprising (1) a^ chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene, and trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Gj> hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3- methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimetoylbutane.
In some embodiments, the polymer is polyethylene and the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched Ce hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, as summarized in table 1 above.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 70 to about 93 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, toe spin fluid comprises from about 72 to about 91 weight percent of a spin agent, based on toe total amount of the spin fluid, in other embodiments from about 75 to about 90 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 80 to about 88 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, toe spin fluid comprises from about 84 to about 91 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 89 to about 91 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 75 to about 85 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 75 to about 82 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising < 1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trtehlorometoarie, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- 1,2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched C6 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane. 3-methylpentane, 2.2-dimethylbutane. and 2,3- dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 14 to about 30 weight percent or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition com prising (1 ) a chlorinated compound, selected from toe group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched Ge hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) tom about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1) a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-f ,2-dichloroethylene. and trans-1.2- dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched C8 hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methyipentane, 3-mefhylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane. In other embodiments, the spin fluid comprises (a) from about 22 to about 34 weight percent or from about 26 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylenefr based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and (b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises or consists essentially of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising (1 > a chlorinated compound, selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans- i ,2-dichloroethylene, and (2) a linear or branched G« hydrocarbon, selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and : 2,3-dimethylbutane. in some embodiments, the polymer is a poiy(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) and the spin agent consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2- dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched C8 hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methyipentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3- dimethylbutane, as summarized in Table 1 above.
In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid. In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 70 to about 86 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 72 to about 82 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 81 to about 88 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid In some embodiments, the spin fluid comprises from about 66 to about 78 weight percent of a spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and in other embodiments from about 66 to about 74 weight percent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
In some embodiments, there is provided plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer obtainable by the process described herein. In some embodiments, there is provided plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene obtainable by the process described herein. In some embodiments, there is provided plexifilamentary fibrils of poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) obtainable by the process described herein.
The shape of the assembly of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer discharged from each spin orifice may be modified by any methods known in the art. In some embodiments, the plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer discharged from each spin orifice may be modified by passing into a shroud such as described on US 3.387,326. in other embodiments by passing into a slotted outlet such as described in US 3.467.744 or US 5.788,993. and in other embodiments passing into a slot fan jet as described in US 8.1 14,325 In some embodiments, streams of fibrils from multiple orifices may exit via a common slot as described in US 3,564.088
Preparation of Sheets of Nonwoven Flash-spun Plexifilamentary Fibrils by Collection, Consolidation, Bonding, Softening, and Articles Made from Sheets of Nonwoven Flash-spun Plexifilamentary Fibrils Sheets comprising plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer can be formed by any method known in the art. In some embodiments, the stream of fibrils discharged from each spin orifice is directed towards a deflector device which alternately directs the stream of fibrils to the left and right onto a moving collecting device such that the fibrils accumulate in the form of a collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils, formed from fibrils oriented in an overlapping, multi-directional configuration Deflection of the stream of fibrils may be achieved by any suitable means known in the art, including, but not limited to, those described in US 3,277.526 and US 3,387,326, US 3,169,899, US 3,497,918, US 3,456,156, US 3.593,074, US 3,851.023 and US 3.860.369, US 4/48 595, US 5.045.258, US 5,643,524, US 5,731 ,011 , US 5,750,152 and WO92/20511. The stream of fibrils may also be laid down to form a collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils without deflection as described in US 5,788,993 and US 8,114,325. The method of forming a collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils may further utilize structures in the spin cell such as those described in US 5,123,983, US 5,296,172, and WO92/20511. In some embodiments, the streams of fibrils are discharged from spin orifices located on a rotating support, and the fibrils are collected on a collecting belt which surrounds the rotating arrangement circumferentially as described in US 7,118,698, US 7,621 ,731 , US 7,786,034, and US 7,998,388.
In some embodiments, the collected sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils formed by flash-spinning as described herein may be consolidated by applying a small amount of pressure to the sheet to form a consolidated sheet of nonwoven flash- spun plexifilamentary fibrils. In some embodiments, the sheet may be passed under a roller which applies pressure to the sheet to form a consolidated sheet.
In some embodiments, a consolidated sheet as described herein is subjected to thermal or mechanical bonding as known in the art to form a thermally or mechanically bonded sheet. Bonding may also be achieved by impregnation of a consolidated sheet with a chemical bonding agent, either throughout the entire sheet, or at isolated points distributed over the sheet, or pattern-wise.
In some embodiments, the bonded sheet is subjected to a mechanical softening process to obtain a softened sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils, In some embodiments, an antistatic treatment is applied to the bonded or softened sheet. In some embodiments, the antistatic treatment is applied by applying a coating composition comprising an antistatic compound.
Further embodiments relate to a multilayer structure comprising at least one sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils as described herein, and at least one further : sheet or a film, In some embodiments, the sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils as described herein is a collected sheet, a consolidated sheet, a bonded sheet or a softened sheet.
The sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils as described herein has many uses and may be used in a variety of articles and applications, including, but not limited to, multilayer structures, garments (including, but not limited to, protective apparel), house wrap, roof lining, car covers, medical and non-medical packaging, filtration media, print media, tags and labels, and accessories.
EXAMPLES A study has been performed -for the phase behavior and flash spinning of polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) for azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions. The experimental procedure and results are provided below. These examples are given to illustrate exemplary' embodiments of the invention and should not be interpreted as limiting in any way
Materials Used
Trichloromethane (TCM), GAS No, 67-66-3, has an atmospheric boiling point of 61 “G and a molecular weight of 119.38 g/mol. The trichloromethane used had a purity level above 99 percent by weight Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (trans-1,2-0GE), CAS No, 156-60-5, has an atmospheric boiling point of 48 °C and a molecular weight of 96.94 g/mol. The trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene used had a purity level above 98 percent by weight.
Gis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-l,2-DCE), CAS No. 156-59-2, has an atmospheric boiling point of 60 °G and a molecular weight of 96.94 g/mol The cis-1,2-dichloroethylene used had a purity level above 97 percent by weight. N-hexane, CAS No. 110-54-3, has an atmospheric boiling point of 69 °C and a molecular weight of 86.16 g/mol. The n-hexane used for the cloud point and flash spin experiments had a purity level above 95 percent by weight. The ri-hexane used for the vapor liquid equilibrium experiments had a purity level above 99 percent by weight 2-Methylpentane (2-MP), CAS No. 107-83-5, has an atmospheric boiling point of 60 °C and a molecular weight of 86.18 g/mol. The 2-methylpentane used had a purity level above 99 %. 3-M ethylpentane (3-MP), CAS No. 96-14-0, has an atmospheric boiling point of 64 °C and a molecular weight of 86.13 g/mol. The 3-methylpentane used had a purity level above
2,2-Oimethylbutane, CAS No. 75-83-2, has an atmospheric boiling point of 49 °C and a molecular weight of 86.18 g/mol. The 2, 2-dimethylbutane used had a purity level above 98 %. ;
2 3-Dimethylbutane, CAS No. 79-29-8, has an atmospheric boiling point of 58 °C and a molecular weight of 86.18 g/mol. The 2, 3-dimethylbutane used had a purity level above 98 %,
Four different polyethylenes were used*
Polyethylene A was a polyethylene having a density of 0 96 g/cm3 (ISO 1183) and a melt flow rate of 0.9 g/10min (IS0 1133 at 190 °C/2.16 kg).
Polyethylene B was a polyethylene having a density of 0.957 g/cm3 (ISO 1183) and a melt flow rate of 0.27 g/10min (ISO 1133 at i 90 oC/2.16 kg).
Polyethylene C was a polyethylene having a density of 0.957 g/cm3 (IS0 1183) and a melt flow rate of 1 .2 g/1 Omin (ISO 1133 at 190 °C/2.16 kg).
Polyethylene D was a polyethylene having a density of 0.951 g/cm3 (IS0 1183) and a melt flow rate of 8 4 g/10min (ISO 1133 at 190 C/21.6 kg)
The poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluorbethene), also known as ethytene- tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), was a ETFE having a density of 1.7 g/cm3 (ISO 1183), a nominal melting point of 255 to 280 °C (ASTM D3418), and a melt flow rate of 6 g/10 min (ASTM D3159).
All polymers were dried during a minimum of 8 hours in a vacuum oven at about 45-50 °C before use.
Spinning Equipment
The apparatus used consisted of two high pressure cylindrical chambers, each equipped with a piston which was adapted to apply pressure to the contents of the vessel. The cylinders had an inside diameter of 1 .0 inch (25.4 mm) and each had an internal capacity of 50 cubic centimeters. The cylinders were connected to each other at one end through a 3/32 inch (2.3 m m) diameter channel and a mixing chamber containing a series of fine mesh screens was used as a static mixer. In the channel, a Type J thermocouple was in contact with the spin fluid to record the temperature. Mixing was accomplished by forcing the contents of the vessel back and forth between the two cylinders through the static mixer A spinneret assembly with a quick-acting means for opening the orifice was attached to the channel through a tee. The spinneret assembly consisted of a lead hole with a diameter of 6.25 inch (6.3 mm) and a length of about 2.0 inch (50;8 mm), and a spinneret orifice with a diameter of 0.020 inch (0.508 mm) and a length of 0.020 inch (0.508 mm). A pressure transmitter calibrated at the spin temperature was mounted in the lead hole to measure the pressure of the spin fluid. The pistons were driven by a high-pressure hydraulic system.
In operation, the apparatus was charged with polymer pellets and spin agent and a pressure of at least 50 bar was applied to the pistons to compress the charge and avoid the spin fluid from boiling during subsequent heating. The contents were then heated to mixing temperature and held at that temperature for about 30 to 45 minutes during which time : a differential pressure was alternatively established between the two cylinders to repeatedly force the contents through the mixing channel from one cylinder to the other to provide mixing and e^ctive formation of a spin fluid. The spin fluid temperature was then increased to the final spin temperature and held there for about 10 to 20 minutes to equilibrate. The pressure of the spin fluid was kept above the cloud point pressure during mixing and during the increase in temperature from the mixing temperature to the spin temperature. Mixing was continued throughout this period. At the end of the mixing cycle, the accumulator was set to the pressure desired for spinning. Next, the valve between the accumulator and the twin piston assembly was opened to reduce the pressure of the spin fluid to the desired spin pressure, and about two to five seconds later, the spinneret orifice was opened to release the spin fluid into conditions of atmospheric pressure. The delay of about two to five seconds corresponds to the residence time in the letdown chamber in a continuous spinning process The resultant stream of flash-spun fibrils was collected in a stainless-steel open mesh screen basket During spinning, the spin pressure was recorded just upstream of the spinneret.
For cloud point pressure determination, the spinneret assembly was replaced with a view ceil assembly containing a i/2 inch (12.3 mm) diameter high-pressure sight glass, through which the contents of the cell could be viewed as they flow through the channel. The window was lit by means of a fiber optic light guide, while the view through the sight glass was displayed using a digital camera. In the cell, a Type J thermocouple was located about 5 mm behind the high-pressure sight glass. The Type 1 thermocouple and a pressure measuring device located in close proximity to the window measured the pressure and temperature inside the view celt behind the sight glass and the pressure and temperature were continuously monitored by a computer. When, after a period of mixing, a clear, homogeneous spin fluid was established, the temperature was held constant and the differential pressure applied to the pistons was equalized so that the pistons stopped moving. Then, the pressure applied to the spin f laid in the view cell was gradually decreased until phase separation was observed through the sight glass, as the initially clear, homogeneous spin fluid became cloudy in appearance. The temperature and pressure were recorded when the thermocouple became no longer visible. This pressure was the phase -separation pressure- or - cloud - point -pressure tor that spin fluid at that temperature. The pressure was then increased until the spin fluid returned to its transparent state, i e , until the insoluble phase redissolved, and in this way, two or three repeat cloud point measurements could be made at an approximately constant temperature. Once this data was recorded, mixing was resumed while the spin fluid was heated to the next temperature at which the cloud point pressure was to be measured.
Results
Example 1 : Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane Figure 1 -shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition - of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane. The azeotropic composition of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane at 40 °C corresponds to about 56.0 wt% trichloromethane and about 44.0 wt% 2-methylpentane. The bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about- 56.6 kPa. The azeotropic-like -composition of trichloromethane and 2-- methylpentane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1*99 wt% to about 99:1 wt%. -
Example 2: Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane
Figure 2 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium tor the composition of trichloromethane arid 3-methylpentane. The azeotropic composition of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane at 40 °C corresponds to about 66.0 wt% trichloromethane -and about 34.0 wt% 3-methylpentane, the bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 53.6 kPa. The azeotropic-like composition of trichloromethane and 3- methylpentane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1 :99 wt% to about 99:1 wt%. Example 3: Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane
Figure 3 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of trans-
1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane. The azeotropic composition of trans-1, 2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane at 40 0C corresponds to about 630 wt% trans-
1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 37.0 wt°/o 2,2-dimethylbutane. The bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 84.6 kPa. The azeotropic-lite composition of trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1:99 wt% to about 99:1 wt%.
Example 4: Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and n-hexane
Figure 4 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
1,2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane. The azeotropic composition of < cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and n-hexane at 40 °C corresponds to about 73.0 wt% cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and about 27.0 wt% n-hexane. The bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 53.1 kPa. The azeotropic-like composition of cis-
1,2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 49:99 wt% to about 51:1 wt%.
Example 5: Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane
Figure 5 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
1,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane. The azeotropic composition of cis- 1,2- dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane at 40 °C corresponds to about 54.5 wt% cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and about 45.5 wt% 2-methylpentane. The bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 60.4 kPa. The azeotropic-like composition of cis-
1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1:99 wt% to about 99: 1 wt% .
Example 5* Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1 *2- dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane
Figure 5 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
1,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane. The azeotropic composition of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane at 40 C corresponds to about 60.6 wt% cis-1 , 2- dichloroethylene and about 39.4 wt% 3-methylpentane. The bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 57.3 kPa, The azeotropic-like composition of cis-
1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1 :99 wt% to about 99: 1 wt°/o.
Example 7: Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane
Figure 7 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane The azeotropic composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane at 40 °C corresponds to about 25.5 wt% cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and about 74.5 wt% 2,2-dimethylbutane, The bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 75.2 kPa The azeotropic-like composition of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane at a 5% deviation from the azeotrope point was found to be from about 1 :99 wt% to about 46:54 wt%.
Example 8: Vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane
Figure 8 shows the calculated vapor liquid equilibrium for the composition of cis-
1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane, The azeotropic composition of cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane at 40 °C corresponds to about 47.0 wt% cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and about 53.0 wt% 2,3-dimethylbutane. The bubble point pressure for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 62.7 kPa. The azeotropic-like composition of cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane at a 5% deviation : from the : azeotrope point was found to be from about 1:99 wt% to about 74:26 wt%.
Example 9: Cloud point study of polyethylene
Figure 9 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene A and a spin agent of trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane in a 15:85 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning. Example 10: Cloud point study of polyethylene
Figure 10 shows the cloud point pressure curve Of a spin fluid comprising 18 Wt% polyethylene A and a spin agent of trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane in a 20:80 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 18 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
Example 11: Cloud point study of polyethylene
Figure 11 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene B and a spin agent of trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane in a 20:80 ratio by weight, This spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
Examples 12, 13, and 14: Cloud point study of polyethylene
Figure 12 shows the cloud point pressure curves of three different spin fluids comprising different polyethylenes at different concentrations and different spin agents.
Example 12 concerns the cloud point pressure curve Of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene B and a spin agent of cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
Example 13 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene A and a spin agent of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane in a 54 5:45 5 ratio by weight This spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning
Example 14 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene B and a spin agent of cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 11 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
Examples 15 and 16: Cloud point study of polyethylene
Figure 13 shows the cloud point pressure curves of two different spin fluids comprising different polyethylenes at different concentrations and different spin agents.
Example 15 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 25 wt% polyethylene C and a spin agent of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 25 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning. Example 16 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene D and a spin agent of css-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2.3-dsmethylbutane in a 35:65 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 10 wt% polyethylene shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning
Examples 17 to 24: Flash spinning performance of polyethylene
Flash spinning of was performed on the equipment described in the above for different spin fluids. Table 2 below shows the conditions for flash spinning PE from spin fluids comprising PE in different concentrations and different spin agents at different temperatures.
Table 2: Summary of the flash spinning experiments of Examples 17 to 24
* azeotrope-like compositions
“ assuming a GWP of 20.6 for the tnchloromethane (TCM) and a GWP of about zero for the trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene (trans-1 ,2-DCE), the cis-1 ,2-dfchloroethylene (cis-1 ,2-DCE), the h-hexane, the 2-methylpentane (2-MP), the 3-methylpentane (3-MP), the 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB), and the 2,3-dimethyibotane (2,3-DMB)
Example 25: Cloud point studies of poly(ethylene-co4etrafluoroethylene) Figure 14 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 20 wt% poly(ethylene-co4etrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene ( cis-1, 2-DCE) and n-hexane in a 49:51 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 20 wt% ETFE shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning. Example 26: Cloud point studies of poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
Figure 15 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethyiene-co-fetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1 , 2-DCE) and 2-methylpentane (2-MP) in a 54.5:45.5 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 26 wt% ETFE shows a cioud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
Examples 27 and 28: Cloud point studies of poly(ethylene-co- : tetrafluoroethylene) Figure 16 shows the cloud point pressure curves of two different spin fluids comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane in different ratios by weight
Example 27 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane in a 60.6:39.4 ratio by weight
Example 28 concerns the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane in a 40:60 ratio by weight.
These spin fluids comprising from 26 wt% ETFE show a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
Example 29: Cloud point studies of poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
Figure 17 shows the cloud point pressure curve of a spin fluid: comprising 26 wt% poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) and a spin agent of cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane in a 25.5:74.5 ratio by weight. This spin fluid comprising 26 wt% ETFE shows a cloud point pressure curve suitable for flash spinning.
Examples 30 to 35: Flash spinning performance of poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) Flash spinning of was performed on the equipment described in the above for different spin fluids. The Table 3 below shows the conditions for flash spinning poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroetiylene) (ETFE) from spin fluids comprising ETFE in different concentrations and different spin agents at different temperatures. Table 3: Summary of the flash spinning experiments of Examples 30 to 35.
* 2.2-dimethylbutane
** assuming a GWP of 20 6 for the trichloromethane (TCM) and a GWP of about zero for the trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (trans-1 , 2-DCE ), the cls-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cls-1 ,2-DCE), the n-hexane, the 2-methylpentane (2-MP), the 3-methyl pentane (3-MP), the 2, 2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB), and the 2,3-dimethylbutane (2,3-DMB)
The above examples Illustrate that the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions of trichloromethane and either 2-methylpentane or 3-methylpentane, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions of trans-1-2, -dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimefhyibutane, and the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions of cis-1-2.-dichloroethylene and one of n- hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane or 2,2-dimethylbutane can be used as a spin agent for the flash spinning process of different polymers, such as polyethylene and poiy(ethylene-co-tetrafiuoroethylene) for different polymer concentrations, spin temperatures, and spin pressures. In particular, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions allow the successful flash-spinning from spin fluids at relatively high polymer concentrations. This allows an efficient preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymers at a high process productivity. in addition, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions exhibit a desirably low GWP value of below 15, or at or close to zero. This makes these compositions suitable as replacement for spin agents disclosed in the prior art.
Furthermore, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions form a positive homogenous azeotrope with an advantageously low boiling temperature of 60 °C. Such low boiling temperature correlates to a pressure around (or only slightly above) atmospheric pressure.
The azeotrope-like compositions which are centered around the azeotrope point exhibit only small differences between the bubble point pressure and the dew point pressure. This has the advantage that the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions do not change significantly during the different steps of the spin agent recovery process and thus allow the spin agent to be re-used/recycled in a commercial process.
OTHER EMBODIMENTS
1. In some embodiments, the present application provides an azeotropic or azeotrope- like composition comprising
(1) trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane, or
(2) trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane. or
(3) trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2.2-dimethylbutane. or
(4) cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane. or
(5) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane. or
(6) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane, or
(7) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
2. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 comprising
(1) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 1 to about 99 weight per^nt trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from ; about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. or
(4) from about 39 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or ;
(6) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
46 (8) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethy Ibutane .
3, The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 29 to about 89 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 71 to about 11 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 39 to about 79 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 61 to about 21 weight percent 2-methylpehtane.
4. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 3 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 340 kPa. 5. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 3 to 4 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 Weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 27 to about 87 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 73 to about 13 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 37 to about 77 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 63 to about 23 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
6. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 5 boiling at a temperature of about -20 " C to about 60 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 112 kPa.
7. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 3 to 6 comprising, consisting essentially of. or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 25 to about 85 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 75 to about 15 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 35 to about 75 weight percent frichloromethane and from about 65 to about 25 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
8. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 7 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 “G and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 57 kPa. 9. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 8 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 54 to about 63 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 46 to about 37 weight percent 2-methylpentane 10. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 9 boiling at a temperature of about -20
°Gto about 100 °C at a pressure of about 3 kPa to about 340 kPa,
11. The : azeotropic composition of any one : of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 54.6 weight percent trichloromethane and about 45.4 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
12. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 11 boiling at a temperature of about -20 "G at a pressure of about 3.3 kPa. 13. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 56.0 weight percent tridiloromethane and about 44.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
14. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 13 boiling at a temperature of about 40 *c at a pressure of about 56.6 kPa,
15. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 58 5 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane
16. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 15 boiling at a temperature of about 60 C at a pressure of about 111.9 kPa
17. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 63.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 37.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
18. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 17 boiling at a temperature of about 100 °C at a pressure of about 340 kPa. 19. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 3 to 10 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 58.3 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.7 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
20. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 19 boiling at a temperature of about 56 9 r'C at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa.
21. the azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 96 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 64 to about4 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 46 to about 86 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 54 to about 14 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
22. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 21 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 326 kPa. -
23 The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 21 to 22 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent tr chloromethane and from about 67 to about
7 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 43 to about 83 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 57 to about 17 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
24. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 23 boiling at a temperature of about -20 VC to about 60 : C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 107 kPa.
25. The azeotropic or azeotrope-hke composition of any one of embodiments 21 to 24 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane arid from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 32 to about 92 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 68 to about
8 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 42 to about 82 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 58 to about 18 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 26. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 25 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 54 kPa, 27. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 26 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 58 to about 73 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 42 to about 27 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
28. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 27 boiling at a temperature of about «• 20 °C to about 1006G at a pressure of about 3 kPa toabout 326 kPa.
29. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 58,5 weight percent trichloromethane and about 41.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
30. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 29 boiling at a temperature of about -20
“C at a pressure of about 3.0 kPa. <
31. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 64.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 36.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
32. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 31 boiling at a temperature of about 20 “C at a pressure of about 24.1 kPa.
33 The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 66.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 34.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 34. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 33 boiling at a temperature of about 40
°C at a pressure of about 53.6 kPa.
35, The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 68.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 32.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 36. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 35 boiling at a temperature of about 60 °C at a pressure of about 106.6 kPa.
37. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 73.0 weight percent trichloromethane and about 27.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
38. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 37 boiling at a temperature of about 100 °C at a pressure of about 326 kPa.
39. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 21 to 28 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 68.1 weight percent trichloromethane and about 31.9 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
40. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 39 boiling at a temperature of about 584 “C at a pressure of about 101 3 kPa.
41. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 dr 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 34 to about 94 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 6 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 44 to about 84 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 56 to about 16 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane.
42. The azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition of embodiment 41 boiling at a temperature of about -20 ' C to about 100 C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about460 kPa.
43. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 42 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trahs-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 90 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 10 weight percrent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about AQ to about 80 weight percent trans-1,2-dichtoroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 44. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 43 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 161 kPa. 45. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 41 to 44 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 28 to about 88 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 72 to about 12 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 38 to about 78 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichioroethylene and from about 62 to about 22 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
46. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 45 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 85 kPa.
47. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 46 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 52 to about 75 weight percent trans-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 25 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
48. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 47 boiling at a temperature of about - 20 °C to about TOO °C at a pressure of about 5 kPa to about 460 kPa.
49. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 52 6 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 47.4 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
50. The azeotropic tomposition of embodiment 49 toiling at a temperature of about -20 C at a pressure of about 5.9 kPa
51. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 56.0 weight percent trans-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and about 44.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 52. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 51 toiling at a temperature of about 0
°C at a pressure of about 16.8 kPa,
5i 53. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 59.5 weight perceht trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 54. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 53 boiling at a temperature of about 20
°C at a pressure of about 40.2 kPa.
55. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 63.0 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 37.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
56. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 55 boiling at a temperature of about 40 °C at a pressure of about 84.6 kPa , 57. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 67.0 weight percent trans-T2-dichtoroethylene and about 33.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
58. ; The azeotropic composition of embodiment 57 boiling at a temperature of about 60 *c ata pressure of about 1605 kPa.
59. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 75.0 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethyiene and about 25.0 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
60 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 59 boiling at a temperature of about 100 C at a pressure of about 460 kPa
61. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 41 to 48 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 64.1 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 35.9 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
62. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 61 boiling at a temperature of about 45.3 °C at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa.
63. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 39 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 53 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 47 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 53 to about 95 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichlordethylehe and from about 47 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane. or from about 53 to about 85 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 47 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane.
64. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 63 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °G to about 100 °G and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 332 kPa.
65. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 63 to 64 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 46 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 54 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 95 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 45 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 55 to about 85 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethyiene and from about 45 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane, 66 The azeotropic or azeotrc^e-Iike composition of embodiment 65 boiling at a : temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about T07 kPa. ?
67. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 63 to 66 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 49 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 57 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichioroethylene and from about 43 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane. or from about 57 to about 95 weight percent cis-1.2- dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 5 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 57 to about 85 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 15 weight percent n-hexane.
68. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 67 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °G and at a boiling pressure of about 2 kPa to about 54 kPa. 69. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 68 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 7*2 to about 79 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 28 to about 21 weight percent n-hexane.
70. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 69 boiling at a temperature of about - 20 "C to about 100 nC at a pressure of about 3 kPa to about 332 kPa
71. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 732 weight percent cis-1 ,2-diGhloroethylene and about
26.8 weight percent n-hexane.
72. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 71 boiling at a temperature of about -20 “C at a pressure of about 3.1 kPa.
73. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 72.2 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
27.8 weight percent n-hexane.
74. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 73 boiling at a temperature of about 20 C at a pressure of about 23.8 kPa
75. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 73.0 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 27.0 weight percent n-hexane.
76. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 75 boiling at a temperature of about 40 X at a pressure of about 53. 1 kPa
77. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 74.5 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-diGhloroethylene and about 25.5 weight percent n-hexane.
78. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 77 boiling at a temperature of about 60 X at a pressure of about 106.3 kPa. 79. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 78.5 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about
21.5 weight percent n-hexane.
80. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 79 boiling at a temperature of about 100 °C at a pressure of about 332 kPa. /
81. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 63 to 70 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 743 weight percent cis4,2-dichtoroethylehe and about 25,7 weight percent n-hexane.
82. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 81 boiling at a temperature of about
58.5 °C at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa.
83 The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 26 to about 86 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 74 to about 14 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 36 to about 76 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 64 to about 24 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
84. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 83 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 361 kPa.
85. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 83 to 84 comprising, consisting essentially of. or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 1 to about 77 weight percent Cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 23 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 24 to about 84 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 76 to about 16 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 34 to about 74 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 66 to about 26 Weight percent 2-methylpentane
86. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 85 boiling at temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 119 kPa. 87. The azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition of any one of embodiments 83 to 86 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 31 to about 72 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 69 to about 28 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 23 to about 83 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 77 to about 17 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 73 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 67 to about 27 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
88. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 87 boiling at a temperature of about -20 to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 61 kPa. 89. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 88 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 52 to about 60 weight percent cis-1, 2- diehloroethylene and from about 48 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
90. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 89 boiling at a temperature of about - 20 ’C to about ioo °C at a pressure of about 3 kPa to about 361 kPa.
91 The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 52.6 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
47.4 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
92 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 91 boding at a temperature of about -20 C at a pressure of about 3.8 kPa.
93. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 53.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
46.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
94. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 93 boiling at a temperature of about 20
°C at a pressure of about 27.6 kPa. 95. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 54 5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
45.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane. 96. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 95 boiling at a temperature of about 40
°C at a pressure of about 60.4 kPa.
97. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting Of about 56.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 4.0 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
98. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 97 boiling at a temperature of about 60 “G at a pressure of about T18.8 kPa. 99. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 59.5 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about
40.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
100. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 99 boiling at a temperature of about 100 “G at e pressure of about 361 kPa.
101 The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 83 to 90 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 55.5 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about
44.5 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
102 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 101 boiling at a temperature of about 55.0 °C at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa.
103. . The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about I to about 99 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 33 to about 93 weight percent cis-1,2-dichl0roethyiene and from about 67 to about
7 weight percent 3-methylpentane, ; or from about 43 to about 83 weight percent cis- 1 , 2- dichioroethylene and from about 57 to about 17 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 104. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 103 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 348 kPa. 105. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 103 to
104 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1t2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight perGent 3- methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 91 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethyiene and from about 62 to about 9 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 38 to about 81 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 62 to about 19 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
106. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 105 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 114 kPa.
107. The azeofropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 103 to 106 comprising, cohsisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 90 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 10 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 40 to about 80 weight percent cis-l,2-dichloroethylene and from about 60 to about 20 weight percent 3- methylpentane.
108 The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 107 boiling at a temperature of about -20 1 C to about 40 C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 58 kPa. 109. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 108 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 59 to about 67 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 41 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
110. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 109 boiling at a temperature of about -20 PC to about 100 °C at a pressure of about 3 kPa to about 348 kPa. 111. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 59.0 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 41.0 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 112. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 111 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C at a pressure of about 3.5 kPa.
113, the azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 59.5 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichlorOethylene and about 40.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
114, The azeotropic composition of embodiment 113 boiling at a temperature of about 20 °C at a pressure of about 26.0 kPa. 115. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 60.6 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about
39.4 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
116. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 115 boiling at a temperature of about 40 °C at a pressure of about 57 3 kPa
1 17 The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 62. 1 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 37.9 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
118. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 1 17 boiling at a temperature of about GO C at a pressure of about 113.5 kPa
119. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 66.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
33.5 weight percent 3-methylpentane.
120. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 119 boiling at a temperature of about
100 °C at a pressure of about 348 kPa, 121. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 103 to 110 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 61.9 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 38.1 weight percent 3-methylpentane. 122. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 121 boiling at a temperature of about
56.5 °C at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa.
123. : The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 64 weight percent cis-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 64 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichtoroethylene and from about 85 to about 36 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
124. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 123 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about S' kPa to about 414 kPa.
125. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 123 to 124 comprising, consisting essentially of. or consisting of from about 1 to about 60 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 40 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 49 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 51 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 49 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 126. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 125 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 145 kPa.
127. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 123 to 126 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 53 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichlorOethylene and from about 99 to about 47 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 46 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and tom about 99 to about 54 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 5 to about 46 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 95 to about 54 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 46 weight percent ciS-1, 2-dichtorcethylene and from about 85 to about 54 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
128. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 127 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 ’C and at a boiling pressure of about 5 kPa to about 77 kPa. 129. ; The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 128 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 21 to about 36 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 64 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
130. The azeotropic composition Of embodiment 129 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 ‘’Cat a pressure of about 5 kPa to about 414 kPa.
131. The azeotropic composition of any ; one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 21.0 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 79.0 Weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
132. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 131 boiling at a temperature of about -20 “C at a pressure of about 5.4 kPa
133. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 23.0 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about
77 0 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane.
134. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 133 boiling at a temperature of about 20 !'C at a pressure of about 36.3 kPa.
135. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 25.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 74.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 136. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 135 boiling at a temperature of about
40 °C at a pressure of about 76.2 kPa. ; ii 137. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 28.5 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 71.5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 138 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 137 boiling at a temperature of about
60 °C at a pressure of attaut 113.5 kPa,
139, The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 35.5 weight percent cis-1»2-dichlorOethylene and about 64,5 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
140, The azeotropic composition of embodiment 139 boiling at a: temperature of about 100 °G at a pressure of about 414 kPa. 141 . The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 123 to 130 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 26.6 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 73.4 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
142 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 141 boiling at a temperature of about 486 °C at a pressure of about 101 .3 kPa.
143. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 1 or 2 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2- dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 19 to about 79 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 81 to about 21 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 29 to about 69 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 71 to about 31 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane,
144. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 143 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 100 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 367 kPa.
145. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 143 to
144 comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,3- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 72 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichtoroethylene and from about 99 to about 28 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 16 to about 76 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 84 to about 24 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 26 to about 66 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 74 to about 34 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
146. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 145 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 60 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 123 kPa.
147. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of any one of embodiments 143 to 146 comprising, consisting essentially of , or consisting of from about 1 to about 74 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 26 weight percent 2,3- dimethylbutane, or from about 1 to about 66 weight percent cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 34 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 15 to about 75 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 85 to about 25 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 25 to about 65 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 75 to about 35 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
148. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of embodiment 147 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C to about 40 °C and at a boiling pressure of about 3 kPa to about 63 kPa,
149 The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 148 consisting essentially of or consisting of from about 43 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 57 to about 45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane
150 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 149 boiling at a temperature of about -20 6C to about 100 ®C at a pressure of about 4 kPa to about 367 kPa.
151. The azeotropic composition Of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 43.0 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and about 57.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
152. : The azeotropic composition of embodiment 151 boiling at a temperature of about -20 °C at a pressure of about 4.0 kPa. 153. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 45.0 weight percent cls-1 ,2-dichtoroethylene and about 55.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane. 154. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 153 boiling at a temperature of about
20 “'C at a pressure of about 29 0 kPa.
155. : The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 47.0 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 53.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
156. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 155 boiling ata. temperature of about 40 °C at a pressure of about 62.7 kPa. 157. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 49.5 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 50.5 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
158. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 157 boiling at a temperature of about 60 °C at a pressure of about 122.3 kPa
159. The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 55.0 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and about 45.0 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane. ;
160 The azeotropic composition of embodiment 159 boiling at a temperature of about 100 °C at a pressure of about 367 kPa.
161 . The azeotropic composition of any one of the embodiments 143 to 150 consisting essentially of or consisting of about 48.6 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichlorbethylene and about
51 .4 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
162. The azeotropic composition of embodiment 161 boiling at a temperature of about 54.1 °C at a pressure of about 101.3 kPa.
163. In some embodiments, the present application provides a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising (a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE», based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
(b) a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising
(1 ) trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane, or
(2) trichlbromethane and 3-methylpentane, or
(3) trans- 1,2-dichlbroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane, or (5) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane, or
(6) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane, or
(7) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane 164. The spin fluid of embodiment 163 comprising from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of the spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
165. The spin fluid of embodiment 163 or 164 comprising from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, Or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 18 toabout 25 weight percent s a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
166. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 165, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or (3) : from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-riexane, or
(5) from about 10 toabout 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or (7) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) : from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
167, The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 166, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1 ) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 56 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 44 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 61 weigM<perrent<trans-1,2«dichteroethytene and from about 42 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or (4) from about 49 to about®! weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or '
(6) from about 57 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 39 weight percent 3-mefriylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 to about 31 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
168 The spin fluid of embodiment 163 or 164 comprising from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poiy(ethylene-cO-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethytene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), each based on the total amount of the spin fluid,
169. The spin fluid of embodiment 163, 164 or 168, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of (1 ) : from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or P) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about67 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane. or
(4) from about 39 to about 67 weight percent cis-i,2-didilorpethylene and from about 61 to about 40 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1,2-didiioroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane.
170. The spin fluid of embodiment 169, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1J from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane or
(2) from about 56 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 44 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 67 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 42 to about 33 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 49 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 33 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane. or
(6) from about 57 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 : to about 31 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane.
171, The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent tridiloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane. or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and tom about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or tom about 10 to about 30 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or tom about 10 to about 20 weight percent ? trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2-methylpentane.
172. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170, wherein the spin agentcomprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of Or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and tom about 90 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane. or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and tom about 70 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 70
Weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent trichloromethane and tom about 90 to about 80 Weight percent 3-methylpentane.
173. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent trans-1, 2- dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, orfrom about 30 to about 55 weight percent trans-i ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane.
174. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethyleneand : from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 39 to about 55 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 45 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 39 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 50 weight percent n-hexane 175. The spin fluid Of any one of embodiments 163 to 170, wherein the spin agent ; comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylerie arid from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2- methylpentane. or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent cis-1 .2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2-methylpentane. or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2- methylpentane.
176. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and ; from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ^-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 3- methylpentane. :
177 The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170. wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent
2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to. about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis- 1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane. or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2.2-diniethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
178. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 163 to 170, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 wight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight ; percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2,3- dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent cis-T,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
179. In some embodiments, the present application provides a spin fluid for flash spinning comprising a polymer and a spin agent, wherein the polymer is polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), and wherein the spin agent comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and a linear or branched Cs hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. 180. The spin fluid of embodiment 179, wherein the spin agent comprises, consists essentially of or consists of
(1) trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane, or (2) trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane, or
(3) trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane. or
(4) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane, or
(5) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane, or
(6) cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane, or
(7) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
181. The spin fluid of embodiment 179 or 180 comprising from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
182. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments 179 to 180, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichioromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight perceht 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or /
(8> : from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
183. The spin fluid of any one of embodiments : 179 to 182, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
12 P) from about 56 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 44 to about 39 weight percent 3-rnethylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 61 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 42 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or (4) from about 49 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-diChloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 57 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 to about 31 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from : about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
184. The spin fl uid of embodiment 179 or 180 comprising from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-<ro-tetraflU(xoethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-c®4etrafluoroethyiene), each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
185, The spin fluid of embodiment 179, 180 or 184, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially of or consists of (1) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane. or
(2) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichioromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpentane. or
(3) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 40 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5> from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or (6) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-didiloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or (7) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,2-dlmethylbutane, or
(8) from about 10 to about 67 weightpercent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
186, The spin fluid of embodiment 185, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which Consists essentially of or consists of
(1) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or (2) from about 56 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 44 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 67 weight percent trans-1,2-dichtoroethylene and from about 42 to about 33 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 49 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 33 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 57 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or (7) from about 21 to about 31 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, 187. In some embodiments, the present application provides a process tor the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer which comprises the steps of:
(i) generating a spin fluid comprising
(a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
(b) a spin agent, and ;
(ii) flash-spinning the spin fluid at a pressure that is above the vapor pressure of the spin fluid into a region of essentially atmospheric pressure to form plexifilamentary fibrils of the polymer; wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition comprising
(1 ) trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane, or (2) trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane, or
(3) trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene and 2 2-dimethylbutane. or
(4) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene arid n-hexane, or
(5) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane, or
(6) cis-1, 2-dichloroethy lane and 3-methylpentane, or
(7) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2, 2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
188. The process of embodiment 187 wherein the spin fluid comprises from about 64 to about 93 weight percent of the spin agent, based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
189. The process of embodiment 187 or 188 wherein the spin fluid comprises from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid
190. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 189, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1 ) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) tom about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichlOroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane. or
(4) from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5J from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and tom about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, 191. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 190, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 56 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 44 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 61 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethy|ene and from about 42 to about 39 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 49 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39 weight pacent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 57 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 39 wight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 to about 31 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane.
192. The process of embodiment 187 or 188 wherein the spin fluid comprises from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poiy(ethyiene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a polyfethylene- co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a polyfethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylenej. each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
193. The process of embodiment 187, 188 or 192, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1 ) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 1 Oto about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 40 weight percent n-hexane, or (5) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1,2-diGhloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpentarie, or
(7) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane.
194. The process of embodiment 193, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1 ) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 56 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 44 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 67 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 42 to about 33 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 49 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethyfene and from about 51 to about 33 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39weight percent 2-methylperitane, or
(6) from about 57 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 to about 31 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane. or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane.
195. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 50 : weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from : about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2<iethylpentane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent
5 trichloromethane and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 7& weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2-methylpentane. io 196. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane. » from about 10 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane andfrom about 90 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from
15 about 14 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent ; trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent
20 trichloromethane and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from : about 20 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 70
25 weight percerit 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 3-methylpentane
197. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or
BO consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans- 1,2-dichloroetiiyiene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimetnylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent frans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percerit 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent trans- 1 ,2- dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
35 from about 20 to about 50 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane. or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent trans-1.2- s dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent trans-l,2-diGhloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent trans-I.Z-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, o
198. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane , or from about 39 to about 55 weight5 percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 45 weight percent n-hexane, or from about 39 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 50 weight percent n-hexane.
199. : The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agento: comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositibn which consists essentially of or consists of tom about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or tom about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and5 from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2- methylpentane. or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2-0 methylpentane, or tom about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2- methylpentane, or tom about 10 to about 30 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or tom about 10 to about 205 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2- methylpentane. w 200. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from atx>ut 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 14 to about 55; weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethyiene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 3- methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and
; from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 3- methylpentane. 201. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2, 2-dirnethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 .2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis-1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2,2- dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent Gis-1,2-dichloroethyiene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent
2,2-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane. 202. The process of any one of embodiments 187 to 194, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-iike composition which consists essentially of or consists of from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 55 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 50 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 50 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 50 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 50 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutahe, or from about 30 to about 50 weight percent cis- 1,2- dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 50 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 14 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 86 to about 45 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 20 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 80 to about 45 weight percent 2,3- dimethylbutane, or from about 30 to about 55 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 70 to about 45 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 70 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane, or from about 10 to about 20 weight percent ciM,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 80 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
203. In some embodiments, the present application provides a process for the preparation of plexifiiamentary fibrils of polymer which comprises the steps of:
(i) generating a spin fluid comprising
(a) from about ? to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, and
(b) a spin agent, and
( ii) flash-spinning the spin fluid at a pressure that is above the vapor pressure of the spin fluid into a region of essentially atmospheric pressure to form plexifiiamentary fibrils of the polymer wherein the polymer is polyethylene dr poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), and wherein the spin agent comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of trichloromethane, cis- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene, and trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylehe, and a linear or branched C® hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3- methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
204. The process of embodiment 203, wherein the spin agent comprises, consists essentially of or consists of (1) trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane, or
(2) tnchloromethane and 3-methylpentane, or
(3) trans- 1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane, or (5) cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane. or
(6) cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane, or
(7) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethy|erie and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane. 205. The process of embodiment 203 or 204, wherein the spin fluid comprises from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
206. The process of any one of embodiments 203 to 205, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1 } from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or (2) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or (7) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1,2-dichlorbethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane. 207. The process of any one of embodiments 203 to 206, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially of or consists of (1) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpenta ne, or
(2) from about 56 to about 61 weight percent trichlbromethane and from about 44 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 64 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethytene and from about 42 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 49 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 57 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 to about 31 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane.
208. The process of embodiment 203 or 204, wherein the spin fluid comprises from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). each based on the total amount of the spin fluid
209. The process of embodiment 203, 204 or 208, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1 ) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane. or
(2> from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2, 2-dimethylbutahe, or
(4) from about 39 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 40 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or - (6) tom about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 3-methylpenta ne, or
(7) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-didiloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or (8) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 40 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
210, The process of embodiment 209, wherein the spin agent comprises a composition which consists essentially ofor consists of (1 ) from about 51 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 49 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 56 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 44 to about 33 weight percent 3*methylpentane, or
(3) from about 58 to about 67 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 42 to about 33 weight percent 2 ,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 49 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 51 to about 33 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 50 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 50 to about 39 weight percent 2-metfiylpentane, or (6) from about 57 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 43 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 to about 31 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 69 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 42 to about 52 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 58 to about 48 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
211. In some embodiments, the present application provides a use of the spin fluid of any of embodiments 163 to 186 for preparing plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) by flash spinning
212. The plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) obtainable or obtained by the process of any one of embodiments 187 to 210.
213, A sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils comprising plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) of embodiment 212. 214. The sheet of embodiment 213, wherein the sheet is a collected sheet, a consolidated sheet, a bonded sheet, or a softened sheet.
215, A bonded sheet obtainable by thermally or mechanically bonding the consolidated sheet of embodiment 214.
216. A softened sheet obtainable by softening the consolidated sheet of embodiment 198 or by softening the bonded sheet of embodiment 215. 217. An article comprising plexifilamentary fibrils of polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co- tetrafluoroethylene) of embodiment 212 and/or a sheet of any one of embodiments 213 to 216.
218. The article of embodiment 217 which is selected from garment, protective apparel, packaging material, house wap, roof lining, car covers, medical and nommedical packaging, filtration media, print media, tags and labels, and accessories.
White various embodiments of the present invention have been described abOve, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit arid scope of the present invention. Thus, it should be appreciated that, white the invention has been described with reference to the above exemplary embodiments other embodiments are within the scope of the claims. Moreover, it should be understood that the exemplary embodiments described herein may be combined to form other embodiments After reading the above description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the invention in alternative embodiments. Thus, the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments.

Claims

1. An azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of
(1) trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane, or ; (2) trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane, or
(3) trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) cis«1i2-dichlbroethylene and n-hexane, or
(5) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane, or
(6) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane, or (7) cis-l,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dirnethylbutane.
2. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of claim 1 consisting essentially of
(1) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or (4) from about 39 to about 99 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 1 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1.2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 3-methylpentane. or
(7) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane. or
(8) from about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1.2-dtchloroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane.
3. The azeotropic composition of claim 1 or 2 consisting essentially of
(1) from about 54 to about 63 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 46 to about 37 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 58 to about 73 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 42 to about 27 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 52 to about 75 weight percent trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 25 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or (4) tom about 72 to about 79 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 28 to about 21 weight percent n-hexahe, or
(5) from about 52 to about 60 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 48 to about 40 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 59 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 41 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 21 to about 36 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 79 to about 64 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 43 to about 55 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from? about 57 to about 45 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutahe.
4. A spin fluid for flash spinning comprising
(a ) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (RE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
(b) ' a spin agent, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of
(1 ) trichloromethane and 2-methylpentane, or
(2) trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane, or
(3) trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane, or
(5) cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane, or
(6) cis-1 , 2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane. or
(7) cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
5. The spin fluid of claim 4 comprising from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about
9 to about 11 weight percent ofa polyethylene, or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
6. The spin fluid of claim 4 or 5, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1) from about lOto about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and- from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or (3) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans-l,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane.
7. The spin fluid of claim 4 comprising from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a poly(ethytene-co-tetrafluoroetoy!ene), or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
8. The spin fluid of claim 4 or 7. wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentialiy of or consists of
(1) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 2-methylpentane. or
(2) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent tnchloromethane and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 67 weight percent cis-1,2-diailoroethyiene and from about 61 to about 33 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 2-metoylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8> from : about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane.
9. A process for the preparation of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer which comprises the steps of:
(i) generating a spin fluid comprising
(a) from about 7 to about 36 weight percent of a polymer, selected from polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), based on the total amount of the spin fluid, and
(b) a spin agent, and
(ii) flash-spinning the spin fluid at a pressure that is above the vapor pressure of the spin fluid into a region of essentially atmospheric pressure to form plexifilamentary fibrils of the polymer; wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of
(1 ) trichloromethane and 2-methyipentane, or
(2) trichloromethane and 3-methylpentane, or
(3) trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) cis-1j2-dichloroethylene and n-hexane, or
(6) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2-methylpentane, or
(6) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 3-methylpentane, or
(7) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
10. The process of claim 9. wherein the spin fluid comprises from about 7 to about 30 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 10 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 9 to about 11 weight percent of a polyethylene, or from about 18 to about 25 weight percent of a polyethylene, each based on the total amount of the spin fluid.
11. The process of claim 9 or 10, wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(2) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or (4) from about 39 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 39 weight percent n-hexane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,2-dimethylbutane, or
(8) from about 10 to about 61 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethyiene and from about 90 to about 39 weight percent 2,3-dimethylbutane>
12. The process of claim 9, wherein the spin fluid comprises from about 12 to about 36 weight percent of a polyfethylene-co-tetraflucroethyienel, or from about 18 to about 28 weight percent of a poly(ethylene-co-tetraflUOToethylene), or from about 12 to about 19 weight percent of a polyfethylene-co-tetrafluwoethylene), or from about 22 to about 34 weight percent of a poly(ethyiene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), each based on the total amount of the spin fluid .
13: The process fluid of claim 9 or 12 , wherein the spin agent comprises an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition which consists essentially of or consists of
(1) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 2-methylpentane. or
(2) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trichloromethane and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(3) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent trans- 1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 2.2-dimethylbutane, or
(4) from about 39 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 61 to about 33 weight percent n-hexane, or
(5) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 'weight percent 2-methylpentane, or
(6) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 weight percent 3-methylpentane, or
(7) from about 10 to about 67 weight percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about.33 weight percent 2,2-dimethytoutahe, or
(8) from about 10 to about 67 weight ' percent cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene and from about 90 to about 33 Weight percent 2, 3-dimethylbutane,
14. Use of the spin fluid of any one of claims 4 to 8 for preparing of plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer by flash spinning. ;
15. Plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer obtainable by the process of any one of claims 9 to 13.
16. A sheet of nonwoven flash-spun plexifilamentary fibrils comprising plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer of claim 15.
17. The sheet of claim 16, wherein the sheet is a collected sheet, a consolidated sheet, a bonded sheet, or a softened sheet.
18. An article comprising the plexifilamentary fibrils of polymer of claim 15 and/or the Sheet of claim 16 or claim 17.
19. The article of claim 18 which is selected from garment, protective apparel, packaging material, house wrap, roof lining, car covers, medical and non-medical packaging, filtration media, print media, tags and labels, and accessories.
PCT/US2025/029530 2024-05-17 2025-05-15 Azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions comprising a chlorinated compound and a c6-hydrocarbon and use of the compositions as flash spinning agents Pending WO2025240722A1 (en)

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