WO2024217497A1 - Novel small molecule agonists of insulin receptor (insr) as anti-diabetes drugs - Google Patents
Novel small molecule agonists of insulin receptor (insr) as anti-diabetes drugs Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024217497A1 WO2024217497A1 PCT/CN2024/088584 CN2024088584W WO2024217497A1 WO 2024217497 A1 WO2024217497 A1 WO 2024217497A1 CN 2024088584 W CN2024088584 W CN 2024088584W WO 2024217497 A1 WO2024217497 A1 WO 2024217497A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
- C07K5/06—Dipeptides
- C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
- C07K5/06078—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
- C07K5/06—Dipeptides
- C07K5/06086—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being basic
Definitions
- Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder diseases manifested by abnormally high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, which may further cause multiple severe complications. Diabetes has plagued a large percentage of the world population for centuries. Hence, effective anti-diabetes drugs are highly desired.
- Insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily proteins.
- RTK receptor tyrosine kinase
- the insulin level in blood will be upregulated. Binding of insulin to INSR activates the intracellular INSR auto-phosphorylation, which will further trigger a cascade of downstream cell signaling pathways and eventually facilitate cellular uptake of glucose to reduce the blood glucose level. Hyposecretion or dysfunctions of insulin-mediated INSR activation may result in serious diseases, such as, for example diabetes and malignant cancers. Thus, insulin-alternative drugs, especially orally available ones, are of high significance in diabetes treatment. However, INSR-targeting small molecule drugs remain largely underexplored.
- INSR insulin receptor
- peptides and peptidomimetics whose structures are based on insulin; thus, they typically have poor oral bioavailability and have to be administrated by injection.
- injection drugs suffer from high costs and poor patience compliance. Therefore, novel INSR agonist drugs, particularly orally available drugs, are urgently needed.
- This invention pertains to a novel compounds, compositions containing the novel compounds, and methods of activating in insulin receptor (INSR) , particularly in the context of treating diabetes.
- the subject compounds and compositions can bind to an allosteric site on INSR and are synergistic with insulin in activating INSR and the downstream signaling pathways.
- the compounds have a low systemic toxicity and can be used in combination with the traditional insulin therapy for the treatment of diabetes.
- the compounds of the subject invention are INSR agonists.
- the subject compounds can bind to an allosteric site on the INSR protein, stabilize the receptor in an active conformation, activate the receptor, and eventually stimulate the downstream signaling pathways in cells.
- the pathways activated by the subject compounds play key roles in homeostasis of blood sugar levels; therefore, the subject compounds can be used to treat diabetes or other diseases related to high blood sugar, such as, for example, obesity.
- the compounds and/or compositions of subject invention can be used in methods of activating the INSR protein and/or treating diabetes comprising the step of administering therapeutically effect amounts of the compounds or compositions disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof.
- the subject compounds have a low molecular weight. In certain embodiments, the molecular weights of the subject compounds can range from about 720 Da to about 822 Da.
- the compounds of the subject invention can show clear agonistic effect on INSR phosphorylation level either by themselves or synergetic with the natural agonist insulin. Furthermore, the compounds can upregulate the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and protein kinase B (Akt) , two key downstream proteins in the INSR signaling pathway.
- IRS-1 insulin receptor substrate
- Akt protein kinase B
- FIG. 1 The screening of a 30-million-compound chemical library against INSR on live cells.
- the INSR is activated and stabilized with insulin.
- the intracellular phosphorylation site is used as an affinity handle to isolate the potential agonists bound to the activated INSR, which are further identified and characterized.
- FIGs. 2A-2C Chemical structures of the discovered novel INSR agonists.
- FIG. 2A refers to I-6;
- FIG. 2B refers to I-8; and
- FIG. 2C refers to I-9.
- FIGs. 3A-3C Compounds I-6, I-8, and I-9 were tested for their agonistic activities on INSR phosphorylation level.
- FIG. 3A I-6 testing results
- FIG. 3B I-8 testing results
- FIG. 3C I-9 testing results.
- Left panels phosphorylation level of INSR pY1355
- right panels phosphorylation level of INSR pY1361.
- the concentrations of the compounds and insulin used are as marked.
- n 3 biologically independent samples; data are presented as mean values ⁇ s. d.
- FIGs. 4A-4B Compounds I-8, and I-9 were tested for their effects on the phosphorylation level of the proteins (Akt and IRS1) downstream in the INSR-mediated signaling pathway; phosphorylation is the marker of protein activation.
- FIG. 4A The activating effect of I-8 on Akt and IRS1;
- FIG. 4B the activating effect of I-9 on Akt and IRS1.
- FIG. 5 Schematic illustration of the general synthesis scheme of the identified INSR agonists.
- compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the terms “about” is used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10%around the value (X ⁇ 10%) . In other contexts the term “about” is used provides a variation (error range) of 0-10%around a given value (X ⁇ 10%) .
- this variation represents a range that is up to 10%above or below a given value, for example, X ⁇ 1%, X ⁇ 2%, X ⁇ 3%, X ⁇ 4%, X ⁇ 5%, X ⁇ 6%, X ⁇ 7%, X ⁇ 8%, X ⁇ 9%, or X ⁇ 10%.
- ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range.
- a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc.
- a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values.
- ranges are used herein, combinations and subcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.
- the term “subject” refers to an animal, needing or desiring delivery of the benefits provided by a therapeutic compound.
- the term “animal” may be, for example, humans, pigs, horses, goats, cats, mice, rats, dogs, apes, fish, chimpanzees, orangutans, guinea pigs, hamsters, cows, sheep, birds, chickens, as well as any other vertebrate or invertebrate.
- These benefits can include, but are not limited to, the treatment of a health condition, disease or disorder; prevention of a health condition, disease or disorder; immune health; enhancement of the function of an organ, tissue, or system in the body.
- the preferred subject in the context of this invention is a human.
- the subject can be of any age or stage of development, including infant, toddler, adolescent, teenager, adult, or senior.
- treatment refers to eradicating, reducing, ameliorating, or reversing a sign or symptom of a health condition, disease or disorder to any extent, and includes, but does not require, a complete cure of the condition, disease, or disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or partially ameliorating a disorder. “Treatment” can also include improving or enhancing a condition or characteristic, for example, bringing the function of a particular system in the body to a heightened state of health or homeostasis.
- reduces is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
- an “isolated” or “purified” compound is substantially free of other compounds.
- purified compounds are at least 60%by weight (dry weight) of the compound of interest.
- the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight of the compound of interest.
- a purified compound is one that is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w/w) of the desired compound by weight. Purity is measured by any appropriate standard method, for example, by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
- the terms “therapeutically-effective amount, ” “therapeutically-effective dose, ” “effective amount, ” and “effective dose” are used to refer to an amount or dose of a compound or composition thereof that, when administered to a subject, is capable of treating or improving a condition, disease, or disorder in a subject or that is capable of providing enhancement in health or function to an organ, tissue, or body system. In other words, when administered to a subject, the amount is “therapeutically effective.
- the actual amount will vary depending on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the particular condition, disease, or disorder being treated or improved; the severity of the condition; the particular organ, tissue, or body system of which enhancement in health or function is desired; the weight, height, age, and health of the patient; and the route of administration.
- the terms “reducing” , “inhibiting” , “blocking” , “preventing” , “alleviating” , or “relieving” when referring to a compound mean that the compound brings down the occurrence, severity, size, volume or associated symptoms of diabetes by at least about 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 100%compared to how diabetes would normally exist without application of the compound or a composition comprising the compound.
- the terms “agonizing” , “enhancing” , or “activating” when referring to a compound mean that the compound brings up the amount or expression or phosphorylation levels of a protein by at least about 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 100%compared to how the amount or expression or phosphorylation levels of a protein would normally exist without application of the compound or a composition comprising the compound.
- diabetes refers to a group of disorders characterized by excess sugar in the blood.
- Diabetes can include chronic diabetes, such as, for example type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can also include prediabetes and gestational diabetes.
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
- such salts that are non-toxic may be inorganic or organic acid addition salts and base addition salts.
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which a compound of the invention is administered.
- a “pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a substance that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, and otherwise biologically suitable for administration to a subject, such as an inert substance, added to a pharmacological composition or otherwise used to facilitate administration of an agent and that is compatible therewith.
- examples of vehicles include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, and polyethylene glycols.
- the method comprises administration of multiple doses of the compositions of the subject invention.
- the method may comprise administration of therapeutically effective doses of a composition comprising the compound or composition thereof of the subject invention as described herein four times a day, thrice a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, three times a week, once a week, or a lower frequency.
- doses are administered over the course of 1 week, 2 weeks, or more than 3 weeks.
- treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of the compositions of the invention can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments.
- the effective dosage of a compound or composition thereof used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays for blood sugar levels and/or phosphorylation levels of INSR, which are known in the art. Specifically, the phosphorylation level of INSR can be measured by harvesting cells, lysing the cells, and measuring the INSR phosphorylation level using the specific antibodies in Western blot experiments.
- the method comprises administration of the compositions at several time per day, including but not limiting to 2 times per day, 3 times per day, 4 times per day, 5 times per day, 6 times per day, 7 times per day, 8 times per day, 9 times per day, and 10 times per day.
- compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.
- the compounds provided herein can activate or agonize the insulin receptor (INSR) protein.
- the compounds provided can also treat diabetes or related ailments and symptoms thereof.
- the compound of the subject invention is a pyrimidine-2, 4 (1H, 3H) -dione according to formula (I) :
- the compound of the subject invention is INSR-6 ( (formula (II) ) , INSR-8 (formula (III) ) , or INSR-9 (formula (IV) ) :
- the subject invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, of the compounds described herein.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be a salt with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid; an organic acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) , formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid; or a salt with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and organic bases such as mono-, di-, trialkyl and aryl amines, and substituted ethanolamines.
- an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid
- an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid (TF
- pharmaceutically acceptable salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3- (4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1, 2-ethane-di sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulf
- Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non-toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
- non-toxic organic or inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
- Hydrate refers to a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
- Solvate means a solvate formed from the association of one or more solvent molecules to a compound of the present invention.
- the term "solvate includes hydrates (e.g., mono hydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and the like) .
- Certain embodiments provide amorphous forms of salts of the compounds disclosed herein. Such amorphous forms are advantageous for oral, pulmonary, buccal, intravaginal, or suppository delivery. In preferred embodiments, the subject compounds are administered orally.
- the subject compositions are formulated as an orally-consumable product, such as, for example a food item, capsule, pill, or drinkable liquid.
- An orally deliverable pharmaceutical is any physiologically active substance delivered via initial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract or into the mucus membranes of the mouth.
- the subject compositions can also be formulated as a solution that can be administered via, for example, injection, which includes intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrathecally, intracerebroventricularly or subcutaneously.
- the subject compositions are formulated to be administered via the skin through a patch or directly onto the skin for local or systemic effects.
- the compositions can be administered sublingually, buccally, rectally, or vaginally.
- the compositions can be sprayed into the nose for absorption through the nasal membrane, nebulized, inhaled via the mouth or nose, or administered in the eye or ear.
- Orally consumable products according to the invention are any preparations or compositions suitable for consumption, for nutrition, for oral hygiene, or for pleasure, and are products intended to be introduced into the human or animal oral cavity, to remain there for a certain period of time, and then either be swallowed (e.g., food ready for consumption or pills) or to be removed from the oral cavity again (e.g., chewing gums or products of oral hygiene or medical mouth washes) .
- an orally-deliverable pharmaceutical can be formulated into an orally consumable product, and an orally consumable product can comprise an orally deliverable pharmaceutical, the two terms are not meant to be used interchangeably herein.
- Orally consumable products include all substances or products intended to be ingested by humans or animals in a processed, semi-processed, or unprocessed state. This also includes substances that are added to orally consumable products (particularly food and pharmaceutical products) during their production, treatment, or processing and intended to be introduced into the human or animal oral cavity.
- Orally consumable products can also include substances intended to be swallowed by humans or animals and then digested in an unmodified, prepared, or processed state; the orally consumable products according to the invention therefore also include casings, coatings, or other encapsulations that are intended to be swallowed together with the product or for which swallowing is to be anticipated.
- the orally consumable product is a capsule, pill, syrup, emulsion, or liquid suspension containing a desired orally deliverable substance.
- the orally consumable product can comprise an orally deliverable substance in powder form, which can be mixed with water or another liquid to produce a drinkable orally-consumable product.
- the orally-consumable product according to the invention can comprise one or more formulations intended for nutrition or pleasure.
- these particularly include baking products (e.g., bread, dry biscuits, cake, and other pastries) , sweets (e.g., chocolates, chocolate bar products, other bar products, fruit gum, coated tablets, hard caramels, toffees and caramels, and chewing gum) , alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages (e.g., cocoa, coffee, green tea, black tea, black or green tea beverages enriched with extracts of green or black tea, Rooibos tea, other herbal teas, fruit-containing lemonades, isotonic beverages, soft drinks, nectars, fruit and vegetable juices, and fruit or vegetable juice preparations) , instant beverages (e.g., instant cocoa beverages, instant tea beverages, and instant coffee beverages) , meat products (e.g., ham, fresh or raw sausage preparations, and seasoned or marinated fresh meat or salted meat products) , eggs or egg products (e.g.,
- the subject composition can further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and/or excipients, and can be formulated into preparations, for example, solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, and aerosols.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, and aerosols.
- pharmaceutically acceptable means compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
- Carriers and/or excipients according the subject invention can include any and all solvents, diluents, buffers (such as, e.g., neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline, or optionally Tris-HCl, acetate or phosphate buffers) , oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, aqueous compositions with or without inclusion of organic co-solvents suitable for, e.g., IV use, solubilizers (e.g., Polysorbate 65, Polysorbate 80) , colloids, dispersion media, vehicles, fillers, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA or glutathione) , amino acids (e.g., glycine) , proteins, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorings, aromatizers, thickeners (e.g.
- buffers
- compositions carbomer, gelatin, or sodium alginate
- coatings preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, polyquaterium) , antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite) , tonicity controlling agents, absorption delaying agents, adjuvants, bulking agents (e.g., lactose, mannitol) and the like.
- preservatives e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, polyquaterium
- antioxidants e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite
- tonicity controlling agents e.g., absorption delaying agents, adjuvants, bulking agents (e.g., lactose, mannitol) and the like.
- tonicity controlling agents e.g., absorption delaying agents, adjuvants, bulking agents (e.g., lactose, mannitol) and the like.
- compositions of the subject invention can be made into aerosol formulations so that, for example, it can be nebulized or inhaled.
- Suitable pharmaceutical formulations for administration in the form of aerosols or sprays are, for example, powders, particles, solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
- Formulations for oral or nasal aerosol or inhalation administration may also be formulated with carriers, including, for example, saline, polyethylene glycol or glycols, DPPC, methylcellulose, or in mixture with powdered dispersing agents or fluorocarbons.
- Aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
- delivery may be by use of a single-use delivery device, a mist nebulizer, a breath-activated powder inhaler, an aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) , or any other of the numerous nebulizer delivery devices available in the art.
- MDI aerosol metered-dose inhaler
- mist tents or direct administration through endotracheal tubes may also be used.
- compositions of the subject invention can be formulated for administration via injection, for example, as a solution or suspension.
- the solution or suspension can comprise suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1, 3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, non-irritant, fixed oils, including synthetic mono-or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
- a carrier for intravenous use includes a mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%USP propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol 600 and the balance USP Water for Injection (WFI) .
- WFI Water for Injection
- Other illustrative carriers for intravenous use include 10%USP ethanol and USP WFI; 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in USP WFI; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI; and 1-10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsion. Water or saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions may be preferably employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
- Illustrative examples of carriers for subcutaneous or intramuscular use include phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, 5%dextrose in WFI and 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride in USP WFI, or a 1 to 2 or 1 to 4 mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%propylene glycol and the balance an acceptable isotonic solution such as 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI and 1 to 10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsions.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- compositions of the subject invention can be formulated for administration via topical application onto the skin, for example, as topical compositions, which include rinse, spray, or drop, lotion, gel, ointment, cream, foam, powder, solid, sponge, tape, vapor, paste, tincture, or using a transdermal patch.
- topical compositions which include rinse, spray, or drop, lotion, gel, ointment, cream, foam, powder, solid, sponge, tape, vapor, paste, tincture, or using a transdermal patch.
- Suitable formulations of topical applications can comprise in addition to any of the pharmaceutically active carriers, for example, emollients such as carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, cetyl ester wax, emulsifying wax, hydrous lanolin, lanolin, lanolin alcohols, microcrystalline wax, paraffin, petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, white beeswax, or yellow beeswax.
- emollients such as carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, cetyl ester wax, emulsifying wax, hydrous lanolin, lanolin, lanolin alcohols, microcrystalline wax, paraffin, petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, white beeswax, or yellow beeswax.
- compositions may contain humectants such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol solution, and 1, 2, 6 hexanetriol or permeation enhancers such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or oleic acid.
- humectants such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol solution, and 1, 2, 6 hexanetriol or permeation enhancers such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or oleic acid.
- kits comprising in one or more containers of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more compounds of the subject invention.
- a kit of the invention can also comprise one or more compounds, biological molecules, or drugs.
- a kit of the invention comprises a compound of the subject invention.
- the subject invention further pertains to a kit comprising the compounds of the subject invention, compositions comprising the subject compounds and, optionally, other compounds, including, for example, insulin effective in treating symptoms of diabetes.
- kits including compounds of the subject invention and pharmaceutical formulations, packaged into suitable packaging material, optionally in combination with instructions for using the kit components, e.g., instructions for performing a method of the invention.
- a kit includes an amount of compounds of the subject invention and instructions for administering the compounds of the subject invention to a subject in need of treatment on a label or packaging insert.
- a kit includes an article of manufacture, for delivering the compounds of the subject invention into a subject locally, regionally or systemically, for example.
- the term “packaging material” refers to a physical structure housing the components of the kit.
- the packaging material can maintain the components sterilely and can be made of material commonly used for such purposes (e.g., paper, corrugated fiber, glass, plastic, foil, ampules, etc. ) .
- the label or packaging insert can include appropriate written instructions, for example, practicing a method of the invention, e.g., treating a diabetes or phosphorylating the INSR protein, an assay for identifying a subject having diabetes or in need of activating (i.e., phosphorylating) INSR, etc.
- a kit includes a label or packaging insert including instructions for practicing a method of the invention in solution, in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo.
- Instructions can therefore include instructions for practicing any of the methods of the invention described herein.
- pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration to a subject to treat diabetes or activate the INSR protein.
- Instructions may additionally include appropriate administration route, dosage information, indications of a satisfactory clinical endpoint or any adverse symptoms that may occur, storage information, expiration date, or any information required by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration or European Medicines Agency for use in a human subject.
- the instructions may be on “printed matter, ” e.g., on paper or cardboard within the kit, on a label affixed to the kit or packaging material, or attached to a vial or tube containing a component of the kit. Instructions may comprise voice or video tape and additionally be included on a computer readable medium, such as a disk (floppy diskette or hard disk) , optical CD such as CD-or DVD-ROM/RAM, magnetic tape, electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM and hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media.
- a computer readable medium such as a disk (floppy diskette or hard disk)
- optical CD such as CD-or DVD-ROM/RAM
- magnetic tape electrical storage media
- electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM and hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media.
- Kits can additionally include a buffering agent, a preservative, or an agent for stabilizing the compounds of the subject invention.
- the kit can also include control components for assaying for the presence of blood sugar and/or phosphorylation or expression levels of INSR, e.g., a control sample or a standard.
- Each component of the kit can be enclosed within an individual container or in a mixture and all of the various containers can be within single or multiple packages.
- At least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 compounds of the subject invention can be used for the activating of the INSR protein in a subject.
- the subject compounds can bind to an allosteric site on the INSR protein, stabilize the receptor in an active conformation, activate the receptor, and eventually stimulate the downstream signaling pathways in cells.
- the compounds can upregulate the phosphorylation of INSR.
- the compounds can upregulate the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and protein kinase B (Akt) , two key downstream proteins in the INSR signaling pathways.
- the subject compounds can be administered to a subject before the subject is diagnosed with diabetes (e.g., prediabetes) or to treat a subject diagnosed with diabetes.
- the compounds of the subject invention can be administered in combination with insulin.
- the dosage of insulin can be about 80 mg/dL to about 130 mg/dL daily.
- the compounds of the subject invention or compositions thereof can be administered concurrently with insulin, before an administration of insulin, or after an administration of insulin to the subject.
- the administration of insulin occurs less than or about 15 minutes before or after the administration of the composition.
- the compounds of the subject invention or compositions thereof can be administered concurrently with insulin.
- the compounds and/or compositions of subject invention can be used in methods of treating diabetes.
- Therapeutic or prophylactic application of the subject compounds and compositions containing the compounds thereof can be accomplished by any suitable therapeutic or prophylactic method and technique presently or prospectively known to those skilled in the art.
- the compounds can be administered by any suitable route known in the art including, for example, oral, intramuscular, intraspinal, intracranial, nasal, rectal, parenteral, subcutaneous, or intravascular (e.g., intravenous) routes of administration.
- the compound or composition thereof can be administered orally.
- Administration of the compounds of the invention can be continuous or at distinct intervals as can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.
- an amount of the compounds can be administered 1 time per day, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more days. Treatment can continue as needed, e.g., for several weeks, for several months, for several years, for several decades.
- an initial loading dose in the range of about 1 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg or about 1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg is administered every day for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 356, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 7500, 10000 or more days.
- compositions of the invention will advantageously comprise between about 0.1%and 45%, and especially, 1%and 15%by weight of the total of one or more of the compounds based on the weight of the total composition including carrier or diluent.
- INSR Upon insulin binding, INSR undergoes a distinct conformational change and is stabilized in the activated state, resulting in the intracellular auto-phosphorylation of INSR’s kinase domains.
- the phosphorylated kinases bind to more proteins and then trigger the activation of a cascade of downstream signaling pathways to boost glucose intake and reduce blood sugar level.
- the activated conformation of INSR is considered to favor agonistic ligand binding and can be utilized in the screening of chemical libraries.
- the phosphorylated tyrosine of the kinase domain was used as an affinity handle to specifically isolate the ligands that bind to the activated INSR.
- the isolated compounds were characterized, and their activities in stimulating INSR phosphorylation were validated by cell-based assays.
- HEK293 cells were cultured on 10 cm dishes at 37 °C and transfected with PCMV3-INSR-long-t1-HA for 24 h before selection.
- Transfected cells ⁇ 107 cells in a typical DEL selection
- 500 pmol DEL and 500 pmol corresponding CP-n was diluted in 200 ⁇ L1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) .
- the cells were re-suspended in prepared libraries and incubated at 4 °C for 2 h before UV irradiation on ice at 365 nm for 30 seconds by a Uvata UV LED point light source. The cells were then washed three times with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) at to remove unlabeled libraries molecules by gentle resuspension and centrifugation at 500 ⁇ g for 5 min.
- PBS buffer supplied with Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV
- the cells were lysed with modified RIPA buffer (supplemented with Universal nuclease, Abcam EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) at 4 °C for 15 min.
- Cell lysates were obtained by collecting the supernatant after centrifugation at 13, 300 rpm for 10 min to remove insoluble cell debris. The protein concentration was determined with a BCA Protein Assay Kit.
- the cell lysates were diluted with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Abcam EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) to a final protein concentration of 2.5 mg/mL.
- the diluted cell lysates were divided into three and incubated with Phospho-INSR (Tyr1355) Polyclonal Antibody, Phospho-INSR (Tyr1361) Polyclonal Antibody and INSR Polyclonal Antibody respectively at 4 °C for 1 h to allow the antibodies binding to their target proteins.
- HEK293 cells were cultured on 12-well plates at 37 °C and transfected with PCMV3-INSR-long-t1-HA for 24 h, followed by serum-starvation for 24 h to reduce intrinsic INSR phosphorylation levels. Starved cells were treated with 300 ⁇ L compound-saturating DMEM in the absence of FBS at 37 °C for 30 min.
- the cells were washed with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) and lysed on plate with modified RIPA buffer (supplemented with Universal nuclease, Abcam EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) at 4 °C for 15 min.
- Cell lysates were obtained by collecting the supernatant after centrifugation at 13, 300 rpm for 10 min to remove insoluble cell debris. The protein concentration was determined with a BCA Protein Assay Kit.
- the cell lysates were resolved with SDS-PAGE and electro-transferred onto immune-blot PVDF membranes.
- the membrane was blocked with 5 %non-fat milk in TBST buffer, incubated with the Phospho-INSR (Tyr1355) Polyclonal Antibody, Phospho-INSR (Tyr1361) Polyclonal Antibody and INSR Polyclonal Antibody respectively, followed by incubation with HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody.
- the membranes were developed with ClarityTM Western ECL Substrate.
- the linear tripeptide was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl resin (0.1 mmol, loading of 1.0 mmol/g, GL Biochem, Lot No: GLS190613-48101) using the general procedure in the following sequence: N-alpha-Fmoc-N-gamma-trityl-D-asparagine (Accela, Catalog: SY042590, CAS no: 180570-71-2) , N-Fmoc-N'-tosyl-L-arginine (NJPeptide, Catalog: R30203, CAS no: 83792-47-6) , 2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (J&K Scientific, Catalog: 104951, CAS no: 23945-44-0) .
- the peptide was released from the resin using a cleavage solution of TFE/AcOH/DCM (1: 1: 8) . Afterwards, the solvent, acid and TFE was removed by evaporation and the product was dissolved by CH 3 CN/H 2 O (1: 1) followed by reverse-phase HPLC purification. The desired tripeptide INSR-6 was recovered as a white powder after lyophilization (60.0 mg, 73%yield) .
- the linear tripeptide was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl resin (0.1 mmol, loading of 1.0 mmol/g, GL Biochem, Lot No: GLS190613-48101) using the general procedure in the following sequence: N-alpha-Fmoc-N-gamma-trityl-L-asparagine (Bidepharm, Catalog: BD8578-25g, CAS no: 132388-59-1) , N-Fmoc-3-nitro-L-tyrosine Bidepharm, Catalog: BD18164-10g, CAS no: 136590-09-5) , 2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (J&K Scientific, Catalog: 104951, CAS no: 23945-44-0) .
- the peptide was released from the resin using a cleavage solution of TFE/AcOH/DCM (1: 1: 8) . Afterwards, the solvent, acid and TFE was removed by evaporation and the product was dissolved by CH3CN/H2O (1: 1) followed by reverse-phase HPLC purification. The desired tripeptide INSR-8 was recovered as a white powder after lyophilization (48.6mg, 67.5%yield) .
- the linear tripeptide was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl resin (0.1 mmol, loading of 1.0 mmol/g, GL Biochem, Lot No: GLS190613-48101) using the general procedure in the following sequence: N-alpha-Fmoc-N-in-Boc-D-tryptophan (Dieckmann, Catalog: MD00229, CAS no: 163619-04-3) , N-Fmoc-N'-tosyl-L-arginine (NJPeptide, Catalog: R30203, CAS no: 83792-47-6) , 2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (J&K Scientific, Catalog: 104951, CAS no: 23945-44-0) .
- the peptide was released from the resin using a cleavage solution of TFE/AcOH/DCM (1: 1: 8) . Afterwards, the solvent, acid and TFE was removed by evaporation and the product was dissolved by CH 3 CN/H 2 O (1: 1) followed by reverse-phase HPLC purification. The desired tripeptide INSR-9 was recovered as a white powder after lyophilization (43.8 mg, 58%yield) .
- FIGs. 2A-2C show a series of small molecule agonists for INSR (three representatives, I-6 (formula (II) ) , I-8 (formula (III) ) , and I-9 (formula (IV) ) , are shown in FIGs. 2A-2C) .
- the compounds showed clear agonistic effect on INSR phosphorylation level either by themselves or synergetic with the natural agonist insulin (FIGs. 3A-3C) . Furthermore, these compounds were able to upregulate the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and protein kinase B (Akt) , two key downstream proteins in the INSR signaling pathway (FIGs. 4A-4B) .
- IRS-1 insulin receptor substrate
- Akt protein kinase B
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Abstract
Provided herein are insulin receptor (INSR) agonists compounds of Formula I-IV or compositions containing the compounds, the use of these compounds or compositions in the treatment of diabetes. The compounds and compositions can bind to the allosteric sites on INSR and activate INSR and downstream signaling pathways synergistically with insulin by phosphorylating INSR proteins.
Description
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder diseases manifested by abnormally high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, which may further cause multiple severe complications. Diabetes has plagued a large percentage of the world population for centuries. Hence, effective anti-diabetes drugs are highly desired. Insulin receptor (INSR) is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily proteins. Mechanistically, INSR plays a vital role in glucose homeostasis, lipid and protein metabolism, mostly mediated by its natural ligand insulin. In response to an increase in the glucose level in a person, the insulin level in blood will be upregulated. Binding of insulin to INSR activates the intracellular INSR auto-phosphorylation, which will further trigger a cascade of downstream cell signaling pathways and eventually facilitate cellular uptake of glucose to reduce the blood glucose level. Hyposecretion or dysfunctions of insulin-mediated INSR activation may result in serious diseases, such as, for example diabetes and malignant cancers. Thus, insulin-alternative drugs, especially orally available ones, are of high significance in diabetes treatment. However, INSR-targeting small molecule drugs remain largely underexplored.
A major therapeutic modality to treat diabetes is insulin receptor (INSR) agonism, aiming to increase insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels. However, most existing INSR agonists are peptides and peptidomimetics, whose structures are based on insulin; thus, they typically have poor oral bioavailability and have to be administrated by injection. For such chronic disease like diabetes, injection drugs suffer from high costs and poor patience compliance. Therefore, novel INSR agonist drugs, particularly orally available drugs, are urgently needed.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention pertains to a novel compounds, compositions containing the novel compounds, and methods of activating in insulin receptor (INSR) , particularly in the context of treating diabetes. The subject compounds and compositions can bind to an allosteric site on INSR and are synergistic with insulin in activating INSR and the downstream signaling pathways. In
certain embodiments, the compounds have a low systemic toxicity and can be used in combination with the traditional insulin therapy for the treatment of diabetes.
In certain embodiments, the compounds of the subject invention are INSR agonists. The subject compounds can bind to an allosteric site on the INSR protein, stabilize the receptor in an active conformation, activate the receptor, and eventually stimulate the downstream signaling pathways in cells. In certain embodiments, the pathways activated by the subject compounds play key roles in homeostasis of blood sugar levels; therefore, the subject compounds can be used to treat diabetes or other diseases related to high blood sugar, such as, for example, obesity. In certain embodiments, the compounds and/or compositions of subject invention can be used in methods of activating the INSR protein and/or treating diabetes comprising the step of administering therapeutically effect amounts of the compounds or compositions disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof.
In certain embodiments, the subject compounds have a low molecular weight. In certain embodiments, the molecular weights of the subject compounds can range from about 720 Da to about 822 Da.
In certain embodiments, the compounds of the subject invention can show clear agonistic effect on INSR phosphorylation level either by themselves or synergetic with the natural agonist insulin. Furthermore, the compounds can upregulate the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and protein kinase B (Akt) , two key downstream proteins in the INSR signaling pathway.
FIG. 1 The screening of a 30-million-compound chemical library against INSR on live cells. The INSR is activated and stabilized with insulin. The intracellular phosphorylation site is used as an affinity handle to isolate the potential agonists bound to the activated INSR, which are further identified and characterized.
FIGs. 2A-2C Chemical structures of the discovered novel INSR agonists. FIG. 2A) refers to I-6; FIG. 2B refers to I-8; and FIG. 2C refers to I-9.
FIGs. 3A-3C Compounds I-6, I-8, and I-9 were tested for their agonistic activities on INSR phosphorylation level. FIG. 3A) I-6 testing results; FIG. 3B) I-8 testing results; FIG. 3C) I-9 testing results. Left panels: phosphorylation level of INSR pY1355; right panels:
phosphorylation level of INSR pY1361. The concentrations of the compounds and insulin used are as marked. n = 3 biologically independent samples; data are presented as mean values ± s. d.
FIGs. 4A-4B Compounds I-8, and I-9 were tested for their effects on the phosphorylation level of the proteins (Akt and IRS1) downstream in the INSR-mediated signaling pathway; phosphorylation is the marker of protein activation. FIG. 4A) The activating effect of I-8 on Akt and IRS1; FIG. 4B) the activating effect of I-9 on Akt and IRS1.
FIG. 5 Schematic illustration of the general synthesis scheme of the identified INSR agonists.
DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Selected Definitions
As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including” , “includes” , “having” , “has” , “with” , or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” . The transitional terms/phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) “comprising” , “comprises” , “comprise” , “consisting essentially of” , “consists essentially of” , “consisting” and “consists” can be used interchangeably.
The phrases “consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially of” indicate that the claim encompasses embodiments containing the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic (s) of the claim.
The term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. In the context of compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the terms “about” is used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10%around the value (X ± 10%) . In other contexts the term “about” is used provides a variation (error range) of 0-10%around a given value (X ± 10%) . As is apparent, this variation represents a range that is up to 10%above or below a given value, for example, X ± 1%, X ± 2%, X ± 3%, X ± 4%, X ± 5%, X ± 6%, X ± 7%, X ± 8%, X ± 9%, or X ± 10%.
In the present disclosure, ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc. Values having at least two significant digits within a range are envisioned, for example, a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values. When ranges are used herein, combinations and subcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.
As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal, needing or desiring delivery of the benefits provided by a therapeutic compound. As used herein, the term “animal” may be, for example, humans, pigs, horses, goats, cats, mice, rats, dogs, apes, fish, chimpanzees, orangutans, guinea pigs, hamsters, cows, sheep, birds, chickens, as well as any other vertebrate or invertebrate. These benefits can include, but are not limited to, the treatment of a health condition, disease or disorder; prevention of a health condition, disease or disorder; immune health; enhancement of the function of an organ, tissue, or system in the body. The preferred subject in the context of this invention is a human. The subject can be of any age or stage of development, including infant, toddler, adolescent, teenager, adult, or senior.
As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to eradicating, reducing, ameliorating, or reversing a sign or symptom of a health condition, disease or disorder to any extent, and includes, but does not require, a complete cure of the condition, disease, or disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or partially ameliorating a disorder. “Treatment” can also include improving or enhancing a condition or characteristic, for example, bringing the function of a particular system in the body to a heightened state of health or homeostasis.
By “reduces” is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
By “increases” is meant as a positive alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
As used herein, an “isolated” or “purified” compound is substantially free of other compounds. In certain embodiments, purified compounds are at least 60%by weight (dry weight)
of the compound of interest. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight of the compound of interest. For example, a purified compound is one that is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w/w) of the desired compound by weight. Purity is measured by any appropriate standard method, for example, by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
As used herein, the terms “therapeutically-effective amount, ” “therapeutically-effective dose, ” “effective amount, ” and “effective dose” are used to refer to an amount or dose of a compound or composition thereof that, when administered to a subject, is capable of treating or improving a condition, disease, or disorder in a subject or that is capable of providing enhancement in health or function to an organ, tissue, or body system. In other words, when administered to a subject, the amount is “therapeutically effective. ” The actual amount will vary depending on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the particular condition, disease, or disorder being treated or improved; the severity of the condition; the particular organ, tissue, or body system of which enhancement in health or function is desired; the weight, height, age, and health of the patient; and the route of administration.
As used herein, the terms “reducing” , “inhibiting” , “blocking” , “preventing” , “alleviating” , or “relieving” when referring to a compound, mean that the compound brings down the occurrence, severity, size, volume or associated symptoms of diabetes by at least about 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 100%compared to how diabetes would normally exist without application of the compound or a composition comprising the compound.
As used herein, the terms “agonizing” , “enhancing” , or “activating” when referring to a compound, mean that the compound brings up the amount or expression or phosphorylation levels of a protein by at least about 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 100%compared to how the amount or expression or phosphorylation levels of a protein would normally exist without application of the compound or a composition comprising the compound.
As used herein, the terms “diabetes” or “diabetes mellitus” refers to a group of disorders characterized by excess sugar in the blood. Diabetes can include chronic diabetes, such as, for
example type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can also include prediabetes and gestational diabetes.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. In particular, such salts that are non-toxic may be inorganic or organic acid addition salts and base addition salts.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which a compound of the invention is administered. A “pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a substance that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, and otherwise biologically suitable for administration to a subject, such as an inert substance, added to a pharmacological composition or otherwise used to facilitate administration of an agent and that is compatible therewith. Examples of vehicles include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, and polyethylene glycols.
In some embodiments of the invention, the method comprises administration of multiple doses of the compositions of the subject invention. The method may comprise administration of therapeutically effective doses of a composition comprising the compound or composition thereof of the subject invention as described herein four times a day, thrice a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, three times a week, once a week, or a lower frequency. In some embodiments, doses are administered over the course of 1 week, 2 weeks, or more than 3 weeks. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of the compositions of the invention can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of a compound or composition thereof used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays for blood sugar levels and/or phosphorylation levels of INSR, which are known in the art. Specifically, the phosphorylation level of INSR can be measured by harvesting cells, lysing the cells, and measuring the INSR phosphorylation level using the specific antibodies in Western blot experiments. In some embodiments of the invention, the method comprises administration of the compositions at several time per day, including but not limiting to 2 times per day, 3 times per day, 4 times per day, 5 times per day, 6 times per day, 7 times per day, 8 times per day, 9 times per day, and 10 times per day.
The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable or aspect herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.
Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.
Insulin Receptor Agonists
Provided herein are compounds that can activate or agonize the insulin receptor (INSR) protein. The compounds provided can also treat diabetes or related ailments and symptoms thereof.
In certain embodiments, the compound of the subject invention is a pyrimidine-2, 4 (1H, 3H) -dione according to formula (I) :
In certain embodiments, the compound of the subject invention is INSR-6 ( (formula (II) ) , INSR-8 (formula (III) ) , or INSR-9 (formula (IV) ) :
In some embodiments the subject invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, of the compounds described herein.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be a salt with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid; an organic acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) , formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid,
glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid; or a salt with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and organic bases such as mono-, di-, trialkyl and aryl amines, and substituted ethanolamines.
Further, pharmaceutically acceptable salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3- (4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1, 2-ethane-di sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo [2.2.2] -oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and the like. Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non-toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
Hydrate refers to a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
Solvate means a solvate formed from the association of one or more solvent molecules to a compound of the present invention. The term "solvate includes hydrates (e.g., mono hydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and the like) .
Certain embodiments provide amorphous forms of salts of the compounds disclosed herein. Such amorphous forms are advantageous for oral, pulmonary, buccal, intravaginal, or suppository delivery. In preferred embodiments, the subject compounds are administered orally.
In one embodiment, the subject compositions are formulated as an orally-consumable product, such as, for example a food item, capsule, pill, or drinkable liquid. An orally deliverable pharmaceutical is any physiologically active substance delivered via initial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract or into the mucus membranes of the mouth. The subject compositions can also be formulated as a solution that can be administered via, for example, injection, which includes intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrathecally, intracerebroventricularly or subcutaneously. In other embodiments, the subject compositions are formulated to be administered via the skin through a patch or directly onto the skin for local or systemic effects. The compositions can be administered sublingually, buccally, rectally, or vaginally. Furthermore, the compositions can be sprayed into the nose for absorption through the nasal membrane, nebulized, inhaled via the mouth or nose, or administered in the eye or ear.
Orally consumable products according to the invention are any preparations or compositions suitable for consumption, for nutrition, for oral hygiene, or for pleasure, and are products intended to be introduced into the human or animal oral cavity, to remain there for a certain period of time, and then either be swallowed (e.g., food ready for consumption or pills) or to be removed from the oral cavity again (e.g., chewing gums or products of oral hygiene or medical mouth washes) . While an orally-deliverable pharmaceutical can be formulated into an orally consumable product, and an orally consumable product can comprise an orally deliverable pharmaceutical, the two terms are not meant to be used interchangeably herein.
Orally consumable products include all substances or products intended to be ingested by humans or animals in a processed, semi-processed, or unprocessed state. This also includes substances that are added to orally consumable products (particularly food and pharmaceutical products) during their production, treatment, or processing and intended to be introduced into the human or animal oral cavity.
Orally consumable products can also include substances intended to be swallowed by humans or animals and then digested in an unmodified, prepared, or processed state; the orally consumable products according to the invention therefore also include casings, coatings, or other encapsulations that are intended to be swallowed together with the product or for which swallowing is to be anticipated.
In one embodiment, the orally consumable product is a capsule, pill, syrup, emulsion, or liquid suspension containing a desired orally deliverable substance. In one embodiment, the orally
consumable product can comprise an orally deliverable substance in powder form, which can be mixed with water or another liquid to produce a drinkable orally-consumable product.
In some embodiments, the orally-consumable product according to the invention can comprise one or more formulations intended for nutrition or pleasure. These particularly include baking products (e.g., bread, dry biscuits, cake, and other pastries) , sweets (e.g., chocolates, chocolate bar products, other bar products, fruit gum, coated tablets, hard caramels, toffees and caramels, and chewing gum) , alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages (e.g., cocoa, coffee, green tea, black tea, black or green tea beverages enriched with extracts of green or black tea, Rooibos tea, other herbal teas, fruit-containing lemonades, isotonic beverages, soft drinks, nectars, fruit and vegetable juices, and fruit or vegetable juice preparations) , instant beverages (e.g., instant cocoa beverages, instant tea beverages, and instant coffee beverages) , meat products (e.g., ham, fresh or raw sausage preparations, and seasoned or marinated fresh meat or salted meat products) , eggs or egg products (e.g., dried whole egg, egg white, and egg yolk) , cereal products (e.g., breakfast cereals, muesli bars, and pre-cooked instant rice products) , dairy products (e.g., whole fat or fat reduced or fat-free milk beverages, rice pudding, yoghurt, kefir, cream cheese, soft cheese, hard cheese, dried milk powder, whey, butter, buttermilk, and partly or wholly hydrolyzed products containing milk proteins) , products from soy protein or other soy bean fractions (e.g., soy milk and products prepared thereof, beverages containing isolated or enzymatically treated soy protein, soy flour containing beverages, preparations containing soy lecithin, fermented products such as tofu or tempeh products prepared thereof and mixtures with fruit preparations and, optionally, flavoring substances) , fruit preparations (e.g., jams, fruit ice cream, fruit sauces, and fruit fillings) , vegetable preparations (e.g., ketchup, sauces, dried vegetables, deep-freeze vegetables, pre-cooked vegetables, and boiled vegetables) , snack articles (e.g., baked or fried potato chips (crisps) or potato dough products and extrudates on the basis of maize or peanuts) , products on the basis of fat and oil or emulsions thereof (e.g., mayonnaise, remoulade, and dressings) , other ready-made meals and soups (e.g., dry soups, instant soups, and pre-cooked soups) , seasonings (e.g., sprinkle-on seasonings) , sweetener compositions (e.g., tablets, sachets, and other preparations for sweetening or whitening beverages or other food) . The present compositions may also serve as semi-finished products for the production of other compositions intended for nutrition or pleasure.
The subject composition can further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and/or excipients, and can be formulated into preparations, for example, solid, semi-solid,
liquid, or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, and aerosols.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
Carriers and/or excipients according the subject invention can include any and all solvents, diluents, buffers (such as, e.g., neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline, or optionally Tris-HCl, acetate or phosphate buffers) , oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, aqueous compositions with or without inclusion of organic co-solvents suitable for, e.g., IV use, solubilizers (e.g., Polysorbate 65, Polysorbate 80) , colloids, dispersion media, vehicles, fillers, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA or glutathione) , amino acids (e.g., glycine) , proteins, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorings, aromatizers, thickeners (e.g. carbomer, gelatin, or sodium alginate) , coatings, preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, polyquaterium) , antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite) , tonicity controlling agents, absorption delaying agents, adjuvants, bulking agents (e.g., lactose, mannitol) and the like. The use of carriers and/or excipients in the field of drugs and supplements is well known. Except for any conventional media or agent that is incompatible with the target health-promoting substance or with the composition, carrier or excipient use in the subject compositions may be contemplated.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the subject invention can be made into aerosol formulations so that, for example, it can be nebulized or inhaled. Suitable pharmaceutical formulations for administration in the form of aerosols or sprays are, for example, powders, particles, solutions, suspensions or emulsions. Formulations for oral or nasal aerosol or inhalation administration may also be formulated with carriers, including, for example, saline, polyethylene glycol or glycols, DPPC, methylcellulose, or in mixture with powdered dispersing agents or fluorocarbons. Aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art. Illustratively, delivery may be by use of a single-use delivery device, a mist nebulizer, a breath-activated powder inhaler, an aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) , or any other of the numerous nebulizer delivery devices available in the art. Additionally, mist tents or direct administration through endotracheal tubes may also be used.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the subject invention can be formulated for administration via injection, for example, as a solution or suspension. The solution or suspension can comprise suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1, 3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, non-irritant, fixed oils, including synthetic mono-or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid. One illustrative example of a carrier for intravenous use includes a mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%USP propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol 600 and the balance USP Water for Injection (WFI) . Other illustrative carriers for intravenous use include 10%USP ethanol and USP WFI; 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in USP WFI; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI; and 1-10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsion. Water or saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions may be preferably employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Illustrative examples of carriers for subcutaneous or intramuscular use include phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, 5%dextrose in WFI and 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride in USP WFI, or a 1 to 2 or 1 to 4 mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%propylene glycol and the balance an acceptable isotonic solution such as 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI and 1 to 10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsions.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the subject invention can be formulated for administration via topical application onto the skin, for example, as topical compositions, which include rinse, spray, or drop, lotion, gel, ointment, cream, foam, powder, solid, sponge, tape, vapor, paste, tincture, or using a transdermal patch. Suitable formulations of topical applications can comprise in addition to any of the pharmaceutically active carriers, for example, emollients such as carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, cetyl ester wax, emulsifying wax, hydrous lanolin, lanolin, lanolin alcohols, microcrystalline wax, paraffin, petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, white beeswax, or yellow beeswax. Additionally, the compositions may contain humectants such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol solution, and 1, 2, 6 hexanetriol or permeation enhancers such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or oleic acid.
The subject invention also concerns kits comprising in one or more containers of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more compounds of the subject invention. A kit of the invention can also comprise one or more compounds, biological molecules, or drugs. In one embodiment, a kit of the
invention comprises a compound of the subject invention. In certain embodiments, the subject invention further pertains to a kit comprising the compounds of the subject invention, compositions comprising the subject compounds and, optionally, other compounds, including, for example, insulin effective in treating symptoms of diabetes.
The invention further provides kits, including compounds of the subject invention and pharmaceutical formulations, packaged into suitable packaging material, optionally in combination with instructions for using the kit components, e.g., instructions for performing a method of the invention. In one embodiment, a kit includes an amount of compounds of the subject invention and instructions for administering the compounds of the subject invention to a subject in need of treatment on a label or packaging insert. In further embodiments, a kit includes an article of manufacture, for delivering the compounds of the subject invention into a subject locally, regionally or systemically, for example.
As used herein, the term “packaging material” refers to a physical structure housing the components of the kit. The packaging material can maintain the components sterilely and can be made of material commonly used for such purposes (e.g., paper, corrugated fiber, glass, plastic, foil, ampules, etc. ) . The label or packaging insert can include appropriate written instructions, for example, practicing a method of the invention, e.g., treating a diabetes or phosphorylating the INSR protein, an assay for identifying a subject having diabetes or in need of activating (i.e., phosphorylating) INSR, etc. Thus, in additional embodiments, a kit includes a label or packaging insert including instructions for practicing a method of the invention in solution, in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo.
Instructions can therefore include instructions for practicing any of the methods of the invention described herein. For example, pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration to a subject to treat diabetes or activate the INSR protein. Instructions may additionally include appropriate administration route, dosage information, indications of a satisfactory clinical endpoint or any adverse symptoms that may occur, storage information, expiration date, or any information required by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration or European Medicines Agency for use in a human subject.
The instructions may be on “printed matter, ” e.g., on paper or cardboard within the kit, on a label affixed to the kit or packaging material, or attached to a vial or tube containing a component
of the kit. Instructions may comprise voice or video tape and additionally be included on a computer readable medium, such as a disk (floppy diskette or hard disk) , optical CD such as CD-or DVD-ROM/RAM, magnetic tape, electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM and hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media.
Kits can additionally include a buffering agent, a preservative, or an agent for stabilizing the compounds of the subject invention. The kit can also include control components for assaying for the presence of blood sugar and/or phosphorylation or expression levels of INSR, e.g., a control sample or a standard. Each component of the kit can be enclosed within an individual container or in a mixture and all of the various containers can be within single or multiple packages.
Methods of Agonizing Insulin Receptor and/or Treating Diabetes
In certain embodiment, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 compounds of the subject invention can be used for the activating of the INSR protein in a subject. In certain embodiment, the subject compounds can bind to an allosteric site on the INSR protein, stabilize the receptor in an active conformation, activate the receptor, and eventually stimulate the downstream signaling pathways in cells. In certain embodiments, the compounds can upregulate the phosphorylation of INSR. In certain embodiments, the compounds can upregulate the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and protein kinase B (Akt) , two key downstream proteins in the INSR signaling pathways.
In certain embodiments, the subject compounds can be administered to a subject before the subject is diagnosed with diabetes (e.g., prediabetes) or to treat a subject diagnosed with diabetes. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the subject invention can be administered in combination with insulin. In certain embodiments, the dosage of insulin can be about 80 mg/dL to about 130 mg/dL daily. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the subject invention or compositions thereof can be administered concurrently with insulin, before an administration of insulin, or after an administration of insulin to the subject. In certain embodiments, the administration of insulin occurs less than or about 15 minutes before or after the administration of the composition. In preferred embodiments, the compounds of the subject invention or compositions thereof can be administered concurrently with insulin.
In certain embodiments, the compounds and/or compositions of subject invention can be used in methods of treating diabetes.
Therapeutic or prophylactic application of the subject compounds and compositions containing the compounds thereof, can be accomplished by any suitable therapeutic or prophylactic method and technique presently or prospectively known to those skilled in the art. The compounds can be administered by any suitable route known in the art including, for example, oral, intramuscular, intraspinal, intracranial, nasal, rectal, parenteral, subcutaneous, or intravascular (e.g., intravenous) routes of administration. In preferred embodiments, the compound or composition thereof can be administered orally. Administration of the compounds of the invention can be continuous or at distinct intervals as can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.
In some embodiments, an amount of the compounds can be administered 1 time per day, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more days. Treatment can continue as needed, e.g., for several weeks, for several months, for several years, for several decades. For example, in some embodiments, an initial loading dose in the range of about 1 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg or about 1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg is administered every day for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 356, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 7500, 10000 or more days.
To provide for the administration of such dosages for the desired therapeutic treatment, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention will advantageously comprise between about 0.1%and 45%, and especially, 1%and 15%by weight of the total of one or more of the compounds based on the weight of the total composition including carrier or diluent.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Upon insulin binding, INSR undergoes a distinct conformational change and is stabilized in the activated state, resulting in the intracellular auto-phosphorylation of INSR’s kinase domains. The phosphorylated kinases bind to more proteins and then trigger the activation of a cascade of downstream signaling pathways to boost glucose intake and reduce blood sugar level. The activated conformation of INSR is considered to favor agonistic ligand binding and can be utilized in the screening of chemical libraries. To differentiate the active state from the basal state INSR proteins, the phosphorylated tyrosine of the kinase domain was used as an affinity handle to specifically isolate the ligands that bind to the activated INSR. The isolated compounds were characterized, and their activities in stimulating INSR phosphorylation were validated by cell-based assays.
Selection Procedure
HEK293 cells were cultured on 10 cm dishes at 37 ℃ and transfected with PCMV3-INSR-long-t1-HA for 24 h before selection. Transfected cells (~107 cells in a typical DEL selection) were harvested and washed twice with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) at by gentle resuspension and centrifugation at 500× g for 5 min. 500 pmol DEL and 500 pmol corresponding CP-n was diluted in 200 μL1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) . The cells were re-suspended in prepared libraries and incubated at 4 ℃ for 2 h before UV irradiation on ice at 365 nm for 30 seconds by a Uvata UV LED point light source. The cells were then washed three times with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) at to remove unlabeled libraries molecules by gentle resuspension and centrifugation at 500× g for 5 min.
After selection, the cells were lysed with modified RIPA buffer (supplemented with Universal nuclease, Abcam EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) at 4 ℃ for 15 min. Cell lysates were obtained by collecting the supernatant after centrifugation at 13, 300 rpm for 10 min to remove insoluble cell debris. The protein concentration was determined with a BCA Protein Assay Kit.
The cell lysates were diluted with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Abcam EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) to a final protein concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. The diluted cell lysates were divided into three and incubated with Phospho-INSR (Tyr1355) Polyclonal Antibody, Phospho-INSR (Tyr1361) Polyclonal Antibody and INSR Polyclonal Antibody respectively at 4 ℃ for 1 h to allow the antibodies binding to their target proteins. After incubation, 10 μL Protein A/G PLUS-Agarose were added and the resulting solution were further incubated at 4 ℃ for 4 hrs. The resin was then washed with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Abcam EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) for four times by re-suspension and centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 5 min each time. The ligands binding to the enriched proteins were eluted by heating resins in H2O to 95 ℃ for 10 min, followed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm. The supernatant that contains the bound library members was collected and subjected PCR amplification using the long primers compatible with high throughput sequencing. The PCR products were quantified and then submitted for high throughput sequencing.
Cell Assay
HEK293 cells were cultured on 12-well plates at 37 ℃ and transfected with PCMV3-INSR-long-t1-HA for 24 h, followed by serum-starvation for 24 h to reduce intrinsic INSR phosphorylation levels. Starved cells were treated with 300 μL compound-saturating DMEM in the absence of FBS at 37 ℃ for 30 min. After incubation, the cells were washed with ice-cold 1x PBS buffer (supplemented with Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) and lysed on plate with modified RIPA buffer (supplemented withUniversal nuclease, Abcam EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Abcam Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV) at 4 ℃ for 15 min. Cell lysates were obtained by collecting the supernatant after centrifugation at 13, 300 rpm for 10 min to remove insoluble cell debris. The protein concentration was determined with a BCA Protein Assay Kit.
The cell lysates were resolved with SDS-PAGE and electro-transferred onto immune-blot PVDF membranes. The membrane was blocked with 5 %non-fat milk in TBST buffer, incubated with the Phospho-INSR (Tyr1355) Polyclonal Antibody, Phospho-INSR (Tyr1361) Polyclonal Antibody and INSR Polyclonal Antibody respectively, followed by incubation with HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody. The membranes were developed with ClarityTM Western ECL Substrate.
General procedure
Assembly of all peptides was carried out using the Fmoc SPPS method manually in a glass reaction vessel fitted with a sintered glass frit. The first amino acid was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl resin (0.1 mmol, loading of 1.0 mmol/g, GL Biochem, Lot No: GLS190613-48101) by adding 2.0 equiv. of N-Fmoc-protected amino acid (relative to the resin loading) , 8.0 equiv. of DIPEA in DCM for 4 hours. Coupling reactions were performed manually by using 2.0 equiv. of N-Fmoc-protected amino acid (relative to the resin loading) activated in situ with 2.0 equiv. of HATU, 2.0 equiv. of HOBt and 4.0 equiv. of DIPEA in DMF for 4 hours. Fmoc-protecting groups were removed by treatment with a piperidine/DMF solution (1: 4) for 30 min. Synthetic linear peptides were recovered directly upon acid cleavage. Before cleavage, the resin was washed thoroughly with DCM. The peptide was released from the resin using a cleavage solution of TFE/AcOH/DCM (1: 1: 8, 2 × 60 min) .
INSR-6 (Formula (II) )
The linear tripeptide was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl resin (0.1 mmol, loading of 1.0 mmol/g, GL Biochem, Lot No: GLS190613-48101) using the general procedure in the following sequence: N-alpha-Fmoc-N-gamma-trityl-D-asparagine (Accela, Catalog: SY042590, CAS no: 180570-71-2) , N-Fmoc-N'-tosyl-L-arginine (NJPeptide, Catalog: R30203, CAS no: 83792-47-6) , 2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (J&K Scientific, Catalog: 104951, CAS no: 23945-44-0) . The peptide was released from the resin using a cleavage solution of TFE/AcOH/DCM (1: 1: 8) . Afterwards, the solvent, acid and TFE was removed by evaporation and the product was dissolved by CH3CN/H2O (1: 1) followed by reverse-phase HPLC purification. The desired tripeptide INSR-6 was recovered as a white powder after lyophilization (60.0 mg, 73%yield) .
INSR-8 (Formula (IV) )
The linear tripeptide was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl resin (0.1 mmol, loading of 1.0 mmol/g, GL Biochem, Lot No: GLS190613-48101) using the general procedure in the following sequence: N-alpha-Fmoc-N-gamma-trityl-L-asparagine (Bidepharm, Catalog: BD8578-25g, CAS no: 132388-59-1) , N-Fmoc-3-nitro-L-tyrosine Bidepharm, Catalog: BD18164-10g, CAS no: 136590-09-5) , 2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (J&K Scientific, Catalog: 104951, CAS no: 23945-44-0) . The peptide was released from the resin using a cleavage solution of TFE/AcOH/DCM (1: 1: 8) . Afterwards, the solvent, acid and TFE was removed by evaporation and the product was dissolved by CH3CN/H2O (1: 1) followed by reverse-phase HPLC purification. The desired tripeptide INSR-8 was recovered as a white powder after lyophilization (48.6mg, 67.5%yield) .
INSR-9
The linear tripeptide was assembled on 2-chlorotrityl resin (0.1 mmol, loading of 1.0 mmol/g, GL Biochem, Lot No: GLS190613-48101) using the general procedure in the following sequence: N-alpha-Fmoc-N-in-Boc-D-tryptophan (Dieckmann, Catalog: MD00229, CAS no: 163619-04-3) , N-Fmoc-N'-tosyl-L-arginine (NJPeptide, Catalog: R30203, CAS no: 83792-47-6) , 2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (J&K Scientific, Catalog: 104951, CAS no: 23945-44-0) . The peptide was released from the resin using a cleavage solution of TFE/AcOH/DCM
(1: 1: 8) . Afterwards, the solvent, acid and TFE was removed by evaporation and the product was dissolved by CH3CN/H2O (1: 1) followed by reverse-phase HPLC purification. The desired tripeptide INSR-9 was recovered as a white powder after lyophilization (43.8 mg, 58%yield) .
All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.
EXAMPLE 1-SCREENING OF COMPOUNDS
Our screening has identified a series of small molecule agonists for INSR (three representatives, I-6 (formula (II) ) , I-8 (formula (III) ) , and I-9 (formula (IV) ) , are shown in FIGs. 2A-2C) . The compounds showed clear agonistic effect on INSR phosphorylation level either by themselves or synergetic with the natural agonist insulin (FIGs. 3A-3C) . Furthermore, these compounds were able to upregulate the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and protein kinase B (Akt) , two key downstream proteins in the INSR signaling pathway (FIGs. 4A-4B) . In conclusion, the discovery of these small molecule INSR agonists and their structural type provide new chemical entities for anti-diabetes drug development.
It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.
Claims (15)
- A compound of Formula (I) , wherein the compound is a pyrimidine-2, 4 (1H, 3H) -dione: Formula (I)
wherein
- The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is INSR-6 (Formula (II) ) , INSR-8 (Formula (III) ) , or INSR-9 (Formula (IV) ) :Formula (II)
Formula (III)
Formula (IV)
- A composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.
- The composition of claim 3, further comprising insulin.
- A method of activating insulin receptor (INSR) protein, the method comprising administering a composition comprising the compound of claim 1 to a subject.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with diabetes.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the compound binds to an allosteric site on the INSR protein.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the compound stabilizes INSR in an active conformation.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the compound stimulates a signaling pathway downstream of INSR in cells of the subject.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the composition is administered to the subject orally.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the composition further comprises a least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or carrier, insulin, or a combination thereof.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the composition is administered concurrently with insulin.
- The method of claim 12, wherein the administration of insulin occurs less than or about 15 minutes before or after the administration of the composition.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the compound upregulates the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) , protein kinase B (Akt) , or a combination thereof.
- The method of claim 5, wherein the compound upregulates the phosphorylation level of INSR.
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