WO2024184553A1

WO2024184553A1 - Roller ski wheel test apparatus

Info

Publication number: WO2024184553A1
Application number: PCT/EP2024/056434
Authority: WO
Inventors: Henrik Georg Lindhagen
Original assignee: Ff Rollerskis As
Priority date: 2023-03-09
Filing date: 2024-03-11
Publication date: 2024-09-12
Also published as: NO347920B1; NO20230254A1

Abstract

The resent invention relates to a test apparatus (10) testing different aspects of roller ski wheels, comprising at least a pressure actuator connected to a wheel attachment frame (14a) configured to hold a roller ski wheel (19) towards a rotatable test surface (17) during testing, wherein the attachment frame (14a) further is configured enabling a rotation of an attached roller ski wheel (19) around a vertical direction relative to the rotatable test surface (17) as well as enabling an adjustment of an inclination angle of the roller ski wheel body relative to the rotatable test surface (17).

Description

Roller Ski Wheel Test Apparatus

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a test apparatus providing testing and measurement of roller ski wheel characteristics comprising a replaceable rotational test surface engaging a roller ski wheel under test with predefined pressures, wherein an angle of a roller ski wheel relative to the rotational direction of the test surface is adjustable as well as an inclination angle of a roller ski wheel body relative to the rotational test surface.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Roller skis are a popular form of skiing in summertime and is done for recreational purpose as well as for training. Ski athletes attending ski races in wintertime uses roller skis in summertime to improve their physical condition as well as their ski technique. International competitions are also arranged with roller skis.

The concept of fair competition is a common rule in most competitive sport disciplines and are often regulated and defined by international organizations of the respective sport disciplines. For example, winter sport disciplines like cross country skiing have rules regarding for example equipment and ski lubrication. Besides a requirement of fair competition rules are also made to make sure that execution of a sport discipline is safe for the athletes, for example via rules regarding design of respective equipment used in respective sport disciplines.

One aspect of fair competition regarding roller skiing, is the fact that roller ski wheels may have different roll resistance due to different factors. For example, the type of rubber (natural or synthetic rubber or a mixture of the two) may provide different roll resistance of a wheel. It is known in prior art that natural rubber has variable properties dependent on which geographical location the rubber is coming from. The mechanical construction of wheels and body of roller skies may also influence how well a pair of roller skis function regarding speed and force needed to push the roller skis forward by a skier. However, mechanical components like ball bearings supporting respective roller ski wheels are found to have limited influence on roll resistance of roller ski wheels. The main component influencing roll resistance seems to be the rubber used in roller ski wheels. Therefore, sorted wheels with a same or almost a same roll resistance is preferable to be used when arranging competitions with roller skis, or the roll resistance should be within a defined range of values.

A commonly known test method measuring roll resistance is called a bounce test. A roller ski wheel is dropped from a defined height above a hard surface, for example an asphalt road surface, and then the roller ski wheel bounces back. The height of a bounce-back of a dropped wheel is then used as a measure of roll resistance. However, a requirement for a reliable result according to this method of measuring roll resistance is that the wheel under test have a thinner wheel body and a rather pointed surface facing for example a road surface used for testing.

Therefore, even though this kind of test is providing a result, the result may be inaccurate.

A security issue regarding roller skis, either in competitions as well as during recreational activities, is a possible wear and tear of roller ski wheels when used. A roller ski wheel with good (low) roller resistance may be a result of a rubber composition that is teared down quickly during use, for example has a low tear strength. It may therefore be a tradeoff between low roll resistance and wear and tear of a roller ski wheel. It is also known that hardness of a rubber used in a wheel does not affect the tear strength of the rubber.

Therefore, measuring hardness of a specific rubber seems not to provide a good indication of either roll resistance or tear strength.

Another aspect is that even if a roller ski wheel has a low roll resistance the contact between a wheel and a surface the wheel is rolling over must still be firm. The contact between the wheel and for example a road surface should not be slippery. A skier should be able to stop or slow down the movement forward without risking that the roller skies are losing contact with the surface they are running on. It is also known that rubber with a low tear resistance sometimes have poor resistance to abrasion and when damaged will quickly fail.

There are also aspects regarding how a wheel may function if a skier turns a roller ski body slightly away from the direction of current movement, for example when reducing or breaking the speed of the skiing or is changing a direction of movement. Then the wheel may be subject to torsion, which may provoke some damage to a wheel and respectively a wheel body. For example, the rubber part of a wheel may loosen from a wheel rim the rubber part is attached to.

Other aspects of wheels on vehicles in general is properties like for example camber, toe, and caster. A positive or negative camber (inclination of a wheel body relative to a vertical direction) may cause for example handling issues when turning around a corner and may provide excessive tire wear when used on for example cars. Toe is an effect related to a relative alignment between respective wheels on a vehicle, i.e. , if respective wheels of a vehicle points in a same direction. Toe is also relevant for roller skies. Caster is related to an angle of a steering axis relative to a wheel axis and certain angles may affect how responsive a turn of a car for example may be.

When a wheel starts rolling across a surface it is known that an opposing force is created which is the roll resistance of the wheel. It is also known that different environmental conditions can change a roll resistance of a wheel. Therefore, when testing wheels same environmental conditions should be used when different wheels are tested.

For example, when a wheel is rolling over a surface the rubber part of the wheel will get warmer due to for example friction, which affects the roll resistance.

Therefore, roll resistance is not a fixed value, but a value that may vary due to environmental conditions. Therefore, when environmental conditions are set or defined it is possible to compare different wheels such that a relative measure of roll resistance is possible to establish when the wheels are tested under the same conditions.

Production of wheels for use on cars are facing some similar problems regarding roll resistance as with roller ski wheels. One main problem is that differences in roll resistance between four wheels on a car may influence the directional stability of a car. Therefore, predicting roll resistance and sorting wheels according to their roll resistance is known in prior art.

For example, EP 3144660 Bl disclose a method and apparatus enabling sorting of tires having abnormality in roll resistance by using a load drum simulating a travel road surface brought in compressive contact with a surface of the tire. The pressure contact with the tire is done by alternating the applied load providing the compressive load by moving a load drum in a direction approaching and leaving the tire and then calculating a phase difference between a variation of the position of the load drum and a variation of the applied load, wherein the phase difference is used to sort out tires having an abnormality in their roll resistance. Wheels of cars are usually filled with pressurized air. How well a care tire is pressurized also affects the roll resistance. Roller ski wheels are normally made from one piece of rubber.

Therefore, there is a need of an apparatus providing a simpler and more reliable measurement or indication of roll resistance of roller ski wheels and at the same time may identify possible safety issues related to roller ski wheels.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an alternative to the prior art.

In particular, it may be seen as an object of the present invention to provide a test apparatus testing properties of a roller ski wheel kept in contact with a rotatable surface with a respective selected contact angle between the roller ski wheel and the rolling surface.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Thus, the above-described object and several other objects are intended to be obtained in a first aspect of the invention by providing a roller ski wheel test apparatus comprising at least a pressure actuator connected to a wheel attachment frame configured to hold a roller ski wheel during testing,

- wherein the pressure actuator is configured providing different selectable pressure levels of a roller ski wheel under test towards a replaceable rotational test surface,

- wherein the wheel attachment frame comprises a first frame attachment member connected via a connection member to a second frame attachment member,

- wherein the second frame attachment member is connected to the pressure actuator, - wherein a surface of the first frame attachment member facing a surface of the second frame attachment member both are shaped with a surface curvature being circular with a same radius,

- wherein the connection member arranged between the respective first and second frame attachment members is enabling a movement or displacement of the first frame attachment member along a trajectory following the circular surface curvature of the second frame attachment,

- wherein the connection member further is configured enabling a rotation of the first frame attachment member around a longitudinal direction of the connection member being orthogonal to the surface with the circular surface curvature of the second frame attachment member.

Respective aspects of the present invention may each be combined with any of the other aspects. These and other aspects of the invention will be disclosed and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described herein.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 illustrate an example of embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 2 illustrate further details of the example of embodiment in Figure 1.

Figure 3 illustrate further details of the example of embodiment illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 4 illustrate further details of the example of embodiment illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 5 illustrate the example of embodiment illustrated in Figure 4 viewed from another angle.

Figure 6 illustrate further details of the example of embodiment illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 7 illustrate a cross-sectional view of the example of embodiment illustrated in Figure 6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT

Although the present invention is disclosed in connection with specific examples of embodiments, it should not be construed as being in any way limited to the presented examples. The accompanying claim set defines the scope of protection of the present invention. In the context of the claims, the terms "comprising" or "comprises" do not exclude other possible elements or steps. Further, the mentioning of references such as "a" or "an" etc. should not be construed as excluding a plurality. The use of reference signs in the claims with respect to elements indicated in the figures shall also not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

Furthermore, combining individual features mentioned in different claims may possibly be advantageously, and the mentioning of these features in different claims does not exclude that a combination of features is not possible and advantageous.

Figure 1 illustrates an example of embodiment of the present invention comprising a cover 10a protecting parts of a test apparatus 10 which includes at least a pressure actuator and respective drive and control electronics. A display 11 and respective interface controls 12 are illustrated being attached and extending sideways out from the cover 10a of the test apparatus 10. A test area 13 is located below the cover 10a of the test apparatus 10. The test area 13 comprises at least a frame 14a wherein a roller ski wheel can be attached and be arranged facing towards in contact with a rotational test surface 17. The frame 14a is connected to a pressure actuator located behind the cover 10a. A pressure from the activator will then move the frame 14a with an attachable roller ski wheel towards the rotational test surface 17. By adjusting the pressure from the actuator different test conditions can for example be simulated.

The pressure from the actuator can be calibrated to be equivalent to a weight, for example one kilo resting onto the rotational test surface 17. Adjusting the pressure from the actuator is then equivalent to changing the weight resting on the rotational test surface 17.

In classic mechanics there is a definition of one watt which is an amount of work required to push a body of an object with a constant speed of one meter per second when the body of the object has a specific weight or is subject to a constant counteracting fore of one Newton.

Therefore, measuring the electrical watt used to drive an electric motor driving the rotational test surface 17 when a roller ski is tested can then identify the roll resistance (being equivalent to the counteracting force) given in watt.

Figure 2 illustrates further details of the test apparatus 10 illustrated in Figure 1. The rotational test surface 17 is arranged in the test area 13 and a roller ski wheel can be connected to the wheel attachment frame 14a. On side surfaces of the attachment frame 14a there is arranged a wheel attachment slit 16. When a roller ski wheel is attached a bolt may be inserted inro the center of a roller ski wheel via the wheel attachment slit 16 and the roller ski wheel may be attached firmly to the wheel attachment frame 14a.

The wheel attachment frame 14a is connected to a first frame attachment member 18a which is connected to a second frame attachment member 18b located above the first frame attachment member 18a. The second attachment member 18b is in operational contact with the pressure actuator inside the cover 10 as illustrated in Figure 1. A pressure rod assembly 23 is attached in a first end to the pressure actuator located behind the cover 10a of the test apparatus 10 and in a second end opposite the first end to a centered position on a surface of the second frame attachment member 18b facing towards the pressure rod assembly 23.

The wheel attachment frame 14a is connected to the first frame attachment member 18a via bolts 14b.

A first and second stabilization struts 15a, 15b are each passing through opposite located through-holes of a body of the second frame attachment member 18b.

When a pressure is activated the stabilization struts 15a, 15b is guiding the second frame attachment member 18b which then indirectly is guiding the attached first frame attachment member 18a and thereby the attached wheel attachment frame 14a which may have a roller ski wheel attached when performing a test of the wheel towards the rotational test surface 17. Figure 3 illustrates a situation wherein a ski wheel 19 is attached to the wheel attachment frame 14a via a bolt 22 on a first side of the attachment frame 14a. There is also a bolt (not illustrated) on a second side of the wheel attachment frame 14a located opposite the first side of the wheel attachment frame 14. Thereby a roller ski wheel 19 under test is attached firmly on both sides of the wheel attachment frame 14a.

The first frame attachment member 18a is connected to the second frame attachment member 18b as illustrated in Figure 7. The illustration is a cross- sectional view a long a plane orthogonal to a front side surface of the first and second frame attachment members 18a, 18b and illustrates details of a connection member 10b according to the present invention.

Inside the second frame attachment member 18b there is a guiding channel 30a having a slit 30b in a side surface of the second frame attachment member 18b facing towards the first frame attachment member 18a. Attached to a surface of the first frame attachment member 18a facing towards the second frame attachment member 18b there is arranged a guiding rod 29a passing through the guiding slit 30b.

Inside the guiding channel 30a the guiding rod 29a is movable attached inside the guiding channel 30a via a guiding rod support 29b. The guiding rod support 29b is firmly attached to the guiding rod 29a, but the sideways dimension of the guiding rod support 29b is adapted enabling the guiding rod support 29b to rest on side surfaces of the guiding channel 30a located on both sides of the guiding slit 30b slit.

This arrangement enables the first frame attachment member 18a to be rotatable relative to the second frame attachment member 18b. This arrangement also enables a movement or displacement of the first frame attachment member 18a along a trajectory following a circular surface-curvature of the side surface of the second frame attachment member 18b facing towards a surface of the first frame attachment member 18a, which also has a same circular surface-curvature with a same radius as the radius of the surface-curvature of the second attachment member 18b. The guiding slit 30b arranged in the side surface of the second frame attachment member 18b stretches along a substantial part of the circular surface curvature the guiding slit 30b is embodied.

With reference to Figure 3 the second frame attachment member 18b is arranged with a scale indicating camber degrees 21 representing a camber angle degree when the first frame attachment member 18a is moved inside the guiding channel 30a sideways. A camber indicator-mark 20 is arranged on a surface of the first frame attachment member 18a just below the scale indicating camber degrees 21 arranged on the second frame attachment member 18b when moved sideways relative to the first frame attachment member 18a.

With reference to Figure 6 and Figure 7 when the first frame attachment member 18a is moved inside the guiding channel 30a supported by the guiding rod 29a and the guiding rod support 29b, the camber indicator mark 20 can be used to select a specific camber angle for a test of a roller ski wheel. When a camber angle is selected a locking member 29c can be used to lock the movement of the first frame attachment member 18a inside the guiding channel 30a as indicated in Figure 7, wherein the locking member 29c is engaging a surface of the guiding rod support 29b.

It is also within the scope of the present invention to arrange the test surface 17 to be replaceable. The test surface 17 may be embodied as a cylinder-shaped object rotating around a centrally located axis of the cylinder-shaped object. The externally surface of the cylinder-shaped object is imitating a surface a roller ski wheel is running on and can be embodied as a smooth surface, or the surface may comprise some bumps in the surface imitating a road surface with bumps. It is also possible to add some gravel onto the surface, for example glued to the surface thereby imitating a road surface with gravel. It is also possible to add some asphalt onto the outward surface of the test surface 17. Such different road surface conditions can be embodied on different cylinder-shaped objects adapted in size to fit inside an example of embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, an aspect of the present invention is to enable a replacement of the test surface 17 thereby simulating different road conditions a roller ski wheel under test may be running on including different surface properties of the test surface like friction etc. and evenness of surfaces, for example. According to an example of embodiment of a roller ski wheel test apparatus 10 according to the present invention the test apparatus 10 comprises at least a pressure actuator connected to a wheel attachment frame 14a configured to hold a roller ski wheel 19 towards a replaceable rotational test surface 17,

- wherein the pressure actuator is configured to provide different user selectable pressure levels of a roller ski under test towards the rotational test surface 17,

- wherein the wheel attachment frame 14a comprises a first frame attachment member 18a connected via a connection member 10b to a second frame attachment member 18b, wherein the second frame attachment member 18b is connected to the pressure actuator,

- wherein a surface of the first frame attachment member 18a facing a surface of the second frame attachment member 18b both are shaped with a surface curvature being circular with a same radius,

- wherein the connection member 10b arranged between the respective first and second frame attachment members 18a, 18b is enabling a movement or displacement of the first frame attachment member 18a along a trajectory following the circular surface curvature of the second frame attachment 18b,

- wherein the connection member 10b further is configured enabling a rotation of the first frame attachment member 18a around a longitudinal direction of the connection member 10b being orthogonal to the surface having the circular surface curvature of the second frame attachment member 18b.

Figure 6 illustrates examples of three possible different selectable positions of a roller ski wheel under test. The stippled line 27 indicates a vertical position of the roller ski wheel, i.e., zero camber. The stippled line 28 indicates a camber position of the roller ski wheel while the arrow 26 illustrates a rotation of the roller ski wheel around a longitudinal direction of the guiding rod 29a. A combination of these positions of a roller ski wheel under test is within the scope of the present invention. Figure 4 illustrates the possibility to insert a complete roller ski 24 with a mounted roller ski wheel 19 inside the test area and attach a roller ski wheel 19 to the frame 14a with a bolt 22.

Figure 4 illustrates further that a roller ski 24 may be equipped with a damper system 25 which is a rubber section attached between a support arm carrying the roller ski wheel 19 and a body of the roller ski 24. When different pressures are activated on the roller ski wheel, different aspects of how well the damper system 25 is functioning can be verified. For example, the quality of the rubber used in the damper may be verified to have large enough tear resistance.

Figure 5 illustrates a side view of the example illustrated in Figure 4.

Different tests made with the apparatus according to an example of embodiment of the present invention can reveal different aspects of safety issues regarding roller ski wheels and not only roller ski wheels. For example, the ability to turn a roller ski wheel relative to the rotational test surface 17 and apply different pressures or weight equivalents onto the test surface, provides a possibility to identify parameters like tear strength of different rubber compositions, not only via a visual inspection but also quantified according to the load, i.e., weight equivalent pressures onto the roller ski wheel on the rotational test surface 17.

It is also possible to reduce or break the rotation of a roller ski wheel externally while still rotating the rotatable test surface 17 at given different speed. Then conditions regarding tear and wear of a roller ski wheel can be identified.

Generally, the ability to change angels of a wheel body engaging the rotational test surface together with a possibility to provide different test conditions including breaking a wheel rotation rotated by the rotational test surface provides a possibility to provide a plurality of different test that can qualify roller ski wheels to be within a defined quality meassure.

In addition, the ability to replace the rotatable test surface 17 having different surface properties and/or uneven surfaces makes it possible to simulate real conditions a roller ski wheel is subject to during use of roller skies. Even though the present invention is related to roller ski wheel testing, it is also within the scope of the present invention to provide scaled and adapted versions of the test apparatus adapted in size and design for testing wheels of bicycles, motorcycles, cars, and other types of wheels of different vehicles.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, the connection member 10b may comprise a guiding channel 30a inside a body of the second frame attachment member 18b,

- wherein the guiding channel 30a comprises a slit 30b in the surface of the second frame attachment member 18b having the circular surface curvature,

- wherein a guiding rod 29a is attached in a first end to a centred point on the surface of the first frame attachment member 18b having the circular surface curvature,

- wherein the guiding rod 29a is insertable into the slit 30b,

- wherein a guiding rod support 29b arranged inside the guiding channel 30a support the guiding rod 29a in a movable and rotatable arrangement.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, the guiding rod support 29b is a disc shaped object centred around the guiding rod 29a such that parts of the disc shaped objects rest on an inside surface of the guiding channel 30a on each side of the slit 30b.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, a locking member 29c is configured to engage a surface of the guiding rod support 29b when locking movements of the first attachment member 18a relative to the second attachment member 28b.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, the second frame attachment member 18b is configured with a scale 21 on a surface of the second frame attachment member 18b indicating a camber.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, the first frame attachment member 18a is configured with a camber indicator mark 20 pointing towards the camber scale 21 on the second frame attachment member 18b when the first frame attachment member 18a is moved relative to the second frame attachment member 18b.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, the replaceable test surface 17 is an externally surface of a replaceable rotatable cylinder-shaped object.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, wherein respective replaceable rotatable cylinder-shaped objects comprise respectively different externally configured surfaces with different materials imitating different surface properties respectively different evenness to be used during testing of respective roller ski wheels.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, wherein the test apparatus comprises a watt meter measuring the electric watt used when rotating the replaceable rotatable test surface 17 when testing a roller ski wheel, wherein the measured watt indicates the roll resistance of the roller ski wheel under test.

According to the example of embodiment disclosed above, wherein the test apparatus is adaptable in size and design providing testing of respective wheels of bicycles, motorcycles, cars, and other types of wheels of different vehicles.

Reference numerals:

10 test apparatus

10a cover

10b connection member

11 test display

12 test control inputs

13 test area

14a wheel attachment frame

14b connecting bolt

15a first stabilization strut

15b second stabilization strut

16 wheel attachment slit

17 rotational test surface area

18a first frame attachment member

18b second frame attachment member

19 roller ski wheel body

20 camber indicator mark

21 camber degrees

22 wheel attachment bolt

23 pressure rod assembly

24 roller ski body

25 roller ski damping-element

26 direction of rotation

27 upright position

28 inclined position

29a guiding rod

29b guiding rod support

29c locking member

30a guiding channel

30b guiding slit

Claims

1. A roller ski wheel test apparatus (10) comprising at least a pressure actuator connected to a wheel attachment frame (14a) configured to hold a roller ski wheel (19) during testing,

- wherein the pressure actuator is configured providing different selectable pressure levels of a roller ski wheel (19) under test towards a replaceable rotational test surface (17),

- wherein the wheel attachment frame (14a) comprises a first frame attachment member (18a) connected via a connection member (10b) to a second frame attachment member (18b),

- wherein the second frame attachment member (18b) is connected to the pressure actuator,

- wherein a surface of the first frame attachment member (18a) facing a surface of the second frame attachment member (18b) both are shaped with a surface curvature being circular with a same radius,

- wherein the connection member (10b) arranged between the respective first and second frame attachment members (18a, 18b) is enabling a movement or displacement of the first frame attachment member (18a) along a trajectory following the circular surface curvature of the second frame attachment (18b),

- wherein the connection member (10b) further is configured enabling a rotation of the first frame attachment member (18a) around a longitudinal direction of the connection member (10b) being orthogonal to the surface with the circular surface curvature of the second frame attachment member (18b).

2. The test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the connection member (10b) comprises a guiding channel (30a) inside a body of the second frame attachment member (18b),

- wherein the guiding channel (30a) comprises a slit (30b) in the surface of the second frame attachment member (18b) having the circular surface curvature,

- wherein a guiding rod (29a) is attached in a first end to a centred point on the surface of the first frame attachment member (18b) having the circular surface curvature, - wherein the guiding rod (29a) is insertable into the slit (30b),

- wherein a guiding rod support (29b) arranged inside the guiding channel (30a) support the guiding rod (29a) in a movable and rotatable arrangement.

3. The test apparatus of claim 2, wherein the guiding rod support (29b) is a disc shaped object centred around the guiding rod (29a) such that parts of the disc shaped objects rest on an inside surface of the guiding channel (30a) on each side of the slit (30b).

4. The test apparatus of claim 3, wherein a locking member (29c) is configured to engage a surface of the guiding rod support (29b) when locking movements of the first attachment member (18a) relative to the second attachment member (28b).

5. The test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second frame attachment member (18b) is configured with a scale (21) on a surface of the second frame attachment member (18b) indicating a camber.

6. The test apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first frame attachment member (18a) is configured with a camber indicator mark (20) pointing towards the scale (21) on the second frame attachment member (18b) when the first frame attachment member (18a) is moved relative to the second frame attachment member (18b).

7. The test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the replaceable test surface (17) is an externally surface of a replaceable rotatable cylinder-shaped object.

8. The test apparatus of claim 7, wherein respective replaceable rotatable cylinder-shaped objects comprise respectively different externally configured surfaces with different materials imitating different surface properties respectively different surface evenness to be used during testing of respective roller ski wheels.

9. The test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the test apparat comprises a watt meter measuring the electric watt used when rotating the replaceable test surface (17) when testing a roller ski wheel, wherein the measured watt indicates the roll resistance of the roller ski wheel under test.

10. The test apparatus of claim 1-9, wherein the test apparatus is adaptable in size and design providing testing of respective wheels of bicycles, motorcycles, cars, and other types of wheels of different vehicles.