WO2024144556A1 - A composite material made of waste tire rubber and cannabis and the production method thereof - Google Patents
A composite material made of waste tire rubber and cannabis and the production method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024144556A1 WO2024144556A1 PCT/TR2023/051236 TR2023051236W WO2024144556A1 WO 2024144556 A1 WO2024144556 A1 WO 2024144556A1 TR 2023051236 W TR2023051236 W TR 2023051236W WO 2024144556 A1 WO2024144556 A1 WO 2024144556A1
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- Prior art keywords
- cannabis
- composite material
- mass
- waste tire
- tow
- Prior art date
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- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 239000010920 waste tyre Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 240000004308 marijuana Species 0.000 title 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 241000218236 Cannabis Species 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 10
- 206010011906 Death Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002710 Au-Pd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical class [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000938605 Crocodylia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000255925 Diptera Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001157 Fourier transform infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009089 cytolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BBKFSSMUWOMYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold palladium Chemical compound [Pd].[Au] BBKFSSMUWOMYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004005 nitrosamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010092 rubber production Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/045—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with vegetable or animal fibrous material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2300/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
- C08J2300/30—Polymeric waste or recycled polymer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2317/00—Characterised by the use of reclaimed rubber
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2321/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2400/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
Definitions
- the invention relates to a composite material made of waste tire rubbers and hemp, and the production method thereof.
- the composite material which is the subject of the invention, waste tire rubbers that have completed their life are recycled, and the use of binding agents used in the composite material is reduced by means of the hemp contained in the composite material.
- One of the main problems encountered in the disposal of end-of-life tires is the economic loss problem due to waste. Extra transportation costs are incurred when taking end-of-life vehicle tires to disposal sites.
- Another problem encountered with the disposal of end-of-life tires is the environmental pollution problem caused by abandoned waste tire rubbers, which pose a danger to organisms in the water and on land. When waste tire rubbers are disposed of in the landfill, toxic gases are formed and these gases explode under a certain pressure. Tons of harmful compounds are emitted into the atmosphere with the burning of tires.
- Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using Shimadzu (Japan) brand DTG-60 model simultaneous TG/DTA/DTG analyser using 5°C/min temperature rate, 60 ml/min flow rate, 15 mg sample amount and nitrogen gas. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to determine the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the samples as the temperature increased and the volatile organic release with temperature.
- the first thermal decomposition in raw rubber occurred at 28.62 °C, while in other cannabis doped samples, the degradation was above 30 °C in all samples, except for the sample in which 250 pm cannabis was added at a rate of 20% by mass compared to the whole product.
- the thermal decomposition temperature decreased in the 90 pm size and 20% by mass cannabis doped sample.
- the volatile organic release which was 2.154% in raw rubber, was found to be 2.139% in the sample of 20% by mass of cannabis tow with a size of 90 pm compared to the whole product. Accordingly, the lowest carbon emission was realised for the 90 pm 20% cannabis doped composite.
- Table 3 shows the percentages of materials used in composite production. Accordingly, in order to improve the properties of the material by changing the 80% rubber and 20% binding agent ratios currently used, composites were produced by adding 15% by mass of binding agent, 90-125-250 pm cannabis tow at 10% and 20% ratios, and 2-3 mm granular rubber binding to these ratios to provide 100% material amount to all samples. Said binder area is referred to as a binder in the state of the art. However, unlike the state of the art, the use of 15%, not 20%, is sufficient in the content of the composite material that is the subject of the invention.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a composite material made of waste tire rubbers and hemp, and the production method thereof. By means of the composite material, which is the subject of the invention, waste tire rubbers that have completed their life are recycled, and the use of binding agents used in the composite material is reduced by means of the hemp contained in the composite material.
Description
A COMPOSITE MATERIAL MADE OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER AND CANNABIS AND THE PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF
Technical Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a composite material made of waste tire rubbers and hemp, and the production method thereof. By means of the composite material, which is the subject of the invention, waste tire rubbers that have completed their life are recycled, and the use of binding agents used in the composite material is reduced by means of the hemp contained in the composite material.
State of the Art
Rubber tires pose a great threat to the environment when they are thrown into the nature after they have completed their life. Burning these tires causes the release of extremely harmful gases. One of the main problems encountered in the disposal of end-of-life tires is the economic loss problem due to waste. Extra transportation costs are incurred when taking end-of-life vehicle tires to disposal sites. Another problem encountered with the disposal of end-of-life tires is the environmental pollution problem caused by abandoned waste tire rubbers, which pose a danger to organisms in the water and on land. When waste tire rubbers are disposed of in the landfill, toxic gases are formed and these gases explode under a certain pressure. Tons of harmful compounds are emitted into the atmosphere with the burning of tires. Among these substances spreading into the atmosphere like a black cloud, there may be carbon black, volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, polycyclic hydrocarbons, oils, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, nitrosamines, carbon oxides, volatile particles and metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe etc. These pollutants, which spread to the atmosphere with fires, threaten human health by causing pollution of the soil and water in the immediate vicinity. Therefore, the need for initiatives such as recycling and reuse of waste tire rubbers is increasing day by day. End-of-life tire waste piles contain rodents, mosquitoes and reptiles, causing the proliferation of harmful diseases, and the storage areas of waste tire rubbers bring potential fire hazards, environmental pollution and
threats to human health. There is also a large economic loss associated with the disposal of waste tire rubbers. About 1.4 billion tires are produced each year and 17 million tons of tires are discarded each year worldwide, representing 2% of the annual solid waste generated. These figures clearly show that there is an urgent need to find alternative uses for tire waste and to produce sustainable eco-friendly products. Recycling of end-of-life tires is of great importance in terms of both environmental protection and recycling of valuable raw materials. The circular economy has now become a need that should be embraced by everyone. A circular economy is a market economy that aims to preserve their value for as long as possible by minimising waste while returning materials and resources to the product cycle at the end of their use. The transition to a circular economy requires the implementation of recycling and reuse ways for waste products.
In the state of the art, there are many attempts to evaluate rubber tire wastes. However, these initiatives both require high costs and necessitate the use of high amounts of binding agents. In the recycling facilities of end-of-life tires, the thick wire parts of the tires are first separated, and the tires, the thick wire parts of which are separated, are then divided into smaller pieces. As a result of the grinding processes, the fibre (cloth) and remaining wire parts of the tires are separated and the formed granular rubber pieces are brought to the desired size with various sieves. Granular tires formed here are supplied to the market to be used in rubber production, carpet pitch floors and tire tile production. In short, although rubber tire wastes are recycled and used in flooring today, the materials required by rubber granules in the bonding stage (binding agent, etc.) increase the cost and the binding agents used in high amounts pose a threat to the environment.
In the state of the art, although there are recycling facilities established for the recovery of rubber tire wastes that have completed their life, these recycling facilities bring about high energy loss and involve laborious process steps. In the state of the art, one of the methods used in the recycling of tires is pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is an old thermochemical method, but its use for tire recycling has only just begun. The word pyrolysis consists of two words, "pyro" (heat) and "lysis" (split into pieces). Pyrolysis heats shredded tires in an oxygen-free atmosphere, under controlled conditions, in special reactors at high temperatures between 400-700°C. In the absence of oxygen, waste tire rubbers cannot burn, and therefore, said tires decompose because they cannot burn.
Due to reasons such as as limitations and inadequacies of materials obtained with end- of-life waste rubber rubbers and production methods of these materials in the state of the art, the high cost of the methods used in the evaluation of rubber tire wastes, the materials made of waste tire rubbers in the state of the art containing a high amount of binding agent, the fact that materials made of waste tire rubbers containing a high amount of binding agent pose a great threat to the health of living things and the environment due to the high amount of binding agents they contain, and the fact that although there are recycling facilities established for the recovery of rubber tire wastes that have completed their life, said recycling facilities causing high energy loss and laborious and difficult methods such as pyrolysis are used in said recycling facilities, it has been necessary to introduce a waste tire rubber recycling method in which all these problems are eliminated, and an environmentally friendly composite material obtained with said method.
Brief Description and Aims of the Invention
In the invention, a composite material made of waste tire rubbers and and the production method thereof are explained. By means of the composite material, which is the subject of the invention, waste tire rubbers that have completed their life are recycled, and the use of binding agents used in the composite material is reduced by means of the hemp contained in the composite material. In the method that is the subject of the invention, waste tire rubbers are granulated and the tow parts of the cannabis stem are converted into small pieces using a grinder.
The aim of the invention is to ensure the recycling of end-of-life waste tire rubbers. The recycling of end-of-life waste tire rubbers is provided by the use of waste tire rubbers in the composite material that is the subject of the invention. By means of the composite material that is the subject of the invention, the recycling of end-of-life waste tire rubbers is ensured.
An aim of the invention is to provide a composite material product with reduced use of binding agents. By means of the cannabis the composite material that is the subject of the invention comprises, the use of binding agents needed in the composite material is reduced.
Another aim of the invention is to provide the recycling of waste tire rubbers without requiring high energy and cost. Ensuring the recycling of waste tire rubbers without requiring high energy and cost is achieved by not using high temperatures and difficult processes during recycling and by reducing the amount of binding agent needed. In the method that is the subject of the invention, waste tire rubbers are granulated and the tow parts of the cannabis stem are converted into small pieces by using a grinder; followed by cold casting with the addition of cannabis and binding agents, accompanied by moulds. In short, while obtaining a composite material made of waste tire rubbers and cannabis, which is the subject of the invention, there is no need for laborious processes that require high temperatures, and the use of binding agents is greatly reduced by means of the cannabis additive. The cost of the binding agent is also minimised, as the need for the use of binding agent is reduced.
Another aim of the invention is to provide an environmentally friendly composite material. The provision of an eco-friendly composite material is achieved by incorporating cannabis tows into the waste tire rubber material. In the invention, carbon emission is reduced by taking advantage of the carbon retention and storage properties of cannabis through photosynthesis. As a result of the thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis of the composite material, which is the subject of the invention, raw rubber releases 2.154 % volatile matter at 200 °C, 20% by mass compared to the waste tire rubber and the samples added with 90 pm cannabis tow provide 2.139 % volatile organic matter release. This result shows that the cannabis-added composite material, which is the subject of the invention, reduces carbon emissions.
Description of Drawings
Figure 1. Compression test result graph.
Figure 2. FTIR spectrometry analysis results.
Figure 3. Scanning Electron Microscopy. (SEM) images. [ A) Composite material with a size of 90 pm and comprising 10% by mass of cannabis tow compared to the whole product, B) Composite material with a size of 90 pm and comprising 20% by mass of cannabis tow compared to the whole product, C) Composite material with a size of 125 pm and comprising 10% by mass of cannabis tow compared to the whole product, D)
Composite material with a size of 125 pm and comprising 20% by mass of cannabis tow compared to the whole product, E) Composite material with a size of 250 pm and comprising 10% by mass of cannabis tow compared to the whole product, F) Composite material with a size of 250 pm and comprising 20% by mass of cannabis tow relative to the whole product, G) SEM images of raw rubber.]
Figure 4. 100X SEM image of raw rubber.
Figure 5. 100X SEM image of 90 pm composite comprising 20% by mass of cannabis tow relative to the whole product.
Figure 6. 100X SEM image of a 125 pm hemp composite comprising 10% by mass of cannabis tow relative to the whole product
Detailed Description of the Invention
The invention relates to a composite material made of waste tire rubbers and hemp, and the production method thereof. By means of the composite material, which is the subject of the invention, waste tire rubbers that have completed their life are recycled, and the use of binding agents used in the composite material is reduced by means of the hemp contained in the composite material.
The composite material that is the subject of the invention comprises waste tire rubbers, cannabis tow and binding agent.
In an embodiment of the invention, the composite material that is the subject of the invention comprises 75% by mass of waste tire rubber, 10% by mass and 125 pm of cannabis tow, and 15% by mass of binding agent and the composite material comprising said quantities of waste tire rubber, cannabis tow (in specified size) and binding agent shortens by 2.6 mm against a pressure of 1000 N, provides higher strength than raw rubber (6 mm), and, similar to raw rubber, forms a good interface in SEM images.
In an embodiment of the invention, the composite material that is the subject of the invention comprises 65% by mass of waste tire rubber, 20% by mass of 90 pm cannabis tow and 15% by mass of binding agent and a low rate of volatile matter release (carbon) occurs in the composite material comprising said amounts of waste
tire rubber, cannabis tow (in specified size) and binding agent and, similar to raw rubber, said composite material forms a good interface in SEM images.
In a different embodiment of the invention, the production method of a composite material made of end-of-life waste tire rubbers and cannabis, which is the subject of the invention, comprises the process steps of: i. granulating the waste tire rubbers, ii. granulating the tow parts of cannabis, iii. moulding the granulated cannabis tows, binding agent and waste tire rubber by cold casting and obtaining the composite material.
In a different embodiment of the invention, the production method of a composite material made of end-of-life waste tire rubbers and cannabis, which is the subject of the invention, comprises the process steps of: i. granulating the waste tire rubbers to a size of 2-3 mm, ii. granulating the tow parts of cannabis to a size of 90 pm, iii. moulding the granulated cannabis tows at a rate of 20% by mass, a binding agent at a rate of 15% by mass and waste tire rubber at a rate of 65% by mass by cold casting and obtaining the composite material.
With said method, a composite material comprising 65% by mass of waste tire rubber, 20% by mass of cannabis tow at a size of 90 pm and 15% by mass of a binding agent is obtained. A low rate of volatile matter release (carbon) occurs in the composite material comprising waste tire rubber, cannabis tow (in specified size) and binding agent in these amounts, and said composite material forms a good interface similar to raw rubber in SEM images.
In a different embodiment of the invention, the production method of a composite material made of end-of-life waste tire rubbers and cannabis, which is the subject of the invention, comprises the process steps of: i. granulating the waste tire rubbers to a size of 2-3 mm, ii. granulating the tow parts of cannabis to a size of 125 pm,
iii. moulding the granulated cannabis tows at a rate of 10% by mass, a binding agent at a rate of 15% by mass and waste tire rubber at a rate of 75% by mass by cold casting and obtaining the composite material.
With said method, a composite material comprising 75% by mass of waste tire rubber, 10% by mass of cannabis tow at a size of 125 pm and 15% by mass of a binding agent is obtained. Composite material comprising said quantities of waste tire rubber, cannabis tow (in specified size) and binding agent shortens by 2.6 mm against a pressure of 1000 N, provides higher strength than raw rubber (6 mm), and, similar to raw rubber, forms a good interface in SEM images.
Some analyses were carried out for the characterisation of the composite material that is the subject of the invention. One of said analyses is the compression test. While performing the compression test analysis, firstly, samples were prepared by adding 10% and 20% of the cannabis tows obtained by using 90, 125 and 250 pm sieves and 15% binding agent by mass, based on the knowledge that 20% binding agent is used in cold casting, to the recycled waste rubber rubbers. In forming the control sample, only raw rubber was used. The sizes of the samples were produced according to ASTM D 575 - 91 standard with a diameter of 28.6 ± 0.1 mm and a thickness of 12.5 ± 0.5 mm. After the samples were formed, compression tests were performed on the INSTRON 5982 universal tensile-compression device. According to the results of the compression test, Figure 1 shows the compressive strength and shortening (mm) of all specimens in compression performed by applying a load of 1000 N. Accordingly, after a maximum pressure of 1000 N applied to all samples, including raw rubber, the raw rubber shortened by 6 mm, while the sample with 125 pm cannabis at the rate of 10% by mass compared to the whole product showed the least shortening (2.6 mm) as a result of applying the same pressure.
Identification and verification of the materials that are the subject of the invention were made in the FTIR Perkin Elmer Branded device in the range of 4000-600 cm 1 for the identification of used additives. The graph of the analyses is shown in Figure 2. When the FTIR test results are examined, it can be said that the peaks at the level of 2900 cm 1 belong to the C-H aliphatic stresses. The fact that the peaks were observed at approximately the same wavelength when cannabis was added to the rubbers shows that the cannabis content does not cause a high change in this bond structure. The
vibrations at 1510 and 1493 cm’1 correspond to the stretches of the carbon atoms in the aromatic ring. The amide II group represents the N-H in-plane bending C-N stresses. Stretching vibrations at 1074 and 1029 cm’1 correspond to styrene and cispolybutadiene units, respectively. It is observed that the intensity of this peak decreases compared to the raw rubber. It can be said that this is due to the hydrogen (H) bond interactions between the carboxylate anion and other compounds with functional groups such as cellulose or hydroxyl (-OH) in cannabis. The vibration peaks located at 759 and 699 cm 1 correspond to the deformation and out-of-plane bending of the C-H groups in the aromatic ring, respectively. Other peak values are the peaks originating from the binding agent. As a result, the effects of cannabis were found in the FTIR spectrum, but no significant change was observed in the rubber content.
Another analysis performed regarding the composite materials that are the subject of the invention is SEM analysis. SEM analyses were performed on JEOL branded JSM- 7001 F model device. The samples were coated with gold-palladium (Au-Pd) to ensure electrical conductivity. 10x - 20x - 50x - 100x images of a total of 7 samples, including the raw rubber control sample were taken.
In the SEM images given in Figure 3, it is seen that the composite material samples prepared, to obtain a composite product in 90 pm size and a total of 20 gr, in such a way to comprise 20% by mass of cannabis tow (4gr) and 10% (2gr) by mass of cannabis tow that is 125 pm in size compared to the whole product (20gr) covers the rubber matrix well. It is observed that the samples with 250 pm particle size cannabis tow additives do not provide a complete bonding and binding with the surface.
To determine the thermal and gravimetric changes that occur in the composite material with the increase in temperature, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using Shimadzu (Japan) brand DTG-60 model simultaneous TG/DTA/DTG analyser using 5°C/min temperature rate, 60 ml/min flow rate, 15 mg sample amount and nitrogen gas. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to determine the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the samples as the temperature increased and the volatile organic release with temperature. According to the results given in Table 1 , the first thermal decomposition in raw rubber occurred at 28.62 °C, while in other cannabis doped samples, the degradation was above 30 °C in all samples, except for the sample in which 250 pm cannabis was added at a rate of 20% by mass compared
to the whole product. Although the addition of cannabis increased the thermal decomposition temperature, the mass loss with temperature decreased in the 90 pm size and 20% by mass cannabis doped sample. The volatile organic release, which was 2.154% in raw rubber, was found to be 2.139% in the sample of 20% by mass of cannabis tow with a size of 90 pm compared to the whole product. Accordingly, the lowest carbon emission was realised for the 90 pm 20% cannabis doped composite.
Table 1. Thermogravimetric analysis results.
Water absorption test was carried out in order to determine the water absorption capacity of the composite materials that are the subject of the invention and to evaluate said capacities comparatively. To determine the water absorption capacity of the composite material, the first weighing (M1 ) of the samples prepared according to the
ASTM D570 standard was taken with Radwag analytical balance, and the samples were kept in distilled water for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the samples were dried with dry cloth and the final weighing values (M') of the samples were taken. The water content of the samples was calculated according to the formula given in Equation (1 ). % Water content = [(M2-M1 )/M1 ]x 100 (M2 : final weighing ; M1 : first weighing)
The results are also shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Water absorption test results.
According to the results given in Table 2, the lowest water content after the raw rubber is also seen in the composite material sample, which is 90 pm in size and contains 10% by mass of cannabis additive relative to the whole product. The highest content is seen in the sample which is larger in mass and size (250 pm in size and 20% by mass cannabis tow relative to the whole product). If it is desired to reduce the water absorption capacity, it can be achieved by alkali treatment of cannabis or by modifying it with different methods.
Due to the well coverage of the rubber matrix of the composite material samples prepared to contain 20% by mass of cannabis tow relative to the whole product and in 90 pm size, and to contain 10% by mass of cannabis tow relative to the whole product and in 125 pm size, 100X SEM images of raw rubber (Fig. 4), 90 pm in size composite material containing 20% by mass of cannabis tow relative to the whole product (Fig.
5), and 125 pm size composite material containing 10% by mass of cannabis tow relative to the whole product (Fig. 6) are shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6, respectively.
Table 3. Percentages of materials by mass and volume used in composite production
Table 3 shows the percentages of materials used in composite production. Accordingly, in order to improve the properties of the material by changing the 80% rubber and 20% binding agent ratios currently used, composites were produced by adding 15% by mass of binding agent, 90-125-250 pm cannabis tow at 10% and 20% ratios, and 2-3 mm granular rubber binding to these ratios to provide 100% material amount to all samples. Said binder area is referred to as a binder in the state of the art. However, unlike the state of the art, the use of 15%, not 20%, is sufficient in the content of the composite material that is the subject of the invention.
Claims
1. A composite material, comprising waste tire rubber, cannabis tow and binding agent.
2. Composite material according to Claim 1 , comprising; 75% by mass of waste tire rubber, 10% by mass of cannabis tow and 15% by mass of binding agent.
3. Composite material according to claim 2; wherein the size of said cannabis tow is 125 pm.
4. Composite material according to Claim 1 , comprising; 65% by mass of waste tire rubber, 20% by mass of cannabis tow and 15% by mass of binding agent.
5. Composite material according to claim 4; wherein the size of said cannabis tow is 90 pm.
6. The production method of a composite material, comprising the process steps of: i. granulating the waste tire rubbers, ii. granulating the tow parts of cannabis, iii. moulding the granulated cannabis tows, binding agent and waste tire rubber by cold casting and obtaining the composite material.
7. A production method according to claim 6, comprising the steps of: i. granulating the waste tire rubbers to a size of 2-3 mm, ii. granulating the tow parts of cannabis to a size of 125 pm, iii. moulding the granulated cannabis tows at a rate of 10% by mass, a binding agent at a rate of 15% by mass and waste tire rubber at a rate of 75% by mass by cold casting and obtaining the composite material.
8. Composite material produced with a method according to Claim 7.
9. A composite material comprising 75% by mass of waste tire rubber, 10% by mass of cannabis tow at a size of 125 pm and 15% by mass of a binding agent, according to Claim 8..
10.A production method according to claim 6, comprising the steps of: i. granulating the waste tire rubbers to a size of 2-3 mm, ii. granulating the tow parts of cannabis to a size of 90 pm,
iii. moulding the granulated cannabis tows at a rate of 20% by mass, a binding agent at a rate of 15% by mass and waste tire rubber at a rate of 65% by mass by cold casting and obtaining the composite material.
11. Composite material produced with a method according to Claim 10.
12. A composite material comprising 65% by mass of waste tire rubber, 20% by mass of cannabis tow at a size of 90 pm and 15% by mass of a binding agent, according to Claim 11 .
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| TR2022/021376 TR2022021376A1 (en) | 2022-12-29 | A composite material made from waste tire rubber and hemp and its production method. | |
| TR2022021376 | 2022-12-29 |
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Citations (1)
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| US20210179852A1 (en) * | 2019-02-23 | 2021-06-17 | Kenneth A Nystrom | Products by Upcycling Landfill Waste Streams |
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| US20210179852A1 (en) * | 2019-02-23 | 2021-06-17 | Kenneth A Nystrom | Products by Upcycling Landfill Waste Streams |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| GARCIA, D. ET AL.: "Composites based on sintering rice husk waste tire rubber mixtures.", MATERIALS & DESIGN, vol. 28, no. 7, 2007, pages 2234 - 2238, XP025317876, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026130690600183X> DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2006.06.001 * |
| MANAILA ET AL.: "Polymeric composites based on natural rubber and hemp fibers.", IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL, vol. 24, 2015, pages 135 - 148, XP035440276, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https:11link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13726-015-0307-6> DOI: 10.1007/s13726-015-0307-6 * |
| MOONART ET AL.: "E ffect of surface treatments and filler loading on the properties of hemp fiber/ natural rubber composites.", CELLULOSE, vol. 26, no. 12, 2019, pages 7271 - 7295, XP036846390, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10570-019-02611-w> DOI: 10.1007/s10570-019-02611-w * |
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