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WO2024130166A2 - Composés, compositions et méthodes - Google Patents

Composés, compositions et méthodes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024130166A2
WO2024130166A2 PCT/US2023/084359 US2023084359W WO2024130166A2 WO 2024130166 A2 WO2024130166 A2 WO 2024130166A2 US 2023084359 W US2023084359 W US 2023084359W WO 2024130166 A2 WO2024130166 A2 WO 2024130166A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heterocyclyl
heteroaryl
cycloalkyl
aryl
alkyl
Prior art date
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PCT/US2023/084359
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English (en)
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WO2024130166A3 (fr
Inventor
Lydia A. Auch
Alex L. BAGDASARIAN
Cyril Bucher
Javier De Vicente Fidalgo
Brian M. Fox
Benjamin J. HUFFMAN
John C. WIDEN
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Denali Therapeutics Inc.
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Priority to AU2023395972A priority Critical patent/AU2023395972A1/en
Publication of WO2024130166A2 publication Critical patent/WO2024130166A2/fr
Publication of WO2024130166A3 publication Critical patent/WO2024130166A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
    • C07D491/048—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being five-membered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
    • C07D491/052—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being six-membered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/08—Bridged systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems
    • C07D491/107—Spiro-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • Axonal degeneration has been identified as an important pathology in most neurodegenerative diseases. Axons are vulnerable to both mechanical injury (Wallerian degeneration) and disease (Wallerian-like degeneration). [0005] In healthy axons, SARM1’s N-terminus interacts with the TIR domain, preventing TIR multimerization and subsequent enzymatic cleavage of NAD + .
  • SARM1 N-terminus-TIR domain interaction is disrupted, allowing TIR multimerization to occur, followed by a rapid loss of NAD+ and associated axon degeneration.
  • DESCRIPTION [0006]
  • SARM1 compounds that inhibit SARM1.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a method for treating a disease or condition mediated, at least in part, by SARM1 comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • compositions including pharmaceutical compositions, kits that include the compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, methods of using (or administering) and making the compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, and intermediates thereof.
  • the disclosure further provides compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, or compositions thereof for use in a method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition that is mediated, at least in part, by SARM1.
  • the disclosure provides uses of the compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, or compositions thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition that is mediated, at least in part, by SARM1.
  • SARM a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, or compositions thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition that is mediated, at least in part, by SARM1.
  • a dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent.
  • -C(O)NH 2 is attached through the carbon atom.
  • a dash at the front or end of a chemical group is a matter of convenience; chemical groups may be depicted with or without one or more dashes without losing their ordinary meaning.
  • a wavy line or a dashed line drawn through a line in a structure indicates a specified point of attachment of a group. Unless chemically or structurally required, no directionality or stereochemistry is indicated or implied by the order in which a chemical group is written or named.
  • the prefix “C u-v ” indicates that the following group has from u to v carbon atoms.
  • C 1-6 alkyl indicates that the alkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se.
  • the term “about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 10%.
  • the term “about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 5%.
  • the term “about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 1%.
  • to the term “about X” includes description of “X”.
  • the singular forms “a” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • alkyl refers to an unbranched or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain. As used herein, alkyl has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-20 alkyl), 1 to 12 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-12 alkyl), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-8 alkyl), 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-6 alkyl) or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-4 alkyl).
  • alkyl groups include, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, and 3-methylpentyl.
  • butyl includes n-butyl (i.e., -(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 ), sec-butyl (i.e., -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), isobutyl (i.e., -CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), and tert-butyl (i.e., -C(CH 3 ) 3 ); and “propyl” includes n-propyl (i.e., -(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 ) and isopropyl (i.e., -CH(CH 3 ) 2 ).
  • a divalent group such as a divalent “alkyl” group, a divalent “aryl” group, a divalent heteroaryl group, etc.
  • a divalent group such as a divalent “alkyl” group, a divalent “aryl” group, a divalent heteroaryl group, etc.
  • an “alkylene” group or an “alkylenyl” group for example, methylenyl, ethylenyl, and propylenyl
  • an “arylene” group or an “arylenyl” group for example, phenylenyl or napthylenyl, or quinolinyl for heteroarylene
  • Alkenyl refers to an alkyl group containing at least one (e.g., 1-3 or 1) carbon-carbon double bond and having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-20 alkenyl), 2 to 12 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-12 alkenyl), 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-8 alkenyl), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-6 alkenyl), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-4 alkenyl).
  • C 2-20 alkenyl i.e., C 2-20 alkenyl
  • 2 to 12 carbon atoms i.e., C 2-12 alkenyl
  • 2 to 8 carbon atoms i.e., C 2-8 alkenyl
  • 2 to 6 carbon atoms i.e., C 2-6 alkenyl
  • 2 to 4 carbon atoms i.e., C 2-4 alkenyl
  • alkenyl groups include, e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butadienyl (including 1,2- butadienyl and 1,3-butadienyl).
  • Alkynyl refers to an alkyl group containing at least one (e.g., 1-3, or 1) carbon-carbon triple bond and having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-20 alkynyl), 2 to 12 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-12 alkynyl), 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-8 alkynyl), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-6 alkynyl), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-4 alkynyl).
  • alkynyl also includes those groups having one triple bond and one double bond.
  • Alkoxy refers to the group “alkyl-O-”. Examples of alkoxy groups include, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylbutoxy.
  • Alkoxyalkyl refers to the group “alkyl-O-alkyl”.
  • Alkylthio refers to the group “alkyl-S-”.
  • Alkylsulfinyl refers to the group “alkyl-S(O)-”.
  • Alkylsulfonyl refers to the group “alkyl-S(O) 2 -”.
  • Alkylsulfonylalkyl refers to -alkyl-S(O) 2 -alkyl.
  • Acyl refers to a group -C(O)R y , wherein R y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • acyl examples include, e.g., formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethyl-carbonyl, and benzoyl.
  • “Amido” refers to both a “C-amido” group which refers to the group -C(O)NR y R z and an “N- amido” group which refers to the group -NR y C(O)R z , wherein R y and R z are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein, or R y and R z are taken together to form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Amino refers to the group -NR y R z wherein R y and R z are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Amino refers to -C(NR y )(NR z 2 ), wherein R y and R z are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Aryl refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., monocyclic) or multiple rings (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) including fused systems.
  • aryl has 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 6-20 aryl), 6 to 12 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C 6-12 aryl), or 6 to 10 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C 6-10 aryl).
  • Examples of aryl groups include, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, and anthryl.
  • Aryl does not encompass or overlap in any way with heteroaryl defined below.
  • aryl groups are fused with a heteroaryl, the resulting ring system is heteroaryl regardless of point of attachment. If one or more aryl groups are fused with a heterocyclyl, the resulting ring system is heterocyclyl regardless of point of attachment. If one or more aryl groups are fused with a cycloalkyl, the resulting ring system is cycloalkyl regardless of point of attachment. [0030] “Arylalkyl” or “Aralkyl” refers to the group “aryl-alkyl-”.
  • Carbamoyl refers to both an “O-carbamoyl” group which refers to the group -O-C(O)NR y R z and an “N-carbamoyl” group which refers to the group -NR y C(O)OR z , wherein R y and R z are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Carboxyl ester or “ester” refer to both -OC(O)R x and -C(O)OR x , wherein R x is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Cyanoalkyl refers to refers to an alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more (e.g., 1 or 2) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a cyano (-CN) group.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic alkyl group having a single ring or multiple rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems.
  • the term “cycloalkyl” includes cycloalkenyl groups (i.e., the cyclic group having at least one double bond) and carbocyclic fused ring systems having at least one sp 3 carbon atom (i.e., at least one non-aromatic ring).
  • cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-20 cycloalkyl), 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-12 cycloalkyl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-12 cycloalkyl), 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-10 cycloalkyl), 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-8 cycloalkyl), or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-6 cycloalkyl).
  • Monocyclic groups include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
  • Polycyclic groups include, for example, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like.
  • cycloalkyl is intended to encompass any non-aromatic ring which may be fused to an aryl ring, regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule.
  • cycloalkyl also includes “spirocycloalkyl” when there are two positions for substitution on the same carbon atom, for example spiro[2.5]octanyl, spiro[4.5]decanyl, or spiro[5.5]undecanyl. [0035] “Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to the group “cycloalkyl-alkyl-”.
  • Imino refers to a group -C(NR y )R z , wherein R y and R z are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • “Imido” refers to a group -C(O)NR y C(O)R z , wherein R y and R z are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • “Halogen” or “halo” refers to atoms occupying group VIIA of the periodic table, such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
  • Haloalkyl refers to an unbranched or branched alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more (e.g., 1 to 6 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen.
  • a residue is substituted with more than one halogen, it may be referred to by using a prefix corresponding to the number of halogen moieties attached.
  • Dihaloalkyl and trihaloalkyl refer to alkyl substituted with two (“di”) or three (“tri”) halo groups, which may be, but are not necessarily, the same halogen.
  • haloalkyl examples include, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like.
  • Haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group as defined above, wherein one or more (e.g., 1 to 6 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen.
  • Haloalkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxyalkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more (e.g., 1 to 6 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen.
  • Hydroalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more (e.g., 1 to 6 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group.
  • Heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms), excluding any terminal carbon atom(s), are each independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group, provided the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule is through a carbon atom.
  • the term “heteroalkyl” includes unbranched or branched saturated chain having carbon and heteroatoms. By way of example, 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms may be independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group.
  • Heteroatomic groups include, but are not limited to, -NR y -, -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, and the like, wherein R y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • heteroalkyl groups include, e.g., ethers (e.g., -CH 2 OCH 3 , -CH(CH 3 )OCH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , etc.), thioethers (e.g., -CH 2 SCH 3 , -CH(CH 3 )SCH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 ,-CH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 3 , etc.), sulfones (e.g., -CH 2 S(O) 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 )S(O) 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 S(O) 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , etc.), and amines (e.g., -CH 2 NR y CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 )NR y CH 3 , amine
  • heteroalkyl includes 2 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, 1 to 2 heteroatoms, or 1 heteroatom.
  • “Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group having a single ring, multiple rings or multiple fused rings, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl includes 1 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-20 heteroaryl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-12 heteroaryl), or 3 to 8 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C 3-8 heteroaryl), and 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • ring carbon atoms i.e., C 1-20 heteroaryl
  • 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms i.e., C 3-12 heteroaryl
  • 3 to 8 carbon ring atoms i.e., C 3-8 heteroaryl
  • 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl includes 5-10 membered ring systems, 5-7 membered ring systems, or 5-6 membered ring systems, each independently having 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl groups include, e.g., acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxide
  • fused-heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, benzo[d]thiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzo[d]imidazolyl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, and imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, where the heteroaryl can be bound via either ring of the fused system. Any aromatic ring, having a single or multiple fused rings, containing at least one heteroatom, is considered a heteroaryl regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule (i.e., through any one of the fused rings).
  • Heteroaryl does not encompass or overlap with aryl as defined above.
  • “Heteroarylalkyl” refers to the group “heteroaryl-alkyl-”.
  • Heterocyclyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic alkyl group, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the term “heterocyclyl” includes heterocycloalkenyl groups (i.e., the heterocyclyl group having at least one double bond), bridged-heterocyclyl groups, fused-heterocyclyl groups, and spiro-heterocyclyl groups.
  • Any non-aromatic ring or fused ring system containing at least one heteroatom and one non-aromatic ring is considered a heterocyclyl, regardless of the attachment (i.e., can be bound through a carbon atom or a heteroatom).
  • heterocyclyl is intended to encompass any non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom, which ring may be fused to a cycloalkyl, an aryl, or heteroaryl ring, regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule.
  • fused ring systems such as decahydroquinazolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl are heterocyclyl, regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule.
  • heterocyclyl has 2 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-20 heterocyclyl), 2 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-12 heterocyclyl), 2 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-10 heterocyclyl), 2 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-8 heterocyclyl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-12 heterocyclyl), 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-8 heterocyclyl), or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-6 heterocyclyl); having 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen.
  • ring carbon atoms i.e., C 2-20 heterocyclyl
  • 2 to 12 ring carbon atoms i
  • heterocyclyl groups include, e.g., azetidinyl, azepinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzopyranyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranonyl, dioxolanyl, dihydropyranyl, hydropyranyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, furanonyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-ox
  • heterocyclyl also includes “spiroheterocyclyl” when there are two positions for substitution on the same carbon atom.
  • spiro-heterocyclyl rings include, e.g., bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems, such as oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanyl, and 6-oxa-1- azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl.
  • fused-heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, indolinyl, and isoindolinyl, where the heterocyclyl can be bound via either ring of the fused system.
  • Heterocyclylalkyl refers to the group “heterocyclyl-alkyl-.”
  • “Sulfonyl” refers to the group -S(O) 2 R y , where R y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • R y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Examples of sulfonyl are methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, and toluenesulfonyl.
  • “Sulfinyl” refers to the group -S(O)R y , where R y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • R y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Examples of sulfinyl are methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, phenylsulfinyl, and toluenesulfinyl.
  • “Sulfonamido” refers to the groups -SO 2 NR y R z and -NR y SO 2 R z , where R y and R z are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • R y and R z are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.
  • the term “optionally substituted” refers to any one or more (e.g., 1 to 5 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms on the designated atom or group may or may not be replaced by a moiety other than hydrogen.
  • substituted used herein means any of the above groups (i.e., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylene, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and/or heteroalkyl) wherein at least one (e.g., 1 to 5 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atom such as, but not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acyl, amido, amino, amidino, aryl, aralkyl, azido, carbamoyl, carboxyl
  • substituted includes any of the above alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl groups in which one or more (e.g., 1 to 5 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms are independently replaced with deuterium, halo, cyano, nitro, azido, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -NR g R h , -NR g C(O)R h , -NR g C(O)NR g R h , -NR g C(O)OR h , -NR g S(O) 1-2 R h , -C(O)R g , -C(O)OR g , -OC(O)OR g ,
  • substituted also means any of the above groups in which one or more (e.g., 1 to 5 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced with -C(O)R g , -C(O)OR g , -C(O)NR g R h , -CH 2 SO 2 R g , or -CH 2 SO 2 NR g R h .
  • R g and R h are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and/or heteroarylalkyl.
  • substituted also means any of the above groups in which one or more (e.g., 1 to 5 or 1 to 3) hydrogen atoms are replaced by a bond to an amino, cyano, hydroxy, imino, nitro, oxo, thioxo, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and/or heteroarylalkyl, or two of R g and R h and R i are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with oxo, halo, or alkyl optionally substituted with oxo, halo, amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy.
  • impermissible substitution patterns e.g., methyl substituted with 5 fluorines or heteroaryl groups having two adjacent oxygen ring atoms. Such impermissible substitution patterns are well known to the skilled artisan.
  • substituted may describe other chemical groups defined herein.
  • the phrase “one or more” refers to one to five. In certain embodiments, as used herein, the phrase “one or more” refers to one to three.
  • Any compound or structure given herein, is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
  • isotopically enriched analogs These forms of compounds may also be referred to as “isotopically enriched analogs.” Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted herein, except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 123 I, and 125 I, respectively.
  • isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated.
  • Such isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SPECT single- photon emission computed tomography
  • the term “isotopically enriched analogs” includes “deuterated analogs” of compounds described herein in which one or more hydrogens is/are replaced by deuterium, such as a hydrogen on a carbon atom.
  • Such compounds exhibit increased resistance to metabolism and are thus useful for increasing the half-life of any compound when administered to a mammal, particularly a human. See, for example, Foster, “Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism,” Trends Pharmacol. Sci.5(12):524- 527 (1984). Such compounds are synthesized by means well known in the art, for example by employing starting materials in which one or more hydrogens have been replaced by deuterium. [0059] Deuterium labelled or substituted therapeutic compounds of the disclosure may have improved DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics) properties, relating to distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
  • ADME drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics
  • isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life, reduced dosage requirements, and/or an improvement in therapeutic index.
  • An 18 F, 3 H, or 11 C labeled compound may be useful for PET or SPECT or other imaging studies.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of this disclosure and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. It is understood that deuterium in this context is regarded as a substituent in a compound described herein.
  • the concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor.
  • any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom.
  • a position is designated specifically as “H” or “hydrogen,” the position is understood to have hydrogen at its natural abundance isotopic composition.
  • any atom specifically designated as a deuterium (D) is meant to represent deuterium.
  • the compounds of this disclosure are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino, and/or carboxyl groups, or groups similar thereto.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt isotopically enriched analog, deuterated analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrugs of the compounds described herein.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” or “physiologically acceptable” refer to compounds, salts, compositions, dosage forms, and other materials which are useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is suitable for veterinary or human pharmaceutical use.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a given compound refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the given compound and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” or “physiologically acceptable salts” include, for example, salts with inorganic acids, and salts with an organic acid.
  • the free base can be obtained by basifying a solution of the acid salt.
  • an addition salt particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt, may be produced by dissolving the free base in a suitable organic solvent and treating the solution with an acid, in accordance with conventional procedures for preparing acid addition salts from base compounds.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from inorganic or organic acids.
  • Salts derived from inorganic acids include, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • Salts derived from organic acids include, e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, gluconic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluene-sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
  • salts derived from inorganic bases include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, aluminum, ammonium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
  • Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, such as alkyl amines (i.e., NH 2 (alkyl)), dialkyl amines (i.e., HN(alkyl) 2 ), trialkyl amines (i.e., N(alkyl) 3 ), substituted alkyl amines (i.e., NH 2 (substituted alkyl)), di(substituted alkyl) amines (i.e., HN(substituted alkyl) 2 ), tri(substituted alkyl) amines (i.e., N(substituted alkyl) 3 ), alkeny
  • Suitable amines include, by way of example only, isopropylamine, trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(iso-propyl) amine, tri(n-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like.
  • isopropylamine trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(iso-propyl) amine, tri(n-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like.
  • Tautomers are in equilibrium with one another.
  • amide containing compounds may exist in equilibrium with imidic acid tautomers.
  • the compounds are understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to comprise both amide and imidic acid tautomers.
  • the amide containing compounds are understood to include their imidic acid tautomers.
  • the imidic acid containing compounds are understood to include their amide tautomers.
  • the compounds of the disclosure, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts include an asymmetric center and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids.
  • Optically active (+) and (-), (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example, chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
  • Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • a “stereoisomer” refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable.
  • the present disclosure contemplates various stereoisomers, or mixtures thereof, and includes “enantiomers,” which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeable mirror images of one another.
  • “Diastereomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
  • Prodrugs means any compound which releases an active parent drug according to a structure described herein in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs of a compound described herein are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound described herein in such a way that the modifications may be cleaved in vivo to release the parent compound.
  • Prodrugs may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds.
  • Prodrugs include compounds described herein wherein a hydroxy, amino, carboxyl, or sulfhydryl group in a compound described herein is bonded to any group that may be cleaved in vivo to regenerate the free hydroxy, amino, or sulfhydryl group, respectively.
  • prodrugs include, but are not limited to esters (e.g., acetate, formate, and benzoate derivatives), amides, guanidines, carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl) of hydroxy functional groups in compounds described herein, and the like.
  • esters e.g., acetate, formate, and benzoate derivatives
  • amides e.g., acetate, formate, and benzoate derivatives
  • carbamates e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl
  • Preparation, selection, and use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol.14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series; “Design of Prodrugs,” ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985; and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B.
  • a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein: Y is N or CR 4 ; Y 1 is N or CR 5 ; X is N or CR 6 ; R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or -N(R 7 ) 2 , wherein the C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1
  • R 2 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the C 3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • the compound is not 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1H-indole-2-sulfonamide (1451047-95-2), 7-chloro-6-ethoxy-2-(ethylsulfonyl)-1H-benzimidazole (670248-30-3), 1,1- dimethylethyl 4-[(4,5-difluoro-1H-indol-2-yl)sulfonyl]-1-piperazinecarboxylate (1415396-05-2), 3-[7- chloro-5-fluoro-2-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]-1-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4(1H,3H)- pyrimidinedione (1101495-34-4), 7-chloro-N-ethyl-5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazole-2-sulfonamide (115243-16-8), or 4,7-d
  • a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein: Y is N or CR 4 ; Y 1 is N or CR 5 ; X is N or CR 6 ; R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or -N(R 7 ) 2 , wherein the C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 ; R 2 is halo, cyano, -NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3
  • a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein: Y is CH; Y 1 is N or CR 5 ; X is CH; R 1 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or -N(R 7 ) 2 , wherein the C 1-6 alkyl, C 2- 6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 ; R 2 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein the C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 ; R 3 is halo, cyano
  • R 2 is ring B; and ring B is C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 is ring B; and ring B is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein each is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • a compound of Formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein X, Y, Y 1 , R 1 , R 3 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • a compound of Formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein X, R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • R 1 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or -N(R 11 ) 2 , wherein the C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is represented by ring A: wherein ring A is optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, or C 2-6 alkynyl, wherein the C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, or C 2-6 alkynyl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein each is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is aryl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 is -N(R 7 ) 2 .
  • a compound of Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein: Y is N or CR 4 ; Y 1 is N or CR 5 ; X is N or CR 6 ; ring B is C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 ; R 3 is hydrogen, halo, cyano, -NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -N(R 11 ) 2 , -OR 11 , -SR 11 , -C(O)R 11 , -
  • each R 7 is independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • each R 7 is independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • each R 7 is independently hydrogen, methyl, cyclobutyl, bicyclo[1.1.1.]pentyl, pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein each cyclobutyl, bicyclo[1.1.1.]pentyl, pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • two R 7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclyl independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • two R 7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a ring A as defined herein.
  • R 3 is hydrogen, halo, cyano, -NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -N(R 11 ) 2 , -OR 11 , -SR 11 , -C(O)R 11 , -C(O)OR 11 , -S(O)R 11 , -S(O) 2 R 11 , -C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , -NR 11 C(O)R 11 , -NR 11 S(O)R 11 , -NR 11 S(O)R 11 , -NR 11 S(O) 2 R 11 , -S(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , -S(O) 2 N(R 11 ) 2 , -NR 11 C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , -NR 11 S(O)N(R 11
  • R 3 is halo, cyano, -NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -N(R 11 ) 2 , -OR 11 , -SR 11 , -C(O)R 11 , -C(O)OR 11 , -S(O)R 11 , -S(O) 2 R 11 , -C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , -NR 11 C(O)R 11 , -NR 11 S(O)R 11 , -NR 11 S(O)R 11 , -NR 11 S(O) 2 R 11 , -S(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , -S(O) 2 N(R 11 ) 2 , -NR 11 C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , -NR 11 S(O)N(R 11 )
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 . In certain embodiments, R 3 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is trifluoromethyl.
  • Y is N. In certain embodiments, Y is CR 4 . In certain embodiments, Y is CH. [0099] In certain embodiments, Y 1 is N. In certain embodiments, Y 1 is CR 5 . In certain embodiments, Y 1 is CR 5 ; and R 5 is hydrogen, halo, cyano, -N(R 11 ) 2 , -OR 11 , -SR 11 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 haloalkoxy, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
  • Y 1 is CR 5 ; and R 5 is halo. In certain embodiments, Y 1 is CF.
  • a compound of Formula IC or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • a compound of Formula ID or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • a compound of Formula IE or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein X, R 3 , R 5 , R 7 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • each R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl, heterocyclyl, or aryl.
  • a compound of Formula IF or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein X, R 3 , R 5 , R 7 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • a compound of Formula IG or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein X, R 1 , R 3 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • a compound of Formula IH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein R 1 , R 3 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • a compound of Formula IJ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein X, R 3 , R 7 , and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • a compound of Formula IK or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein X, R 3 , ring A, and ring B are each independently as defined herein.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halo, cyano, -N(R 11 ) 2 , -OR 11 , -SR 11 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 haloalkoxy, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
  • R 5 is halo.
  • R 5 is fluoro.
  • X is CR 4 .
  • X is N or CH.
  • X is CH.
  • R 1 or ring A is C 3-10 cycloalkyl or a 4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, where each is optionally with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 or ring A is C 3-10 cycloalkyl or a 4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, where each is optionally with one to five substituents independently selected from halo, cyano, -S(O) 2 -C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, and aryl.
  • R 1 or ring A is a 4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl optionally with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 or ring A is a 4- to 10-membered heterocyclyl optionally with one to five substituents independently selected from halo, cyano, -S(O) 2 -C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, and aryl.
  • R 1 or ring A is: wherein each is optionally with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 1 or ring A is: wherein each is optionally with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is aryl or heteroaryl, where each is optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is phenyl or a 5- to 9-membered heteroaryl, where each is optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is a 5- to 9-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is cyclobutyl, tetrahydropyranyl, phenyl, pyrazolyl, 1,3,4- oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, where each is optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is cyclobutyl, tetrahydropyranyl, phenyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3- triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, where each is optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is tetrahydropyranyl, phenyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, where each is optionally substituted with one to five Z 1 .
  • R 2 or ring B is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to five Z 1a .
  • R 2 or ring B is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to three C 3-10 cycloalkyl or halo.
  • R 2 or ring B is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy.
  • R 2 or ring B is cyclobutyl, tetrahydropyranyl, phenyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3- triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, where each is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy.
  • R 2 or ring B is tetrahydropyranyl, phenyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,4- triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, or oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, where each is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halo, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is halo and R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 2 is fluoro and R 3 is methyl.
  • each Z 1 is independently selected from halo, cyano, -OH, -SH, -NH 2 , -NO 2 , -SF 5 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 haloalkoxy, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
  • each Z 1 is independently Z 1b .
  • a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein: Y is N or CR 4 ; Y 1 is N or CR 5 ; X is N or CR 6 ; R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or -N(R 7 ) 2 , wherein the C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1b ; R 2 is halo, cyano, -NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alky
  • a compound of Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, tautomer, mixture of stereoisomers thereof, wherein: Y is N or CR 4 ; Y 1 is N or CR 5 ; X is N or CR 6 ; ring B is C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one to five Z 1b ; R 3 is hydrogen, halo, cyano, -NO 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -N(R 11 ) 2 , -OR 11 , -SR 11 , -C(O)R 11 ,
  • a compound selected from Table 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, prodrug, stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof: Table 2
  • Treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including clinical results.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results may include one or more of the following: a) inhibiting the disease or condition (e.g., decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, and/or diminishing the extent of the disease or condition); b) slowing or arresting the development of one or more clinical symptoms associated with the disease or condition (e.g., stabilizing the disease or condition, preventing or delaying the worsening or progression of the disease or condition, and/or preventing or delaying the spread (e.g., metastasis) of the disease or condition); and/or c) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms (e.g., ameliorating the disease state, providing partial or total remission of the disease or condition, enhancing effect of another medication, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing the quality of life, and/or prolonging survival.
  • a) inhibiting the disease or condition e.g., decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease or condition
  • prevention means any treatment of a disease or condition that causes the clinical symptoms of the disease or condition not to develop.
  • Compounds may, in certain embodiments, be administered to a subject (including a human) who is at risk or has a family history of the disease or condition.
  • Subject refers to an animal, such as a mammal (including a human), that has been or will be the object of treatment, observation or experiment. The methods described herein may be useful in human therapy, and/or veterinary applications.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is a human.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount or “effective amount” of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof means an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a subject, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as amelioration of symptoms or slowing of disease progression.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may be an amount sufficient to decrease a symptom of a disease or condition of as described herein.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending on the subject, and disease or condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease or condition, and the manner of administering, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the methods described herein may be applied to cell populations in vivo or ex vivo.
  • “In vivo” means within a living individual, as within an animal or human. In this context, the methods described herein may be used therapeutically in an individual.
  • “Ex vivo” means outside of a living individual. Examples of ex vivo cell populations include in vitro cell cultures and biological samples including fluid or tissue samples obtained from individuals. Such samples may be obtained by methods well known in the art. Exemplary biological fluid samples include blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva. In this context, the compounds and compositions described herein may be used for a variety of purposes, including therapeutic and experimental purposes.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein may be used ex vivo to determine the optimal schedule and/or dosing of administration of a compound of the present disclosure for a given indication, cell type, individual, and other parameters. Information gleaned from such use may be used for experimental purposes or in the clinic to set protocols for in vivo treatment. Other ex vivo uses for which the compounds and compositions described herein may be suited are described below or will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds may be further characterized to examine the safety or tolerance dosage in human or non- human subjects. Such properties may be examined using commonly known methods to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof inhibits SARM1.
  • a method of inhibiting SARM1 activity comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • the inhibiting can be in vitro or in vivo.
  • the present disclosure provides use of a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting SARM1 activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo).
  • a method of inhibiting SARM1 NADase activity and/or treating a neurodegenerative or neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, to the subject.
  • a method for treating a disease or condition mediated, at least in part, by SARM1 comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • a method of treating axonal degeneration in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, to the subject.
  • the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof inhibits axonal degeneration, including axonal degeneration that results from reduction or depletion of NAD+.
  • the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof prevents an axon distal to an axonal injury from degenerating.
  • a method for treating degradation of a peripheral nervous system neuron or a portion thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating degeneration of a central nervous system neuron or a portion thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • the treating comprises reducing one or more symptoms or features of neurodegeneration.
  • a method for inhibiting axon degeneration comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating a neurodegenerative or neurological disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • TAI traumatic axonal injury
  • a leukoencephalopathy or a leukodystrophy the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a disease or condition mediated, at least in part, by SARM1 in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting axon degeneration in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurodegenerative or neurological disease or disorder, such as a disease or disorder associated with axonal degeneration, axonal damage, axonopathy, a demyelinating disease, a central pontine myelinolysis, a nerve injury disease or disorder, a metabolic disease, a mitochondrial disease, metabolic axonal degeneration, axonal damage resulting from traumatic axonal injury (TAI), a leukoencephalopathy or a leukodystrophy.
  • a neurodegenerative or neurological disease or disorder such as a disease or disorder associated with axonal degeneration, axonal damage, axonopathy, a demyelinating disease, a central pontine myelinolysis, a nerve injury disease or disorder, a metabolic disease,
  • the disease or condition is an acute condition. In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is a chronic condition.
  • the disease or condition is characterized by axonal degeneration in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, the optic nerve, the cranial nerves, or a combination thereof.
  • the disease or condition is or comprises acute injury to the central nervous system, such as, but not limited to, injury to the spinal cord and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • TBI traumatic brain injury
  • the disease or condition is or comprises a chronic injury to the central nervous system, such as, but not limited to, injury to the spinal cord, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and/or traumatic axonal injury (TAI).
  • TBI traumatic brain injury
  • TAI traumatic axonal injury
  • the disease or condition is or comprises chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
  • the disease or condition is a chronic condition affecting the central nervous system, such as, but not limited to, Parkinson’s disease (see, e.g., Sajadi, A., et al. Curr.
  • the disease or condition is an acute peripheral neuropathy.
  • the disease or condition is chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). See, e.g., Geisler, S., et al. Brain.2016, 139, 3092-3108; Turkiew, E., et al. J. Peripher.
  • CIPN chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
  • Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy can be associated with various drugs, such as, but not limited to, thalidomide, epothilones (e.g., ixabepilone), taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel), vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinblastine, vinorelbine, vincristine, and vindesine), proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib), or platinum-based drugs (e.g., cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin).
  • drugs such as, but not limited to, thalidomide, epothilones (e.g., ixabepilone), taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel), vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinblastine, vinorelbine, vincristine, and vindesine), proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bor
  • the disease or condition is a chronic condition affecting the peripheral nervous system, such as, but not limited to, diabetic neuropathy, HIV neuropathy, Charcot Marie Tooth disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
  • the disease or condition is glaucoma (see, e.g., Ko, K.W., et al. J. Cell Bio.2020, 219(8), e201912047).
  • the disease or condition is an acute condition affecting the optic nerve, such as, but not limited to, diabetic optic neuropathy, acute optic neuropathy (AON) or acute angle closure glaucoma.
  • the disease or condition is a chronic condition affecting the optic nerve, such as, but not limited to, diabetic optic neuropathy, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), primary open angle glaucoma, or autosomal dominant optic atrophy.
  • the disease or condition is associated with retinal degeneration.
  • the disease or condition is Leber congenital amaurosis, such as Leber congenital amaurosis type 9 (LCA9) (see, e.g., Sasaki, Y., et al.
  • one or more compounds and/or compositions as described herein are useful, for example, to treat one or more neurodegenerative diseases, disorders or conditions selected from the group consisting of neuropathies or axonopathies.
  • one or more compounds and/or compositions as described herein are useful, for example to treat a neuropathy or axonopathy associated with axonal degeneration.
  • a neuropathy associated with axonal degeneration is a hereditary or congenital neuropathy or axonopathy.
  • a neuropathy associated with axonal degeneration results from a de novo or somatic mutation.
  • a neuropathy associated with axonal degeneration is selected from a list contained herein.
  • a neuropathy or axonopathy is associated with axonal degeneration, including, but not limited to Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, herpes infection, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a demyelinating disease, ischemia, stroke, chemical injury, thermal injury, or AIDS.
  • one or more compounds or compositions as described herein is characterized that, when administered to a population of subjects, reduces one or more symptoms or features of neurodegeneration.
  • a relevant symptom or feature may be selected from the group consisting of extent, rate, and/or timing of neuronal disruption.
  • neuronal disruption may be or comprise axonal degradation, loss of synapses, loss of dendrites, loss of synaptic density, loss of dendritic arborization, loss of axonal branching, loss of neuronal density, loss of myelination, loss of neuronal cell bodies, loss of synaptic potentiation, loss of action-potential potentiation, loss of cytoskeletal stability, loss of axonal transport, loss of ion channel synthesis and turnover, loss of neurotransmitter synthesis, loss of neurotransmitter release and reuptake capabilities, loss of axon-potential propagation, neuronal hyperexitability, and/or neuronal hypoexcitability.
  • neuronal disruption is characterized by an inability to maintain an appropriate resting neuronal membrane potential.
  • neuronal disruption is characterized by the appearance of inclusion bodies, plaques, and/or neurofibrillary tangles.
  • neuronal disruption is characterized by the appearance of stress granules.
  • neuronal disruption is characterized by the intracellular activation of one or more members of the cysteine-aspartic protease (Caspase) family.
  • neuronal disruption is characterized by a neuron undergoing programed cell death (c.g. apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroapoptosis, and/or necrosis) and/or inflammation.
  • the neurodegenerative or neurological disease or disorder is associated with axonal degeneration, axonal damage, axonopathy, a demyelinating disease, a central pontine myelinolysis, a nerve injury disease or disorder, a metabolic disease, a mitochondrial disease, metabolic axonal degeneration, axonal damage resulting from a leukoencephalopathy or a leukodystrophy.
  • the neurodegenerative or neurological disease or disorder is spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, congenital hypomyelination, encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, central pontine myelolysis, osmotic hyponatremia, hypoxic demyelination, ischemic demyelination, adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexander’s disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, periventricular leukomalacia, globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe’s disease), Wallerian degeneration, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Tay-Sacks disease, Gaucher’s disease, Hurler Syndrome, traumatic brain injury (TBI), traumatic brain injury (TB
  • the present disclosure provides inhibitors of SARM1 activity for treatment of neurodegenerative or neurological diseases or disorders that involve axon degeneration or axonopathy.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of using inhibitors of SARM1 activity to treat, prevent or ameliorate axonal degeneration, axonopathies and neurodegenerative or neurological diseases or disorders that involve axonal degeneration.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting axon degeneration, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating neurodegenerative or neurological diseases or disorders related to axonal degeneration, axonal damage, axonopathies, demyelinating diseases, central pontine myelinolysis, nerve injury diseases or disorders, metabolic diseases, mitochondrial diseases, metabolic axonal degeneration, axonal damage resulting from a leukoencephalopathy or a leukodystrophy.
  • neuropathies and axonopathies include any disease or condition involving neurons and/or supporting cells, such as for example, glia, muscle cells or fibroblasts, and, in particular, those diseases or conditions involving axonal damage.
  • Axonal damage can be caused by traumatic injury or by non-mechanical injury due to diseases, conditions, or exposure to toxic molecules or drugs. The result of such damage can be degeneration or dysfunction of the axon and loss of functional neuronal activity. Disease and conditions producing or associated with such axonal damage are among a large number of neuropathic diseases and conditions.
  • Such neuropathies can include peripheral neuropathies, central neuropathies, or combination thereof.
  • peripheral neuropathic manifestations can be produced by diseases focused primarily in the central nervous systems and central nervous system manifestations can be produced by essentially peripheral or systemic diseases.
  • a peripheral neuropathy may involve damage to the peripheral nerves, and/or can be caused by diseases of the nerves or as the result of systemic illnesses.
  • peripheral nerve degeneration results from traumatic (mechanical) damage to nerves as well as chemical or thermal damage to nerves.
  • Such conditions that injure peripheral nerves include compression or entrapment injuries such as glaucoma, carpal tunnel syndrome, direct trauma, penetrating injuries, contusions, fracture or dislocated bones; pressure involving superficial nerves (ulna, radial, or peroneal) which can result from prolonged use of crutches or staying in one position for too long, or from a tumor; intraneural hemorrhage; ischemia; exposure to cold or radiation or certain medicines or toxic substances such as herbicides or pesticides.
  • the nerve damage can result from chemical injury due to a cytotoxic anticancer agent such as, for example, taxol, cisplatinin, a proteasome inhibitor, or a vinca alkaloid such as vincristine.
  • peripheral neuropathies Typical symptoms of such peripheral neuropathies include weakness, numbness, paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as burning, tickling, pricking or tingling) and pain in the arms, hands, legs and/or feet.
  • a neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Such neuropathies can exhibit decreased energy levels, i.e., decreased levels of NAD and ATP.
  • peripheral neuropathy is a metabolic and endocrine neuropathy which includes a wide spectrum of peripheral nerve disorders associated with systemic diseases of metabolic origin.
  • These diseases include, for example, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, uremia, hypothyroidism, hepatic failure, polycythemia, amyloidosis, acromegaly, porphyria, a disorder of lipid/glycolipid metabolism, a nutritional/vitamin deficiency, or a mitochondrial disorder.
  • diabetes mellitus hypoglycemia, uremia, hypothyroidism, hepatic failure, polycythemia, amyloidosis, acromegaly, porphyria, a disorder of lipid/glycolipid metabolism, a nutritional/vitamin deficiency, or a mitochondrial disorder.
  • the common hallmark of these diseases is involvement of peripheral nerves by alteration of the structure or function of myelin and axons due to metabolic pathway dysregulation.
  • neuropathies include optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, retinal ganglion degeneration such as those associated with retinitis pigmentosa and outer retinal neuropathies, optic nerve neuritis and/or degeneration including that associated with multiple sclerosis, traumatic injury to the optic nerve which can include, for example, injury during tumor removal, hereditary optic neuropathies such as Kjer’s disease and Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), ischemic optic neuropathies, such as those secondary to giant cell arteritis, metabolic optic neuropathies such as neurodegenerative diseases including Leber’s neuropathy, nutritional deficiencies such as deficiencies in vitamins B12 or folic acid, and toxicities such as due to ethambutol or cyanide, neuropathies caused by adverse drug reactions and neuropathies caused by vitamin deficiency.
  • optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, retinal ganglion degeneration such as those associated with retinitis pigmentosa and outer retinal neuropathies, optic nerve neuritis
  • Ischemic optic neuropathies also include non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
  • neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with neuropathy or axonopathy in the central nervous system include a variety of diseases. Such diseases include those involving progressive dementia such as, for example, Alzheimer’s disease, senile dementia, Pick’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, central nervous system diseases affecting muscle function such as, for example, Parkinson’s disease, motor neuron diseases and progressive ataxias such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, demyelinating diseases such as, for example multiple sclerosis, viral encephalitides such as, for example, those caused by enteroviruses, arboviruses, and herpes simplex virus, and prion diseases.
  • progressive dementia such as, for example, Alzheimer’s disease, senile dementia, Pick’s disease, and Huntington’s disease
  • central nervous system diseases affecting muscle function such as, for example, Parkinson’s disease
  • motor neuron diseases and progressive ataxias
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a neuropathy or axonopathy associated with axonal degeneration.
  • a neuropathy or axonopathy associated with axonal degeneration can be any of a number of neuropathies or axonopathies such as, for example, those that are hereditary or congenital or associated with Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Herpes infection, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a demyelinating disease, ischemia or stroke, chemical injury, thermal injury, and AIDS.
  • neurodegenerative diseases not mentioned above as well as a subset of the above mentioned diseases can also be treated with the methods of the present disclosure. Such subsets of diseases can include Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.
  • the present methods comprise administering an effective amount of a compound and/or composition as described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I) to a subject in need thereof.
  • the subject is at risk of developing a condition characterized by axonal degeneration.
  • the subject has a condition characterized by axonal degeneration.
  • the subject has been diagnosed with a condition characterized by axonal degeneration.
  • the subject is at risk of developing a condition characterized by axonal degeneration.
  • the subject is identified as being at risk of axonal degeneration, e.g., based on the subject’s genotype, a diagnosis of a condition associated with axonal degeneration, and/or exposure to an agent and/or a condition that induces axonal degeneration.
  • the subject is at risk of developing a neurodegenerative disorder.
  • the subject is elderly.
  • the subject is known to have a genetic risk factor for neurodegeneration.
  • the subject has a family history of neurodegenerative disease.
  • the subject expresses one or more copies of a known genetic risk factor for neurodegeneration.
  • the subject is drawn from a population with a high incidence of neurodegeneration.
  • the subject has a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72.
  • the subject has one or more copies of the ApoE4 allele.
  • a neurodegenerative disease, disorder or condition may be or comprise a traumatic neuronal injury.
  • a traumatic neuronal injury is blunt force trauma, a closed-head injury, an open head injury, exposure to a concussive and/or explosive force, a penetrating injury in to the brain cavity or innervated region of the body.
  • a traumatic neuronal injury is a force which causes the axons to deform, stretch, crush or sheer.
  • the disease or disorder is a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • the subject has engaged, or engages, in an activity identified as a risk factor for neuronal degradation, e.g., a contact sport or occupations with a high chance for traumatic neuronal injury or TBI.
  • a risk factor for neuronal degradation e.g., a contact sport or occupations with a high chance for traumatic neuronal injury or TBI.
  • provided is a method of treating a neurodegenerative disease, disorder or condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a compound as described herein, and one or more of a DLK inhibitor or a NAMPT inhibitor.
  • a combination therapy comprising a compound as described herein and a DLK inhibitor and/or a NAMPT inhibitor.
  • provided is a combination therapy comprising a compound as described herein, a DLK inhibitor, and one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • provided is a combination therapy comprising a compound as described herein, a NAMPT inhibitor, and one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • the DLK inhibitor is a small molecule, a polypeptide, a peptide fragment, a nucleic acid (e.g., a siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a micro-RNA, or an aptamer), an antibody, a dominant-negative inhibitor, or a ribozyme.
  • the DLK inhibitor is a small molecule.
  • the DLK inhibitor is a siRNA.
  • the DLK inhibitor is an antisense oligonucleotide.
  • the DLK inhibitor is a polypeptide.
  • a DLK inhibitor is a peptide fragment.
  • a DLK inhibitor is a nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a DLK inhibitor is an antisense oligonucleotide.
  • Exemplary DLK inhibitors are provided in WO2013174780, WO2014111496, WO2014177524, W02014177060, WO2015091889, W02016142310, US20180057507, W02018107072, WO2019241244, W02020168111, and CN104387391 A, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the NAMPT inhibitor is a small molecule, a polypeptide, a peptide fragment, a nucleic acid (e.g., a siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a micro-RNA, or an aptamer), an antibody, a dominant-negative inhibitor, or a ribozyme.
  • the NAMPT inhibitor is a small molecule.
  • the NAMPT inhibitor is a siRNA.
  • the NAMPT inhibitor is an antisense oligonucleotide.
  • the NAMPT inhibitor is a polypeptide.
  • a NAMPT inhibitor is a peptide fragment.
  • a NAMPT inhibitor is a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a NAMPT inhibitor is an antisense oligonucleotide. [0180] In certain embodiments, a NAMPT inhibitor prevents the formation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). In certain embodiments, inhibition of NAMPT inhibits the mammalian NAD+ salvage pathway. [0181] In certain embodiments, the provided is a composition comprising a compound as described herein, formulated for use in administering to a subject in combination with a DLK inhibitor and/or a NAMPT inhibitor.
  • the provided is a composition comprising a compound as described herein, for use in combination with a DLK inhibitor and/or a NAMPT inhibitor.
  • such compositions are pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • the subject may be a subject who has received, is receiving, or has been prescribed, a chemotherapy associated with peripheral neuropathy.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, but not limited to, thalidomide, epothilones (e.g., ixabepilone), taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel), vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinblastine, vinorelbine, vincristine, and vindesine), proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib), platinum-based drugs (e.g., cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin).
  • SARM1 inhibition as described herein may be utilized in combination with one or more other therapies to treat a relevant disease, disorder, or condition.
  • dosing of a SARM1 inhibitor is altered when utilized in combination therapy as compared with when administered as monotherapy; alternatively or additionally, a therapy that is administered in combination with SARM1 inhibition as described herein is administered according to a regimen or protocol that differs from its regimen or protocol when administered alone or in combination with one or more therapies other than SARM1 inhibition.
  • compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent, that additional therapeutic agent and a provided compound may act synergistically.
  • one or both therapies utilized in a combination regimen is administered at a lower level or less frequently than when it is utilized as monotherapy.
  • a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, or composition provided herein is administered in combination with a NAD + or a NAD + precursor (e.g., nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinic acid riboside (NaR), nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), tryptophan (TRP), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), or vitamin B3).
  • a NAD + or a NAD + precursor e.g., nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinic acid riboside (NaR), nicotinamide (NAM
  • SARM1 sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1
  • the present disclosure provides use of a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo) and supplementing axonal NAD + levels.
  • SARM1 sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1
  • Axonal degeneration has been associated with various types of neurodegenerative diseases, being recognized as an important indicator of disease progression, and an interesting target for the therapeutic treatment of these diseases. Similarly, axonal degeneration is also observed in those with traumatic brain injuries and peripheral neuropathies.
  • a method for treating a disease or condition mediated, at least in part, by SARM1 comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, in combination with NAD + or a NAD + precursor (e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B 3 ).
  • NAD + or a NAD + precursor e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B 3 .
  • the present disclosure provides use of a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, in combination with NAD + or a NAD + precursor (e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B3), in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • NAD + or a NAD + precursor e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B3
  • a method for treating any disease caused by SARM1 activity comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, in combination with NAD + or a NAD + precursor (e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B3).
  • NAD + or a NAD + precursor e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B3
  • the disease or condition may be a disease or condition of the central nervous system, and/or may be caused by or associated with a pathogen or traumatic injury.
  • a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, in combination with NAD + or a NAD + precursor (e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B3).
  • NAD + or a NAD + precursor e.g., NR, NA, NaR, NAM, NMN, NaMN, TRP, NAAD, or vitamin B3
  • Other embodiments include use of the presently disclosed compounds in therapy. 4.
  • kits that include a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, and suitable packaging.
  • a kit further includes instructions for use.
  • a kit includes a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, and a label and/or instructions for use of the compounds in the treatment of the indications, including the diseases or conditions, described herein.
  • compositions and modes of Administration [0197] Compounds provided herein are usually administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.
  • pharmaceutical compositions that contain one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles selected from carriers, adjuvants, and excipients.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles may include, for example, inert solid diluents and fillers, diluents, including sterile aqueous solution and various organic solvents, permeation enhancers, solubilizers, and adjuvants.
  • Such compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art. See, e.g., Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa.17th Ed. (1985); and Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker, Inc.3rd Ed. (G.S. Banker & C.T. Rhodes, Eds.).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in either single or multiple doses.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by various methods including, for example, rectal, buccal, intranasal, and transdermal routes.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by intra-arterial injection, intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, orally, topically, or as an inhalant.
  • intra-arterial injection intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, orally, topically, or as an inhalant.
  • parenteral for example, by injection.
  • Oral administration may be another route for administration of the compounds described herein. Administration may be via, for example, capsule or enteric coated tablets.
  • the active ingredient is usually diluted by an excipient and/or enclosed within such a carrier that can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
  • a carrier that can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
  • the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be in the form of a solid, semi- solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient.
  • compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.
  • excipients include, e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, sterile water, syrup, and methyl cellulose.
  • the formulations can additionally include lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl and propylhydroxybenzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents.
  • compositions that include at least one compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the subject by employing procedures known in the art.
  • Controlled release drug delivery systems for oral administration include osmotic pump systems and dissolutional systems containing polymer-coated reservoirs or drug-polymer matrix formulations.
  • Another formulation for use in the methods disclosed herein employ transdermal delivery devices (“patches”). Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the compounds described herein in controlled amounts.
  • the construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. Such patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.
  • the principal active ingredient may be mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isotopically enriched analog, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or prodrug thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical excipient such as a pharmaceutical excipient
  • the active ingredient may be dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills, and capsules.
  • the tablets or pills of the compounds described herein may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action, or to protect from the acid conditions of the stomach.
  • the tablet or pill can include an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
  • the two components can be separated by an enteric layer that serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
  • enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
  • compositions for inhalation or insufflation may include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders.
  • the liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described herein.
  • the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect.
  • compositions in pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a facemask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine.
  • Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered, in one embodiment, orally or nasally, from devices that deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
  • the amount of the compound in a pharmaceutical composition or formulation can vary within the full range employed by those skilled in the art. Typically, the formulation will contain, on a weight percent (wt %) basis, from about 0.01-99.99 wt % of a compound of this disclosure based on the total formulation, with the balance being one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients. In one embodiment, the compound is present at a level of about 1-80 wt %. Representative pharmaceutical formulations are described below.
  • Formulation Example 1 - Tablet formulation [0207] The following ingredients are mixed intimately and pressed into single scored tablets.
  • Formulation Example 2 Capsule formulation [0208] The following ingredients are mixed intimately and loaded into a hard-shell gelatin capsule.
  • Formulation Example 3 Suspension formulation [0209] The following ingredients are mixed to form a suspension for oral administration.
  • Formulation Example 4 Injectable formulation [0210] The following ingredients are mixed to form an injectable formulation.
  • Formulation Example 5 Suppository Formulation [0211] A suppository of total weight 2.5 g is prepared by mixing the compound of this disclosure with Witepsol® H-15 (triglycerides of saturated vegetable fatty acid; Riches-Nelson, Inc., New York), and has the following composition: 6.
  • a dosage may be expressed as a number of milligrams of a compound described herein per kilogram of the subject’s body weight (mg/kg). Dosages of between about 0.1 and 150 mg/kg may be appropriate. In certain embodiments, about 0.1 and 100 mg/kg may be appropriate. In other embodiments a dosage of between 0.5 and 60 mg/kg may be appropriate.
  • a dosage of from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kg of body weight per day, from about 0.001 to about 50 mg of compound per kg of body weight, or from about 0.01 to about 10 mg of compound per kg of body weight may be appropriate.
  • body weight Normalizing according to the subject’s body weight is particularly useful when adjusting dosages between subjects of widely disparate size, such as occurs when using the drug in both children and adult humans or when converting an effective dosage in a non-human subject such as dog to a dosage suitable for a human subject. 7. Synthesis of the Compounds [0213] The compounds may be prepared using the methods disclosed herein and routine modifications thereof, which will be apparent given the disclosure herein and methods well known in the art.
  • Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in Wuts, P. G. M., Greene, T. W., & Greene, T. W. (2006). Greene’s protective groups in organic synthesis. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley- Interscience, and references cited therein.
  • protecting groups for alcohols include silyl ethers (including trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), tri-iso- propylsilyloxymethyl (TOM), and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) ethers), which can be removed by acid or fluoride ion, such as NaF, TBAF (tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride), HF-Py, or HF-NEt 3 .
  • TMS trimethylsilyl
  • TDMS tert-butyldimethylsilyl
  • TOM tri-iso- propylsilyloxymethyl
  • TIPS triisopropylsilyl
  • Other protecting groups for alcohols include acetyl, removed by acid or base, benzoyl, removed by acid or base, benzyl, removed by hydrogenation, methoxyethoxymethyl ether, removed by acid, dimethoxytrityl, removed by acid, methoxymethyl ether, removed by acid, tetrahydropyranyl or tetrahydrofuranyl, removed by acid, and trityl, removed by acid.
  • protecting groups for amines include carbobenzyloxy, removed by hydrogenolysis p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl, removed by hydrogenolysis, tert-butyloxycarbonyl, removed by concentrated strong acid (such as HCl or CF 3 COOH), or by heating to greater than about 80 °C, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, removed by base, such as piperidine, acetyl, removed by treatment with a base, benzoyl, removed by treatment with a base, benzyl, removed by hydrogenolysis, carbamate group, removed by acid and mild heating, p-methoxybenzyl, removed by hydrogenolysis, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, removed by hydrogenolysis, p-methoxyphenyl, removed by ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate, tosyl, removed by concentrated acid (such as HBr or H 2 SO 4 ) and strong reducing agents (sodium in liquid ammonia or sodium naphthal
  • the compounds of this disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers. Accordingly, if desired, such compounds can be prepared or isolated as pure stereoisomers, i.e., as individual enantiomers or diastereomers or as stereoisomer-enriched mixtures. All such stereoisomers (and enriched mixtures) are included within the scope of this disclosure, unless otherwise indicated. Pure stereoisomers (or enriched mixtures) may be prepared using, for example, optically active starting materials or stereoselective reagents well-known in the art. Alternatively, racemic mixtures of such compounds can be separated using, for example, chiral column chromatography, chiral resolving agents, and the like.
  • the starting materials for the following reactions are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof.
  • many of the starting materials are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA), Bachem (Torrance, California, USA), Emka-Chemce or Sigma (St. Louis, Missouri, USA).
  • Scheme I illustrates general methods which can be employed for the synthesis of compounds described herein, where X, Y, Y 1 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently as defined herein; LG is independently a leaving group (e.g., halo, -OTf, etc.); and each R 50 is independently -OH, -O-alkyl, or together with the boron atom to which they are attached, form a cyclic boronate.
  • LG is independently a leaving group (e.g., halo, -OTf, etc.)
  • each R 50 is independently -OH, -O-alkyl, or together with the boron atom to which they are attached, form a cyclic boronate.
  • compounds of Formula I can be prepared by contacting compound I-1 with compound I-2 under suitable coupling reaction conditions, such as in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g., Pd(dppf)Cl 2 ) and a base, followed by optional functionalization or deprotection when required.
  • a palladium catalyst e.g., Pd(dppf)Cl 2
  • compounds of Formula I can be prepared by borylation of compound I-1 to provide compound I-3, and contacting compound I-3 with compound I-4 under suitable coupling reaction conditions, such as in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g., an XPhos reagent, Pd(dppf)Cl 2 ) and a base, followed by optional functionalization or deprotection when required.
  • a palladium catalyst e.g., an XPhos reagent, Pd(dppf)Cl 2
  • compounds of Formula I can be prepared by contacting a compound of Formula I-5 with a compound of Formula I-6 (e.g., an amine).
  • a compound of Formula I-6 e.g., an amine
  • each of the intermediate or final compounds can be recovered, and optionally purified, by conventional techniques such as neutralization, extraction, precipitation, chromatography, filtration and the like.
  • the reagents and starting materials used in Scheme I can be purchased from commercial sources or prepared according to methods known to the skilled artisan.
  • Scheme II shows an exemplary synthesis of a compound of Formula I-1, where X, Y, Y 1 , R 1 , and R 3 are each independently as defined herein; each LG is independently a leaving group (e.g., halo, -OTf, etc.).
  • compounds of Formula II-3 (such as, for example, those where R 1 is bonded to the sulfur via a carbon atom, e.g., C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, and the like) can be prepared by contacting a compound of Formula II-1 with a compound of Formula II-2 under suitable conditions (e.g., nucleophilic reaction conditions).
  • suitable conditions e.g., nucleophilic reaction conditions.
  • Compounds of Formula I-1 can then be provided by oxidation of a compound of Formula II-3, e.g., with a suitable oxidant, such as m-CPBA.
  • LG is iodo.
  • a process for providing a compound of Formula I comprising contacting a compound of Formula I-1: with a compound of Formula I-2: under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of Formula I; wherein X, Y, Y 1 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently as defined herein; LG is a leaving group; and each R 50 is independently -OH, -O-alkyl, or together with the boron atom to which they are attached, form a cyclic boronate.
  • a process for providing a compound of Formula I comprising contacting a compound of Formula I-1: with a boron reagent under borylation reaction conditions to provide a compound of Formula I-3: and contacting the compound of Formula I-3 with a compound of Formula I-4: under conditions sufficient to provide a compound of Formula I; wherein A 1 , A 2 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 are each independently as defined herein, each LG is independently a leaving group, and each R 50 is independently -OH, C 1-6 alkoxy, or two R 50 together with the boron atom to which they are attached form a cyclic boronic ester.
  • each LG is independently halo.
  • the boron reagent is 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane or trimethyl borate.
  • the process comprises a palladium catalyst (e.g., an XPhos reagent or Pd(dppf)Cl 2 ) and a base.
  • NMR Spectroscopy 1 H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was carried out using a Bruker Avance III equipped with a BBFO 300 MHz probe operating at 300 MHz or one of the following instruments: a Bruker Avance 400 instrument equipped with probe DUAL 400 MHz S1, a Bruker Avance 400 instrument equipped with probe 6 S1400 MHz 5mm 1 H- 13 C ID, a Bruker Avance III 400 instrument with nanobay equipped with probe Broadband BBFO 5 mm direct, a Bruker Mercury Plus 400 NMR spectrometer equipped with a Bruker 400 BBO probe operating at 400 MHz.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • TLC Thin Layer Chromatography
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • LCMS was detected under 220 and 254 nm or used evaporative light scattering (ELSD) detection as well as positive electrospray ionization (MS).
  • Semi-preparative HPLC was performed by either acidic or neutral conditions.
  • Neutral Waters Xbridge 150 ⁇ 25, 5 ⁇ m; MPA: 10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 in H 2 O; MPB: ACN.
  • LC-MS data were also collected using an UPLC-MS Acquity TM system equipped with PDA detector and coupled to a Waters single quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in alternated positive and negative electrospray ionization mode.
  • the column used was a Cortecs UPLC C18, 1.6 ⁇ m, 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm. A linear gradient was applied, starting at 95% A (A: 0.1% formic acid in water) and ending at 95% B (B: 0.1% formic acid in MeCN) over 2.0 min with a total run time of 2.5 min.
  • the column temperature was at 40 oC with the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, quenched by the addition of aq. sat. NH 4 Cl (140 mL), and the MeOH was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (120 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titled compound.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 35 °C and stirred for 12 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 15 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 ⁇ 15 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with aq. sat. NaHCO 3 (10 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and then the mixture was added into a solution of sulfuryl chloride (7.57 g, 56.11 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at -50 °C and the resulting solution was stirred at -50 °C for 30 min.
  • the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of H 2 O (30 mL) cooled to 0 °C and extracted with MTBE (3 ⁇ 15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (15 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titled compound.
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 20 °C and stirred for 0.5 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 15 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (15 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • tert-butyl 7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate To a solution of 7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-2-((4- methoxybenzyl)thio)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (2 g, 0.004 mol) in DCM (40 mL) at 0 °C under N 2 was added TEA (897 mg, 0.009 mol), DMAP (54 mg, 0.44 mmol) and Boc 2 O (1.16 g, 0.005 mol).
  • tert-butyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H- indole-1-carboxylate To a solution of tert-butyl 7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-2-((4- methoxybenzyl)thio)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.54 mmol) in AcOH (6 mL) and H 2 O (2 mL) at 0 °C was added NCS (218 mg, 1.63 mmol).
  • Example 1 2-(cyclobutylsulfonyl)-7-fluoro-5-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1H-indole
  • 4-bromo-2-(cyclobutylthio)-7-fluoro-5-methyl-1H-indole To a solution of 4-bromo-7-fluoro- 5-methylindoline-2-thione (300 mg, 1.15 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added iodocyclobutane (419 mg, 2.31 mmol) and K 2 CO 3 (318 mg, 2.31 mmol) at 25 °C under N 2 . The mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 3 h.
  • Example 2 5-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine
  • 4-bromo-5-methyl-1-tosyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine To a solution of 4-bromo-5-methyl-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (1 g, 4.74 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added NaH (227 mg, 5.69 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) at 0 °C under N 2 . The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 0.5 h.
  • Lithium 4-bromo-5-methyl-1-tosyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-sulfinate To a solution of 4-bromo-5-methyl-1-tosyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (1 g, 2.74 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added LDA (4.11 mmol, 2.05 mL, 2 M in THF/n-heptane) at –78 °C under N 2 . The mixture was stirred at –78 °C for 0.5 h. Then SO 2 gas was bubbled into the mixture for 30 min at –78 °C. The mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 2 h.
  • Example 3 7-fluoro-5-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H- benzo[d]imidazole (3)
  • N-(5-bromo-2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)acetamide To a mixture of 5-bromo-2-fluoro-4- methylaniline (10 g, 49.01 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added Ac 2 O (6.00 g, 58.81 mmol) and TEA (5.95 g, 58.81 mmol) at 25 °C under N 2 . The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 3 h.
  • H 2 SO 4 80 mL was added dropwise HNO 3 (6.27 g, 97.53 mmol, 98% purity) at 0 °C under N 2 .
  • the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h.
  • the mixture was poured into ice water (100 mL), filtered and the filter cake was dried under reduced pressure to give the titled compound.
  • LCMS: m/z 291.0, 293.0 [M+H] + .
  • Example 4 7-fluoro-5-methyl-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (4) [0295] 7-fluoro-5-methyl-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole: To a solution of 4-bromo-7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (22 mg, 0.019 mmol) and tributyl(pyrimidin-2-yl)stannane (86 mg, 0.23 mmol) at 20 °C under N 2 .
  • Example 49 4-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)-7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (50) [0300] 4-bromo-7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indole: To a solution of 4-bromo- 7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole (1 g, 1.94 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and THF (5 mL) was added NaOH (5 M in H 2 O, 9.70 mL).
  • Example 62 7-fluoro-4-(cis-3-methoxycyclobutyl)-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indole
  • 4-(3-(benzyloxy)cyclobutyl)-7-fluoro-5-methyl-1H-indole To a solution of 4-bromo-7-fluoro- 5-methyl-1H-indole (700 mg, 3.07 mmol) and potassium (3-(benzyloxy)cyclobutyl)trifluoroborate (1.23 g, 4.60 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) and H 2 O (3 mL) at 25 °C under N 2 was added K 2 CO 3 (848 mg, 6.14 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (225 mg, 0.31 mmol).
  • reaction mixture was poured into a solution of sulfuryl chloride (418 mg, 3.10 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at -50 °C and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h.
  • the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of ice-H 2 O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titled compound.
  • Example 63 4-(trans-3-(difluoromethyl)cyclobutyl)-7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indole [0313] To a mixture of trans-3-(7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-4- yl)cyclobutane-1-carbaldehyde (20 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at 0 °C under N 2 was added DAST (27 mg, 0.16 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with aq. sat.
  • Example 64 4-(cis-3-(difluoromethyl)cyclobutyl)-7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indole [0314] To a mixture of cis-3-(7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)cyclobutane- 1-carbaldehyde (20 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at 0 °C under N 2 was added DAST (26.5 mg, 0.16 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with aq. sat.
  • Example 65 2-(7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole [0315] tert-butyl 2-(7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole-4- carbonyl)hydrazine-1-carboxylate: To a solution of methyl 7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1- ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.10 mmol) in DCE (2 mL) at 20 °C under N 2 was added tert-butyl N-aminocarbamate (94 mg, 0.71 mmol) and AlMe 3 (2 M in toluene, 0.2 mL).
  • Example 66 2-(7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole [0319] methyl 7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate: To a solution of 4-bromo-7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole (1 g, 1.94 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) was added Pd(OAc) 2 (44 mg, 0.19 mmol), dppf (108 mg, 0.19 mmol) and TEA (589 mg, 5.82 mmol).
  • the reaction mixture was degassed under vacuum and purged with CO several times.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C under CO (50 psi) and stirred for 16 h.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was diluted with H 2 O (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 10 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • LCMS: m/z 495.3 [M+H] + .
  • N'-acetyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H-indole-4- carbohydrazide To a solution of methyl 7-fluoro-5-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-tosyl-1H- indole-4-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.10 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) at 20 °C under N 2 was added acetylhydrazine (52 mg, 0.71 mmol) and AlMe 3 (2 M in toluene, 0.15 mL).
  • Example 68 7-fluoro-4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H- indole
  • 5-bromo-2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline To a solution of 3-bromo-4- (trifluoromethyl)aniline (25 g, 104.16 mmol) in MeCN (300 mL) was added SelectFluorTM (44.28 g, 124.99 mmol) at 20 °C under N 2 . The reaction mixture was heated to 50 °C and stirred for 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C for 12 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 50 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 ⁇ 50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (6 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (6 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was triturated with PE (5 mL) and the solids were collected to give the titled compound.
  • Example 69 4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole
  • 4-chloro-5-iodo-1-tosyl-1H-indole To a solution of 4-chloro-5-iodo-1H-indole (8 g, 28.83 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) at 0 °C was added NaH (1.38 g, 34.60 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titled compound.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C and stirred for 4 h.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by prep-HPLC (Waters Xbridge BEH C18100 ⁇ 30 mm ⁇ 5 ⁇ m; mobile phase: A: 10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 in water, B: MeCN; B% in A: 12%-42%, over 8.0 min) to give the titled compound.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 120 °C and stirred for 16 h.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 50 °C and stirred for 16 h.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite ® pad and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C and stirred for 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 60 °C and stirred for 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 3 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 50 °C and stirred for 5 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 10 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 ⁇ 10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting residue was purified by prep-HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18100 ⁇ 40 mm ⁇ 3 ⁇ m; mobile phase: A: 0.2% FA in water, B: MeCN; B% in A: 30%-60%, over 8.0 min) to give the titled compound.
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 20 °C and stirred for 1 h.
  • the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of aq. sat. Na 2 S 2 O 3 (1 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 2 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting residue was purified by prep- HPLC (Waters Xbridge BEH C18100 ⁇ 30 mm ⁇ 10 ⁇ m; mobile phase: A: 10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 in water, B: MeCN; B% in A: 30%-60%, over 8.0 min) to give the titled compound.
  • Example 75 7-fluoro-N,4-di(pyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-sulfonamide
  • 7-fluoro-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole To a solution of 4-bromo-7-fluoro- 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (10 g, 35.46 mmol) and 2-(tributylstannyl)pyrimidine (19.63 g, 53.19 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) at 25 °C under N 2 was added Pd(t-Bu 3 P) 2 (1.81 g, 3.55 mmol).
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 110 °C and stirred for 12 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 ⁇ 30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 20 °C and stirred for 2 h.
  • the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting residue was purified by prep- HPLC (Waters Xbridge BEH C18100 ⁇ 30 mm ⁇ 10 ⁇ m; mobile phase: A: 10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 in water, B: MeCN; B% in A: 16%-46%, over 8.0 min) to give the titled compound.
  • the reaction mixture was heated to 110 °C and stirred for 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 10 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 ⁇ 10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • (S)-7-fluoro-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1- yl)sulfonyl)-1H-indole To a solution of (S)-3-chloro-7-fluoro-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2- ((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)-1H-indole (30 mg, 0.06 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) under N 2 at 20 °C was added 10% Pd/C (30 mg).
  • reaction mixture was heated to 110 °C and stirred for 12 h.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite ® pad and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting residue was dissolved in THF (600 mL) and cooled to 0 °C under N 2 before 2M HCl (600 mL) was added.
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 25 °C and stirred for 12 h.
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • 6-fluoro-3-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)aniline To a solution of 6-fluoro-2-iodo-3-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (4.7 g, 12.63 mmol) in TEA (60 mL) at 20 °C under N 2 was added trimethylsilylacetylene (6.20 g, 63.16 mmol), CuI (481 mg, 2.53 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (886 mg, 1.26 mmol).
  • tert-butyl 7-fluoro-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)-4-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1H-indole-1-carboxylate To a solution of 7-fluoro-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)-4-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2- yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (300 mg, 0.71 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at 0 °C was added TEA (143 mg, 1.42 mmol), DMAP (8 mg, 0.07 mmol), and Boc 2 O (232 mg, 1.07 mmol).
  • tert-butyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H- indole-1-carboxylate To a solution of tert-butyl 7-fluoro-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)-4-(2H-1,2,3- triazol-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.10 mmol) in AcOH (0.6 mL) and H 2 O (0.2 mL) at 0 °C was added NCS (38 mg, 0.28 mmol).
  • tert-butyl (S)-7-fluoro-4-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate To a solution of tert-butyl 2- (chlorosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) at 20 °C was added TEA (54 mg, 0.53 mmol) and (S)-2
  • (S)-7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)-1H-indole To a solution of (S)-4-bromo-7-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)-2-((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)-1H-indole (80 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 5- fluoro-2-(tributylstannyl)pyrimidine (128 mg, 0.33 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) at 20 °C under N 2 was added Pd(t-Bu 3 P) 2 (8 mg, 0.016 mmol).
  • Example 80 2-(cyclobutylsulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole [0405] 3,3,4-tribromo-7-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)indolin-2-one: To a solution of 4-bromo-7-fluoro- 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (10 g, 35.46 mmol) in t-BuOH (200 mL) and H 2 O (70 mL) at 20 °C under N 2 was added pyridinium tribromide (68.04 g, 212.74 mmol).
  • Example 81 2-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole
  • 4-bromo-7-fluoro-2-iodo-1-tosyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole To a solution of 4-bromo-7- fluoro-1-tosyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (1 g, 2.30 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at -78 °C under N 2 was added LDA (1.49 mL, 2 M in THF/n-heptane) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h.
  • Example 82 7-fluoro-N-(3-fluorobicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-N-methyl-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-sulfonamide
  • tert-butyl 7-fluoro-2-(N-(3-fluorobicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-N-methylsulfamoyl)-4-(5- fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate To a solution of tert-butyl 2- (chlorosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (110 mg, 0.22 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) at 20 °
  • reaction mixture was warmed to 20 °C and stirred for 5 h.
  • the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of aq. sat. NaHCO 3 (5 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 5 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Example 83 7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-N-methyl-N-(3-methylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-sulfonamide [0418] 7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-sulfonyl chloride: To a solution of 7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (300 mg, 0.66 mmol) in AcOH (4.5 mL) and H 2 O (1.5 mL) at 0 °C under N 2 was added NCS (266 mg, 1.99 mmol).
  • Example 84 7-fluoro-4-((7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazine [0420] To a solution of 2-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)sulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (40 mg, 0.093 mmol) in o-xylene (2 mL) at 25 °C under N 2 was added pyridine (37 mg, 0.47 mmol) and 7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazine (43 mg, 0.28 mmol).
  • Example 85 4-((7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)sulfonyl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)morpholine [0421] To a solution of 2-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)sulfonyl)-7-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (15 mg, 0.035 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) at 20 °C under N 2 was added pyridine (14 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 3-(trifluoromethyl)morpholine hydrochloride (20 mg, 0.10 mmol).
  • 5-chloro-1H-1,2,3-triazole trifluoroacetate A solution of 5-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H- 1,2,3-triazole (20 g, 89 mmol) in TFA (200 mL) was heated to 65 °C and stirred for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the titled compound.
  • reaction mixture was heated to 110 °C and stirred for 16 h.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite ® pad and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 20°C and stirred for 2 h.
  • tert-butyl 4-(4-chloro-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-2-(chlorosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1H-indole-1-carboxylate To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(4-chloro-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-7-fluoro-2-((4- methoxybenzyl)thio)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (30 mg, 0.054 mmol) in MeCN (2 mL), AcOH (1.2 mL) and H 2 O (0.4 mL) at 0 °C under N 2 was added NCS (22 mg, 0.16 mmol).
  • (S)-4-(4-chloro-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-7-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)-1H-indole To a solution of (S)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidine (40 mg, 0.29 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) at 0 °C was added pyridine (40 mg, 0.48 mmol) and a solution of tert-butyl 4-(4-chloro-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-2-(chlorosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (48 mg, 0.10 mmol) in DCM (1 mL).
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to 20 °C and stirred for 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with H 2 O (3 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 5 mL).
  • the combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting residue was purified by prep-HPLC (Waters Xbridge Prep OBD C 18150 ⁇ 40 mm ⁇ 10 ⁇ m; mobile phase A: 10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 in water, B: MeCN; B% in A: 45%-75%, over 8 min) to give the titled compound.
  • the plasmid and transfection agent solutions were combined, mixed by 8-10 inversions and incubated for 10 minutes at ambient temperature.2 mL of this transfection mixture was added to each dish containing HEK293T cells as prepared above followed by a gentle mixing of 4-5 horizontal rotations. The dishes were incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 for 24 h. The dishes were removed from the incubator, the medium was aspirated and the cells were scraped off using cell scrapers in ice-cold 1x PBS (5 mL/dish, Thermo Fisher Scientific 10010023). The collected cells were centrifuged at 300 g for 5 minutes at 4 °C. The supernatant was aspirated and the pellet was frozen at -80 °C until needed.
  • the cell pellet from 30 dishes was dissolved in 30 mL 1x PBS supplemented with 4 tablets of Complete, Mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail at 4 °C. This mixture was sonicated on ice for 10 minutes at 50% amplitude with a 1 second on/1 second off interval using a Model 120 sonicator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, FB120110). The lysate was centrifuged at 16000 g for 10 minutes at 4 °C. Batches with supernatant possessing NMN- dependent SARM1 activity were selected, pooled, and stored at -80 °C until used in the FL-SARM1 cellular lysate assay described below.
  • the plate was centrifuged for 1 min at 1000 RPM, the plate was sealed and placed in an incubator at 23 °C for 3.5 hours before adding 3.5 ⁇ L/well of NAD/NADH-GloTM solution (preparation as described by Promega using the extended detection protocol).
  • the plate was centrifuged for 1 minute at 1000 RPM and then incubated at 23 °C for 20 minutes.1 ⁇ L/well of a 3.625 mM solution of menadione in DMSO was added and the plate was centrifuged for 1 minute at 1000 RPM.
  • Relative light units (RLU) were recorded using an Envision plate reader at a height of 6.5 mm.
  • % inhibition (sample - low control) / (high control - low control) x 100.
  • FL-SARM1 plasmid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1): tggaagggctaattcactcccaaagaagacaagatatccttgatctgtggatctaccacacacaaggcta cttccctgattagcagaactacacaccagggccaggggtcagatatccactgacctttggatggtgctac aagctagtaccagttgagccagataaggtagaagaggccaataaaggagagaacaccagcttgttacacc ctgtgagcctgcatgggatggatgacccggagagagaagtgttagagtggaggttttgacagccgctagc atttcatcacgtggcccgagagctgcatccggagtacttcaagaactgctgatatcgagcttgctacaa
  • the measuring comprises a fluorescent detection step.
  • the SARM1 protein is a protein comprising at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 97%, or at least about 99% sequence homology to native SARM1 protein.
  • the SARM1 protein comprises a fluorescent tag.
  • the SARM1 protein is provided using SEQ. ID.1, or a derivative thereof.
  • the derivative comprises at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 97%, or at least about 99% sequence homology to SEQ. ID.1.
  • the SARM1 protein is provided using SEQ. ID.1.
  • the candidate compound is an inhibitor of SARM1.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne de manière générale des inhibiteurs à petites molécules de la dégénérescence axonale, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable, un analogue enrichi isotopiquement, un stéréoisomère, un mélange de stéréoisomères ou un promédicament de ceux-ci, des méthodes de fabrication et des intermédiaires de ceux-ci, et des méthodes d'utilisation de ceux-ci.
PCT/US2023/084359 2022-12-16 2023-12-15 Composés, compositions et méthodes WO2024130166A2 (fr)

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