WO2024116816A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024116816A1 WO2024116816A1 PCT/JP2023/040868 JP2023040868W WO2024116816A1 WO 2024116816 A1 WO2024116816 A1 WO 2024116816A1 JP 2023040868 W JP2023040868 W JP 2023040868W WO 2024116816 A1 WO2024116816 A1 WO 2024116816A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery used in a voltage range of 4.3 V (Li/Li + ) or more, which is provided with a positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active material and an inorganic phosphate.
- Patent Document 1 describes the use of a phosphate such as lithium phosphate, a pyrophosphate such as lithium pyrophosphate, or the like as the inorganic phosphate.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a lithium transition metal complex oxide containing 80 mol % or more of Ni and Mn relative to the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li, the lithium transition metal complex oxide being composed of one primary particle or particles composed of 2 to 100 primary particles, the particle having a volume-based median diameter (D50) of 0.6 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m and a crystallite size of 370 ⁇ to 1500 ⁇ , and at least one selected from pyrophosphate and phosphate being present on the particle surface of the lithium transition metal complex oxide in an amount of 0.1 mol % to 5.0 mol % relative to the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li constituting the complex oxide.
- D50 volume-based median diameter
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein is characterized by having a positive electrode containing the above-mentioned positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the positive electrode active material disclosed herein can effectively suppress an increase in the resistance of the positive electrode during high-potential charging of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, particularly in the high SOC range.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a test cell prepared in an example and a comparative example.
- 1 is an electron microscope image of the lithium transition metal composite oxide prepared in Example 1.
- the inventors have succeeded in suppressing the increase in resistance during high-potential charging while ensuring excellent charge/discharge efficiency and durability by having at least one selected from pyrophosphate and phosphate present on the surface of specific particles composed of one or a small number of primary particles, which are particles of a composite oxide mainly composed of Ni and Mn as metal elements excluding Li.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present disclosure the increase in resistance in the high SOC region is effectively suppressed.
- the effect of suppressing the increase in resistance is specifically achieved when pyrophosphoric acid or phosphate is applied to a specific particle structure consisting of one or a small number of primary particles.
- the effect of suppressing the increase in resistance cannot be achieved even if pyrophosphoric acid or phosphate is present on the particle surface of a secondary particle type positive electrode active material consisting of an aggregation of a large number of primary particles, several thousand to tens of thousands.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 is exemplified, which is a cylindrical battery in which a wound electrode body 14 is housed in a cylindrical exterior can 16 with a bottom, but the exterior body of the battery is not limited to a cylindrical exterior can.
- Other embodiments of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present disclosure include, for example, a prismatic battery with a prismatic exterior can, a coin-shaped battery with a coin-shaped exterior can, and a pouch-type battery with an exterior body composed of a laminate sheet including a metal layer and a resin layer.
- the electrode body is not limited to a wound type, and may be a laminated type electrode body in which multiple positive electrodes and multiple negative electrodes are alternately stacked with separators between them.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes a wound electrode assembly 14, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and an exterior can 16 that contains the electrode assembly 14 and the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode assembly 14 includes a positive electrode 11, a negative electrode 12, and a separator 13, and has a wound structure in which the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12 are wound in a spiral shape with the separator 13 interposed therebetween.
- the exterior can 16 is a cylindrical metal container with a bottom and an opening at one axial end, and the opening of the exterior can 16 is closed by a sealing body 17.
- the sealing body 17 side of the battery is referred to as the top
- the bottom side of the exterior can 16 is referred to as the bottom.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte has lithium ion conductivity.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution) or a solid electrolyte.
- the liquid electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- a non-aqueous solvent for example, esters, ethers, nitriles, amides, and mixed solvents of two or more of these are used as the non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and mixed solvents of these.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product (e.g., fluoroethylene carbonate, etc.) in which at least a part of the hydrogen of these solvents is replaced with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- a halogen-substituted product e.g., fluoroethylene carbonate, etc.
- a lithium salt such as LiPF6 is used as the electrolyte salt.
- the solid electrolyte for example, a solid or gel-like polymer electrolyte, an inorganic solid electrolyte, etc. can be used.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte a material known in all-solid-state lithium ion secondary batteries, etc. (for example, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, a halogen-based solid electrolyte, etc.) can be used.
- the polymer electrolyte includes, for example, a lithium salt and a matrix polymer, or a non-aqueous solvent, a lithium salt, and a matrix polymer.
- the matrix polymer for example, a polymer material that absorbs a non-aqueous solvent and gels is used.
- the polymer material for example, a fluororesin, an acrylic resin, a polyether resin, etc. can be used.
- the positive electrode 11, negative electrode 12, and separator 13 that make up the electrode body 14 are all long, strip-like bodies that are wound in a spiral shape and stacked alternately in the radial direction of the electrode body 14.
- the negative electrode 12 is formed to be slightly larger than the positive electrode 11 in order to prevent lithium precipitation. That is, the negative electrode 12 is formed to be longer in the length direction and width direction than the positive electrode 11.
- the separator 13 is formed to be at least slightly larger than the positive electrode 11, and for example, two separators 13 are arranged to sandwich the positive electrode 11.
- the electrode body 14 has a positive electrode lead 20 connected to the positive electrode 11 by welding or the like, and a negative electrode lead 21 connected to the negative electrode 12 by welding or the like.
- Insulating plates 18, 19 are arranged above and below the electrode body 14.
- the positive electrode lead 20 passes through a through hole in the insulating plate 18 and extends toward the sealing body 17, and the negative electrode lead 21 passes outside the insulating plate 19 and extends toward the bottom side of the outer can 16.
- the positive electrode lead 20 is connected to the underside of the internal terminal plate 23 of the sealing body 17 by welding or the like, and the cap 27, which is the top plate of the sealing body 17 and is electrically connected to the internal terminal plate 23, serves as the positive electrode terminal.
- the negative electrode lead 21 is connected to the inner bottom inner surface of the outer can 16 by welding or the like, and the outer can 16 serves as the negative electrode terminal.
- a gasket 28 is provided between the exterior can 16 and the sealing body 17 to ensure airtightness inside the battery.
- the exterior can 16 has a grooved portion 22 formed with a portion of the side surface that protrudes inward to support the sealing body 17.
- the grooved portion 22 is preferably formed in an annular shape along the circumferential direction of the exterior can 16, and supports the sealing body 17 on its upper surface.
- the sealing body 17 is fixed to the top of the exterior can 16 by the grooved portion 22 and the open end of the exterior can 16 that is crimped against the sealing body 17.
- the sealing body 17 has a structure in which, in order from the electrode body 14 side, an internal terminal plate 23, a lower valve body 24, an insulating member 25, an upper valve body 26, and a cap 27 are stacked.
- Each member constituting the sealing body 17 has, for example, a disk or ring shape, and each member except for the insulating member 25 is electrically connected to each other.
- the lower valve body 24 and the upper valve body 26 are connected at their respective centers, and the insulating member 25 is interposed between their respective peripheral edges.
- the positive electrode 11 has a positive electrode core and a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the positive electrode core.
- a foil of a metal stable in the potential range of the positive electrode 11, such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy, stainless steel, or titanium, or a film having the metal disposed on the surface layer can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer contains a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder, and is preferably provided on both sides of the positive electrode core.
- the positive electrode 11 can be produced, for example, by applying a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder onto the positive electrode core, drying the coating, and then compressing it to form a positive electrode mixture layer on both sides of the positive electrode core.
- Examples of the conductive agent contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black, graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers, graphene, metal fibers, metal powders, conductive whiskers, etc.
- carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black
- graphite carbon nanotubes (CNT)
- carbon nanofibers carbon nanofibers
- graphene graphene
- metal fibers metal powders
- conductive whiskers conductive whiskers
- One type of conductive agent may be used alone, or multiple types may be used in combination.
- the content of the conductive agent is, for example, 0.1% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- binder contained in the positive electrode mixture layer examples include fluorine-containing resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), olefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-isoprene copolymer, and ethylene-propylene-butadiene copolymer, and acrylic resins such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide, polyamide, and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. These resins may also be used in combination with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or a salt thereof, polyethylene oxide (PEO), and the like.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- One type of binder may be used alone, or multiple types may be used in combination.
- the content of the binder is, for example, 0.1% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide is composed of one primary particle or particles composed of 2 to 100 primary particles, and the volume-based median diameter (D50) of the particle is 0.6 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m, and the crystallite size is 370 ⁇ to 1500 ⁇ .
- At least one selected from pyrophosphate and phosphate is present on the particle surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide. This ensures excellent charge/discharge efficiency and durability, while effectively suppressing resistance increase during high-potential charging. In particular, the effect of suppressing resistance increase in the high SOC region is remarkable.
- D50 means the particle size at which the cumulative frequency in the volumetric particle size distribution is 50% from the smallest particle size.
- the particle size distribution of the lithium transition metal composite oxide can be measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device (e.g., MT3000II, manufactured by Microtrack Bell Co., Ltd.) with water as the dispersion medium.
- a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device e.g., MT3000II, manufactured by Microtrack Bell Co., Ltd.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide is composed of one primary particle or particles composed of 2 to 100 primary particles
- the addition of pyrophosphoric acid or phosphate can provide a resistance reduction effect.
- particles composed of one primary particle are called single particles.
- 50% or more by mass of all the particles of the lithium transition metal composite oxide are single particles, but a certain proportion of the particles are composed of a small number of primary particles, 2 to 100. Note that even if the particles are composed of agglomerated primary particles, the same effect as in the case of single particles can be obtained as long as the number of primary particles is about 100 or less.
- the D50 of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is 0.6 ⁇ m or more and 4.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the resistance reducing effect of adding pyrophosphoric acid or phosphate can be obtained.
- the D50 of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is more preferably 0.7 ⁇ m or more and 3.5 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the crystallite size of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is 370 ⁇ or more and 1500 ⁇ or less, preferably 370 ⁇ or more and 1000 ⁇ or less, more preferably 370 ⁇ or more and 750 ⁇ or less. If the crystallite size is within this range, the effect of reducing resistance due to the addition of pyrophosphoric acid or phosphate can be obtained.
- the crystallite size is calculated from the half-width of the diffraction peak of the (104) plane of the X-ray diffraction pattern by X-ray diffraction using the Scherrer formula represented by the following formula.
- s is the crystallite size
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the X-ray
- B is the half-width of the diffraction peak of the (104) plane
- ⁇ is the diffraction angle (rad)
- K is the Scherrer constant.
- the BET specific surface area of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is, for example, 0.5 m 2 /g or more and 4 m 2 /g or less. Since secondary particles containing many primary particles have voids within the particles, the specific surface area is relatively large even if the particle size is large. On the other hand, since single particles have no voids within the particles, the larger the particle size, the smaller the BET specific surface area. Since the particle shapes of secondary particles and single particles vary depending on the production conditions, the BET specific surface area changes. The BET specific surface area can be measured using a Tristar II 3020 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) under the following conditions.
- the product AB of A and B satisfies the condition of 1.5 ⁇ AB ⁇ 6.0.
- the battery capacity and durability are improved.
- the secondary particles formed by agglomeration of a large number of primary particles may have a deteriorated charge-discharge cycle characteristic due to cracking of grain boundaries.
- the contact area with the non-aqueous electrolyte may be small, and the battery capacity and load characteristics may be deteriorated, and if the BET specific surface area of the single particle becomes too large, many side reactions such as gas generation may occur at the positive electrode, and the cycle characteristics may be deteriorated. Therefore, if the product AB of the BET specific surface area and D50 is within the above range, it is easy to obtain a battery with high capacity, high durability, and suppressed gas generation.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide preferably has a layered rock salt structure.
- layered rock salt structures include layered rock salt structures belonging to space group R-3m and layered rock salt structures belonging to space group C2/m. Among these, layered rock salt structures belonging to space group R-3m are preferred from the standpoint of high capacity and stability of the crystal structure.
- At least a portion of the particle surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide has, for example, a rock salt type crystal structure.
- This rock salt type structure is considered to be a phase similar to NiO in which Li and Ni are mixed and formed on the particle surface layer, or a crystal phase derived from the NiO phase, and belongs to the space group Fm-3m.
- the rock salt type structure inhibits the diffusion of Li ions.
- the surface layer having the rock salt type structure may be formed over the entire surface of the particle, or may be formed only on a portion of the surface.
- the average thickness of the surface layer is preferably 5 nm or less, and more preferably 3 nm or less.
- the thickness of the surface layer can be analyzed by nanobeam electron diffraction using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide contains 80 mol% or more of Ni and Mn relative to the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li.
- the ratio of the total amount of Ni and Mn to the metal elements excluding Li needs only to be 80 mol% or more. In this case, the effect of reducing resistance due to the addition of pyrophosphoric acid or phosphate can be obtained, and a high-capacity composite oxide can be obtained at a relatively low cost.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide may contain only Ni and Mn as metal elements excluding Li.
- Ni is contained in the largest amount among the metal elements other than Li that constitute the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the Ni content in the lithium transition metal composite oxide is preferably 50 mol% or more, and more preferably 70 mol% or more, based on the total molar amount of the metal elements excluding Li.
- the upper limit of the Ni content may be 95 mol%, but is preferably 90 mol%.
- Mn is preferably contained in the second largest amount after Ni among the metal elements other than Li that constitute the lithium transition metal composite oxide. Mn stabilizes the crystal structure of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the content of Mn in the lithium transition metal composite oxide is, for example, 5 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less with respect to the total molar amount of the metal elements excluding Li.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide may contain, for example, Al, Co, etc. in a smaller proportion than Ni and Mn.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide may further contain at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Nb, Sr, Zr, and W. These metal elements may be contained inside the lithium transition metal composite oxide particles, but are preferably present on the particle surface. When these metal elements are present on the particle surface, for example, side reactions with the electrolyte are suppressed, improving the durability of the battery.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide may contain these metal elements in an amount of, for example, 0.01 mol% to 5 mol% relative to the total amount of Ni and Mn.
- At least one selected from pyrophosphoric acid and phosphate is present on the particle surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the at least one selected from pyrophosphoric acid and phosphate is present in an amount of 0.1 mol % to 5.0 mol % based on the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li that constitute the composite oxide. This significantly suppresses an increase in resistance of the positive electrode 11 in the high SOC region during high-potential charging.
- the at least one selected from pyrophosphoric acid and phosphate is present over a wide area of the particle surface of the composite oxide, without being concentrated in a portion of the particle surface.
- both pyrophosphoric acid and phosphate are present on the particle surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide. It is believed that the same resistance reduction effect can be obtained whether only pyrophosphoric acid is present on the particle surface, only phosphate is present, or both pyrophosphoric acid and phosphate are present.
- phosphate include alkali metal salts of phosphoric acid, or salts of Group 2 elements of phosphoric acid, and may be phosphates containing at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of alkali metals and Group 2 elements.
- the phosphate may be a pyrophosphate such as lithium pyrophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, magnesium pyrophosphate, or calcium pyrophosphate. Of these, lithium pyrophosphate is preferred.
- pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate are present on the particle surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide. Pyrophosphate and the phosphate may be added to the composite oxide in the form of a powder, but are preferably added in a dissolved state in alcohol or the like. It is believed that when pyrophosphate is added to the composite oxide and then heat treatment is performed, the lithium remaining on the particle surface reacts with part of the pyrophosphate to produce lithium pyrophosphate.
- the content of at least one selected from pyrophosphate and phosphate should be 0.1 mol% or more, more preferably 0.25 mol% or more, and particularly preferably 0.5 mol% or more, based on the total molar amount of the metal elements excluding Li that make up the composite oxide. In this case, the resistance reduction effect in the high SOC region is even more pronounced.
- the upper limit of the content of at least one selected from pyrophosphate and phosphate is 5.0 mol%, more preferably 4.0 mol%, and particularly preferably 3.0 mol%, based on the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li that constitute the composite oxide. In this case, resistance can be efficiently suppressed while maintaining other battery performance such as battery capacity and durability in a good condition.
- the positive electrode active material may be substantially composed of only the lithium transition metal complex oxide, or may contain other complex oxides in addition to the lithium transition metal complex oxide.
- multiple types of complex oxides are used as the positive electrode active material depending on the required battery performance. Even when other complex oxides are used in combination as the positive electrode active material, the above resistance reduction effect can be obtained depending on the content of the lithium transition metal complex oxide.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material includes, for example, a synthesis process, a washing process, a drying process, and a crushing process.
- a metal hydroxide containing 80 mol% or more of Ni and Mn in total relative to the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li is mixed with a Li compound, and the mixture is fired to obtain a lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the Li compound include Li2CO3 , LiOH , Li2O2 , Li2O , LiNO3 , LiNO2, Li2SO4 , LiOH.H2O , LiH, and LiF.
- the metal hydroxide can be obtained, for example, by dropping an alkaline solution such as sodium hydroxide into a stirred solution of a metal salt containing Ni, Mn, and an arbitrary metal element (such as Fe), adjusting the pH to the alkaline side (for example, 8.5 to 12.5), and allowing precipitation (co-precipitation).
- a metal oxide obtained by heat treating the metal hydroxide may be used instead of the metal hydroxide.
- the metal hydroxide and the Li compound are mixed in a ratio in which the molar ratio of metal elements other than Li to Li is, for example, 1:0.98 to 1:1.1.
- a Ca compound, a Sr compound, a W compound, and the like may be added.
- Ca compounds include CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , and CaCO 3.
- Sr compounds include SrO, Sr(OH) 2 , and SrCO 3.
- W compounds include WO 3 , Li 2 WO 4 , Li 4 WO 5 , and Li 6 W 2 O 9 .
- the mixture of metal hydroxide and Li compound, etc. is fired, for example, in an oxygen atmosphere (under a gas flow with an oxygen concentration of 80% or more).
- the firing process may be a multi-stage firing.
- An example of firing conditions is a heating rate of 1.0°C/min to 5.5°C/min in the temperature range of 450°C to 680°C, and a maximum temperature of 850°C to 1100°C.
- the heating rate from 680°C to the maximum temperature may be 0.1°C/min to 3.5°C/min.
- the holding time of the maximum temperature may be 1 hour to 30 hours.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide obtained in the synthesis step is washed with water and dehydrated to obtain a cake-like composition.
- the washing and dehydration can be performed by known methods and conditions. Ca compounds, Sr compounds, W compounds, etc. may be added to the cake-like composition.
- the cake-like composition obtained in the washing step is dried to obtain a powder-like composition.
- the drying step may be performed in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the drying temperature is 150°C or higher and 400°C or lower
- the drying time is 0.5 hours or higher and 15 hours or lower.
- the powder composition obtained in the drying step is pulverized using a pulverizer such as a jet mill.
- the pulverization using a jet mill can be carried out, for example, using a PJM-80 (manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Co., Ltd.) under the following conditions.
- the negative electrode 12 has a negative electrode core and a negative electrode mixture layer disposed on the negative electrode core.
- a foil of a metal stable in the potential range of the negative electrode 12, such as copper, copper alloy, stainless steel, nickel, or nickel alloy, or a film having the metal disposed on the surface can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer contains a negative electrode active material and a binder, and is preferably provided on both sides of the negative electrode core.
- the negative electrode 12 can be produced, for example, by applying a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material and a binder onto the negative electrode core, drying the coating, and then compressing it to form a negative electrode mixture layer on both sides of the negative electrode core.
- the negative electrode mixture layer may contain a conductive agent such as CNT.
- a carbon material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions is generally used as the negative electrode active material.
- elements that alloy with Li, such as Si and Sn, and materials containing these elements may also be used as the negative electrode active material.
- silicon-containing materials that contain Si are preferable.
- lithium titanate which has a higher charge/discharge potential with respect to metallic lithium than carbon materials, may also be used as the negative electrode active material.
- One type of negative electrode active material may be used alone, or multiple types may be used in combination.
- the carbon material functioning as the negative electrode active material is, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, and hard carbon.
- artificial graphite such as massive artificial graphite (MAG) and graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB), natural graphite such as flake graphite, massive graphite, and earthy graphite, or a mixture of these.
- silicon-containing materials functioning as the negative electrode active material include silicon alloys, silicon compounds, and composite materials containing Si.
- a suitable silicon-containing material is a composite particle containing an ion-conducting phase and a Si phase dispersed in the ion-conducting phase.
- the binder contained in the negative electrode mixture layer may be fluororesin, olefin resin, PAN, polyimide, polyamide, acrylic resin, etc., but polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), etc. may also be used. Of these, it is preferable to use SBR.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- One type of binder may be used alone, or multiple types may be used in combination.
- the negative electrode mixture layer contains CMC or a salt thereof, polyacrylic acid (PAA) or a salt thereof, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), etc. These function as thickeners in the negative electrode mixture slurry.
- the content of the binder is, for example, 0.1% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer.
- a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating properties is used for the separator 13.
- the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the material of the separator 13 is preferably a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, or cellulose.
- the separator 13 may have a single layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
- a highly heat-resistant resin layer such as an aramid resin may be formed on the surface of the separator 13.
- a filler layer containing an inorganic filler may be formed at the interface between the separator 13 and at least one of the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12.
- inorganic fillers include oxides and phosphate compounds containing metal elements such as Ti, Al, Si, and Mg.
- the filler layer can be formed by applying a slurry containing the filler to the surface of the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, or the separator 13.
- Example 1 [Preparation of Positive Electrode Active Material] LiOH and Ni0.8Mn0.2 (OH) 2 powder obtained by coprecipitation were mixed so that the molar ratio of Li to the total amount of Ni and Mn was 1.1 : 1 to obtain a mixture.
- This mixture was fired in two stages under an oxygen flow with an oxygen concentration of 90% or more (flow rate of 0.15 L/min to 0.2 L/min per 1 L of furnace volume). Specifically, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 670°C over 5 hours, and then the temperature was raised from 650°C to 850°C over 2 hours. The mixture was then held at 850°C for 12 hours to obtain a lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the obtained lithium transition metal composite oxide was washed with water to remove excess lithium, and the washed composite oxide was dried and then crushed in a jet mill.
- An ethanol solution of pyrophosphoric acid was prepared, and the solution was sprayed onto the crushed lithium transition metal composite oxide, followed by heat treatment at a temperature of 180°C for 2 hours to obtain a lithium transition metal composite oxide with pyrophosphoric acid present on the particle surface.
- the amount of pyrophosphoric acid solution added was adjusted so that the pyrophosphoric acid content was 0.1 mol% relative to the total molar amount of metal elements in the composite oxide excluding Li.
- pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate are present on the surface of the composite oxide particles.
- the ratio of pyrophosphate to lithium pyrophosphate can be adjusted, for example, by the water washing conditions and heat treatment conditions, and usually the ratio of pyrophosphate increases as the water washing level increases, but this ratio is not thought to have a significant effect on battery performance. In other words, the same resistance reduction effect can be obtained even if the ratio of pyrophosphate to lithium pyrophosphate is changed.
- FIG. 3 shows an SEM image of the obtained lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the obtained composite oxide contains particles consisting of a small number of primary particles (100 or less), but such particles have the same properties as single particles.
- pyrophosphoric acid acts in the same way as in the case of single particles.
- the D50 and crystallite size of the lithium transition metal composite oxide were measured using the above method, the D50 was 1.2 ⁇ m and the crystallite size was 518 ⁇ .
- the crystal structure of the lithium transition metal composite oxide was a layered rock salt structure belonging to the space group R-3m, and a rock salt structure that is thought to be a crystal phase derived from the NiO phase was confirmed on the particle surface.
- the test cell shown in FIG. 2 was produced by the following procedure.
- the working electrode 30 is a positive electrode using the above-mentioned lithium transition metal composite oxide as the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed in a mass ratio of 80:10:10, and a positive electrode mixture slurry was prepared using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a dispersion medium. This slurry was applied onto an aluminum foil as a positive electrode core, and the coating was vacuum dried at 110° C. to obtain the working electrode 30.
- An electrode group was prepared by interposing a separator 34 between each of a working electrode 30, a counter electrode 31 (negative electrode), and a reference electrode 32, each of which had an electrode lead 38 attached thereto, in dry air with a dew point of ⁇ 50° C. or less, and the electrode group was housed in an exterior body 35. Thereafter, an electrolyte solution 36 was poured into the exterior body 35, and the exterior body 35 was sealed to obtain a test cell. Details of each component of the test cell are as follows.
- Counter electrode 31 lithium metal Reference electrode 32: lithium metal Separator 34: polyethylene separator
- Non-aqueous electrolyte Ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 3:7 (25° C.) to obtain a non-aqueous solvent, in which LiPF6 was dissolved as an electrolyte salt to a concentration of 1.0 mol/l.
- Example 2 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the amount of pyrophosphate solution added was changed, and the content of pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate was changed to 0.25 mol %.
- Example 3 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the amount of pyrophosphate solution added was changed, and the content of pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate was changed to 0.5 mol %.
- Example 4 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the amount of pyrophosphate solution added was changed, and the content of pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate was changed to 1.0 mol %.
- Example 5 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the amount of pyrophosphate solution added was changed so that the content of pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate was changed to 2.0 mol %.
- Example 6 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the amount of pyrophosphate solution added was changed, and the content of pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate was changed to 3.0 mol %.
- Example 1 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that pyrophosphoric acid was not added in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- Example 2 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) was added instead of pyrophosphoric acid to obtain a composite oxide having boron present on the particle surface.
- boric acid H 3 BO 3
- Example 3 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) was added instead of pyrophosphoric acid to obtain a composite oxide having boron present on the particle surface.
- boric acid H 3 BO 3
- Example 4 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 5, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) was added instead of pyrophosphoric acid to obtain a composite oxide having boron present on the particle surface.
- boric acid H 3 BO 3
- Example 5 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6, except that in the preparation of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) was added instead of pyrophosphoric acid to obtain a composite oxide having boron present on the particle surface.
- boric acid H 3 BO 3
- Comparative Example 2 to 5 test cells using a positive electrode active material with B present on the particle surface are able to suppress plate resistance in the medium and low SOC ranges compared to Comparative Example 1, but have little effect in suppressing resistance increase in the high SOC range.
- the test cells of the Examples using a positive electrode active material with pyrophosphoric acid present on the particle surface are able to suppress plate resistance not only in the medium and low SOC ranges, but also in the high SOC range. In particular, the resistance reduction effect is more pronounced when the amount of pyrophosphoric acid added is 0.5 mol% or more.
- the test cells of the Examples have excellent charge/discharge efficiency and capacity retention rate (durability) that are equal to or better than those of the Comparative Example test cells.
- the resistance-reducing effect of adding pyrophosphoric acid can be obtained only when the positive electrode active material (lithium transition metal composite oxide) is a particle composed of a small number of primary particles of 100 or less, the D50 of the particles being 0.6 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m and the crystallite size being 370 ⁇ to 1500 ⁇ .
- the inventors added pyrophosphoric acid to a typical secondary particle type positive electrode active material containing a large number of primary particles, ranging from several thousand to tens of thousands, and evaluated the positive electrode using this material, but were unable to confirm the resistance-reducing effect of adding pyrophosphoric acid (see Reference Example).
- Example 1 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 having a spinel structure was used as the lithium transition metal composite oxide, and pyrophosphoric acid was not added.
- Example 2 A test cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 having a spinel structure was used as the lithium transition metal composite oxide, and the content of pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate was changed to 0.5 mol %.
- the initial resistance of the test cell of Reference Example 2 at SOC 50% and 100% is slightly reduced compared to the test cell of Reference Example 1, but is roughly the same.
- the initial resistance at SOC 10% increases, and while the increase in resistance with cycling can be suppressed slightly at SOC 50%, it cannot be suppressed at all at SOC 10% and 100%.
- an improvement in cycle characteristics can be confirmed when polyphosphate coating is applied.
- Example 3 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that secondary particle type LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Al 0.05 O 2 was used as the lithium transition metal composite oxide, and pyrophosphoric acid was not added.
- Example 4 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a secondary particle type LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Al 0.05 O 2 was used as the lithium transition metal composite oxide, and the content of pyrophosphate and lithium pyrophosphate was changed to 0.5 mol%.
- Configuration 1 A positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising a lithium transition metal composite oxide containing 80 mol % or more of Ni and Mn relative to the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li, the lithium transition metal composite oxide being composed of one primary particle or particles composed of 2 to 100 primary particles, the particle having a volume-based median diameter (D50) of 0.6 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m and a crystallite size of 370 ⁇ to 1500 ⁇ , and at least one selected from pyrophosphoric acid and phosphate present on the particle surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide in an amount of 0.1 mol % to 5.0 mol % relative to the total molar amount of metal elements excluding Li constituting the composite oxide.
- D50 volume-based median diameter
- Aspect 2 The positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to aspect 1, wherein the phosphate is lithium pyrophosphate.
- Configuration 3 The positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to configuration 1 or 2, wherein at least a part of the surface of the particles of the lithium transition metal composite oxide has a rock salt type crystal structure.
- Configuration 4 The positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to any one of configurations 1 to 3, wherein the lithium transition metal composite oxide further contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Nb, Sr, Zr, and W.
- Configuration 5 A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to any one of configurations 1 to 4, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 11 positive electrode, 12 negative electrode, 13 separator, 14 electrode body, 16 outer can, 17 sealing body, 18, 19 insulating plate, 20 positive electrode lead, 21 negative electrode lead, 22 grooved portion, 23 internal terminal plate, 24 lower valve body, 25 insulating member, 26 upper valve body, 27 cap, 28 gasket, 30 working electrode (positive electrode), 31 counter electrode (negative electrode), 32 reference electrode, 34 separator, 35 outer case, 36 electrolyte, 38 electrode lead
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Abstract
Description
正極11は、正極芯体と、正極芯体上に配置された正極合剤層とを有する。正極芯体には、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、ステンレス鋼、チタンなど正極11の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合剤層は、正極活物質、導電剤、および結着剤を含み、正極芯体の両面に設けられることが好ましい。正極11は、例えば、正極芯体上に、正極活物質、導電剤、および結着剤を含む正極合剤スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧縮して正極合剤層を正極芯体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
s=Kλ/Bcosθ
測定範囲:15-120°
スキャン速度:4°/min
解析範囲:30-120°
バックグラウンド:B-スプライン
プロファイル関数:分割型擬Voigt関数
束縛条件:Li(3a)+Ni(3a)=1
Ni(3a)+Ni(3b)=α(αは各々のNi含有割合)
ICSD No.:98-009-4814
測定点数:11点(P/P0:0.05~0.3)
Warm Free Space:Measured
Equilibration Interval:5s
Analysis Adsorptive:N2
Analysis Bath Temp.:77.3K(液化窒素温度)
Cold Free Space:Measured
Low Pressure Done:None
解析方法:BET多点法
消費圧縮空気量:0.5Nm3/分
供給ガス圧力:0.53MPa
処理量:2000g/時間
負極12は、負極芯体と、負極芯体上に配置された負極合剤層とを有する。負極芯体には、銅、銅合金、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、ニッケル合金などの負極12の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表面に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合剤層は、負極活物質および結着剤を含み、負極芯体の両面に設けられることが好ましい。負極12は、例えば、負極芯体上に、負極活物質および結着剤を含む負極合剤スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧縮して負極合剤層を負極芯体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。なお、負極合剤層にはCNT等の導電剤が含まれていてもよい。
セパレータ13には、イオン透過性および絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータ13の材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータ13は、単層構造であってもよく、複層構造を有していてもよい。また、セパレータ13の表面には、アラミド樹脂等の耐熱性の高い樹脂層が形成されていてもよい。
[正極活物質の作製]
LiOHと、共沈法により得られたNi0.8Mn0.2(OH)2粉末とを、Liと、NiおよびMnの総量とのモル比が1.1:1になるように混合して混合物を得た。この混合物を酸素濃度90%以上の酸素気流下(炉の容積1Lに対して0.15L/min以上0.2L/min以下の流量)で2段階焼成した。具体的には、室温から670℃まで5時間かけて昇温した後、650℃から850℃まで2時間かけて昇温した。その後、850℃で12時間保持して、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を得た。
以下の手順により、図2に示す試験セルを作製した。作用極30は、正極活物質として上記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を用いた正極である。正極活物質、アセチレンブラック、およびポリフッ化ビニリデンを、80:10:10の質量比で混合し、分散媒としてN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを用いて正極合剤スラリーを調製した。このスラリーを正極芯体であるアルミニウム箔上に塗布し、110℃で塗膜を真空乾燥して作用極30を得た。
対極31:リチウム金属
参照極32:リチウム金属
セパレータ34:ポリエチレン製セパレータ
非水電解質:エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを、3:7の体積比(25℃)で混合して得られた非水溶媒に、電解質塩としてLiPF6を1.0mol/lの濃度になるように溶解させたものを用いた。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸溶液の添加量を変更し、ピロリン酸およびピロリン酸リチウムの含有率を0.25mol%に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸溶液の添加量を変更し、ピロリン酸およびピロリン酸リチウムの含有率を0.5mol%に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸溶液の添加量を変更し、ピロリン酸およびピロリン酸リチウムの含有率を1.0mol%に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸溶液の添加量を変更し、ピロリン酸およびピロリン酸リチウムの含有率を2.0mol%に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸溶液の添加量を変更し、ピロリン酸およびピロリン酸リチウムの含有率を3.0mol%に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸を添加しなかったこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸に代えてホウ酸(H3BO3)を添加し、粒子表面にホウ素が存在する複合酸化物を得たこと以外は、実施例3と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸に代えてホウ酸(H3BO3)を添加し、粒子表面にホウ素が存在する複合酸化物を得たこと以外は、実施例4と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸に代えてホウ酸(H3BO3)を添加し、粒子表面にホウ素が存在する複合酸化物を得たこと以外は、実施例5と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の作製において、ピロリン酸に代えてホウ酸(H3BO3)を添加し、粒子表面にホウ素が存在する複合酸化物を得たこと以外は、実施例6と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
サイクル試験の途中、11、22、33サイクル目に内部抵抗を測定するために、SOC10%、50%(3.89V)、100%(4.45V)の各状態の内部抵抗(IV)測定をした。測定は各SOC状態にした後、15分休止、その電圧をV0として、10秒放電した際の各電圧の降下量をそれぞれΔVとして、各電流値と各ΔVよりえられた直線からIV抵抗を算出し、これを内部抵抗とした。
環境温度25℃の下、上記の試験セルを、0.2Cの定電流で4.5V(リチウム基準)まで充電した後、4.5Vの定電圧で0.02Cまで充電した。その後、0.1Cの定電流で2.5Vまで放電した。このときの充電容量および放電容量を測定し、放電容量を充電容量で除して充放電効率を算出した。2サイクル目以降は放電時の電流値を0.2Cに変更して、この充放電サイクルを34サイクル行い、34サイクル目の放電容量を1サイクル目の放電容量で除して容量維持率を算出した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物としてスピネル構造のLiNi0.5Mn1.5O4を用い、ピロリン酸を添加しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物としてスピネル構造のLiNi0.5Mn1.5O4を用い、ピロリン酸およびピロリン酸リチウムの含有率を0.5mol%に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
参考例1,2の試験セルについて、SOC10%(4.00V)、50%(4.73V)、100%(4.80V)の各状態の内部抵抗(IV)測定をした。他の測定条件は、実施例1等の場合と同様である。評価結果を表2に示す。
参考例1,2の試験セルについて、環境温度25℃の下、0.2Cの定電流で5.0V(リチウム基準)まで充電した後、5.0Vの定電圧で0.02Cまで充電した。その後、0.1Cの定電流で3.5Vまで放電した。このときの充電容量および放電容量を測定し、放電容量を充電容量で除して充放電効率を算出した。2サイクル目以降は放電時の電流値を0.2Cに変更して、この充放電サイクルを34サイクル行い、34サイクル目の放電容量を1サイクル目の放電容量で除して容量維持率を算出した。評価結果を表2に示す。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物として二次粒子タイプのLiNi0.9Co0.05Al0.05O2を用い、ピロリン酸を添加しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物として二次粒子タイプのLiNi0.9Co0.05Al0.05O2を用い、ピロリン酸およびピロリン酸リチウムの含有率を0.5mol%に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
参考例3,4の試験セルについて、SOC10%、50%(3.89V)、100%(4.40V)の各状態の内部抵抗(IV)測定をした。他の測定条件は、実施例1等の場合と同様である。評価結果を表2に示す。
参考例3,4の試験セルについて、環境温度60℃の下、上記の試験セルを、0.2Cの定電流で4.4V(リチウム基準)まで充電した後、4.4Vの定電圧で0.02Cまで充電した。その後、0.1Cの定電流で2.5Vまで放電した。このときの充電容量および放電容量を測定し、放電容量を充電容量で除して充放電効率を算出した。2サイクル目以降は放電時の電流値を0.2Cに変更して、この充放電サイクルを34サイクル行い、34サイクル目の放電容量を1サイクル目の放電容量で除して容量維持率を算出した。
構成1:Liを除く金属元素の総モル量に対して、NiおよびMnを80mol%以上含有するリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を含み、前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、1個の一次粒子で構成されるか、又は2個以上100個以下の一次粒子で構成される粒子であって、当該粒子の体積基準のメジアン径(D50)が0.6μm以上4.0μm以下、結晶子サイズが370Å以上1500Å以下であり、前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子表面には、当該複合酸化物を構成するLiを除く金属元素の総モル量に対して、0.1mol%以上5.0mol%以下の量でピロリン酸およびリン酸塩から選択される少なくとも1種が存在している、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
構成2:前記リン酸塩は、ピロリン酸リチウムである、構成1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
構成3:前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子表面の少なくとも一部は、岩塩型の結晶構造を有する、構成1又は2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
構成4:前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、さらに、Ca、Nb、Sr、Zr、およびWからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含む、構成1~3のいずれか1つに記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
構成5:構成1~4のいずれか1つに記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質を含む正極と、負極と、非水電解質とを備える、非水電解質二次電池。
Claims (5)
- Liを除く金属元素の総モル量に対して、NiおよびMnを80mol%以上含有するリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、1個の一次粒子で構成されるか、又は2個以上100個以下の一次粒子で構成される粒子であって、当該粒子の体積基準のメジアン径(D50)が0.6μm以上4.0μm以下、結晶子サイズが370Å以上1500Å以下であり、
前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子表面には、当該複合酸化物を構成するLiを除く金属元素の総モル量に対して、0.1mol%以上5.0mol%以下の量でピロリン酸およびリン酸塩から選択される少なくとも1種が存在している、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リン酸塩は、ピロリン酸リチウムである、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の粒子表面の少なくとも一部は、岩塩型の結晶構造を有する、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、さらに、Ca、Nb、Sr、Zr、およびWからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含む、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質を含む正極と、負極と、非水電解質とを備える、非水電解質二次電池。
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JP6015591B2 (ja) | 2012-10-26 | 2016-10-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 非水電解液二次電池 |
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JP6015591B2 (ja) | 2012-10-26 | 2016-10-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 非水電解液二次電池 |
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US20220320575A1 (en) * | 2021-04-01 | 2022-10-06 | Sk On Co., Ltd. | Cathode Active Material for Lithium Secondary Battery and Lithium Secondary Battery Including the Same |
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