WO2024115745A1 - Wechselrichter mit zwischenkreismittelpunkt und verfahren zur isolationswiderstandsmessung mittles kontrollierter unsymmetrie - Google Patents
Wechselrichter mit zwischenkreismittelpunkt und verfahren zur isolationswiderstandsmessung mittles kontrollierter unsymmetrie Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024115745A1 WO2024115745A1 PCT/EP2023/083939 EP2023083939W WO2024115745A1 WO 2024115745 A1 WO2024115745 A1 WO 2024115745A1 EP 2023083939 W EP2023083939 W EP 2023083939W WO 2024115745 A1 WO2024115745 A1 WO 2024115745A1
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- intermediate circuit
- inverter
- potential
- asymmetry
- zero
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
- G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
- G01R27/025—Measuring very high resistances, e.g. isolation resistances, i.e. megohm-meters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
- H02M7/487—Neutral point clamped inverters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/40—Testing power supplies
- G01R31/42—AC power supplies
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
- H02M7/4833—Capacitor voltage balancing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/5387—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
- H02M7/53871—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
Definitions
- the application relates to a method for operating an inverter which is designed to exchange electrical power between a DC side (DC: direct current) and an AC side (AC: alternating current).
- DC direct current
- AC AC side
- the application further relates to a use of the method for measuring insulation resistance and an inverter
- An inverter is a power electronic device that can convert electrical power from direct current to alternating current or vice versa from alternating current to direct current. In the case of a conversion from alternating current to direct current, the inverter acts as a rectifier.
- a measurement of the insulation resistance of the DC source may be desirable and/or necessary for safety reasons, especially if the inverter can be connected to an AC voltage network on the AC side.
- a DC source generally refers to an electrical device that can be operated with direct voltage and that can output and/or absorb electrical power in the form of direct current, i.e. can act as a source and/or as a load.
- a DC source can be, for example, a PV generator, a battery, in particular a vehicle battery, a DC bus, an electrolyzer, a fuel cell, etc.
- a core feature of such methods for measuring insulation resistance is to specifically shift the potential position of the DC source with respect to the ground potential and to record the resulting ground currents at different shift values of the potential position.
- the ground currents can be recorded using current sensors directly on the DC lines on the DC side between the inverter and the DC source or on the AC side output of the connected inverter or indirectly using voltage sensors on suitably arranged resistors.
- the DC source can be connected to an AC network via the inverter and can supply electrical power to the AC network or take power from the AC network.
- the inverter has a galvanic separation between its DC side and its AC side, for example via a transformer, the shift in potential on the DC side is basically possible independently of the AC side.
- the inverter has no galvanic separation between its DC side and its AC side, i.e. in particular if it is designed as a transformerless inverter, the potentials on the DC side and on the AC side are usually galvanically connected to one another, so that a shift in potential on the DC side is not easily possible without galvanically isolating the inverter from the AC network on the AC side.
- this method cannot be used for a multi-level inverter with a split intermediate circuit, in particular if a center tap of the intermediate circuit is temporarily connected to the switching node of the half-bridges, since impressing a zero system would then place an uneven load on the partial capacitances of the split intermediate circuit.
- the method is also not applicable to inverters in which the center tap of the split intermediate circuit is connected to the neutral conductor, since naturally no zero system can be impressed on this.
- DE102020103839A1 describes a circuit arrangement for balancing a split DC voltage intermediate circuit arranged between two DC connections.
- the application is based on the task of providing a method for operating a multi-level inverter and a multi-level inverter with a split intermediate circuit which enable measurement of the DC-side insulation resistance by means of DC-side potential shift.
- An inverter is designed to exchange electrical power between a DC side and an AC side.
- the inverter has a bridge circuit and a split intermediate circuit with at least two partial capacitances arranged between the DC side and the bridge circuit.
- the bridge circuit has semiconductor switches and can convert electrical DC power into AC power and/or vice versa.
- a method for operating the inverter comprises:
- the asymmetry created leads to a shift in the potentials of the DC connections of the inverter with respect to earth and thus, among other things, to a modification of earth currents, which can be used to measure an insulation resistance of the DC source with respect to earth.
- a quasi-stationary state is set in order to ensure correct measurement in view of the capacitances involved. It is advantageous to keep the voltages of the partial capacitances higher than the grid peak voltage of an AC grid that may be connected to the AC side of the inverter, so that the inverter can continue to generate the AC voltage and exchange electrical power with the AC grid in the desired form and quality.
- the first setpoint By modulating the first setpoint at a low frequency, sufficient time is provided for measuring values characteristic of the insulation resistance of the inverter and/or a system in which the inverter is located. In particular, earth currents and thus insulation resistances to earth can be measured.
- An intermediate circuit with two partial capacitances has a center point which can be connected to earth potential, in particular by being led out of the device as the neutral conductor of the inverter and connected to the AC network.
- One partial capacitance is arranged between the center point and a DC connection on the DC side.
- the other partial capacitance is arranged between the center point and the other DC connection on the DC side.
- the total capacitance of the intermediate circuit between the two DC connections is divided accordingly between the partial capacitances.
- An intermediate circuit with more than two partial capacitances can have more intermediate taps between its two DC connections and a center point which can be connected to earth potential.
- the DC connections of the intermediate circuit can be connected to the DC connections on the DC side of the inverter and thus to a DC source connected to the inverter on the DC side.
- One or both connections on the DC side of the inverter can be connected directly or via a DC/DC converter to the respective DC connections of the intermediate circuit, so that there is a fixed potential reference between the connections of the DC input and the connections of the intermediate circuit. If a split intermediate circuit has a midpoint between its DC connections and this midpoint is connected to earth potential, the two DC connections in a symmetrical intermediate circuit are at respective potentials that are symmetrical to one another in relation to the earth potential, one with a positive and one with a negative sign.
- the method described makes it possible to shift the potential position of the DC connections of the intermediate circuit by means of an asymmetry between the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit. If the two partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit are asymmetrically charged and the potential position of the center point is kept at earth potential, the total potential of the intermediate circuit shifts relative to earth potential and the potentials of its two DC connections are also shifted relative to an intermediate circuit with symmetrically charged partial capacitances. The same applies if there are more than two partial capacitances. Here too, the total potential of the intermediate circuit and thus the potentials of its DC connections relative to earth potential due to the asymmetry of the intermediate circuit.
- the split intermediate circuit is shifted to a first potential level by setting a first asymmetry of the intermediate circuit.
- This first potential level is set to a first setpoint by varying the asymmetry and is either kept constant by holding the first setpoint for the first period of time or modulated with a frequency.
- the frequency is small, at least 100 times smaller than the AC frequency on the AC side of the inverter.
- the method further comprises:
- the second asymmetry of the intermediate circuit can have an opposite sign compared to the first asymmetry, and the second potential level can be set to a second setpoint for a second period of time.
- a symmetry of the intermediate circuit can be set for a second period of time by setting an asymmetry setpoint to zero.
- the modulated first setpoint value for the potential position is set by modulating the asymmetry with a changing sign.
- the asymmetry can have different half-waves with different signs.
- Various forms of modulation of the first setpoint value are conceivable, for example a sinusoidal shape.
- the method thus makes it possible to create a potential shift of the DC side of the inverter and thus of the DC source that can be used to determine the insulation resistance, exclusively or among other things, via a quasi-stationary asymmetry of the divided intermediate circuit of the inverter.
- the divided intermediate circuit is deliberately pulled skewed into an asymmetrical state, and a potential position set in this way is maintained quasi-stationary, ie kept constant for at least one second or several seconds or at very low frequency, i.e. with frequencies significantly below the mains frequency, in particular with less than 1 Hertz, so that the time course of the potential position has sufficiently long time periods with quasi-stationary values, in particular at the extreme points of the modulation function used.
- the setpoint value for the potential position is preferably modulated sinusoidally.
- the setpoint value for the potential position can be modulated one after the other with sine functions of different frequencies in order to be able to determine not only the real and imaginary parts of the insulation resistance at a certain frequency, but also to be able to determine the underlying component values of the resistors, capacitors and inductors.
- sine functions of different frequencies can also be superimposed when modulating the setpoint value and thus the potential position.
- the method can be implemented by means of a symmetry control for the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit by setting the setpoint for the symmetry control to a desired first or second setpoint, a so-called asymmetry setpoint of e.g. 50 volts, in deviation from the usual value of zero (symmetrical intermediate circuit).
- first and/or second asymmetry by directly redistributing charge within the divided intermediate circuit and to vary it to set the first and/or second potential level to the target value.
- This can be done, for example, using a balancing circuit, in particular using a DC/DC converter connected to the intermediate circuit.
- the balancing circuit transfers charge between the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit.
- the potential position of the intermediate circuit connections is determined exclusively by the asymmetry of the intermediate circuit.
- the asymmetry can also be regulated directly to an equivalent setpoint, i.e. a setpoint for the asymmetry can be specified and modulated over time so that the potential position is regulated accordingly.
- a balancing circuit suitable for direct redistribution is already present in the inverter.
- balancing the intermediate circuit it can also be used to deliberately create an asymmetry in the intermediate circuit.
- the asymmetry is achieved by specifying a first or second target value for the balancing circuit that deviates from zero.
- the first or second setpoint can also be modulated. The modulation allows the setpoint to take on different values over time.
- Such a method can be implemented, for example, by an inverter with an intermediate circuit balancing circuit by setting the setpoint for the balancing circuit to something other than zero.
- the center of the intermediate circuit can be connected to the N conductor and thus kept at ground potential, so that the potentials of the DC connections of the intermediate circuit and thus of the DC source are shifted compared to a situation with a symmetrically charged intermediate circuit, depending on the set asymmetry.
- the balancing circuit draws a current from one intermediate circuit half and supplies a different current to the other intermediate circuit half.
- the asymmetry of the intermediate circuit and the first and/or second potential position of the DC potentials can be generated or maintained by interaction with the AC side of the inverter.
- the first and/or the second asymmetry is initially created by the bridge circuit in that the bridge circuit generates an initializing zero-system voltage, wherein the initializing zero-system voltage has a profile determined by means of a control and generates an initial asymmetry of the intermediate circuit.
- the desired potential position is then set by means of a stabilizing zero-system voltage, which, in conjunction with the initial asymmetry caused by the initializing zero-system voltage, results in the desired potential position and also has a profile determined by means of a control.
- a controller can be used for this purpose, which regulates the setpoint for the potential position by changing the zero-system voltage as a manipulated variable.
- the setting of the first and/or second potential position to the first or second setpoint is then carried out directly on this controller.
- the initializing and the stabilizing zero-system voltage have different signs.
- the inverter bridge can thereby initialize and/or stabilize the zero-system voltage. generate a stabilizing zero system by generating a constant voltage offset on all phase conductors and, if applicable, on the N conductor compared to earth potential.
- this symmetry controller can be superimposed with the zero system according to the application by giving the setpoint for the symmetry controller a finite value instead of the usual setpoint of zero. Since the zero system itself represents a disturbance for such a superimposed control, it must be regulated; it is not enough to just regulate the asymmetry.
- the initial asymmetry can also be created by initially loading the intermediate circuit asymmetrically, i.e. by exchanging different electrical powers with the partial capacitances.
- An initial asymmetry of the intermediate circuit created either by the initializing zero system or by the asymmetrical load would, however, be amplified by the inverter itself, particularly in the case of electrical power being supplied from the DC source to the intermediate circuit and/or when electrical power is taken from the intermediate circuit to feed into an AC network, and is therefore stabilized by the stabilizing zero system in order to either keep the desired asymmetry constant for the initial period of time or to modulate it with a low frequency.
- the method using the zero-sequence voltage is preferably used for inverters in which the center of the intermediate circuit has no connection to the N conductor of the AC network that can be connected on the AC side and therefore there is no fixed earth reference of the center of the intermediate circuit.
- the zero-sequence system voltages for setting the first potential position to a modulated setpoint each have a modulation with a frequency that is at least a factor of 100 lower than the frequency of the AC exchange power.
- the zero-sequence voltages can also be used to set the first and/or second constant potential position temporarily and in particular be largely constant for the first and/or the second time period, in particular as soon as a regulated equilibrium state of power asymmetrically flowing into the intermediate circuit and asymmetrically withdrawn from the intermediate circuit is reached.
- largely constant means that the values are constant apart from fluctuations to regulate the first or second potential position.
- Largely constant can also be understood to mean that the zero-system voltages are at least without a change of sign during the first and/or second time period. This facilitates the respective partial measurements at a certain quasi-stationary potential position.
- Such an embodiment of the method can also be implemented, for example, by an inverter without an intermediate circuit balancing circuit, in that an initial asymmetry is stabilized by generating a stabilizing zero system, so that the first or second potential position specified by the setpoint is established.
- a separate half-bridge can be provided for each output connection L1, L2, L3 or N of the inverter.
- the asymmetry can also be "initialized” by generating the initializing zero system, whereby the stabilizing zero system for stabilizing the potential position - at least in inverter operation - has an opposite sign to the initializing zero system for initializing the asymmetry.
- the first and/or the second time period comprises at least 1 second, in particular several seconds.
- the setting of the first and/or second potential position is repeated periodically, in particular repeated at a low frequency.
- Low frequency in this case means that the frequency is at least 100 times lower than an AC frequency of the exchange power of the inverter.
- the first potential level of the intermediate circuit is first set and a first earth current is set within the first time period or at a point in time in the first half-wave.
- the second potential level is then set and a second earth current is recorded within the second time period, or a second earth current is recorded at a point in time in the second half-wave of the modulated first potential level.
- the insulation resistance of the DC side of the inverter is then determined from the set potential levels and the measured earth currents using known calculation operations.
- the DC terminals of the intermediate circuit which correspond to the DC terminals of the DC side of the inverter, are set to their respective first or second
- the DC connections can be connected to the DC source.
- the potential position of the DC connections then corresponds to the potential position of the DC connections of the DC source if this is connected to the inverter on the DC side.
- the method thus enables continuous determination of the insulation resistance of a DC source, e.g. a direct current energy source, in particular a PV generator on the DC side of the inverter, while the inverter exchanges electrical power between its AC side and its DC side, e.g. to feed electrical power from a connected PV generator into a connected AC network. This can increase the safety of a PV system during operation.
- An inverter is designed to exchange electrical power between a DC side and an AC side.
- the inverter has a bridge circuit and a divided intermediate circuit with at least two partial capacitances arranged between the DC side and the bridge circuit.
- the inverter is designed to generate a first potential level of DC potentials of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit with respect to ground potential.
- the first potential level is created by creating a first asymmetry of the partial capacitances with respect to one another.
- the inverter is also designed to set the first potential level to a first setpoint value.
- the first setpoint value is kept constant for a first period of time or modulated at a low frequency.
- Low frequency means a frequency that is at least 100 times lower than an AC frequency of the AC-side exchange power of the inverter.
- the inverter can also be set up to generate a second potential level of DC potentials of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit with respect to ground potential by creating a second asymmetry with the opposite sign to the first asymmetry or a symmetry of the partial capacitances with respect to one another.
- the inverter can also be set up to set the second potential level to a second setpoint value for a second period of time or to set the symmetry of the intermediate circuit to an asymmetry setpoint value of zero for a second period of time.
- the inverter is configured to adjust the potential level to a modulated first setpoint value by modulating the asymmetry with changing signs in different half-waves.
- the inverter has a device for redistributing charge within the divided intermediate circuit.
- the device for redistributing charge can, for example, be designed as a balancing circuit and arranged between the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit.
- the balancing circuit is designed as a DC/DC converter for transferring charges between the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit.
- the asymmetry can be created using means on the DC side of the inverter and the potential position of the DC potentials of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit relative to earth potential can be set according to the setpoint by exchanging charge between the intermediate circuit halves, in particular by means of the balancing circuit.
- the center point of the intermediate circuit prefferably has a fixed reference to earth potential, for example through a direct or indirect connection to the neutral conductor of an AC network connected on the AC side. If such a fixed potential reference exists between the center point of the intermediate circuit and the N conductor of the AC network, in particular with a direct connection of this kind, the use of an intermediate circuit balancing circuit to create the asymmetry of the intermediate circuit and to set the required potential positions is particularly advantageous.
- N conductor neutral conductor of an AC network that can be connected on the AC side via the inverter bridge circuit to a center point of the intermediate circuit between a first partial capacitance and a second partial capacitance of the intermediate circuit.
- the inverter bridge circuit is designed to generate an initializing zero-system voltage, which shifts the potential position of the center of the intermediate circuit between the first and second partial capacitance of the intermediate circuit relative to the ground potential and loads the intermediate circuit asymmetrically.
- An initializing zero-system voltage of this type can produce an initial asymmetry of the intermediate circuit, which would, however, continue to increase, particularly if the sign of the initializing zero-system remained the same.
- the bridge circuit is therefore preferably designed to generate a stabilizing zero-system voltage, which also shifts the potential position of the center of the intermediate circuit relative to the ground potential and loads the intermediate circuit asymmetrically, but with a sign opposite to the initializing zero-system.
- the stabilizing zero-system voltage can influence the first and/or second asymmetry of the intermediate circuit and in particular the potential position can be set to the required target value and stabilized.
- the initializing and stabilizing zero-system voltages have different signs, which stabilizes the asymmetry of the intermediate circuit when the inverter is in inverter mode.
- the procedure can be implemented accordingly, either by using an existing balancing circuit to generate the asymmetry and to adjust the potential position on more than two partial capacitances of an intermediate circuit, or by generating the zero system.
- the method and inverter described offer the advantage that at least the embodiments with charge transfer between the partial capacitances can also be used for inverters in which the center of the intermediate circuit is connected to the N conductor of an AC network. It enables continuous determination and thus permanent monitoring of the insulation resistance of a DC source connected to the inverter. In particular, monitoring can be carried out in a simple, cost-effective and reliable manner in the case of a transformerless inverter.
- the embodiments without charge transfer between the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit have the further advantage of not requiring a special balancing circuit.
- Fig. 1 shows a method for operating an inverter
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic of an embodiment of an inverter with a connected DC source and a connected AC network
- Fig. 3 shows schematically another embodiment of the inverter with connected DC source and connected AC grid
- Fig. 4 shows a schematic equivalent circuit diagram of an embodiment of a split intermediate circuit with current source, and.
- Fig. 5 shows exemplary time courses of voltages on the DC side of an inverter and of zero-sequence voltages when applying a method according to the application.
- Fig. 1 shows schematically a method for operating an inverter 10 (see Figs. 2 and 3), as it can be used in a method for measuring insulation resistance.
- the inverter 10 is designed to exchange electrical power between a DC side and an AC side.
- the inverter 10 has a bridge circuit 12 and a divided intermediate circuit 14 with at least two partial capacitances arranged between the DC side and the bridge circuit 12.
- a first potential position of DC potentials of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit 14 relative to ground potential is generated by creating a first asymmetry of the partial capacitances to one another. This can be done, for example, by charge transfer between the partial capacitances or by setting a zero system voltage on the AC side of the inverter 10 (see Figs. 2, 3).
- a split intermediate circuit has a center point M, and a respective partial capacitance is arranged between the center point M and a respective DC connection of the intermediate circuit.
- the DC connection of the intermediate circuit can correspond to the DC connection of the DC side of the inverter 10.
- each DC potential of the split intermediate circuit corresponds to a potential at a DC connection on the DC side of the inverter 10 and thus to the DC source 18. If the center point M is now kept at ground potential, an asymmetry of the intermediate circuit 14, i.e. an unequal charge and thus unequal voltage of the partial capacitances of the split intermediate circuit 14, leads to a shift in the DC potentials of the DC connections of the intermediate circuit 14 with respect to the ground potential.
- the first potential level is set to a first setpoint.
- the first setpoint is kept constant for a first period of time or modulated with a frequency that is at least 100 times lower than an AC frequency of the exchange power of the inverter 10.
- the voltage distribution between the center point M and the DC connections of the intermediate circuit 14 is asymmetrical. This means that the center point M is no longer in the middle of the two DC potentials of the DC connections of the intermediate circuit. Hence the term asymmetry of the intermediate circuit 14.
- a first earth current is detected in S3 within the first time period within which the first setpoint is maintained or at a point in time in the first half-wave at a modulated first setpoint.
- a second potential position of DC potentials of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit 14 with respect to ground potential is generated by creating a second asymmetry of the intermediate circuit, ie by creating an asymmetry of the partial capacitances with respect to one another.
- a symmetry of the intermediate circuit is created in S4. Both can be achieved, for example, by charge transfer between the intermediate circuit parts or by setting a zero-sequence voltage on the AC side of the inverter 10 (see Figs. 2, 3).
- the second potential level is set to a second setpoint with the opposite sign to the first setpoint for a second period of time, or the symmetry of the intermediate circuit is set to a second setpoint of zero for a second period of time.
- the earth current is again recorded in S6 within the second time period.
- the second earth current is then recorded at a point in time in the second half-wave of the modulated first setpoint.
- a separate setting of the second potential level in steps S4 and S5 can therefore be omitted and S6 can be carried out directly after S3.
- the insulation resistance is then calculated in S7 from the set potential levels and the measured earth currents.
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic of an inverter 10 with a DC source 18 connected on the DC side and an AC network 16 connected on the AC side.
- the AC network 16 is designed as a three-phase AC voltage network with a zero or neutral conductor N and has the three AC voltage phases L1, L2 and L3.
- the inverter 10 has a bridge circuit 12 which converts direct current to alternating current and/or vice versa.
- the bridge circuit preferably has clocked semiconductor switches.
- the bridge circuit is shown as an equivalent circuit diagram and has phase-related equivalent current sources, QN, Q.1, Q.2 and Q.3.
- the equivalent circuit diagram simulates the electrical behavior of the appropriately clocked bridge circuit.
- each phase L1, L2, L3, N is assigned an equivalent current source.
- the neutral conductor N is assigned the equivalent current source, QN.
- the phase conductor L1 is assigned to the replacement power source Q.1, the phase conductor L2 is assigned to the replacement power source Q.2, and the phase conductor L3 is assigned to the replacement power source Q.3.
- each of the replacement power sources QN, Q.1, Q.2 and Q.3 can have a bridge circuit, in particular a half-bridge with at least two clocked semiconductor switches.
- the inverter 10 also has a split intermediate circuit 14.
- the split intermediate circuit 14 has two partial capacitances and a center point M.
- the center point M can optionally be connected on the AC side to the neutral conductor N of the AC network 16 (dashed line in Fig. 2). This allows the center point M to be kept at earth potential.
- a DC/DC converter 20 is arranged between the two partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit 14. This is designed to transfer charge between the two partial capacitances.
- the DC/DC converter 20 can therefore act as a symmetrizer between the two partial capacitances, i.e. set the partial capacitances to be as identical as possible in charge, if this is desired.
- the DC/DC converter 20 can also be used to shift charge between the partial capacitances in order to create an asymmetry in the intermediate circuit.
- An asymmetry means that the halves of the intermediate circuit 14 each have a different electrical charge. The voltages of the partial capacitances are therefore different in an asymmetrical intermediate circuit.
- the DC/DC converter 20 can therefore act both as a balancing circuit and as an asymmetry circuit and, through charge transfer between the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit, create an asymmetry in the intermediate circuit and set a required potential level.
- the DC/DC converter 20 can set the potential level to the first and/or second setpoint.
- the first setpoint can also be modulated by appropriately controlling the DC/DC converter.
- the first or second setpoint for the balancing circuit can be set to a desired asymmetry setpoint value, e.g. to 50 volts for a given total voltage of the intermediate circuit of e.g. 1000 V, other than the value of zero for a symmetrical intermediate circuit.
- the insulation resistance of the connected DC source 18 can be determined by measuring the earth current at the first potential level, at the second potential level, and/or when the intermediate circuit is symmetrical.
- Fig. 3 shows a further embodiment of the inverter 10.
- the intermediate circuit 14 of the inverter 10 does not have a balancing circuit.
- the center point of the divided intermediate circuit 14 in the example shown in Fig. 3 is not connected to the neutral conductor N of the AC network 16 and therefore has no fixed earth reference.
- the inverter 10 is also connected on the DC side to the DC source 18 and on the AC side to the AC network 16.
- the DC source 18 is designed as a photovoltaic generator, for example.
- the AC network 16 is, for example, a three-phase AC network with neutral conductor N.
- the first phase of the AC network is designated L1
- the second phase of the AC network is designated L2
- the third phase of the AC network is designated L3.
- the bridge circuit 12 is shown as an electrical equivalent circuit with sources Q.1, Q.2, Q.3 and Q.N and is designed to form a zero system 30 in addition to the usual phase or external conductor voltages.
- the zero system is shown in the electrical equivalent circuit as a voltage source 30.
- the intermediate circuit 14 can be loaded asymmetrically and thus brought into an asymmetric state. If the inverter 10 is operated in inverter mode, i.e.
- an asymmetry generated, for example, by the zero system 30 would reinforce itself during operation, in particular due to an uneven distribution of the DC power flowing from the DC source into the intermediate circuit to the partial capacitances.
- a stabilizing zero-system voltage is generated in a second step, which has the opposite sign to the initializing zero-system voltage. This asymmetrically loads the intermediate circuit in the opposite direction to the asymmetrically flowing power on the DC side and stabilizes the asymmetry of the intermediate circuit so that the potential level is set to the first target value.
- the second potential level can then be set accordingly.
- the first asymmetry of the intermediate circuit 14 and thus the potential level can be modulated at a low frequency over time, in particular by appropriate modulation of the zero-system.
- the asymmetry generated by the initializing zero system 30 can thus be stabilized by generating the stabilizing zero system 30 on the AC side and the potential position can be adjusted as a result.
- the asymmetry in the intermediate circuit 14 leads to an uneven distribution of the incoming DC power to the partial capacitances.
- the stabilizing zero system 30 is therefore generated and regulated in such a way that the uneven power inflow into the partial capacitances (when using a DC source 18, e.g. PV generator (PV photovoltaics)) is compensated in mirror image as uneven power extraction from the intermediate circuit halves, so that the asymmetry and thus the potential position remains constant.
- asymmetry controller e.g. PV generator
- Fig. 4 shows two equivalent circuit diagrams of the intermediate circuit 14 with a connected 3-level half-bridge.
- switches here IGBTs
- a behavior of the bridge circuit can be generated which on the output side corresponds to the behavior of a voltage source Q, Q.1, Q.2, Q.3, Q.N on the conductors of the AC network.
- the voltage value of the voltage source is the voltage of one intermediate circuit half multiplied by the duty cycle of the associated switch.
- the loads on the intermediate circuit halves can be represented by current sources whose value is the choke current multiplied by the duty cycle of the switch assigned to the intermediate circuit half.
- the zero-system voltage 30 can also be generated by appropriate control of the bridge circuit 12.
- the representations in the right and left halves are equivalent and each represent an electrical equivalent circuit of the behavior of a bridge branch of the bridge circuit 12.
- the generation of the zero system 30 leads to an inherently undesirable shift in the potential of the center point M compared to the ground potential, which counteracts the asymmetry-induced potential shift. Therefore, the resulting DC-side potential shift tends to be smaller than the potential shift caused by the asymmetry of the intermediate circuit alone.
- the initial asymmetry caused by the initializing zero system feed 30 should therefore be larger than the potential shift of the center point M induced by the stabilizing zero system feed 30 necessary to stabilize the asymmetry.
- phasors Electrical three-phase systems can be described by so-called phasors.
- the phasors are divided into a symmetrical positive system, whose pointers move with the rotating field, a negative system with an opposing rotating field and a zero system.
- the phasors of the different phases In the zero system, the phasors of the different phases have the same direction and the same length. Zero systems occur in asymmetrical three-phase systems.
- Fig. 3, 4 can be used, for example, for inverters 10 in which the effort for a balancing circuit 20 is disproportionately large and in which all output connections, phase conductors L1, L2, L3 and neutral conductor N, are each placed via their own half-bridge of the bridge circuit 12, so that the desired zero system can be fed into the conductors of the AC network.
- Fig. 5 shows, by way of example, the time profiles of the potential positions of the DC potentials of the partial capacitances of an intermediate circuit against ground potential when carrying out a method according to the application for measuring insulation resistance using a zero-sequence system voltage.
- the profile of the negative DC potential of the intermediate circuit is designated by the reference numeral 51 and the profile of the positive DC potential is designated by the reference numeral 52.
- the reference numeral 50 designates the profile of a virtual center potential of the intermediate circuit, ie the profile of the arithmetic mean between the DC potentials 51, 52.
- Fig. 5 shows the profile of the zero-sequence system voltage with the reference numeral 53 and the profile of the resulting asymmetry of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit with the reference numeral 54.
- the method starts at time t1 with step S1 (see Fig. 1), in which a first potential level of the DC potentials 51, 52 of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit with respect to ground potential is generated by creating a first asymmetry of the partial capacitances with respect to one another.
- a first potential level of the DC potentials 51, 52 of the partial capacitances of the intermediate circuit with respect to ground potential is generated by creating a first asymmetry of the partial capacitances with respect to one another.
- an initializing zero system is generated in the period between t1 and t2 by the zero system voltage 53 assuming a positive value.
- the potential level of the intermediate circuit as a whole is initially raised so that the DC potentials 51, 52 and the virtual center potential 50 initially rise proportionally to the zero system voltage 53.
- the intermediate circuit For a given power exchange from the intermediate circuit to the AC side of the inverter, the intermediate circuit is loaded asymmetrically due to this increase in the potential level and an asymmetry, i.e. a difference between the amounts of the DC potentials 51, 52, arises so that the asymmetry 54 increases; This can also be seen from the fact that the virtual center potential 50 exceeds the zero-sequence voltage 53 by the amount of the asymmetry 54.
- the asymmetry 54 has reached a target value and the zero-sequence system voltage 53 returns to the value zero, since no further asymmetrical loading by an initializing zero-sequence system is required.
- a first asymmetry is therefore present, and the DC potentials 51, 52 are shifted from the initial state by the amount of the asymmetry 54 at time t2.
- step S2 in Fig. 1 the potential position is set to a first setpoint. If no zero system is generated after time t2, the intermediate circuit would be overloaded due to the existing asymmetry by the inflow of electrical power. from the DC source and the asymmetry 54 would escalate. Therefore, a stabilizing zero system is generated by setting the zero system voltage 53 to a value with the opposite sign compared to the initializing zero system between t1 and t2. As a result, the asymmetrical inflow of electrical power into the intermediate circuit is compensated in a mirror image by an asymmetrical withdrawal of electrical power from the intermediate circuit, so that the asymmetry 54 remains constant.
- the stabilizing zero system in turn causes a shift in the potential position of the intermediate circuit as a whole, which is opposite to the shift caused by the asymmetry, a resulting potential position of the DC potentials 51, 52 results, which is shifted compared to the symmetrical initial position by the sum of the asymmetry 54 and the zero system voltage 53, clearly visible in the position of the virtual center potential 50.
- a first measurement of a ground current is carried out according to step S3 of Fig. 1 and assigned to the concrete values of the DC potentials 51, 52 at the stabilized first potential position.
- a second potential level of the DC potentials 51, 52 is generated by setting the asymmetry 54 to a value with the opposite sign. For this purpose, an initializing zero system is again generated, with the zero system voltage 53 assuming a negative value, so that the potential level of the intermediate circuit is lowered overall and the DC potentials 51, 52 and the virtual center potential 50 initially drop proportionally to the zero system voltage 53. Due to this reduction in the potential level, the intermediate circuit is loaded asymmetrically and the asymmetry 54 decreases.
- the asymmetry 54 has reached a target value and the zero-sequence system voltage 53 initially returns to the value zero, so that at time t4 a second asymmetry is present and the DC potentials 51, 52 are shifted compared to the initial state by the amount of the asymmetry 54 at time t4. Then, according to step S5 of Fig. 1, the potential position is set to a second target value by generating a stabilizing zero-sequence system, ie by setting the zero-sequence system voltage 53 to a value that has an opposite sign compared to the initializing zero-sequence system between t3 and t4.
- the stabilizing zero-sequence system is controlled using the zero-sequence system voltage 53 so that the asymmetry 54 remains constant. This results in a second potential position of the DC potentials 51, 52, which is shifted relative to the symmetrical initial position by the sum of asymmetry 54 and zero-sequence voltage 53, wherein the shift of the second potential position has an opposite sign compared to the shift of the first potential position.
- a second measurement of the earth current is carried out according to step S6 of Fig. 1 and assigned to the concrete values of the DC potentials 51, 52 at the stabilized second potential level.
- the insulation resistance of the DC side of the inverter can then be determined according to step S7 in Fig. 1.
- the intermediate circuit can be brought into a symmetrical state and the potential position of the intermediate circuit can be returned to the initial state, which is reached at time t6.
- the method can be repeated by returning to step S1 according to Fig. 1 at time t5 or t6.
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20090296289A1 (en) * | 2008-06-02 | 2009-12-03 | Carlos Rodriguez Valdez | High Resistance Ground Protection Employing AC Drive Characteristics |
WO2014079775A1 (de) | 2012-11-21 | 2014-05-30 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Isolationsmessverfahren für trafolose wechselrichter |
DE102015114452A1 (de) * | 2015-08-31 | 2017-03-02 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Wechselrichters und Wechselrichter |
DE102020103839A1 (de) | 2020-02-13 | 2021-08-19 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Schaltungsanordnung zur symmetrierung eines geteilten gleichspannungszwischenkreises |
DE102021104289A1 (de) * | 2021-02-23 | 2022-08-25 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erfassen eines Isolationswiderstands einer an einen geteilten Zwischenkreis angeschlossenen Gleichspannungsquelle im Netzparallelbetrieb |
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US20090296289A1 (en) * | 2008-06-02 | 2009-12-03 | Carlos Rodriguez Valdez | High Resistance Ground Protection Employing AC Drive Characteristics |
WO2014079775A1 (de) | 2012-11-21 | 2014-05-30 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Isolationsmessverfahren für trafolose wechselrichter |
DE102015114452A1 (de) * | 2015-08-31 | 2017-03-02 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Wechselrichters und Wechselrichter |
DE102020103839A1 (de) | 2020-02-13 | 2021-08-19 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Schaltungsanordnung zur symmetrierung eines geteilten gleichspannungszwischenkreises |
DE102021104289A1 (de) * | 2021-02-23 | 2022-08-25 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erfassen eines Isolationswiderstands einer an einen geteilten Zwischenkreis angeschlossenen Gleichspannungsquelle im Netzparallelbetrieb |
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LIN S-K ET AL: "A DC-LINK VOLTAGE BALANCING ALGORITHM FOR 3-LEVEL CONVERTER USING THE ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT", 30TH ANNUAL IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE. PESC 99. RECORD. CHARLESTON; [ANNUAL POWER ELECTRONICS SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE], NEW YORK, NY : IEEE, US, 1 January 1999 (1999-01-01), pages 1083 - 1088, XP000924580, ISBN: 978-0-7803-5422-7 * |
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