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WO2024110423A1 - Vehicle operating element comprising a sensor system - Google Patents

Vehicle operating element comprising a sensor system Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024110423A1
WO2024110423A1 PCT/EP2023/082471 EP2023082471W WO2024110423A1 WO 2024110423 A1 WO2024110423 A1 WO 2024110423A1 EP 2023082471 W EP2023082471 W EP 2023082471W WO 2024110423 A1 WO2024110423 A1 WO 2024110423A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sensor system
control element
vehicle control
measuring chamber
radiation
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2023/082471
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Johannes Apell
Original Assignee
Zf Friedrichshafen Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zf Friedrichshafen Ag filed Critical Zf Friedrichshafen Ag
Publication of WO2024110423A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024110423A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/031—Multipass arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
    • G01N33/4972—Determining alcohol content
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W40/00—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models
    • B60W40/08—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models related to drivers or passengers
    • B60W2040/0818—Inactivity or incapacity of driver
    • B60W2040/0836—Inactivity or incapacity of driver due to alcohol
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D1/00—Steering controls, i.e. means for initiating a change of direction of the vehicle
    • B62D1/02—Steering controls, i.e. means for initiating a change of direction of the vehicle vehicle-mounted
    • B62D1/04—Hand wheels
    • B62D1/046—Adaptations on rotatable parts of the steering wheel for accommodation of switches
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N2021/036—Cuvette constructions transformable, modifiable
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/39—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using tunable lasers
    • G01N2021/396—Type of laser source
    • G01N2021/399—Diode laser
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
    • G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G01N2201/02—Mechanical
    • G01N2201/022—Casings
    • G01N2201/0221—Portable; cableless; compact; hand-held
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G01N2201/12—Circuits of general importance; Signal processing
    • G01N2201/129—Using chemometrical methods
    • G01N2201/1296—Using chemometrical methods using neural networks

Definitions

  • opacimeters are used to determine the concentration of particles in exhaust gases from motor vehicles and other aerosols. These are based on the Lambert-Beer law by recording and evaluating the attenuation of a light beam in the medium being examined. Common arrangements are those in which a light source is arranged on one side of a straight measuring chamber and a light sensor on the opposite side. Measuring arrangements are also known in which mirror systems are used to increase the effective optical path length. A measuring beam passes through a linear measuring section several times.
  • DE 102011079816 A1 discloses a device for measuring the amount of molecules in an aerosol with a measuring chamber into which the aerosol to be measured can be introduced; a light source designed to radiate a light beam into the measuring chamber; at least one light sensor designed to measure the intensity of light emerging from the measuring chamber; and an evaluation unit designed to determine the concentration of molecules in the aerosol from the intensity measured by the sensor.
  • the measuring chamber has reflection surfaces for reflecting the radiated light beam, which are arranged in the shape of a polygon, an ellipse or a circle.
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 DE 102014014071 A1 discloses a vehicle control element with a sensor for the non-invasive measurement of biomolecules in the blood of an operator of a vehicle control element using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
  • III–V-on-Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits for Spectroscopic Sensing in the 2–4 ⁇ m Wavelength Range Wang, Ruijun et al., Sensors. 17. 1788.
  • the object of the invention was to miniaturize a sensor system for odor/breath gas analysis in a vehicle.
  • the subject matter of claim 1 solves this problem.
  • Advantageous embodiments of the invention emerge from the definitions, the subclaims, the drawings and the description of preferred embodiments.
  • the solution according to the invention provides a vehicle control element.
  • the vehicle control element comprises a sensor system for determining concentrations of substances in exhaled air and/or body odor of vehicle occupants or in other odors in a vehicle.
  • the sensor system comprises a measuring chamber.
  • the measuring chamber comprises an inlet opening through which the exhaled air and/or body odor or other odors can be introduced into the measuring chamber.
  • the sensor system is a photonic system comprising silicon as an optical medium. Radiation guided in the sensor system interacts with the exhaled air and/or body odors or other odors. The sensor system determines the concentrations of the substances spectroscopically.
  • a vehicle occupant uses a vehicle control element to operate functions of a vehicle.
  • the vehicle control element can be a control element of a vehicle ventilation, heating or air conditioning system, for example a touchscreen or a push button or a rotary control.
  • the vehicle control element can also be a control element of an infotainment system, for example a touchscreen or a push button or a rotary control.
  • Vehicle control element a control element when operated, the distance between the vehicle occupant and the vehicle control element can be reduced, for example by the vehicle occupant leaning forward towards the vehicle control element.
  • the vehicle control element is a control element for steering the vehicle, for example a steering wheel or handicapped-accessible driving and/or steering aids, for example a multifunctional rotary knob that can be arranged on a steering wheel.
  • Body odor includes all smellable body odors from people through the skin and from other body openings, such as bad breath.
  • Substances in exhaled air and/or body odor can be substances that indicate alcohol, such as ethanol, or cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine, methadone, ammonia, acetone or a combination of these substances.
  • These substances are biomarkers that can indicate a normal biological or pathological process in the body. For example, an ammonia smell indicates kidney disease. An acetone smell indicates diabetes.
  • One advantage of determining these substances in exhaled air and/or body odors is that no chemical methods, which, for example, rely on a blowpipe and are therefore uncomfortable when determining the alcohol content in exhaled air, or surface contact methods, such as adsorption methods, or invasive methods, are used.
  • VOCs include, for example, acetone, ethanol, isoprene, nonanal, decanal, ⁇ -pinene, ethyl butyrate and butanal, ethanal, propanal and n-propyl acetate.
  • VOCs are produced in living organisms when protein, cell or metabolic changes occur that are triggered by a disease. For example, characteristic protein and metabolic changes have been observed in people infected with SARS-CoV-2. VOCs excreted through breathing and/or body odors can be characteristic of a disease and thus function as biomarkers.
  • the detection of these substances determines the condition of a vehicle occupant, in particular a driver, with regard to illnesses and impairments to vehicle control. If these substances are detected above a respective predetermined threshold value, in particular when starting the journey, according to one aspect, for example, an immobilizer is activated, for example an Alcolock or alcohol ignition lock, which blocks the vehicle from starting when the driver's breath alcohol content reaches a certain value.
  • the sensor system is a spectroscopic sensor system. The sensor system can determine the concentrations of the substances using absorption spectroscopy or emission spectroscopy. According to one aspect, the sensor system consists of the measuring chamber.
  • the sensor system comprises signal or data interfaces to a detector and / or a radiation source.
  • a detector is integrated in the sensor system, for example a photodiode detector.
  • a detector and a radiation source that provides the radiation that interacts with the substances are integrated in the sensor system.
  • the radiation source can be a broadband radiation source or a tunable radiation source with regard to the emitted radiation.
  • the radiation is electromagnetic radiation.
  • the radiation is visible light.
  • the radiation is infrared radiation.
  • alcohol for example ethanol, has absorption lines in the infrared range.
  • the detector can be designed for absorption spectroscopy or emission spectroscopy.
  • the detector comprises an electronic evaluation device for absorption spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy.
  • the sensor system comprises the evaluation device for absorption spectroscopy or ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Emission spectroscopy as a separate component, for example in the form of an application-specific integrated circuit.
  • a radiation source that provides the radiation is a laser.
  • the laser is, for example, an infrared laser, for example in the form of an external infrared laser diode. This enables the sensor system to carry out laser spectroscopic methods to determine the concentrations of the substances.
  • a photonic system can generate, detect and/or manipulate radiation, for example light, for example infrared light, by emitting photons, transmitting photons, modulating, signal processing, integrated circuitry, amplification and/or sensing.
  • a photonic system that includes silicon as an optical medium is also called a silicon photonics system or silicon photonics platform.
  • a silicon photonics platform as a spectroscopic sensor system for determining concentrations of substances in exhaled air and/or body odor or other odors has a high signal-to-noise ratio compared to other sensor technologies. Sensitivities in the range of 10 12 , i.e. parts per trillion, can be achieved.
  • the photonic system comprises a photonic integrated circuit.
  • a photonic integrated circuit is a functional circuit comprising components that interact with photons.
  • the components that interact with photons are, for example, waveguides, lasers, polarizers or phase inverters.
  • the photonic system can be miniaturized by the sensor system.
  • the sensor system is a silicon photonics wafer. This means that the sensor system can be arranged in a vehicle control element, for example a steering wheel.
  • the invention thus provides for the integration of an alcohol or odor sensor in a steering wheel.
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Because the measuring chamber has an inlet opening and no outlet opening, exhaled air flowing into the measuring chamber is dammed in front of or in the measuring chamber.
  • the sensor system comprises at least one silicon-on-insulator waveguide.
  • One side of the waveguide is uncovered and exposed to exhaled air and/or body odors or other odors.
  • Silicon-on-insulator is a technology by means of which silicon semiconductor devices are manufactured in a layered silicon-insulator-silicon substrate. This reduces parasitic capacitances within the waveguide and thereby improves performance.
  • the high refractive index contrast of silicon-on-insulator waveguides enables a tight bending radius and thus ultra-compact photonic systems.
  • the uncovered side of the waveguide is the side on which the exhaled air and/or body odors or other odors flow.
  • the side is a top side.
  • the silicon-on-insulator waveguide can be arranged in the measuring chamber.
  • the measuring chamber is designed as a silicon-on-insulator waveguide or as a circuit of silicon-on-insulator waveguides.
  • the measuring chamber comprises a polygonal, elliptical or circular cross-sectional area and walls designed to be reflective on the inside.
  • the silicon-on-insulator waveguide can have a polygonal, elliptical or circular course. Due to the reflective inner sides of the walls, the guided radiation, for example the laser beams, are reflected several times on the reflection surfaces.
  • a path length is covered in the measuring chamber or the waveguide that is greater than an extension of the measuring chamber or the waveguide.
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 is suitable. Reflection surfaces arranged in the shape of a polygon make it possible to specifically set the reflection angle to a desired value.
  • a height of the measuring chamber is adjustable by means of a movable base surface of the measuring chamber.
  • a floor surface of the measuring chamber can be moved up and/or down.
  • the height-adjustable floor means that the sensor can be effectively protected from contamination or can clean itself when the floor is moved past the mirror surfaces.
  • mirrors and/or lasers can be protected when the sensor system is not taking a measurement, in particular when the floor is moved upwards so that it is, for example, flush with the steering wheel surface.
  • radiation from at least one external radiation source is coupled to the sensor system.
  • laser beams from a laser diode that is external to the sensor system are coupled into the sensor system via the waveguides.
  • beams from several external radiation sources are coupled in, in particular beams of different wavelengths. This enables broadband spectroscopy.
  • the sensor system for example the photonic system, comprises group III-V semiconductor materials that realize a radiation source integrated into the photonic system.
  • the radiation from the integrated radiation source is coupled to the sensor system, for example the measuring chamber.
  • the integrated radiation source is realized by an active layer of group III-V semiconductor materials.
  • the active layer emits light when excited.
  • Group III-V semiconductor materials are, for example, indium(III) phosphide and gallium(III) arsenide. This means that the radiation source, measuring chamber and detector can be integrated in the sensor system, for example in a chip.
  • the sensor system for example the photonic system, comprises a functional circuit by means of which the group III-V semiconductor materials can be excited photonically or electronically.
  • the ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Functional circuit an external laser that shines on the group III-V semiconductor materials and thus excites their active layer.
  • electricity can also be passed through the group III-V semiconductor materials and thus stimulate their active layer.
  • the sensor system for example the photonic system, comprises at least one silicon waveguide.
  • the silicon waveguide comprises at least one mirror at the end. The mirror reflects the radiation coupled into the silicon waveguide. The reflection creates a laser cavity.
  • the sensor system for example the photonic system, comprises a beam splitter.
  • the measuring chamber is arranged in a first beam path.
  • the second beam path provides reference information.
  • a beam splitter is an optical component that separates a single beam into two partial beams.
  • a beam splitter can be implemented, for example, with two prisms that are joined together at their base.
  • the beam splitter is implemented as an element of the silicon photonics system, for example on a silicon photonics wafer.
  • At least one detector is integrated in the sensor system, for example the photonic system.
  • a detector is arranged in each beam path.
  • the detector detects radiation resulting from a radiation interaction, for example absorption or emission lines.
  • a spectroscopic measuring system is provided on a chip, for example a silicon photonics wafer.
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22
  • the vehicle control element is a steering wheel.
  • the sensor system is arranged on a steering wheel rim, on a steering wheel spoke, on a steering column or on a horn button on the steering wheel. This enables easy use for a driver, since by leaning forward the distance between the driver and the steering wheel can be reduced to less than 20 cm, for example, which is advantageous for detecting the substances in the exhaled air and/or body odor.
  • the steering wheel is, for example, a multifunction steering wheel.
  • the inlet opening comprises a filter for filtering the exhaled air and/or body odor and/or a valve for regulating and/or controlling a flow of the exhaled air and/or body odor through the measuring chamber.
  • the filter serves, for example, to improve a signal-to-noise ratio.
  • the valve improves the distribution of the exhaled air and/or body odor to be analyzed in the measuring chamber.
  • the first inlet opening comprises a fan for sucking in the exhaled air and/or body odor.
  • the insides of the walls of the measuring chamber comprise heatable reflectors, for example in the form of heatable mirrors.
  • a wall can also be a wall of the floor, i.e. a floor surface. This prevents condensation within the measuring chamber.
  • the reflectors are heated to a temperature of at least 19°C, for example.
  • the vehicle control element comprises at least one vibration source for cleaning the insides, in particular for cleaning the reflectors against adhesions.
  • the vibration source can be an ultrasound source, for example.
  • the sensor system determines a spectrum, for example an absorption or emission spectrum.
  • the detector can execute a computer program.
  • the computer program comprises commands that cause a machine learning model trained in image classification to determine the concentrations of the substances in the exhaled air on the spectrum.
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 and/or body odor.
  • Machine learning is a technology that teaches computers and other data processing devices to perform tasks by learning from data rather than being programmed for the tasks.
  • the invention is illustrated in the following exemplary embodiments. They show: Fig. 1 an exemplary embodiment of a vehicle control element according to the invention, Fig. 2 an exemplary embodiment of incoming exhaled air and Fig.
  • the vehicle control element 10 shown in Fig. 1 is a steering wheel.
  • a sensor system 20 for the spectroscopic analysis of exhaled air 6 is integrated into the steering wheel.
  • the sensor system 20 is a Silicon Photonics sensor system.
  • the sensor system 20 is arranged on a steering wheel spoke.
  • the sensor system 20 can also be arranged on the steering wheel rim or the horn button, for example.
  • a measuring chamber 1 of the sensor system 20 is shown.
  • the measuring chamber 1 has, for example, a polygonal cross-sectional area.
  • the cross-sectional area is a pentagon.
  • the measuring chamber 1 is only open on one side. This means that the measuring chamber 1 has an inlet opening 2a, see Fig. 2.
  • the incoming exhaled air 6 accumulates at the inlet opening.
  • a base area 4 of the measuring chamber 1, for example a floor of the measuring chamber 1, is vertically movable.
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22
  • Fig. 3 shows a schematic of an example Silicon Photonics configuration of the sensor system 20.
  • the Silicon Photonics configuration shown implements infrared spectroscopy integrated on a chip, for example for the detection of ethanol in the exhaled air 6.
  • An external radiation source 22 or a radiation source 23 integrated in the sensor system 20 generates the radiation that interacts with the substances in the exhaled air 6.
  • the radiation source 22, 23 is, for example, a laser, for example a tunable laser.
  • a beam splitter 24 splits the beam of the radiation source 22, 23 into a first beam path 25 and a second beam path 26.
  • a detector 27 is arranged at each end of the beam paths 25, 26.
  • the detector 27 is, for example, a photodiode.
  • a silicon-on-insulator waveguide 21 is arranged in the first beam path 25.
  • the silicon-on-insulator waveguide 21 is uncovered on its upper side. This allows an interaction with the substances in the exhaled air 6 to be detected spectroscopically.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed is a vehicle operating element (10) comprising a sensor system (20) for determining concentrations of substances in exhaled air (6) and/or body odour of vehicle occupants or in other odours in a vehicle, the sensor system (20) comprising a measuring chamber (1), the measuring chamber (1) comprising an inlet opening (2a), through which the exhaled air (6) and/or the body odour or the other odours can be introduced into the measuring chamber (1), wherein the sensor system (20) is a photonic system comprising silicon as an optical medium; radiation conducted in the sensor system (20) interacts with the exhaled air (6) and/or the body odours or the other odours; the sensor system (20) determines the concentrations of the substances spectroscopically.

Description

ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Fahrzeugbedienelement Die Erfindung betrifft ein Fahrzeugbedienelement. Folgende Definitionen, Beschreibungen und Ausführungen behalten ihre jeweilige Bedeutung für und finden Anwendung auf den gesamten offenbarten Erfindungsge- genstand. Zur Bestimmung der Konzentration von Partikeln in Abgasen von Kraftfahrzeugen und anderen Aerosolen werden sogenannte Opazimeter eingesetzt. Diese beruhen auf dem Lambert-Beerschen Gesetz, indem sie die Abschwächung eines Lichtstrahls in dem untersuchten Medium erfassen und auswerten. Üblich sind dabei Anordnun- gen, bei denen auf einer Seite einer geraden Messkammer eine Lichtquelle und auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite ein Lichtsensor angeordnet sind. Ebenso sind Messanordnungen bekannt, bei denen zur Erhöhung der effektiven optischen Weg- länge Spiegelsysteme verwendet werden. Ein Messstrahl durchläuft dabei mehrfach eine lineare Messstrecke. Zur Messung sehr geringer Menge an Molekülen, wie sie z.B. in der Atmen-Luft vorkommen, sind längere Messstrecken erforderlich. Eine Ver- längerung der Messstrecke durch Vergrößern der Länge der Messkammer hat zur Folge, dass die Messgeräte groß und unhandlich werden. Auf diesem Gebiet offenbart die DE 102011079816 A1 eine Vorrichtung zum Mes- sen der Molekülmenge in einem Aerosol mit einer Messkammer, in die das zu mes- sende Aerosol einbringbar ist; einer Lichtquelle, die zum Einstrahlen eines Licht- strahls in die Messkammer ausgebildet ist; wenigstens einem Lichtsensor, der zur Messung der Intensität von aus der Messkammer austretendem Licht ausgebildet ist; und einer Auswerteinheit, die zur Bestimmung der Molekülkonzentration in dem Aerosol aus der von dem Sensor gemessenen Intensität ausgebildet ist. Die Mess- kammer weist Reflexionsflächen zur Reflexion des eingestrahlten Lichtstrahls auf, die in der Form eines Polygons, einer Ellipse oder eines Kreises angeordnet sind. ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Die DE 102014014071 A1 offenbart ein Fahrzeugbedienelement mit einem Sensor zur nichtinvasiven Messung von Biomolekülen im Blut eines Bedieners eines Fahr- zeugbedienelements mittels elektrochemischer Impedanzspektroskopie. In “III–V-on-Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits for Spectroscopic Sensing in the 2–4 μm Wavelength Range”, Wang, Ruijun et al., Sensors. 17. 1788. 10.3390/s17081788 werden III-V Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiterschaltkreise für spektroskopische De- tektionen im Wellenlängenbereich von 2-4 µm offenbart. Aufgabe der Erfindung war es, wie ein Sensorsystem für eine Geruchs-/Atemgas Analyse in einem Fahrzeug miniaturisiert werden. Der Gegenstand des Anspruchs 1 löst diese Aufgabe. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Definitionen, den Unteransprüchen, den Zeich- nungen und der Beschreibung bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiele. Die erfindungsgemäße Lösung stellt ein Fahrzeugbedienelement bereit. Das Fahr- zeugbedienelement umfasst ein Sensorsystem zum Bestimmen von Konzentrationen von Substanzen in Ausatemluft und/oder Körpergeruch von Fahrzeuginsassen oder in sonstigen Gerüchen in einem Fahrzeug. Das Sensorsystem umfasst eine Mess- kammer. Die Messkammer umfasst eine Eintrittsöffnung, durch die die Ausatemluft und/oder der Körpergeruch oder die sonstigen Gerüche in die Messkammer einleit- bar sind. Das Sensorsystem ist ein photonisches System umfassend Silizium als op- tisches Medium. In dem Sensorsystem geleitete Strahlung wechselwirkt mit der Aus- atemluft und/oder den Körpergerüchen oder den sonstigen Gerüchen. Das Sensor- system bestimmt die Konzentrationen der Substanzen spektroskopisch. Mit einem Fahrzeugbedienelement bedient ein Fahrzeuginsasse Funktionen eines Fahrzeuges. Das Fahrzeugbedienelement kann ein Bedienelement eines Fahrzeug- lüftungs-, Heizungs- oder klimasystems sein, beispielsweise ein Touchscreen oder eine Drucktaste oder ein Drehregler. Das Fahrzeugbedienelement kann auch ein Be- dienelement eines Infotainmentsystems sein, beispielsweise ein Touchscreen oder eine Drucktaste oder ein Drehregler. Nach einem Aspekt ist das ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Fahrzeugbedienelement ein Bedienelement, bei dessen Bedienung ein Abstand zwi- schen Fahrzeuginsasse und Fahrzeugbedienelement reduziert werden kann, bei- spielsweise durch nach vorne Beugen des Fahrzeuginsassen in Richtung Fahrzeug- bedienelement. Nach einem Aspekt ist das Fahrzeugbedienelement ein Bedienele- ment zum Lenken des Fahrzeuges, beispielsweise ein Lenkrad oder behindertenge- rechte Fahr- und/oder Lenkhilfen, beispielsweise ein an einem Lenkrad anordbarer Multifunktionsdrehknauf. Körpergeruch umfasst alle riechbaren Körperausdünstungen von Menschen über die Haut und aus anderen Körperöffnungen, wie zum Beispiel Mundgeruch. Substanzen in Ausatemluft und/oder Körpergeruch können Substanzen sein, die auf Alkohol, wie etwa Ethanol, oder Kokain, Amphetamine, Cannabis, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Mor- phin, Methadone, Ammoniak, Azeton oder eine Kombination dieser Substanzen hin- deuten. Diese Substanzen stellen Biomarker dar, die auf einen normalen biologi- schen oder krankhaften Prozess im Körper hinweisen können. Beispielsweise deutet ein Ammoniak-Geruch auf eine Nierenerkrankung hin. Ein Azeton-Geruch deutet auf Diabetes hin. Ein Vorteil der Bestimmung dieser Substanzen in Ausatemluft und/oder Körpergerüchen ist, dass keine chemischen Verfahren, die bei der Bestimmung des Alkoholgehalts in Atemluft beispielsweise auf ein Blasrohr angewiesen sind und da- mit unkomfortabel sind, oder Oberflächenkontaktverfahren, beispielsweise Adsorpti- onsverfahren, oder invasive Verfahren anzuwenden sind. Atemluft und andere Kör- pergerüche werden kontinuierlich abgegeben. Die Substanzen sind beispielsweise flüchtige organische Verbindungen, auch volatile organic compounds genannt, abge- kürzt VOC. Zu VOCs gehören beispielsweise Aceton, Ethanol, Isopren, Nonanal, De- canal, α-Pinen, Buttersäureethylester und Butanal, Ethanal, Propanal und Essig- säure-n-propylester. VOC entstehen bei Lebewesen bei Protein-, Zell- oder Stoff- wechseländerungen, die durch eine Krankheit ausgelöst werden. Beispielsweise wur- den bei SARS-Cov-2 infizierten Menschen charakteristische Protein- und Stoffwech- seländerungen beobachtet. Über Atmung und/oder Körpergerüche ausgeschiedene VOCs können charakteristisch für eine Krankheit sein und damit als Biomarker fun- gieren. ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Durch den erfindungsgemäßen Nachweis dieser Substanzen wird ein Zustand eines Fahrzeuginsassen, insbesondere eines Fahrzeugführers, hinsichtlich Krankheiten und Beeinträchtigungen der Fahrzeugführung bestimmt. Werden diese Substanzen oberhalb eines jeweiligen vorgegeben Schwellenwertes bestimmt, insbesondere bei Fahrtantritt, wird nach einem Aspekt beispielsweise eine Wegfahrsperre aktiviert, bei- spielsweise eine Alcolock oder Alkohol-Zündschlosssperre, die ab einem bestimmten Wert an Atemalkoholgehalt des Fahrzeugführers das Anfahren des Fahrzeugs blo- ckiert. Das Sensorsystem ist ein spektroskopisches Sensorsystem. Das Sensorsystem kann die Konzentrationen der Substanzen mittels Absorptionsspektroskopie oder Emissi- onsspektroskopie bestimmen. Das Sensorsystem besteht nach einem Aspekt aus der Messkammer. In dieser Aus- führungsform umfasst das Sensorsystem Signal- oder Datenschnittstellen zu einem Detektor und/oder einer Strahlungsquelle. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt ist ein Detek- tor in dem Sensorsystem integriert, beispielsweise ein Photodioden-Detektor. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt sind Detektor und eine Strahlungsquelle, die die Strahlung bereitstellt, die mit den Substanzen wechselwirkt, in dem Sensorsystem integriert. Die Strahlungsquelle kann hinsichtlich der emittierten Strahlung eine Breitband- Strahlungsquelle oder eine durchstimmbare Strahlungsquelle sein. Die Strahlung ist elektromagnetische Strahlung. Nach einem Aspekt ist die Strahlung sichtbares Licht. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt ist die Strahlung Infrarotstrahlung. Bei- spielsweise hat Alkohol, beispielsweise Ethanol, Absorptionslinien im Infrarotbereich. Der Detektor kann ausgeführt sein für Absorptionsspektroskopie oder Emissions- spektroskopie. Damit wird ein spektroskopisches Sensorsystem bereitgestellt. Bei- spielsweise umfasst der Detektor eine elektronische Auswerteeinrichtung für Absorp- tionsspektroskopie und Emissionsspektroskopie. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt um- fasst das Sensorsystem die Auswerteeinrichtung für Absorptionsspektroskopie oder ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Emissionsspektroskopie als separates Bauteil, beispielsweise in der Form eines an- wendungsspezifischen integrierten Schaltkreises. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt ist eine Strahlungsquelle, die die Strahlung bereitstellt, ein Laser. Der Laser ist beispielsweise ein Infrarotlaser, beispielsweise in Form einer externen Infrarot-Laserdiode. Damit kann das Sensorsystem laserspektroskopische Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Konzentrationen der Substanzen ausführen. Ein photonisches System kann Strahlung, beispielsweise Licht, beispielsweise Infra- rotlicht, erzeugen, erkennen und/oder manipulieren durch Emission von Photonen, Übertragung von Photonen, Modulation, Signalverarbeitung, integrierte Schaltung, Verstärkung und/oder Sensorik. Ein photonisches System, das Silizium als optisches Medium umfasst, wird auch Silicon Photonics System oder Silicon Photonics Platt- form genannt. Während des Erarbeitens der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung hat sich herausgestellt, dass eine Silicon Photonics Plattform als spektroskopisches Sensor- system zum Bestimmen von Konzentrationen von Substanzen in Ausatemluft und/oder Körpergeruch oder in sonstigen Gerüchen ein im Vergleich zu anderen Sensortechnologien hohes Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis hat. Es lassen sich Empfindlich- keiten im Bereich von 1012, also parts per trillion, erreichen. Nach einem Aspekt umfasst das photonische System einen photonisch integrierten Schaltkreis. Ein photonisch integrierter Schaltkreis ist eine Funktionsschaltung um- fassend Komponenten, die mit Photonen wechselwirken. Die Komponenten, die mit Photonen wechselwirken, sind beispielsweise Wellenleiter, Laser, Polarisierer oder Phasenumkehrer. Durch das photonische System kann das Sensorsystem miniaturisiert sein. Beispiels- weise ist das Sensorsystem ein Silicon Photonics Wafer. Damit kann das Sensorsys- tem in einem Fahrzeugbedienelement, beispielsweise einem Lenkrad, angeordnet werden. Damit stellt die Erfindung eine Integration eines Alkohol- oder Geruchs- sensors in einem Lenkrad bereit. ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Dadurch, dass die Messkammer eine Eintrittsöffnung und keine Austrittsöffnung um- fasst, wird auf die Messkammer anströmende Ausatemluft vor oder in der Messkam- mer gestaut. Dadurch wird eine Verdünnung mit Umgebungsluft minimiert und es wird eine maximale Signalausbeute erreicht. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfasst das Sensorsystem wenigstens einen Silizium- auf-Isolator Wellenleiter. Eine Seite des Wellenleiters ist unbedeckt und der Ausa- temluft und/oder den Körpergerüchen oder den sonstigen Gerüchen ausgesetzt. Sili- zium-auf-Isolator ist eine Technologie, mittels der Silizium Halbleiterbauelemente in einem geschichteten Silizium-Isolator-Silizium-Substrat hergestellt werden. Dadurch werden parasitäre Kapazitäten innerhalb des Wellenleiters verringert und dadurch die Leistung verbessert. Ferner ermöglicht der hohe Brechungsindexkontrast von Sili- zium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiter einen engen Biegeradius und damit ultrakompakte pho- tonische Systeme. Die unbedeckte Seite des Wellenleiters ist die Seite, an der die Ausatemluft und/oder die Körpergerüche oder die sonstigen Gerüche anströmen. Beispielsweise ist die Seite eine Oberseite. Der Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiter kann in der Messkammer angeordnet sein. Nach einem Aspekt ist die Messkammer als Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiter oder als ein Schaltkreis von Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleitern ausgebildet. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfasst die Messkammer eine Polygon-, Ellipsen- oder Kreis-förmige Querschnittsfläche und auf Innenseiten reflektierend ausgebildete Wände umfasst. Beispielsweise kann der Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiter einen po- lygon-, ellipsen- oder kreisförmigen Verlauf haben. Durch die reflektierend ausgebil- deten Innenseiten der Wände wird die geleitete Strahlung, beispielsweise die Laser- strahlen, mehrfach an den Reflexionsflächen reflektiert. Damit wird eine Weglänge in der Messkammer oder dem Wellenleiter zurücklegt, die größer als eine Ausdehnung der Messkammer oder des Wellenleiters. Damit wird ein miniaturisiertes, in einen Fahrzeuginnenraum anordbares Sensorsystem mit kompakter Baugröße für die Ge- ruchs-/Atemgas Analyse in einem Fahrzeug realisiert. Damit wird ein Sensorsystem bereitgestellt, das trotz geringer Baugröße eine hohe Sensibilität aufweist und daher zur Messung von Substanzen in Ausatemluft und/oder Körpergeruch in Fahrzeugen ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 geeignet ist. In der Form eines Polygons angeordnete Reflexionsflächen ermöglichen es, den Reflexionswinkel gezielt auf einen gewünschten Wert einzustellen. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt ist eine Höhe der Messkammer mittels einer bewegba- ren Grundfläche der Messkammer ist. Beispielsweise kann eine Bodenfläche der Messkammer nach oben und/oder nach unten gefahren werden. Durch den höhen- verstellbaren Boden kann der Senor effektiv vor Verschmutzung geschützt werden oder sich selbst reinigen, wenn der Boden an den Spiegelflächen vorbei bewegt wird. Ferner können damit Spiegel und/oder Laser geschützt werden, wenn das Sensor- system keine Messung durchführt, insbesondere, wenn der Boden derart nach oben bewegt wird, dass er beispielsweise bündig mit der Lenkradoberfläche ist. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt ist Strahlung wenigstens einer externen Strahlungs- quelle mit dem Sensorsystem gekoppelt. Beispielsweise werden über die Wellenleiter Laserstrahlen einer relativ zu dem Sensorsystem externen Laserdiode in das Sensor- system eingekoppelt. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt werden Strahlen mehrerer exter- ner Strahlungsquellen eingekoppelt, insbesondere Strahlen unterschiedlicher Wellen- längen. Damit wird eine Breitbandspektroskopie ermöglicht. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfasst das Sensorsystem, beispielsweise das photoni- sche System, Gruppe III-V Halbleitermaterialien, die eine in das photonische System integrierte Strahlungsquelle realisieren. Die Strahlung der integrierten Strahlungs- quelle ist mit dem Sensorsystem, beispielsweise der Messkammer, gekoppelt. Damit kann ein Hybrid-Silizium-Laser bereitgestellt werden. Die integrierte Strahlungsquelle wird durch eine aktive Schicht der Gruppe III-V Halbleitermaterialien realisiert. Die aktive Schicht emittiert bei Anregung Licht. Gruppe III-V Halbleitermaterialien sind beispielsweise Indium(III)phosphide und Gallium(III)arsenide. Damit können Strah- lungsquelle, Messkammer und Detektor in dem Sensorsystem integriert sein, bei- spielsweise in einem Chip. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfasst das Sensorsystem, beispielsweise das photoni- sche System, eine Funktionsschaltung, mittels der die Gruppe III-V Halbleitermateria- lien photonisch oder elektronisch anregbar sind. Beispielsweise steuert die ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Funktionsschaltung einen externen Laser an, der die Gruppe III-V Halbleitermateria- lien anstrahlt und damit deren aktive Schicht anregt. Mittels der Funktionsschaltung kann auch Elektrizität durch die Gruppe III-V Halbleitermaterialien geleitet werden und damit deren aktive Schicht angeregt werden. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfasst das Sensorsystem, beispielsweise das photoni- sche System, wenigstens einen Silizium-Wellenleiter. Der Silizium-Wellenleiter um- fasst endseitig wenigstens einen Spiegel. Der Spiegel reflektiert die in den Silizium- Wellenleiter eingekoppelte Strahlung. Durch die Reflexion entsteht eine Laserkavität. Aufgrund der relativ geringen Verluste der Silizium-Wellenleiter können Laserstrahlen mit relativ sehr geringen Linienbreiten, beispielsweise kleiner als 1kHz, erzeugt wer- den, was für die spektroskopische Analyse von Ausatemluft und/oder Körpergerü- chen oder sonstigen Gerüchen vorteilhaft ist. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfasst das Sensorsystem, beispielsweise das photoni- sche System, einen Strahlteiler. In einem ersten Strahlengang ist die Messkammer angeordnet. Der zweite Strahlengang liefert Referenzinformationen. Ein Strahlteiler ist ein optisches Bauelement, das einen einzelnen Strahl in zwei Teilstrahlen trennt. Ein Strahlteiler kann beispielsweise mit zwei Prismen realisiert werden, die an ihrer Basis zusammengefügt werden. Nach einem Aspekt ist der Strahlteiler als ein Ele- ment des Silicon Photonics System realisiert, beispielsweise auf einem Silicon Pho- tonics Wafer. Damit kann das Ergebnis der Messung validiert werden und beispiels- weise eine Laserausgangsleistung bestimmt werden. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt ist wenigstens ein Detektor in dem Sensorsystem, bei- spielsweise dem photonischen System, integriert. In der Ausführungsform mit einem ersten und einem zweiten Strahlengang ist in jedem Strahlengang ein Detektor ange- ordnet. Der Detektor detektiert eine aus einer Strahlungswechselwirkung resultie- rende Strahlung, beispielsweise Absorptions- oder Emissionslinien. Mit Integration der Strahlungsquelle, der Messkammer und des Detektors in dem Sensorsystem wird ein spektroskopisches Messsystem auf einem Chip bereitgestellt, beispielsweise einem Silicon Photonics Wafer. ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Nach einem weiteren Aspekt ist das Fahrzeugbedienelement ein Lenkrad. Das Sen- sorsystem ist an einem Lenkradkranz, an einer Lenkradspeiche, an einem Lenkstock oder an einem Hupenknopf des Lenkrads angeordnet. Damit wird einfache Benut- zung für einen Fahrer ermöglicht, da durch Nachvornelehnen der Abstand zwischen Fahrer und Lenkrad beispielsweise auf unter 20 cm reduziert werden kann, was für den Nachweis der Substanzen in der Ausatemluft und/oder dem Körpergeruch vor- teilhaft ist. Das Lenkrad ist beispielsweise ein Multifunktionslenkrad. Nach einem Aspekt umfasst die Eintrittsöffnung einen Filter zum Filtern der Ausatem- luft und/oder des Körpergeruchs und/oder ein Ventil zum Regeln und/oder Steuern eines Durchflusses der Ausatemluft und/oder des Körpergeruchs durch die Mess- kammer. Der Filter dient beispielsweise dazu, ein Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis zu ver- bessern. Das Ventil verbessert die Verteilung der zu analysierenden Ausatemluft und/oder des Körpergeruchs in der Messkammer. Nach einem Aspekt umfasst die erste Eintrittsöffnung einen Ventilator zum Ansaugen der Ausatemluft und/oder des Körpergeruchs. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfassen die Innenseiten der Wände der Messkammer beheizbare Reflektoren, beispielsweise in Form von beheizbaren Spiegeln. Eine Wand kann dabei auch eine Wand des Bodens, das heißt eine Bodenfläche, sein. Damit wird eine Kondensation innerhalb der Messkammer vermieden. Die Reflek- toren werden beispielsweise auf eine Temperatur von mindestens 19°C beheizt. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt umfasst das Fahrzeugbedienelement wenigstens eine Vibrationsquelle zum Reinigen der Innenseiten, insbesondere zum Reinigen der Re- flektoren gegen Anhaftungen. Die Vibrationsquelle kann beispielsweise eine Ultra- schallquelle sein. Nach einem weiteren Aspekt bestimmt das Sensorsystem, beispielsweise der Detek- tor, ein Spektrum, beispielsweise ein Absorptions- oder Emissionsspektrum. Der De- tektor kann ein Computerprogramm ausführen. Das Computerprogramm umfasst Be- fehle, die bewirken, dass ein Maschinenlernmodell, das auf Bildklassifizierung trai- niert ist, auf dem Spektrum die Konzentrationen der Substanzen in der Ausatemluft ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 und/oder dem Körpergeruch inferiert. Maschinelles Lernen ist eine Technologie, die Computern und anderen Datenverarbeitungsvorrichtungen die Ausführung von Auf- gaben durch Lernen aus Daten lehrt, anstatt für die Aufgaben programmiert zu wer- den. Die Erfindung wird in den folgenden Ausführungsbeispielen verdeutlicht. Es zeigen: Fig. 1 ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäßen Fahrzeugbedienelements, Fig. 2 ein Ausführungsbeispiel von anströmender Ausatemluft und Fig. 3 ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Sensorsystems des erfindungsgemäßen Fahr- zeugbedienelements. In den Figuren bezeichnen gleiche Bezugszeichen gleiche oder funktionsähnliche Bezugsteile. Übersichtshalber werden in den einzelnen Figuren nur die jeweils rele- vanten Bezugsteile hervorgehoben. Das in Fig. 1 gezeigte Fahrzeugbedienelement 10 ist ein Lenkrad. In dem Lenkrad ist ein Sensorsystem 20 zur spektroskopischen Analyse von Ausatemluft 6 integriert. Das Sensorsystem 20 ist ein Silicon Photonics Sensorsystem. Das Sensorsystem 20 ist an einer Lenkradspeiche angeordnet. Das Sensorsystem 20 kann beispielsweise auch an dem Lenkradkranz oder dem Hupenknopf angeordnet sein. Dargestellt ist eine Messkammer 1 des Sensorsystems 20. Die Messkammer 1 hat beispielsweise eine polygonförmige Querschnittsfläche. Beispielsweise ist die Querschnittsfläche ein Fünfeck. Die Messkammer 1 ist nur nach einer Seite offen. Das heißt, die Messkammer 1 hat eine Eintrittsöffnung 2a, siehe Fig. 2. An der Eintrittsöffnung staut sich die anströ- mende Ausatemluft 6. Eine Grundfläche 4 der Messkammer 1, beispielsweise ein Boden der Messkammer 1, ist vertikal bewegbar. ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Fig. 3 zeigt schematisch eine beispielshafte Silicon Photonics Konfiguration des Sen- sorsystems 20. Die gezeigte Silicon Photonics Konfiguration realisiert eine auf einem Chip integrierte Infrarotspektroskopie, beispielsweise zum Nachweis von Ethanol in der Ausatemluft 6. Eine externe Strahlungsquelle 22 oder eine in dem Sensorsystem 20 integrierte Strahlungsquelle 23 erzeugt die Strahlung, die mit den Substanzen in der Ausatem- luft 6 wechselwirkt. Die Strahlungsquelle 22, 23 ist beispielsweise ein Laser, bei- spielsweise ein durchstimmbarer Laser. Ein Strahlteiler 24 teilt den Strahl der Strahlungsquelle 22, 23 in einen ersten Strah- lengang 25 und einen zweiten Strahlengang 26 auf. An den Enden der Strahlen- gänge 25, 26 ist jeweils ein Detektor 27 angeordnet. Der Detektor 27 ist beispiels- weise eine Photodiode. Beispielsweise ist in dem ersten Strahlengang 25 ein Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenlei- ter 21 angeordnet. Der Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiter 21 ist an seiner Oberseite unbedeckt. Damit kann eine Wechselwirkung mit den Substanzen in der Ausatemluft 6 spektroskopisch erfasst werden. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Vehicle control element The invention relates to a vehicle control element. The following definitions, descriptions and statements retain their respective meaning for and apply to the entire disclosed subject matter of the invention. So-called opacimeters are used to determine the concentration of particles in exhaust gases from motor vehicles and other aerosols. These are based on the Lambert-Beer law by recording and evaluating the attenuation of a light beam in the medium being examined. Common arrangements are those in which a light source is arranged on one side of a straight measuring chamber and a light sensor on the opposite side. Measuring arrangements are also known in which mirror systems are used to increase the effective optical path length. A measuring beam passes through a linear measuring section several times. Longer measuring distances are required to measure very small amounts of molecules, such as those found in the air we breathe, for example. An extension of the measuring distance by increasing the length of the measuring chamber results in the measuring devices becoming large and unwieldy. In this field, DE 102011079816 A1 discloses a device for measuring the amount of molecules in an aerosol with a measuring chamber into which the aerosol to be measured can be introduced; a light source designed to radiate a light beam into the measuring chamber; at least one light sensor designed to measure the intensity of light emerging from the measuring chamber; and an evaluation unit designed to determine the concentration of molecules in the aerosol from the intensity measured by the sensor. The measuring chamber has reflection surfaces for reflecting the radiated light beam, which are arranged in the shape of a polygon, an ellipse or a circle. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 DE 102014014071 A1 discloses a vehicle control element with a sensor for the non-invasive measurement of biomolecules in the blood of an operator of a vehicle control element using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In “III–V-on-Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits for Spectroscopic Sensing in the 2–4 μm Wavelength Range”, Wang, Ruijun et al., Sensors. 17. 1788. 10.3390/s17081788, III-V silicon-on-insulator waveguide circuits for spectroscopic detection in the wavelength range of 2-4 µm are disclosed. The object of the invention was to miniaturize a sensor system for odor/breath gas analysis in a vehicle. The subject matter of claim 1 solves this problem. Advantageous embodiments of the invention emerge from the definitions, the subclaims, the drawings and the description of preferred embodiments. The solution according to the invention provides a vehicle control element. The vehicle control element comprises a sensor system for determining concentrations of substances in exhaled air and/or body odor of vehicle occupants or in other odors in a vehicle. The sensor system comprises a measuring chamber. The measuring chamber comprises an inlet opening through which the exhaled air and/or body odor or other odors can be introduced into the measuring chamber. The sensor system is a photonic system comprising silicon as an optical medium. Radiation guided in the sensor system interacts with the exhaled air and/or body odors or other odors. The sensor system determines the concentrations of the substances spectroscopically. A vehicle occupant uses a vehicle control element to operate functions of a vehicle. The vehicle control element can be a control element of a vehicle ventilation, heating or air conditioning system, for example a touchscreen or a push button or a rotary control. The vehicle control element can also be a control element of an infotainment system, for example a touchscreen or a push button or a rotary control. According to one aspect, the ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Vehicle control element a control element when operated, the distance between the vehicle occupant and the vehicle control element can be reduced, for example by the vehicle occupant leaning forward towards the vehicle control element. In one aspect, the vehicle control element is a control element for steering the vehicle, for example a steering wheel or handicapped-accessible driving and/or steering aids, for example a multifunctional rotary knob that can be arranged on a steering wheel. Body odor includes all smellable body odors from people through the skin and from other body openings, such as bad breath. Substances in exhaled air and/or body odor can be substances that indicate alcohol, such as ethanol, or cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine, methadone, ammonia, acetone or a combination of these substances. These substances are biomarkers that can indicate a normal biological or pathological process in the body. For example, an ammonia smell indicates kidney disease. An acetone smell indicates diabetes. One advantage of determining these substances in exhaled air and/or body odors is that no chemical methods, which, for example, rely on a blowpipe and are therefore uncomfortable when determining the alcohol content in exhaled air, or surface contact methods, such as adsorption methods, or invasive methods, are used. Exhaled air and other body odors are emitted continuously. The substances are, for example, volatile organic compounds, abbreviated to VOC. VOCs include, for example, acetone, ethanol, isoprene, nonanal, decanal, α-pinene, ethyl butyrate and butanal, ethanal, propanal and n-propyl acetate. VOCs are produced in living organisms when protein, cell or metabolic changes occur that are triggered by a disease. For example, characteristic protein and metabolic changes have been observed in people infected with SARS-CoV-2. VOCs excreted through breathing and/or body odors can be characteristic of a disease and thus function as biomarkers. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 The detection of these substances according to the invention determines the condition of a vehicle occupant, in particular a driver, with regard to illnesses and impairments to vehicle control. If these substances are detected above a respective predetermined threshold value, in particular when starting the journey, according to one aspect, for example, an immobilizer is activated, for example an Alcolock or alcohol ignition lock, which blocks the vehicle from starting when the driver's breath alcohol content reaches a certain value. The sensor system is a spectroscopic sensor system. The sensor system can determine the concentrations of the substances using absorption spectroscopy or emission spectroscopy. According to one aspect, the sensor system consists of the measuring chamber. In this embodiment, the sensor system comprises signal or data interfaces to a detector and / or a radiation source. According to another aspect, a detector is integrated in the sensor system, for example a photodiode detector. According to a further aspect, a detector and a radiation source that provides the radiation that interacts with the substances are integrated in the sensor system. The radiation source can be a broadband radiation source or a tunable radiation source with regard to the emitted radiation. The radiation is electromagnetic radiation. According to one aspect, the radiation is visible light. According to another aspect, the radiation is infrared radiation. For example, alcohol, for example ethanol, has absorption lines in the infrared range. The detector can be designed for absorption spectroscopy or emission spectroscopy. This provides a spectroscopic sensor system. For example, the detector comprises an electronic evaluation device for absorption spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy. According to another aspect, the sensor system comprises the evaluation device for absorption spectroscopy or ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Emission spectroscopy as a separate component, for example in the form of an application-specific integrated circuit. According to a further aspect, a radiation source that provides the radiation is a laser. The laser is, for example, an infrared laser, for example in the form of an external infrared laser diode. This enables the sensor system to carry out laser spectroscopic methods to determine the concentrations of the substances. A photonic system can generate, detect and/or manipulate radiation, for example light, for example infrared light, by emitting photons, transmitting photons, modulating, signal processing, integrated circuitry, amplification and/or sensing. A photonic system that includes silicon as an optical medium is also called a silicon photonics system or silicon photonics platform. During the development of the solution according to the invention, it was found that a silicon photonics platform as a spectroscopic sensor system for determining concentrations of substances in exhaled air and/or body odor or other odors has a high signal-to-noise ratio compared to other sensor technologies. Sensitivities in the range of 10 12 , i.e. parts per trillion, can be achieved. In one aspect, the photonic system comprises a photonic integrated circuit. A photonic integrated circuit is a functional circuit comprising components that interact with photons. The components that interact with photons are, for example, waveguides, lasers, polarizers or phase inverters. The photonic system can be miniaturized by the sensor system. For example, the sensor system is a silicon photonics wafer. This means that the sensor system can be arranged in a vehicle control element, for example a steering wheel. The invention thus provides for the integration of an alcohol or odor sensor in a steering wheel. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Because the measuring chamber has an inlet opening and no outlet opening, exhaled air flowing into the measuring chamber is dammed in front of or in the measuring chamber. This minimizes dilution with ambient air and achieves maximum signal yield. According to a further aspect, the sensor system comprises at least one silicon-on-insulator waveguide. One side of the waveguide is uncovered and exposed to exhaled air and/or body odors or other odors. Silicon-on-insulator is a technology by means of which silicon semiconductor devices are manufactured in a layered silicon-insulator-silicon substrate. This reduces parasitic capacitances within the waveguide and thereby improves performance. Furthermore, the high refractive index contrast of silicon-on-insulator waveguides enables a tight bending radius and thus ultra-compact photonic systems. The uncovered side of the waveguide is the side on which the exhaled air and/or body odors or other odors flow. For example, the side is a top side. The silicon-on-insulator waveguide can be arranged in the measuring chamber. According to one aspect, the measuring chamber is designed as a silicon-on-insulator waveguide or as a circuit of silicon-on-insulator waveguides. According to a further aspect, the measuring chamber comprises a polygonal, elliptical or circular cross-sectional area and walls designed to be reflective on the inside. For example, the silicon-on-insulator waveguide can have a polygonal, elliptical or circular course. Due to the reflective inner sides of the walls, the guided radiation, for example the laser beams, are reflected several times on the reflection surfaces. This means that a path length is covered in the measuring chamber or the waveguide that is greater than an extension of the measuring chamber or the waveguide. This creates a miniaturized sensor system with a compact size that can be installed in a vehicle interior for odor/breath gas analysis in a vehicle. This provides a sensor system that has a high sensitivity despite its small size and can therefore be used to measure substances in exhaled air and/or body odor in vehicles. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 is suitable. Reflection surfaces arranged in the shape of a polygon make it possible to specifically set the reflection angle to a desired value. According to a further aspect, a height of the measuring chamber is adjustable by means of a movable base surface of the measuring chamber. For example, a floor surface of the measuring chamber can be moved up and/or down. The height-adjustable floor means that the sensor can be effectively protected from contamination or can clean itself when the floor is moved past the mirror surfaces. Furthermore, mirrors and/or lasers can be protected when the sensor system is not taking a measurement, in particular when the floor is moved upwards so that it is, for example, flush with the steering wheel surface. According to a further aspect, radiation from at least one external radiation source is coupled to the sensor system. For example, laser beams from a laser diode that is external to the sensor system are coupled into the sensor system via the waveguides. According to a further aspect, beams from several external radiation sources are coupled in, in particular beams of different wavelengths. This enables broadband spectroscopy. According to a further aspect, the sensor system, for example the photonic system, comprises group III-V semiconductor materials that realize a radiation source integrated into the photonic system. The radiation from the integrated radiation source is coupled to the sensor system, for example the measuring chamber. This makes it possible to provide a hybrid silicon laser. The integrated radiation source is realized by an active layer of group III-V semiconductor materials. The active layer emits light when excited. Group III-V semiconductor materials are, for example, indium(III) phosphide and gallium(III) arsenide. This means that the radiation source, measuring chamber and detector can be integrated in the sensor system, for example in a chip. According to a further aspect, the sensor system, for example the photonic system, comprises a functional circuit by means of which the group III-V semiconductor materials can be excited photonically or electronically. For example, the ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Functional circuit an external laser that shines on the group III-V semiconductor materials and thus excites their active layer. By means of the functional circuit, electricity can also be passed through the group III-V semiconductor materials and thus stimulate their active layer. According to a further aspect, the sensor system, for example the photonic system, comprises at least one silicon waveguide. The silicon waveguide comprises at least one mirror at the end. The mirror reflects the radiation coupled into the silicon waveguide. The reflection creates a laser cavity. Due to the relatively low losses of the silicon waveguides, laser beams with relatively very small line widths, for example less than 1 kHz, can be generated, which is advantageous for the spectroscopic analysis of exhaled air and/or body odors or other odors. According to a further aspect, the sensor system, for example the photonic system, comprises a beam splitter. The measuring chamber is arranged in a first beam path. The second beam path provides reference information. A beam splitter is an optical component that separates a single beam into two partial beams. A beam splitter can be implemented, for example, with two prisms that are joined together at their base. According to one aspect, the beam splitter is implemented as an element of the silicon photonics system, for example on a silicon photonics wafer. This allows the result of the measurement to be validated and, for example, a laser output power to be determined. According to a further aspect, at least one detector is integrated in the sensor system, for example the photonic system. In the embodiment with a first and a second beam path, a detector is arranged in each beam path. The detector detects radiation resulting from a radiation interaction, for example absorption or emission lines. By integrating the radiation source, the measuring chamber and the detector in the sensor system, a spectroscopic measuring system is provided on a chip, for example a silicon photonics wafer. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 According to a further aspect, the vehicle control element is a steering wheel. The sensor system is arranged on a steering wheel rim, on a steering wheel spoke, on a steering column or on a horn button on the steering wheel. This enables easy use for a driver, since by leaning forward the distance between the driver and the steering wheel can be reduced to less than 20 cm, for example, which is advantageous for detecting the substances in the exhaled air and/or body odor. The steering wheel is, for example, a multifunction steering wheel. According to one aspect, the inlet opening comprises a filter for filtering the exhaled air and/or body odor and/or a valve for regulating and/or controlling a flow of the exhaled air and/or body odor through the measuring chamber. The filter serves, for example, to improve a signal-to-noise ratio. The valve improves the distribution of the exhaled air and/or body odor to be analyzed in the measuring chamber. According to one aspect, the first inlet opening comprises a fan for sucking in the exhaled air and/or body odor. According to another aspect, the insides of the walls of the measuring chamber comprise heatable reflectors, for example in the form of heatable mirrors. A wall can also be a wall of the floor, i.e. a floor surface. This prevents condensation within the measuring chamber. The reflectors are heated to a temperature of at least 19°C, for example. According to another aspect, the vehicle control element comprises at least one vibration source for cleaning the insides, in particular for cleaning the reflectors against adhesions. The vibration source can be an ultrasound source, for example. According to another aspect, the sensor system, for example the detector, determines a spectrum, for example an absorption or emission spectrum. The detector can execute a computer program. The computer program comprises commands that cause a machine learning model trained in image classification to determine the concentrations of the substances in the exhaled air on the spectrum. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 and/or body odor. Machine learning is a technology that teaches computers and other data processing devices to perform tasks by learning from data rather than being programmed for the tasks. The invention is illustrated in the following exemplary embodiments. They show: Fig. 1 an exemplary embodiment of a vehicle control element according to the invention, Fig. 2 an exemplary embodiment of incoming exhaled air and Fig. 3 an exemplary embodiment of a sensor system of the vehicle control element according to the invention. In the figures, the same reference symbols designate the same or functionally similar reference parts. For the sake of clarity, only the relevant reference parts are highlighted in the individual figures. The vehicle control element 10 shown in Fig. 1 is a steering wheel. A sensor system 20 for the spectroscopic analysis of exhaled air 6 is integrated into the steering wheel. The sensor system 20 is a Silicon Photonics sensor system. The sensor system 20 is arranged on a steering wheel spoke. The sensor system 20 can also be arranged on the steering wheel rim or the horn button, for example. A measuring chamber 1 of the sensor system 20 is shown. The measuring chamber 1 has, for example, a polygonal cross-sectional area. For example, the cross-sectional area is a pentagon. The measuring chamber 1 is only open on one side. This means that the measuring chamber 1 has an inlet opening 2a, see Fig. 2. The incoming exhaled air 6 accumulates at the inlet opening. A base area 4 of the measuring chamber 1, for example a floor of the measuring chamber 1, is vertically movable. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Fig. 3 shows a schematic of an example Silicon Photonics configuration of the sensor system 20. The Silicon Photonics configuration shown implements infrared spectroscopy integrated on a chip, for example for the detection of ethanol in the exhaled air 6. An external radiation source 22 or a radiation source 23 integrated in the sensor system 20 generates the radiation that interacts with the substances in the exhaled air 6. The radiation source 22, 23 is, for example, a laser, for example a tunable laser. A beam splitter 24 splits the beam of the radiation source 22, 23 into a first beam path 25 and a second beam path 26. A detector 27 is arranged at each end of the beam paths 25, 26. The detector 27 is, for example, a photodiode. For example, a silicon-on-insulator waveguide 21 is arranged in the first beam path 25. The silicon-on-insulator waveguide 21 is uncovered on its upper side. This allows an interaction with the substances in the exhaled air 6 to be detected spectroscopically.
ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Bezugszeichen 10 Fahrzeugbedienelement 1 Messkammer 2a Eintrittsöffnung 4 Grundfläche 6 Ausatemluft 20 Sensorsystem 21 Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiter 22 Strahlungsquelle 23 Strahlungsquelle 24 Strahlteiler 25 Strahlengang 26 Strahlengang 27 Detektor ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Reference number 10 Vehicle control element 1 Measuring chamber 2a Inlet opening 4 Base area 6 Exhaled air 20 Sensor system 21 Silicon-on-insulator waveguide 22 Radiation source 23 Radiation source 24 Beam splitter 25 Beam path 26 Beam path 27 Detector

Claims

ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Patentansprüche 1. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) umfassend ein Sensorsystem (20) zum Bestimmen von Konzentrationen von Substanzen in Ausatemluft (6) und/oder Körpergeruch von Fahrzeuginsassen oder in sonstigen Gerüchen in einem Fahrzeug, das Sensorsys- tem (20) umfassend eine Messkammer (1), die Messkammer (1) umfassend eine Eintrittsöffnung (2a), durch die die Ausatemluft (6) und/oder der Körpergeruch oder die sonstigen Gerüche in die Messkammer (1) einleitbar sind, wobei • das Sensorsystem (20) ein photonisches System ist umfassend Silizium als optisches Medium; • in dem Sensorsystem (20) geleitete Strahlung mit der Ausatemluft (6) und/oder den Körpergerüchen oder den sonstigen Gerüchen wechselwirkt; • das Sensorsystem (20) die Konzentrationen der Substanzen spektroskopisch bestimmt. 2. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Sensorsystem (20) we- nigstens einen Silizium-auf-Isolator Wellenleiter (21) umfasst und eine Seite des Wel- lenleiters (21) unbedeckt und der Ausatemluft (6) und/oder den Körpergerüchen oder den sonstigen Gerüchen ausgesetzt ist. 3. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Messkammer (1) eine Polygon-, Ellipsen- oder Kreis-förmige Querschnittsfläche und auf Innenseiten reflektierend ausgebildete Wände umfasst. 4. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei eine Höhe der Messkammer (1) mittels einer bewegbaren Grundfläche (4) der Mess- kammer (1) variierbar ist. 5. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei Strahlung wenigstens einer externen Strahlungsquelle (22) mit dem Sensorsystem (20) gekoppelt ist. ZF Friedrichshafen AG Akte 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 6. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach Anspruch 5, wobei das Sensorsystem (20) Gruppe III-V Halbleitermaterialien umfasst, die eine in das photonische System inte- grierte Strahlungsquelle (23) realisieren und wobei Strahlung der integrierten Strah- lungsquelle (23) mit dem Sensorsystem (20) gekoppelt ist. 7. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach Anspruch 6, wobei das Sensorsystem (20) eine Funktionsschaltung umfasst, mittels der die Gruppe III-V Halbleitermaterialien photo- nisch oder elektronisch anregbar sind. 8. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach Anspruch 6 oder Anspruch 7, wobei das Sen- sorsystem (20) wenigstens einen Silizium-Wellenleiter umfasst, der Silizium-Wellen- leiter endseitig wenigstens einen Spiegel umfasst und der Spiegel die in den Silizium- Wellenleiter eingekoppelte Strahlung reflektiert und durch die Reflexion eine Laser- kavität entsteht. 9. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Sensorsystem (20) einen Strahlteiler (24) umfasst, wobei in einem ersten Strah- lengang (25) die Messkammer (1) angeordnet ist und der zweite Strahlengang (26) Referenzinformationen liefert. 10. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei wenigstens ein Detektor (27) in dem Sensorsystem (20) integriert ist, der eine aus ei- ner Strahlungswechselwirkung resultierende Strahlung detektiert. 11. Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Fahrzeugbedienelement (10) ein Lenkrad ist und das Sensorsystem an einem Lenkradkranz, an einer Lenkradspeiche, an einem Lenkstock oder an einem Hupen- knopf des Lenkrads angeordnet ist. ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 Patent claims 1. Vehicle operating element (10) comprising a sensor system (20) for determining concentrations of substances in exhaled air (6) and/or body odor of vehicle occupants or in other odors in a vehicle, the sensor system (20) comprising a measuring chamber (1), the measuring chamber (1) comprising an inlet opening (2a) through which the exhaled air (6) and/or the body odor or the other odors can be introduced into the measuring chamber (1), wherein • the sensor system (20) is a photonic system comprising silicon as an optical medium; • radiation guided in the sensor system (20) interacts with the exhaled air (6) and/or the body odors or the other odors; • the sensor system (20) determines the concentrations of the substances spectroscopically. 2. Vehicle control element (10) according to claim 1, wherein the sensor system (20) comprises at least one silicon-on-insulator waveguide (21) and one side of the waveguide (21) is uncovered and exposed to the exhaled air (6) and/or body odors or other odors. 3. Vehicle control element (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the measuring chamber (1) comprises a polygonal, elliptical or circular cross-sectional area and walls designed to be reflective on the inside. 4. Vehicle control element (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a height of the measuring chamber (1) can be varied by means of a movable base area (4) of the measuring chamber (1). 5. Vehicle control element (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein radiation from at least one external radiation source (22) is coupled to the sensor system (20). ZF Friedrichshafen AG File 215039 Friedrichshafen 2022-11-22 6. Vehicle control element (10) according to claim 5, wherein the sensor system (20) comprises group III-V semiconductor materials which realize a radiation source (23) integrated into the photonic system, and wherein radiation from the integrated radiation source (23) is coupled to the sensor system (20). 7. Vehicle control element (10) according to claim 6, wherein the sensor system (20) comprises a functional circuit by means of which the group III-V semiconductor materials can be excited photonically or electronically. 8. Vehicle control element (10) according to claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the sensor system (20) comprises at least one silicon waveguide, the silicon waveguide comprises at least one mirror at the end, and the mirror reflects the radiation coupled into the silicon waveguide, and the reflection creates a laser cavity. 9. Vehicle control element (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensor system (20) comprises a beam splitter (24), wherein the measuring chamber (1) is arranged in a first beam path (25) and the second beam path (26) provides reference information. 10. Vehicle control element (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one detector (27) is integrated in the sensor system (20) which detects radiation resulting from a radiation interaction. 11. Vehicle control element (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the vehicle control element (10) is a steering wheel and the sensor system is arranged on a steering wheel rim, on a steering wheel spoke, on a steering column or on a horn button of the steering wheel.
PCT/EP2023/082471 2022-11-23 2023-11-21 Vehicle operating element comprising a sensor system WO2024110423A1 (en)

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