WO2024099513A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung von kapazität, innenwiderstand und leerlaufspannungskurve einer batterie - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung von kapazität, innenwiderstand und leerlaufspannungskurve einer batterie Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024099513A1 WO2024099513A1 PCT/DE2023/100825 DE2023100825W WO2024099513A1 WO 2024099513 A1 WO2024099513 A1 WO 2024099513A1 DE 2023100825 W DE2023100825 W DE 2023100825W WO 2024099513 A1 WO2024099513 A1 WO 2024099513A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- values
- internal resistance
- circuit voltage
- mod
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery, the method comprising various steps. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a device for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery with a detection device for detecting measured values for the battery current ⁇ exp( ⁇ ) and the battery voltage ⁇ exp( ⁇ ) of the rechargeable battery, preferably at equidistant time intervals ⁇ t or at predetermined times, and an evaluation and control device to which the detected measured values can be fed, the evaluation and control device being designed to carry out the method for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery.
- An evaluation and control device is understood to mean any suitable device that provides this functionality, regardless of whether in the individual case a control in the narrower sense (i.e. a control of an output variable without feedback) or a regulation (i.e. a control of an output variable using feedback) is effected.
- the present invention relates to a computer program for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery for a device, wherein the computer program is designed in such a way that when the computer program is executed in the evaluation and control unit of a device for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery, the method for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery is carried out.
- the internal resistance is one of the important characteristics of a battery. It causes a drop in the battery terminal voltage when the battery is loaded with current. There are various methods to measure the internal resistance, e.g. pulse tests or electrical impedance spectroscopy.
- open circuit voltage ⁇ 0 (also: open-circuit voltage, OCV) as a function of the depth of discharge (DOD).
- OCV open-circuit voltage
- DOD depth of discharge
- a method for determining the relative capacity ⁇ of an aged cell in relation to the capacity ⁇ ⁇ of a fresh cell (“nominal capacity”), referred to there as “state of health” (SOH). This method is further developed here to determine the capacity of an unknown battery.
- the above-mentioned measurement methods require measurement in a laboratory environment with precise measuring devices. This is generally not possible with batteries in practical use, as they are an integral part of a device (e.g. smartphone, electric car, home storage) and cannot be removed and transferred to a laboratory or can only be done with great effort.
- the invention is based on the object of creating a method for the approximate determination of the capacity and/or the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve of a rechargeable battery during normal use of the battery, which has improved accuracy and is also easy to implement in a battery management system. Furthermore, the invention is based on the object of creating a device which enables the aforementioned method to be carried out.
- the invention is based on the object of creating a computer program which enables the aforementioned method to be carried out.
- the technical object is solved by the present invention by a method for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery with the following steps.
- a dynamic, voltage-controlled, mathematical battery model is created, whereby for the internal resistance ⁇ and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 and/or the capacity C given initial values ⁇ 0 mod , ⁇ mod , ⁇ mod can be used.
- the initial values can be chosen arbitrarily. Alternatively, known values can be used if one or more of these parameter values are known and should not be determined.
- the model describes the dependence of the current on the voltage, i.e.
- This system of equations allows the calculation of the output value ⁇ mod based on the input size ⁇ measure .
- This is a voltage-controlled model (voltage as input variable).
- more complex models can be used for the new method, e.g. extended equivalent circuit models.
- Measured values for the battery current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) and the battery voltage ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) of the rechargeable battery are recorded as a function of time over a predetermined period ⁇ .
- measured values of the battery temperature ⁇ (t) are additionally recorded as a function of time over the period T.
- the type of charging and discharging (constant or varying current intensity, interruptions, temporary changes in the current direction) in the period T is fundamentally irrelevant for the method. The method of the present invention can therefore also be used for measured values from practical battery operation.
- the period ⁇ preferably includes at least one full cycle of the battery, i.e.
- the time period T can also only include a full charge cycle, i.e. a complete charge from almost 0% state of charge to almost 100% state of charge.
- the time period ⁇ can also only include partial cycles, provided that the current is not zero for the entire period (no resting battery).
- the time period ⁇ can also include longer or shorter periods, whereby the general rule is that the longer ⁇ , the more accurate the values determined.
- the specified time period ⁇ can also only be determined during the measurement, for example by counting the cumulative charge throughput and counting the achievement of a specified charge throughput as the achievement of a specified time period ⁇ .
- the specified charge throughput can, for example, correspond to the equivalent charge throughput of a full cycle, in which case the time period T corresponds to a so-called equivalent full cycle. With an equivalent full cycle, it is irrelevant between which charge states or with which cycle depth the battery is operated, only the cumulative charge throughput is relevant.
- Measured values for the battery voltage ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) are used as input for the dynamic, voltage-controlled, mathematical battery model and values for a simulated current ⁇ mod ( ⁇ ) are calculated as the output of the battery model.
- both the input values, which are the measured values for the battery voltage, as well as the output values of the battery model, which are the simulated values for the current take the form of a set of time-discrete measurement or output values.
- the input values are a time-discrete series of measurements of the battery voltage and the output values are a time-discrete series of values of the simulated current.
- values for the internal resistance ⁇ are calculated using a given calculation rule. cal and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 cal and/or the capacity Ccal. A separate calculation rule is used for each of the determined values.
- the values for the simulated current ⁇ mod( ⁇ ) and the recorded measured values for the current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) are used in such a way that a deviation of the respective associated values from each other is used in the calculation rule.
- the deviation can preferably be a difference between the values for the simulated current ⁇ mod ( ⁇ ) and the recorded measured values for the current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) or a quotient of these.
- the calculation rules only require the simulated current ⁇ mod( ⁇ ) and the recorded measured values for the current ⁇ measure ( ⁇ ) for an accurate determination of the values for the Internal resistance ⁇ cal and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 cal and/or the capacity Ccal.
- the process of the present invention is therefore not only Laboratory conditions, but during any everyday use of the battery.
- the method can comprise at least two iteration steps, each iteration step comprising the implementation of the complete method according to the first embodiment.
- each iteration step except the first i.e. each time all steps of the method are carried out, when creating a dynamic, voltage-controlled, mathematical battery model for the given initial values ⁇ mod , ⁇ 0 mod and C mod for the internal resistance ⁇ and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 and/or the capacitance C the calculated values for the internal resistance ⁇ cal and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ determined in the previous iteration step 0 cal and/or the capacity ⁇ cal used.
- Such an adaptation of the initial conditions for the subsequent iteration step is also called a "model update".
- a measurement period T is associated with an iteration step.
- already known values can be used as initial values, or only individual values can be updated.
- the method can comprise at least two iteration steps, each iteration step comprising the implementation of steps (a), (c) and (d) of the method according to claim 1.
- each iteration step except for the first, at the place of the initial values specified in step (a) ⁇ mod , ⁇ 0 mod and C mod for the internal resistance ⁇ and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 and/or the capacitance C the calculated values for the internal resistance ⁇ cal and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ determined in step (d) of the previous iteration step 0 cal and/or the capacity ⁇ cal used.
- a data set of measured values is repeatedly evaluated without new measurements.
- the iterations are repeated until the determined values converge. Convergence is achieved, for example, when the determined values from an iteration step differ by less than a predetermined percentage, e.g. 1%, from the determined values from the previous iteration step.
- the methods are combined in such a way that measured values over a period T 1 are recorded, then up to to converge the values sought, several, but at least two, iteration steps are evaluated, and this is repeated with a further period T2.
- the second period can follow directly on from the first.
- the second period can also have a time interval, e.g. one day.
- the method can be carried out in such a way that, using a deviation between the values for the simulated current ⁇ mod( ⁇ ) and the measured values for the battery current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ), deviations ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ are calculated.
- the deviations ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ 0 , ⁇ C between the given initial values ⁇ mod, ⁇ 0 mod, Cmod and the respective calculated values ⁇ cal , ⁇ 0 cal , C cal and the deviation between the values for the simulated current ⁇ mod( ⁇ ) and the measured values for the battery current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) can be differences. Quotients or other types of calculation of the deviations are also possible.
- ⁇ mod the internal resistance of the battery model
- ⁇ 0 mod the calculated value for the internal resistance ⁇ cal
- ⁇ d ⁇ 0 /dDOD the slope of the open circuit voltage curve
- ⁇ mod the current of the battery model and ⁇ measure the measured current of the battery.
- ⁇ ⁇ 0 the difference between the open circuit voltage curve of the battery model ⁇ m 0 o d and the calculated value for the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ c 0 a l
- ⁇ the slope of the open circuit voltage curve
- ⁇ mod the current of the battery model
- ⁇ measure is the measured current of the battery.
- the following calculation rule can be used to determine the capacity C: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , where ⁇ ⁇ is the quotient of the capacity of the battery model ⁇ mod and the calculated value for the capacity of the battery ⁇ cal , ⁇ mod the current of the battery model and ⁇ measure the measured current of the battery.
- ⁇ ⁇ dead ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ measure , where ⁇ ⁇ dead the total voltage difference, ⁇ ⁇ 0 the difference between the open circuit voltage curve of the battery model ⁇ m 0 o d and the calculated value for the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ c 0 a l , ⁇ ⁇ the difference between the internal resistance of the battery model ⁇ mod and the calculated value for the internal resistance ⁇ cal , ⁇ the slope of the open circuit voltage curve, ⁇ mod the current of the battery model and ⁇ measure the measured current of the battery.
- the voltage difference due to the internal resistance ⁇ ⁇ and the voltage difference due to the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ ⁇ 0 combine to form a total difference ⁇ ⁇ dead (the index "tot" for total).
- the determinations of the internal resistance and the open circuit voltage curve run simultaneously, so that only a few cycles are necessary to determine both parameters very precisely.
- ⁇ a numerical solution method is used
- n is an index for the time-discrete values of the measured variables ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) and Vmess( ⁇ ) at certain discrete points in time ⁇ ⁇ .
- an implicit Euler method is used to solve the equations.
- the method is not limited to a solution using the implicit Euler method, but can also be solved using other numerical solution methods.
- ⁇ the value of the slope of the open circuit voltage curve at time ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ 1 the value of the slope of the open circuit voltage curve at time ⁇ ⁇ 1, ⁇ mess, ⁇ the recorded value of the battery current at time ⁇ , ⁇ measure, ⁇ 1 the recorded value of the battery current at time ⁇ ⁇ 1, ⁇ mods, ⁇ the current of the battery model at time ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ the time interval between two consecutive measurements and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1 the discrete value of the difference of the internal resistance at time ⁇ ⁇ 1.
- the following calculation rule can be used to calculate the capacity with time-discrete recorded values of the battery's current: ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ where ⁇ is the number of time steps, ⁇ ⁇ is the time between two consecutive measurements, ⁇ ⁇ is the quotient of the capacity of the battery model ⁇ mod and the calculated value for the capacity of the battery ⁇ cal , ⁇ mess, ⁇ the recorded value of the Battery current at time ⁇ and ⁇ mods, ⁇ is the simulated current of the battery model at time ⁇ .
- the internal resistance is determined as a function of depth of discharge and/or current and/or temperature ⁇ (DOD, ⁇ , ⁇ ), whereby several values, e.g.
- time-discrete values of the difference in the internal resistance ⁇ ⁇ n are calculated with the same assignment.
- the time-discrete values of the difference in the internal resistance ⁇ ⁇ n can be averaged in so-called bins for the same temperatures (for example in specified steps of e.g. 1 K) or for the same depth of discharge (for example in specified steps of e.g. 1%) or for the same current strengths (for example in specified steps of e.g.
- the open circuit voltage curve is determined as a function of the depth of discharge and/or the temperature, ⁇ 0 (DOD, ⁇ ) using several average values of the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ over the measurement period ⁇ are used for the determination, and the mean values of the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ be determined by averaging over different ranges of the depth of discharge (DOD) and/or the temperature ⁇ .
- DOD depth of discharge
- N measured values are taken in the period T for the current ⁇ mess, ⁇ and the tension ⁇ mess, ⁇ of the battery. Each measured value is assigned the temperature ⁇ and depth of discharge DOD of the battery at that time.
- Time-discrete values of the difference of the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ ⁇ are calculated from the measured values. 0 n , calculated with the same assignment. That is, for example, a time-discrete value of the difference of the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ ⁇ 0 n the same assigned value for the temperature ⁇ and depth of discharge DOD of the battery as the measured values for the current ⁇ mess, ⁇ and the tension ⁇ mess, ⁇ .
- the time-discrete values of the difference of the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ ⁇ 0 n can be averaged in so-called bins for the same temperatures (e.g. in 1°C steps) or depths of discharge (e.g. in 1% steps).
- the technical object of the present invention is achieved by a device for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery with a detection device for detecting measured values for the battery current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) and the battery voltage ⁇ measure ( ⁇ ) and, for some embodiments of the invention, for the battery temperature ⁇ ( ⁇ ) of the rechargeable battery, preferably at equidistant time intervals ⁇ t or at predetermined times, and an evaluation and control device to which the recorded measured values can be fed.
- the device is characterized in that the evaluation and control device for carrying out the described method for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery.
- the evaluation and control device can be integrated in particular into the battery management system (BMS) used in many battery systems today, which makes this information available to the user, for example by means of a display.
- BMS battery management system
- the technical object of the present invention is achieved by a computer program for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery.
- the computer program is designed in such a way that when the computer program is run in the evaluation and control device, the method for determining the internal resistance and/or the open circuit voltage curve and/or the capacity of a rechargeable battery is carried out.
- Fig. 1 a schematic diagram of the method for determining internal resistance ⁇ , open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 and/or capacity C of a rechargeable battery
- Fig.2 a schematic block diagram of a battery operated under load with a device according to the invention for carrying out the method
- Fig.3a a simple equivalent circuit model of a battery
- Fig.3b a more complex equivalent circuit model of a battery
- Fig.4 an experimentally determined open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 (DOD) and its derivative d ⁇ 0 /dDOD
- Fig.5b the measured current ⁇ measure ( ⁇ ), plotted against time for four consecutive full cycles, starting with a completely discharged battery
- Fig.6 the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 , the voltage of the real battery ⁇ measure
- Fig.1 shows a schematic representation of the process.
- the rechargeable battery 106, the first and second components of the overall algorithm 102, 104 and the overall algorithm 100 itself can be seen.
- Recorded measured values of the voltage ⁇ measure (t) of the rechargeable battery 106 are transferred to the first part of the overall algorithm 102.
- the first part of the overall algorithm 102 comprises the voltage-controlled battery model.
- values for a simulated current ⁇ mod( ⁇ ) are calculated as the output of the battery model.
- the values of the simulated current ⁇ mod( ⁇ ) and recorded measured values for the battery current ⁇ measure ( ⁇ ) of the rechargeable battery 106 are transferred to the second part of the overall algorithm 104.
- calculated values for the internal resistance ⁇ cal and/or the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ are determined using a given calculation rule.
- 0 cal and/or the capacity Ccal using the values for the simulated current ⁇ mod ( ⁇ ) and the recorded measured values for the current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ) are determined using a given calculation rule.
- the determined values ⁇ cal, ⁇ 0 cal and Ccal are transferred as an update to the voltage-controlled model and replace the assumed values there ⁇ mod , ⁇ 0 mod and ⁇ mod .
- the determined values ⁇ cal, ⁇ 0 cal and Ccal are output as the result of the overall algorithm 100.
- this overall algorithm 100 can be easily integrated into an existing battery management system.
- the battery management system (not shown) only needs to contain an evaluation and control unit 120 for carrying out the method.
- the evaluation and control unit 120 comprises a unit 110 for measuring the battery voltage Umess, which is connected to the connections (poles) of the rechargeable battery 106.
- the evaluation and control unit 120 comprises a unit 112 for measuring the battery current Imess, which can be designed in any way.
- the unit 112 can comprise a shunt resistor that lies in the current path between the battery poles and any load RL, which is also designated with the reference number 114.
- the unit 112 can be designed to measure the voltage across the shunt resistor and to calculate the current from the measured voltage drop and the resistance value of the shunt resistor.
- the evaluation and control unit 120 can also comprise a device for detecting the temperature of the battery (not shown).
- the evaluation and control unit 120 can also comprise a display unit 116 on which the determined values are displayed.
- the evaluation and control unit 120 comprises a computing unit 118 for carrying out the calculations required for implementing the method, which can be designed as a microprocessor unit, for example.
- the microprocessor unit can also have an analog/digital converter that converts the analog quantities U measure and I measure samples over time and converts it into digital values.
- the battery model used in the process must be able to predict the time course of the current for a given voltage course. To do this, the model must have the following properties.
- the model describes the dependence of the voltage on the state of charge (SOC) or a related value such as the depth of discharge (DOD), the remaining charge or the remaining energy.
- a necessary model parameter for this is the capacity ⁇ of the battery.
- Another necessary model parameter is the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 (DOD).
- the model describes the dependence of the voltage on the current, i.e. it has an internal resistance ⁇ mod Depending on the model complexity, the internal resistance results from a single model equation with a single parameter (e.g. Ohm’s law) or a combination of model equations and several parameters.
- the internal resistance could be determined by a pulse test applied to the model according to equation (1).
- the model is voltage-controlled. Accordingly, the measured voltage ⁇ measure the input size and the predicted current ⁇ mod the output size.
- a simple equivalent circuit model that is sufficient for demonstrating the method is shown in Fig.3 a). It consists of a voltage source ⁇ 0 and a serial resistor ⁇ s . This model is described mathematically by a differential-algebraic system of equations: (3) (4)
- the model has the three parameters serial resistance ⁇ s , battery capacity ⁇ and open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 (DOD).
- SOC state of charge
- the system of equations (3) and (4) allows the calculation of the output value ⁇ mod based on the input size ⁇ measure . This is a voltage-controlled model (voltage as input variable).
- Other, more complex models are also suitable for use in the new method, e.g. extended equivalent circuit models as in Fig.3b).
- the equivalent circuit in Fig.3b) is an example of a model in which the internal resistance ⁇ mod from several model elements, here from the Rs-(RC)1-(RC)2 chain.
- the cells have a negative electrode made of graphite and a positive electrode made of a mixture of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium manganese oxide (LMO). The cells were measured at an ambient temperature of 25 °C. Three different measurement protocols were carried out.
- the open circuit voltage curve determined in this way ⁇ 0 (DOD) and its derivative d ⁇ 0 /dDOD are shown in Fig.4 and serve as a reference for the new method.
- the open circuit voltage curve can be seen ⁇ 0 (DOD) in dotted line as voltage plotted against the depth of discharge DOD.
- the curve shows an almost linear discharge of the battery until shortly before complete discharge.
- the derivation of the open circuit voltage curve d ⁇ 0/dDOD is shown as a solid line and as a voltage over the Depth of discharge DOD is plotted.
- the voltage for the discharge can be read off the axis on the right side of the diagram.
- the curve shows an almost constant course until shortly before complete discharge.
- the curve of the measured voltage ⁇ can be seen measure ( ⁇ ), plotted against time in Figure a), and the course of the measured current ⁇ mess( ⁇ ), plotted against time in Figure b).
- the four full charge cycles are clearly visible.
- the process began with a completely discharged battery. The process is also demonstrated using the partial cycles and the WLTP load profile as examples. Determination of the internal resistance
- the real battery has a real internal resistance, which we refer to as R.
- a value R is determined as a representative value using the process.
- cal which is very close to the real internal resistance.
- Fig.6 clearly shows that ⁇ ⁇ R and ⁇ DOD form a slope triangle.
- the slope ⁇ ⁇ R / ⁇ DOD corresponds to the slope of the characteristic curve d ⁇ /dDOD and, because this is shifted parallel to the open circuit voltage, the slope of the open circuit voltage curve d ⁇ 0 /dDOD, which we will refer to as ⁇ below:
- the negative sign is necessary because ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 and ⁇ DOD ⁇ 0, but also ⁇ ⁇ 0.
- ⁇ mod ⁇ m .
- ⁇ mod ⁇ s + ⁇ 1 + ⁇ 2 .
- the model parameters can then be adjusted (“updated”).
- this is done analogously to equation (19) according to For more complex models, the determined value ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ be distributed in a suitable manner to the model parameters.
- the slope triangle shown in Fig.6 changes from the difference quotient ⁇ ⁇ / ⁇ DOD to the differential quotient d ⁇ /dDOD.
- the result equation (15) is therefore exactly valid, regardless of the dynamics and sign of the current.
- the internal resistance is determined in practice in the following steps. First, a voltage-controlled battery model with known and/or predetermined parameter values for the capacity ⁇ mod and the provided. Arbitrary starting values are provided for the parameter(s) related to the internal resistance ⁇ of the model (e.g. ⁇ ⁇ for the simple equivalent circuit model in Fig.3a). The battery is charged over a period of time ⁇ with measurement of the current ⁇ measure and the tension ⁇ measure operated.
- the results for experimental full cycles are shown in Fig.7.
- the period ⁇ is chosen as a charge/discharge cycle (approx. 2.1 h).
- Fig.7a) shows the measured voltage ⁇ measure as input for the voltage-controlled model.
- Fig.7b) shows both the measured current ⁇ measure as well as the simulated current ⁇ mod from the voltage-controlled model.
- ⁇ 1 between 0 and 2 h
- Fig.7c shows the difference between simulated and experimental resistance ⁇ ⁇ determined according to equation (17) using the data shown in Fig.7b).
- the value ⁇ ⁇ varies over time. In the first cycle (between 0 and 2 h) it takes on values of around 4 m ⁇ , with clear peaks particularly at the end of the charge and discharge.
- ⁇ we choose the duration of the entire data set (2.1 h for the partial cycles, 3.2 h for the driving cycles).
- equation (19) we obtain a new value for ⁇ cal .
- the model has an assumed open circuit voltage curve, which we denote by ⁇ m 0 o d
- ⁇ ⁇ 0 We denote the difference as ⁇ ⁇ 0 with All three parameters ⁇ ⁇ 0 , ⁇ m 0 o d and ⁇ c 0 a l depend on the depth of discharge DOD. Due to the difference, the voltage-controlled battery model will basically have a different current ⁇ mod than the real battery ⁇ measure . From the difference between ⁇ mod and ⁇ measure can therefore be set to ⁇ ⁇ 0 This relationship is derived below.
- Fig.10 shows two open circuit voltage curves.
- ⁇ e 0 xp (DOD) is shown as an example of a lithium-ion battery cell with a final charge voltage of 4.2 V and a final discharge voltage of 3.0 V.
- DOD ex (marked as “operation point exp.” in Fig.10) this leads to the difference ⁇ ⁇ 0 ; in the example of Fig.10, ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 0.
- the method presented here uses a voltage-controlled battery model. The model therefore has, by definition, the same voltage as the real battery at any given time. Battery.
- the slope ⁇ ⁇ 0 / ⁇ DOD corresponds to the slope of the characteristic curve d ⁇ m 0 o d /dDOD, which we refer to as ⁇ :
- This equation can be used to determine the desired value ⁇ ⁇ 0 be resolved: This equation is the central result of this analysis. It allows the calculation from ⁇ ⁇ 0 from discrete time series of ⁇ measure and ⁇ mod . For each time step a value of ⁇ ⁇ 0 obtained. Since ⁇ ⁇ 0 depends on DOD, averages must be calculated section by section (e.g. every 1-DOD percentage point). The open circuit voltage curve of the real battery to be determined is obtained in a final step according to Eq. (21) as follows: where ⁇ m 0 o d (DOD) is the parameter used in the model.
- the open circuit voltage curve is determined in the following steps. First, a voltage-controlled battery model with known parameter values for the capacity ⁇ mod and for the one with the internal resistance ⁇ mod related parameters (e.g. ⁇ ⁇ for the simple equivalent circuit model in Fig.3a). An arbitrary starting value is used for the course of the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ m 0 o d ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) is assumed, preferably a linear curve between the charging and discharging voltage.
- the battery is charged over a period of time ⁇ with measurement of current ⁇ measure and excitement ⁇ measure operated. Then the simulated current ⁇ mod over the period ⁇ using the voltage-controlled model. This is followed by the calculation of ⁇ ⁇ 0 according to equation (29).
- the values ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 are averaged section by section for DOD areas ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ (DOD) is averaged over the period ⁇ .
- the approximate value for the real open circuit voltage curve is then calculated according to equation (30).
- the procedure is repeated, whereby the parameter for the course of the open circuit voltage curve in the battery model is set to the determined value (“model update”).
- Fig.11a shows the measured voltage ⁇ measure as input for the voltage-controlled model, plotted over time.
- Fig.11b) shows both the measured current ⁇ measure as well as the simulated current ⁇ mod from the voltage-controlled model, plotted against time.
- Fig.11c shows the difference between simulated and experimental open circuit voltage ⁇ ⁇ determined according to equation (29). 0 using the data shown in Fig. 11b).
- the value ⁇ ⁇ 0 varies over time during the period ⁇ 1 (between 0 and 2 h): The values are symmetrical with respect to charge and discharge and show fluctuations down to -0.35 V. Over the first cycle duration ⁇ 1 these values are averaged section by section for each DOD percentage point. From this, the approximate value for the real open circuit voltage curve is calculated according to equation (30) ⁇ 0 (DOD).
- Fig.11d shows the initially assumed linear curve as a thick solid line and the curve after ⁇ 1 determined curve as a thin solid line. This is already close to the reference curve, which is also shown as a dashed line in Fig.11d) is shown.
- the open circuit voltage curve can be determined using the new method. This successfully demonstrates the method.
- the model is updated with the determined curve before the second cycle in the period ⁇ 2 is continued.
- ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 The curves determined are also shown in Fig.11d). The method stabilizes close to the reference curve.
- the model has an assumed capacity which we can calculate with ⁇ mod
- ⁇ ⁇ the difference between the capacity assumed in the model usually does not correspond to the real capacity
- the voltage-controlled battery model will generally have a different current ⁇ mod than the real battery ⁇ measure . From the difference between ⁇ mod and ⁇ measure can therefore be concluded that ⁇ ⁇ .
- This relationship is derived below.
- the battery is operated for a period of time ⁇ .
- the amount of charge passed through ⁇ cal results from integration according to We choose the amount of current to be independent of the type of operation (charging, discharging or a combination of both) – only the absolute amount of charge passed through is relevant.
- the voltage-controlled model is subjected to the experimentally measured voltage over the same period of time.
- the amount of charge passed through by the model ⁇ mod is obtained analogously by integration according to
- the quotient of ⁇ mod and ⁇ cal corresponds to the quotient of ⁇ mod and ⁇ cal , i.e.
- the combination of equations (32) to (35) gives This equation describes the relationship between the desired quantity ⁇ ⁇ , the measured quantity ⁇ measure and the output of the voltage-controlled model ⁇ mod .
- the integrals in equation (36) must be calculated.
- the measured quantity ⁇ measure at certain discrete points in time ⁇ ⁇ This gives Eq. (32) as with ⁇ as the number of measurement points in the period ⁇ and ⁇ ⁇ as the time step size. This equation is the central result of this analysis.
- a charge/discharge cycle is chosen as the period ⁇ (approx. 2.1 h), the algorithm is repeated after four periods ⁇ 1 until ⁇ 4 applied as an example of continuous use of the experimental time series.
- Fig.12a) shows the experimentally measured voltage. This data serves as an input for the voltage-controlled model.
- Fig.12b shows the measured current ⁇ measure and the current simulated with the model ⁇ mod .
- ⁇ 1 between 0 and 2 h
- Fig.12d shows the values for the capacity determined using the method, starting from the assumed initial capacity, here as a function of the updates carried out.
- ⁇ 1 The capacity was determined for the first time after around 2 hours, and the value is already very close to the reference value.
- ⁇ 2 the deviation between simulated and experimental current strength shown in Fig.12b) is further reduced, at the same time the quotient ⁇ ⁇ in Fig.12c) approaches one.
- ⁇ ⁇ dead For each time step a value of ⁇ ⁇ dead Using equation (40) we can calculate ⁇ ⁇ 0 and ⁇ ⁇ are calculated. For this, ⁇ ⁇ dead sectionally over a matrix of DOD and ⁇ measure For each DOD section, a linear fit of ⁇ ⁇ is calculated according to Eq. (40). dead against ⁇ measure carried out. The y-axis intercept results in ⁇ ⁇ 0( DOD ) , from the slope ⁇ ⁇ (DOD). The latter value can be averaged over all DODs if required. The battery properties to be determined are then ⁇ cal and ⁇ c 0 a l determined analogously to equations (19) and (30). Finally, the model parameters can be updated analogously to equations (20) and (31).
- the simultaneous determination of internal resistance and open circuit voltage curve is carried out in practice in the following steps.
- a voltage-controlled Battery model with a known parameter value for the capacity ⁇ mod provided.
- An arbitrary starting value is set for the one or more with the internal resistance ⁇ mod related parameters (e.g. ⁇ ⁇ for the simple equivalent circuit model in Fig.3a) and for the course of the assumed (it makes sense to assume a linear progression between the charging and discharging voltage).
- the battery is charged over a period of time ⁇ with measurement of current ⁇ measure and excitement ⁇ measure operated.
- the simulated current ⁇ mod over the period ⁇ using the voltage-controlled model. This is followed by the calculation of ⁇ ⁇ dead according to equation (42).
- ⁇ dead are sectioned in a matrix of DOD and ⁇ measure - Sections to the mean ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ O ⁇ t (DOD, ⁇ ex ) are averaged over the period ⁇ . Then ⁇ ⁇ 0( DOD ) and ⁇ ⁇ (DOD) according to Eq. (40) by linear regression of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ O ⁇ t (DOD, ⁇ measure ) against ⁇ measure for each DOD section. Subsequently, ⁇ ⁇ (DOD) is calculated over all DOD to ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ averaged.
- the approximate value for the real internal resistance ⁇ cal according to equation (19) and the approximate value for the real open circuit voltage curve ⁇ c 0 a l (DOD) is calculated according to equation (30).
- the procedure is repeated, whereby the one or more with the internal resistance ⁇ mod related parameters and the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ m 0 o d in the battery model are set to the determined values (“model update”).
- model update This results in an iterative approximation to the real values of internal resistance and open circuit voltage curve.
- the averaging of ⁇ ⁇ dead can also be carried out in sections for different measured temperatures.
- the value ⁇ ⁇ (DOD) does not necessarily have to be averaged over all DOD.
- Fig.15a shows the measured voltage ⁇ measure as input for the voltage-controlled model.
- Fig.15b shows both the measured current ⁇ measure as well as the simulated current ⁇ mod from the voltage-controlled model.
- ⁇ 1 between 0 and 2 h
- Fig.15c shows the difference between simulated and experimental stress ⁇ ⁇ determined according to equation (2). dead using the data shown in Fig.15b). The value ⁇ ⁇ dead varies over time during the period ⁇ 1 (between 0 and 2 h).
- Fig. 3a The simple equivalent circuit model of Fig. 3a is used.
- the battery model receives the measured open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 (DOD) as shown in Fig. 4.
- Fig.16 shows results for the full cycles.
- a charge/discharge cycle is chosen as the time period ⁇ (approx. 2.1 hours). From Fig.16c) and Fig.16d) it is clear that the capacity and internal resistance converge towards the reference value after just three model updates (i.e. after three full cycles).
- Fig.17 shows similar results for the partial cycles.
- a partial charge/discharge cycle is chosen as the time period ⁇ (approx. 1 hour).
- Fig.17c) and Fig.17d) it is clear that the capacity and internal resistance converge towards the reference value after around ten model updates (i.e. after ten partial cycles).
- a voltage-controlled battery model with known parameter values for the internal resistance ⁇ mod related parameters (e.g. ⁇ ⁇ for the simple equivalent circuit model in Fig.3a).
- Arbitrary starting values are provided for the capacity ⁇ mod and for the course of the assumed (it makes sense to assume a linear progression between the charging and discharging voltage).
- the battery is charged over a period of time ⁇ with measurement of current ⁇ measure and excitement ⁇ measure operated.
- the simulated current ⁇ mod over the period ⁇ using the voltage-controlled model. This is followed by the calculation of ⁇ ⁇ 0 according to equation (29).
- the procedure described is demonstrated below using the experimental data already mentioned, namely a full cycle.
- the simple equivalent circuit model from Fig.3a) is used.
- the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 (DOD) is also set to an arbitrary starting value, namely a linear curve between the two final voltages.
- the time period ⁇ is set to a charge/discharge cycle (approx. 2.1 h).
- the method is applied a total of nine times to this period and a model update is carried out each time.
- the results are shown in Fig.18.
- a voltage-controlled battery model is provided. Any starting values for the capacity ⁇ are used.
- mod the one with the internal resistance ⁇ mod related parameters (e.g. ⁇ ⁇ for the simple equivalent circuit model in Fig.3a) and for the course of the assumed (it makes sense to assume a linear progression between the charging and discharging voltage).
- the battery is charged over a period of time ⁇ with measurement of current ⁇ measure and excitement ⁇ measure operated.
- the simulated current ⁇ mod over the period ⁇ using the voltage-controlled model. This is followed by the calculation of ⁇ ⁇ dead according to equation (42).
- the values for ⁇ ⁇ dead are in a matrix of DOD and ⁇ measure -Intervals to the mean ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ O ⁇ t (DOD, ⁇ measure ) averaged over the period ⁇ .
- ⁇ ⁇ 0( DOD ) and ⁇ ⁇ (DOD) are calculated according to Eq. (40) by linear regression of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t ⁇ O ⁇ t (DOD, ⁇ measure ) against ⁇ measure for each DOD section.
- the values ⁇ ⁇ (DOD) are calculated over all DOD to ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ averaged.
- ⁇ ⁇ is calculated according to Eq. (37).
- the open circuit voltage curve ⁇ 0 (DOD) is also set to an arbitrary starting value, namely a linear curve between the two final voltages.
- a charge/discharge cycle is selected as the period ⁇ (approx. 2.1 h).
- the procedure is applied to this period a total of 19 times and a model update is carried out each time.
- the results are shown in Fig.19. Fig.19a) and Fig.19b) show the voltage and current of the battery over the period ⁇ .
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102022129314.9A DE102022129314A1 (de) | 2022-11-07 | 2022-11-07 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung von Kapazität, Innenwiderstand und Leerlaufspannungskurve einer Batterie |
DE102022129314.9 | 2022-11-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2024099513A1 true WO2024099513A1 (de) | 2024-05-16 |
Family
ID=88793183
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2023/100825 WO2024099513A1 (de) | 2022-11-07 | 2023-11-06 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung von kapazität, innenwiderstand und leerlaufspannungskurve einer batterie |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE102022129314A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2024099513A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN118244144A (zh) * | 2024-05-29 | 2024-06-25 | 云储新能源科技有限公司 | 一种电池内阻和容量差异评估方法、装置、介质及产品 |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1231476B1 (de) * | 2001-02-13 | 2008-02-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Bestimmung des Alterungszustands einer Batterie |
EP2649666B1 (de) * | 2010-12-10 | 2015-12-30 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Verfahren zur ermittlung von betriebsparametern einer batterie, batteriemanagementsystem und batterie |
WO2018172216A1 (en) * | 2017-03-20 | 2018-09-27 | Abb Schweiz Ag | Battery energy store |
DE102017208394A1 (de) * | 2017-05-18 | 2018-11-22 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Kapazität einer Fahrzeugbatterie sowie Fahrzeugbatteriemanagementsystem |
DE102019127828A1 (de) | 2019-10-15 | 2021-04-15 | Hochschule Offenburg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Ladezustandes und des Gesundheitszustandes einer aufladbaren Batterie |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5394162B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-31 | 2014-01-22 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 蓄電装置の内部抵抗検出装置および開路電圧検出装置および残容量検出装置 |
DE102012202077A1 (de) * | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Bestimmen eines Stroms, Batteriemanagementeinheit, Batterie und Kraftfahrzeug |
DE102012013739A1 (de) * | 2012-07-12 | 2014-05-15 | Sew-Eurodrive Gmbh & Co Kg | Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Kenngrößen eines Energiespeichers und Energiespeichersystem |
-
2022
- 2022-11-07 DE DE102022129314.9A patent/DE102022129314A1/de active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-11-06 WO PCT/DE2023/100825 patent/WO2024099513A1/de active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1231476B1 (de) * | 2001-02-13 | 2008-02-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Bestimmung des Alterungszustands einer Batterie |
EP2649666B1 (de) * | 2010-12-10 | 2015-12-30 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Verfahren zur ermittlung von betriebsparametern einer batterie, batteriemanagementsystem und batterie |
WO2018172216A1 (en) * | 2017-03-20 | 2018-09-27 | Abb Schweiz Ag | Battery energy store |
DE102017208394A1 (de) * | 2017-05-18 | 2018-11-22 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Kapazität einer Fahrzeugbatterie sowie Fahrzeugbatteriemanagementsystem |
DE102019127828A1 (de) | 2019-10-15 | 2021-04-15 | Hochschule Offenburg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Ladezustandes und des Gesundheitszustandes einer aufladbaren Batterie |
DE102019127828B4 (de) * | 2019-10-15 | 2021-05-20 | Hochschule Offenburg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Ladezustandes und des Gesundheitszustandes einer aufladbaren Batterie |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN118244144A (zh) * | 2024-05-29 | 2024-06-25 | 云储新能源科技有限公司 | 一种电池内阻和容量差异评估方法、装置、介质及产品 |
CN118244144B (zh) * | 2024-05-29 | 2024-07-30 | 云储新能源科技有限公司 | 一种电池内阻和容量差异评估方法、装置、介质及产品 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102022129314A1 (de) | 2024-05-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP1429152B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Vorhersage des Innenwiderstands einer Speicherbatterie und Überwachungseinrichtung für Speicherbatterien | |
EP2442125B1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Überwachen der maximal verfügbaren Kapazität einer Batterie | |
EP1394561B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Ermittlung der entnehmbaren Ladungsmenge einer Speicherbatterie und Überwachungseinrichtung für eine Speicherbatterie | |
DE10345057B4 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Ladezustandes einer Batterie | |
EP4045925B1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung des ladezustandes und des gesundheitszustandes einer aufladbaren batterie | |
EP1588176B1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum ermitteln der aus einem energiespeicher entnehmbaren ladung | |
DE102020215176A1 (de) | Verfahren und system zum schätzen einer leerlaufspannung einer batteriezelle | |
EP1391742B1 (de) | Überwachungseinrichtung und Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Betriebszustands einer Speicherbatterie | |
DE102013000572A1 (de) | Verfahren und System zur Bestimmung der Modellparameter eines elektrochemischen Energiespeichers | |
DE102017103617A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Abschätzung des Alterungszustands eines Batteriesystems | |
WO2013178330A1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum feststellen der tatsächlichen kapazität einer batterie | |
WO2012088555A1 (de) | Verfahren zur bestimmung der momentan verfügbaren maximalen ladekapazität | |
DE102020125127A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Zustands eines wiederaufladbaren Batteriesystems | |
DE10126891A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Vorhersage der Belastbarkeit eines elektrochemischen Elementes | |
DE102023118719A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Bestimmen eines Innenwiderstands einer Batteriezelle einer Energiespeichervorrichtung für ein elektrisch antreibbares Kraftfahrzeug, Computerprogramm und/oder computerlesbares Medium, Datenverarbeitungsvorrichtung, elektrisch antreibbares Kraftfahrzeug, Ladesäule | |
EP4123320A1 (de) | Verfahren zum bestimmen eines kapazitätsverlusts eines batteriespeichers, vorrichtung und computerprogrammprodukt | |
WO2024099513A1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung von kapazität, innenwiderstand und leerlaufspannungskurve einer batterie | |
EP2318853A1 (de) | Verfahren zur berechnung des ladezustandes einer batterie | |
EP3391067B1 (de) | Verfahren zur bestimmung der alterung eines elektrochemischen speichers | |
DE102013206896A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Bestimmen des Ladezustands einer Batterie | |
DE102016108974A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Bestimmen eines Alterungszustandes einer wiederaufladbaren Batterie sowie System mit einer wiederaufladbaren Batterie | |
DE102021212689A1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bereitstellen eines prädizierten Alterungszustands einer Gerätebatterie basierend auf einem prädizierten Nutzungsmuster | |
DE102019132768A1 (de) | Kalibriereinrichtung zur Kalibrierung einer elekrischen Ersatzschaltung | |
EP4441514B1 (de) | Verfahren zur modellbasierten abschätzung der impedanz einer galvanischen zelle einer sekundärbatterie und dessen verwendung sowie batteriezellenüberwachungsvorrichtung und fahrzeug | |
DE102019202461A1 (de) | Verfahren und Batteriezustandserkennungseinrichtung zum Bestimmen eines nutzbaren Energieinhalts eines Energiespeichers eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 23805458 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Owner name: ACCUVICE BETEILIGUNGS GMBH, DE Free format text: FORMER OWNER: HOCHSCHULE OFFENBURG, KOERPERSCHAFT DES OEFFENTLICHEN RECHTS, 77652 OFFENBURG, DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2023805458 Country of ref document: EP |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2023805458 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20250610 |