WO2023148455A1 - Dispositif, procédé et programme de relevé d'activité radiofréquence de satellites artificiels - Google Patents
Dispositif, procédé et programme de relevé d'activité radiofréquence de satellites artificiels Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023148455A1 WO2023148455A1 PCT/FR2023/050136 FR2023050136W WO2023148455A1 WO 2023148455 A1 WO2023148455 A1 WO 2023148455A1 FR 2023050136 W FR2023050136 W FR 2023050136W WO 2023148455 A1 WO2023148455 A1 WO 2023148455A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/04—Details
- G01S3/043—Receivers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
- H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
- H04B17/318—Received signal strength
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R29/00—Arrangements for measuring or indicating electric quantities not covered by groups G01R19/00 - G01R27/00
- G01R29/08—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
- G01R29/0864—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics characterised by constructional or functional features
- G01R29/0871—Complete apparatus or systems; circuits, e.g. receivers or amplifiers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/14—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
- G01S3/38—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of real or effective orientation of directivity characteristic of an antenna or an antenna system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that antenna or antenna system, e.g. to give a maximum or minimum signal
- G01S3/40—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of real or effective orientation of directivity characteristic of an antenna or an antenna system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that antenna or antenna system, e.g. to give a maximum or minimum signal adjusting orientation of a single directivity characteristic to produce maximum or minimum signal, e.g. rotatable loop antenna or equivalent goniometer system
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/20—Monitoring; Testing of receivers
- H04B17/27—Monitoring; Testing of receivers for locating or positioning the transmitter
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/20—Monitoring; Testing of receivers
- H04B17/29—Performance testing
Definitions
- TITLE Device, method and program for recording the radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites
- the invention relates to a device and a method for surveying the radio frequency activity of artificial satellites in Earth orbit, and a computer program for their implementation.
- the field of the invention relates to satellites in operation, in all kinds of orbits.
- the known orbital tracking service uses a technique of correlating the signal emitted by the satellites and acquired by stations distant from each other, typically at a distance of several hundred kilometers. This technique requires transferring large amounts of data to a computing center. A systematic scanning of an orbit, such as for example the Clarke belt (geostationary orbit), by this technique would be limited by the bandwidth of long-distance communications to the computing center and would therefore require an unacceptable measurement time and a cost of communications high.
- satellites that emit sporadically may not be detected by this method, because the rate of revisiting an orbital position would be too slow (more than a day).
- the cause may be: change of plan/frequency by the satellite, stoppage of satellite communications or other causes.
- An object of the invention is to obtain a device, a method and a computer program for the survey of radiofrequency activity coming from artificial satellites in earth orbit, which make it possible to automatically discover and identify radiofrequency emissions from satellites without prior third-party information, i.e. without considering the declarations provided by the operators and with a short revisit time.
- a first object of the invention is a method for recording the radiofrequency activity of at least one artificial satellite, which is in Earth orbit and which is transmitting a radiofrequency signal, characterized in that the method comprises the following steps: pointing, by an antenna control device, of at least one antenna to move an axis of sight of the antenna towards at least one sequence of prescribed pointing positions, successive and distinct from one the other, the antenna being in the form of a reflector, an outer edge of which delimits a maximum opening diameter, which is less than or equal to 6 meters, and for each prescribed pointing position: collection of the radiofrequency signal by the antenna and conversion of the radiofrequency signal by a radiofrequency chain into a digital signal, calculation by a computer of at least one reading of raw power spectral densities on at least one reception frequency sub-band from the digital signal, reprocessing of the reading raw power spectral densities into a statement of refined power spectral densities by applying inverse convolution processing of the radiation pattern of the antenna in the reception frequency sub-band by the
- the invention by the combination of a small-sized antenna and the inverse convolution, makes it possible to detect a greater number of satellites, since the main lobe of the antenna having the small diameter mentioned above is more wide, allows a greater number of satellites to be covered at each antenna pointing position, and allows for a shorter revisit time (which is the time elapsed to perform all of the planned scan sequences), thus increasing the possibility to detect a non-permanent transmission from a satellite.
- This makes it possible to increase the step of the measurements from one pointing position to the next pointing position in the sequence and therefore the acquisition speed of the refined power spectral density, while reducing the cost of the infrastructure.
- the invention makes it possible to detect all the artificial satellites having radio frequency activity, whether or not they have been listed.
- This system is called “spectral mapping”. Scanning using only one station at a time on which the device according to the invention is installed can therefore be envisaged.
- the invention uses not declared by an operator, changes of frequency plan, of orbital position, of new assignments or even failures with regard to artificial satellites in Earth orbit are listed.
- the invention makes it possible to reduce the revisit time in order to detect as many events as possible.
- the invention makes it possible to establish precise mapping with a rapid revisit (a few hours at most), while using one or more antennas of limited size and of reduced cost.
- the spectral mapping can therefore be updated frequently, several times a day and every day so as to be able to identify with certainty the changes in use made by the operator.
- the invention can create the cartography in the form of a power spectral density map as a function of the pointing position and the frequency, making it possible to visualize and interpret the origin of the received radiofrequency spectrum, as well as its evolution. in time. It is thus possible to detect celestial objects and changes in use (breakdowns, postings, change of frequency plan) concerning the satellites.
- the invention can map the use of the frequency spectrum as a function of the orbital position (longitude or anomaly when scanning an orbit) of all or part of the orbit(s) considered, on one or more sub-bands of receiving frequency.
- the invention can be used to detect satellites in all types of orbits, which therefore includes those that are not geostationary.
- the invention makes it possible to place the detected satellites in orbital tracking. This makes it possible to dispense with declarations of frequential use by operators and to follow these objects, whether or not they have been declared.
- the antenna has a maximum opening diameter, which is less than or equal to 4 meters.
- the antenna has a maximum opening diameter, which is less than or equal to 2.50 meters.
- the antenna has a maximum opening diameter, which is less than or equal to 2.10 meters.
- the reprocessing of the reading of raw power spectral densities comprises the inverse convolution processing of the radiation pattern of the antenna at a frequency in the receiving frequency sub-band, the calculation of the impulse response of the inverse convolution from the radiation pattern of the antenna which was previously measured at the same frequency and which was previously recorded in computer memory.
- the inverse convolution is performed for a linear combination of several successive raw power spectral densities for the successive, prescribed pointing positions.
- the method comprises pointing the line of sight of the antenna along a prescribed scanning trajectory passing through the prescribed pointing positions at consecutive instants.
- the prescribed scanning trajectory pursues each prescribed pointing position for a non-zero duration.
- the prescribed scanning trajectory connects the prescribed successive pointing positions with a regular speed.
- the antenna control device interrupts the movement of the boresight axis when prescribed pointing positions are below a predefined minimum elevation.
- the successive prescribed pointing positions have the same orbital period.
- the prescribed pointing positions of at least one of the sequences of prescribed pointing positions traverse a determined orbit.
- the determined orbit is the Clarke belt of geostationary satellites.
- the axes of sight of the successive prescribed pointing positions are spaced apart by an angle less than a width of a main radiation lobe of the antenna, in the time interval when the antenna moves from the prescribed pointing position to the next prescribed pointing position in the sequence.
- the computer records the raw power spectral density at each prescribed pointing position from the digital signal.
- the reading of raw power spectral densities is carried out by acquiring the radiofrequency signal, which is collected by the antenna and which is digitized by the radiofrequency chain according to separate windows of a predefined minimum duration.
- the computer for each duration window of the digital signal calculates the Fourier transform then raises its modulus to the square and divides all by the duration of the window.
- the average scanning speed of the antenna relative to the tracking speed of the pointing position in the sequence is less than 0/D, where 0 is the width of the main radiation lobe of the antenna.
- the method comprises the calculation, by the computer, and a recording, by the computer, of a cartography constituted by the readings of power spectral densities refined as a function of the frequency and the prescribed pointing position.
- an image is extracted from the cartography by the computer which has side by side the levels of the refined power spectral densities, successively recorded at the prescribed pointing positions, in the at least one sub- reception frequency band, the pointing orbital position and the frequency constituting, as desired, the abscissa and ordinate axes of the image.
- the level of each refined power spectral density is represented by a pixel value, in particular the color or a brightness level or a gray level.
- the computer searches for peaks on part or all of the longitudinal level curves of the raw or refined power spectral densities to determine the most probable position of the at least one transmitter satellite of the surveyed spectrum.
- the probable position(s) of satellites and their associated power spectral density reading are compared by the computer with the declarations of the operators.
- a second object of the invention is a device for recording the radiofrequency activity of at least one artificial satellite, which is a transmitter of a radiofrequency signal, characterized in that the device comprises at least one reception antenna pointed along an axis sight and which is capable of collecting the radiofrequency signal, the antenna being in the form of a reflector, an outer edge of which delimits a maximum opening diameter, which is less than or equal to 6 meters, an antenna control unit to point the line of sight of the antenna towards at least one sequence of prescribed pointing positions, successive and distinct from each other, a radio frequency reception and digital conversion chain, which acquires the radio frequency signal into a digital signal on at least one reception frequency sub-band, a computer capable of calculating, from the digital signal, at least one reading of power spectral densities on the reception frequency sub-band, and of reprocessing the reading of spectral densities
- the piloting device is capable of pointing the line of sight of the antenna along a prescribed scanning trajectory passing through the prescribed pointing positions at consecutive instants.
- the antenna is chosen of just sufficient size to be able to detect the signal from a satellite transmitting at the equivalent isotropically radiated power threshold that it is desired to record.
- the device for recording radiofrequency activity comprises a recording device capable of recording a map consisting of readings of the power spectral density as a function of the frequency and of the position of prescribed score.
- the recording device is capable of recording a history of the cartography, that is to say several readings of power spectral density taken on different dates concerning the same pointing position prescribed.
- the computer and the recording device are capable of forming at least one differential image between cartography histories corresponding to different acquisition dates for the same sequence of prescribed pointing positions.
- the spectral density reading is carried out by acquiring the radiofrequency signal, which is collected by the antenna and which is digitized by the radiofrequency chain according to separate windows of a predefined minimum duration. D.
- the computer for each duration window of the digital signal is configured to calculate the Fourier transform and then raise its modulus to the square and divide it by the duration of the window.
- a third object of the invention is a computer program for the implementation of the method for recording the radio frequency activity of at least one artificial satellite as described above, comprising code instructions for the execution pointing, collection, conversion, calculation and reprocessing steps, when the computer program is executed on one or more computers.
- FIG. 1 represents a schematic view in perspective of the device for recording radio frequency activity of artificial satellites in Earth orbit according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 represents a modular block diagram of the device for recording radio frequency activity of artificial satellites in Earth orbit according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3 represents a flowchart of the method for recording the radio frequency activity of artificial satellites in Earth orbit according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 represents a first example of a cartographic image of power spectral densities obtained during a first scanning of orbits by the device, the method and the computer program for recording the radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites according to a mode of realization of the invention.
- FIG. 5 represents a second example of a cartographic image of power spectral densities obtained by the device, the method and the computer program for recording the radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites according to an embodiment of the invention during a second orbit scan subsequent to the first orbit scan.
- FIG. 6 represents a differential cartographic image of power spectral densities, obtained from the first example of cartographic image of FIG. 4 and the second example of cartographic image of FIG. 5, by the device, the method and the program of computer for recording the radio frequency activity of artificial satellites according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 7 represents a frequency section of a set of Diracs representing satellites, ideally seen as points, to be scanned and acquired by the device, the method and the computer program for recording the radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites following a embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 represents an example of the radiation pattern of the antenna of the device, method and computer program for recording the radio frequency activity of artificial satellites according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 9 represents an example of power spectral density received by the antenna of the device, method and computer program for recording the radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 10 represents an example of a cartographic image of power spectral density obtained by the device, the method and the computer program for the survey of radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites according to an embodiment of the invention after a convolution reverse.
- FIG. 11 represents an example of a cartographic image of power spectral densities obtained by the device, the method and the computer program for recording the radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites according to an embodiment of the invention after a convolution inverse according to figure 10 and after searching for the peaks.
- FIG. 12 schematically represents a geocentric frame, in which the parameters of a satellite can be defined.
- the survey device 1 can be used to detect radio frequency activity of one or more satellites S ⁇ T1, S ⁇ T2, S ⁇ T3, SAT4 (or in general space objects or celestial objects) located on one or more terrestrial orbital positions P s around the earth T.
- the survey device 1 is installed at a determined geographical position Y of the surface ST of the globe T.
- the satellite or satellites S ⁇ T1, S ⁇ T2, S ⁇ T3, SAT4 or objects space can emit electromagnetic signals to the surface ST and to the device 1 survey.
- the orbit ORB of the satellite(s) SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, SAT4 can be arbitrary, and for example of low Earth orbit LEO (which means in English: Low Earth Orbit) whose period of revolution is less at 128 minutes, of geostationary orbit appearing fixed from the earth T and therefore of period of revolution equal to one sidereal day, or of medium earth orbit MEO (which means in English: Medium Earth Orbit) that is to say between the two.
- LEO low Earth orbit
- MEO medium earth orbit
- One or more stations located on the surface ST of the globe T may be provided, the station or each station comprising the survey device 1 according to the invention.
- the work of each station can be planned, for example in a centralized manner in the case of several stations, so that the work of the stations is complementary.
- antennas 2 and devices 1 according to the invention can be distributed over different points of the globe T in order to be able to cover all the orbital positions of interest and all the sub-bands W x of frequencies targeted.
- the survey device 1 comprises the elements which will be described in more detail below:
- the steps of the survey method according to the invention follow the description given below. They describe the different operations that contribute to the invention. In fact, they take place in a non-sequential way, that is to say that several steps take place concurrently. One or more of these steps can be omitted or implemented as alternatives, with reference to Figure 3.
- the user of the survey system must plan the scans and signal acquisitions to be performed. For this, he configures the device 1 for surveying the cartography. The user first configures the specific characteristics of the station. These are useful for performing the subsequent steps:
- step E2 of signal collection we configure:
- step E3 of power spectral density reading we configure:
- step E4 of construction of the mapping we configure:
- step E5 of visualization one configures: Visualization parameters, modifiable by the user.
- the radiation pattern of antenna 2 when performing an inverse convolution operation.
- the radiation pattern may have been measured beforehand.
- the survey device 1 comprises a unit 4 for controlling the antenna 2, called ⁇ CU (in English: Antenna Control Unit), for pointing satellites whose orbital position P s is pointed at an elevation greater than the minimum elevation Elo set in the EO configuration step.
- the ACU 4 which contains a computer, controls the motors of the positioner of the antenna 2 so that its axis 21 of sight points towards a pointing position, such as for example those described below.
- the ACU 4 of a station calculates the evolution as a function of time t of the location S(P s ,t) of the pointing position, then the angle of the axis 21 of sight p[OS(P s ,t)] which will be noted for the sake of simplification p(P s ,t), where O is the geographical location of the station.
- O is the geographical location of the station.
- the angle of the line of sight 21 is determined by the azimuth and the elevation of the straight line OS(t), relative to the horizontal plane and to geographic north.
- the ACU 4 must first convert the geographical position O of the station into a position in the geocentric frame for which the orbital parameters of the satellite are given. It is therefore necessary to take into account for this purpose the rotation of the earth on itself and around the sun.
- each ORB orbit is an ellipse inscribed in an orbital plane whose center of the earth is one of the homes.
- a satellite's orbital position is entirely determined by six parameters.
- the orbital plane is defined by two parameters (inclination i with respect to a reference plane PREF and ascending node).
- the orientation of the ellipse in the orbital plane is defined by the angle of its perigee (point of the orbit ORB closest to the earth), when the eccentricity indicates the flattening of the ellipse and therefore the ratio between its major axis and its minor axis.
- the fifth parameter can therefore be chosen either as the period of revolution or the semi-major axis.
- the last parameter to describe an orbital position is the anomaly which makes it possible to know at any time the angular position of the satellite on the ellipse.
- the anomaly can be defined in several ways: true v, eccentric or average anomaly, this choice does not matter for the invention.
- the orbital position of a satellite drifts slowly, under the effects of variations in the earth's gravity, the tides of the moon and the sun, general relativity, the solar wind. These effects are noticeable over periods of several days. Most often, a satellite is assigned to an orbital position, it maneuvers to stay on it. Some satellites are intended to change orbital position (space surveillance, in-orbit service). The invention makes it possible to identify all these movements.
- the planning programmed in step EO provides for moving the axis 21 of sight of the antenna 2 towards a sequence of prescribed pointing positions P i , which are for example P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10 in FIG. 1 for i varying for example from 1 to 10, successive and distinct from each other.
- the prescribed pointing positions can be, for example, prescribed orbital positions P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10.
- the index i successively takes a value ranging from 1 to N, where N is an integer number of pointing positions, any.
- the positions P i are effectively reached at times t, which constitute an increasing series of dates.
- These prescribed pointing positions P are spatial positions of interest where satellites S ⁇ T1, S ⁇ T2, S ⁇ T3, S ⁇ T4 can be found and whose emitted radio signal is collected to measure its power spectral density.
- the antenna control unit which controls the antenna 2 according to the invention performs the same sighting axis 21 calculation operations as those of an ⁇ CU tracking a satellite at the orbital position P s , but it reiterates this operation by taking each time the next pointing position in the sequence while an ⁇ CU in tracking mode maintains the same orbital position.
- the line of sight 21 must necessarily evolve continuously, so the ⁇ CU must interpolate the pointing positions between times t, and tw to create a continuous sweep curve B(t).
- Two scanning modes are possible. The first, called discrete scanning, consists of pursuing a fixed pointing position and then reaching the next one as quickly as possible, given the maximum speed at which the positioner can move. In this case, the pointing position stops on P, at t, and remains there for a certain time before rejoining P i+ i at the fastest.
- the second, called regular scanning consists in gradually varying the characteristics of the pointing position referred to the next.
- each pointing parameter evolves progressively from the value of the pointing position parameter P, to that of P i+i between t i and tw.
- the ⁇ CU 4 must check at all times that the elevation of the sighting axis 21 remains greater than the minimum value Elo defined in the configuration step E0. For each pointing position, the ACU must determine if it respects the minimum elevation. During scanning, as soon as a pointing position causes a sighting axis 21 whose elevation is less than the minimum elevation Elo, it ignores the pointing position and goes directly to the next one. For each sequence, the sweep curve B(t) covers a portion of arc, whose developed angle is denoted a. This will therefore be smaller than the arc whose sweep was planned in step E0, when part of this arc is at an elevation lower than the minimum elevation. When the ACU has completed the entire scan of each sequence, it can resume scanning from the beginning. The time elapsed to complete the set of planned scan sequences is called the revisit time R.
- the prescribed pointing positions P, of each sequence are arranged in any order, but to optimize the revisit time R, it is advantageous to define an order such that the curve B(t) presents l the developed angle has the shortest possible, that is to say that B(t) is the shortest path connecting the pointing positions P,. If the sequence has pointing positions of different periods of revolution, the optimal solution will be very different at each sequence because the orbital positions will have evolved independently. Also, in a preferred embodiment, the pointing positions of a sequence are chosen to all have the same orbital period, which guarantees that their relative distances will change little from one scan to another, and then makes it possible to define sequences near-optimal once and for all.
- quasi-circular orbits are scanned, that is to say with almost zero eccentricity, which concerns the vast majority of r-satellites.
- the best known circular orbit is the geostationary orbit.
- the orbital positions are on the equatorial plane and fixed for an observer stationary on the surface of the globe.
- the largest possible portion of arc a is the measurement of the geostationary arc from its east end to its west end at minimum elevation Elo.
- the revisit time R as defined above is the time elapsed between two consecutive measurements of the same pointing or orbital position.
- the revisit time separates measurements which can be made at different anomalies because this revisit time is not necessarily an integer number of periods of revolution of the considered orbit.
- Figures 4 and following were produced by considering a scan of the geostationary arc.
- the scanned pointing position element is the longitude that corresponds to the anomaly on the geostationary arc uniquely.
- the longitude should be replaced by the anomaly without this modifying the range of the figures.
- a constellation of satellites is made up of a small number of revolution periods (1 for GPS, Galileo, O3B, OneWeb, Iridium Next; 3 for Kuiper project and Starlink phase 2; 4 for Starlink).
- P r corresponding to an altitude
- the constellation of satellites places a large number of satellites in circular orbits and on a series of orbital planes, all at the same inclination and regularly spaced, i.e. say that their ascending nodes are multiples of 360/p° with p distinct orbital planes.
- the planned sweep can consist of varying both the anomaly and the ascending node.
- the survey device 1 comprises one (or more) receiving antenna 2 pointed along an axis 21 of sight.
- Antenna 2 directed above Elo, collects a radiofrequency signal X(t) which is a function of time.
- the device 1 comprises a chain 20 for radiofrequency reception and digital conversion of the radiofrequency signal X(t) which acquires it in the form of digital samples X(n).
- reception chain 20 downstream of the antenna 2 in a station is described below with reference to FIG. 2.
- the station incorporates a radiofrequency chain 20 between the antenna 2 and the computer 3.
- the radiofrequency signal X(t) at the output of the antenna 2 is digitized at the end of the radiofrequency reception chain 20.
- LNA low noise amplifier
- ADC Analogue to Digital Converter
- a sequence X(n) of samples at index n, acquired at instant n/f e is then obtained.
- the preamplified signal can also be divided into several channels of index x on which sub-bands W x are processed, each having its own acquisition chain.
- a frequency converter then a digitizer is then placed on each channel, which makes it possible to increase the instantaneous band processed. Otherwise, it is possible to have only one digitizer and alternately switch each sub-band W x on its input, but this less onerous architecture in return increases the time required to carry out an acquisition.
- a recording of the digitized signal X(n) is then performed.
- the recording of the raw signal can be kept if necessary, for the desired time, depending on the memory capacity 51.
- the antenna 2 can generally be in the form of a parabolic reflector 22, an outer edge 23 of which delimits a diameter 24 of the opening.
- the antenna could be in the form of a reflector of a shape other than parabolic.
- Antenna 2 is not a perfect antenna with an infinitely thin beam. Also, it does not collect only the signal coming from its line of sight 21 but a multitude of contributions coming from various directions which are weighted according to its radiation diagram at the frequency considered.
- the radiation pattern at frequency f an example of which is given at FIG. 8 shows a main lobe, of width 0, which concentrates the greatest power contribution around the axis of the antenna aligned with the line of sight 21 .
- the secondary lobes collect signal more weakly from directions farther from the line of sight 21.
- EIR Equivalent isotropically radiated power
- PI the loss of free space which is (X/4nd) 2 with X the wavelength and d the distance from the satellite.
- the angle subtraction must be understood in the sense of the composition of rotation, - representing the reverse rotation of that which made it possible to point the line of sight p.
- the diagram D(y,f) is a function of the frequency and the depointing angle y (which is the angular deviation with respect to the axis 21 of sight, as shown by way of example in the figure 8) which provides the power gain of the antenna.
- This is maximum for zero misalignment.
- the antenna which can for example be parabolic in shape, is rotationally symmetrical.
- the main lobe is therefore also and its width 0 does not depend on the orientation of the misalignment.
- the width 0 of the main lobe is defined at 3dB, or otherwise at y dB with y different from 3.
- the width of the lobe is twice the allowable offset for the gain to lose y dB. For y being 3dB, this corresponds to a loss of half the maximum gain in the axis 21 of sight.
- the prescribed successive pointing positions are isolated positions of interest.
- the objective of the scan is to collect in passing the signal coming from all the intermediate positions between two successive pointing positions prescribed in the sequence so as to detect active satellites which could be there.
- these positions must be collected in the main lobe of the previous pointing position or the next pointing position, as desired. More precisely, it is required that each intermediate position be situated in the cone of lobe width 0 around the preceding or following pointing position, so as to guarantee a certain quality of collection of the signal which may come from it.
- two successive pointing positions at which the spectral density is measured must correspond to tracking trajectories separated by a value of line of sight 21 less than the width 0 of the main lobe, this in the time interval when we switch from one to the other. This condition results in the inequality:
- the computer 3 and the number of central processing units (in English: CPU) thereof are adapted to the need for computing power.
- the computer 3 can be implemented by one (or more) processor, and/or one (or more) microprocessor, and/or one (or more) central processing unit, and/or one (or more) computer, and /Or other.
- the device comprising the down-converter, the sampler of the radio frequency chain 20 and the computer 3 makes it possible, for each sub-band W x , to do the work of a spectrum analyzer.
- the advantages of the architecture of FIG. 2 with respect to a spectrum analyzer are a capacity for exhaustive recording of the acquisitions and of the power spectral density, and a faster execution. Indeed, it is possible to avoid any dead time between the windows used to calculate the power spectral density. The same processing done with a spectrum analyzer would therefore result in a longer revisit time R.
- Radiofrequency activity is revealed by the presence of spectral components of the collected signal that are above the background noise level.
- the window D begins at time t, and stops before the ⁇ CU pursues the next pointing position, therefore before tw.
- the window D i will preferably be centered on the instant t i .
- the spectral density calculated at step i therefore indeed corresponds to a collection of the radiofrequency signal X(t) centered at the pointing position P,.
- Each raw spectral density measurement that is to say before any reprocessing, is therefore both a function of the frequency f in the sub-band W x and of the succession of pointing positions P i .
- the antenna 2 collects the signals coming from the cone of width 0 around the line of sight. This therefore means that 0 constitutes the spatial resolution of the spectral density measurements.
- the average pointing speed is defined as the variation in the viewing angle divided by the time interval. This breaks down into a relative scanning speed and a tracking speed according to the following formula:
- the maximum slew rate is determined by the exposure time and the sidelobe width.
- This scanning speed is by definition zero if all that is done is to pursue a pointing position.
- the decomposition of pointing speed into tracking and scanning speed applies to apparent speeds which are a average, regardless of scan mode. This is valid whether it is performed in a discrete mode or in a regular mode.
- the tracking speed is zero because the orbital positions are fixed from the geographical position O of the station, therefore the pointing speed is equal to the sweep speed and must therefore remain lower at 0/D.
- the tracking speed is imposed by the celestial dynamics of the chosen orbital positions. It strongly depends on the period of revolution of the orbital positions within a scan. For its part, the sweep speed is limited by 0/D. When the expected quality of the power spectral density measurement has been chosen, therefore the exposure time D, the scanning speed is therefore proportional to the lobe width 0. Maximizing the lobe width therefore makes it possible to maximize the speed of scanning, therefore the pointing speed and consequently minimizing the revisit time R, this regardless of the sequences of pointing positions planned in step EO.
- the invention proposes, in a preferred embodiment, that the diameter 24 of the maximum opening of the antenna 2 be less than or equal to 6 meters.
- the maximum opening diameter can be greater than or equal to 1 meter and less than or equal to 6 meters.
- the invention provides for an antenna size that is large enough to reliably identify a signal at the minimum EIRP density threshold (equivalent isotropically radiated power) of the objects sought.
- Antenna 2 is chosen to be of just sufficient size to be able to detect the signal from a satellite transmitting at the equivalent isotropically radiated power threshold that is to be detected.
- the maximum aperture diameter 24 of the antenna 2, described above, is particularly advantageous in combination with the statement of refined power spectral densities DSa, calculated during step E6 described below, because it is this combination which makes it possible to detect a greater number of satellites with a shorter revisit time and a lower cost.
- Mapping C is organized by pointing position P, and includes the DSP power spectral density for one or more pointing points P,. For each, it was possible to record the DSP power spectral density as a function of the frequencies f with a measurement made on the date t, since this corresponds to one of the pointing positions P, successively prescribed P, for i ranging from 1 to N, for each reading sequence.
- the frequency f is a frequency in one of the reception frequency sub-bands W x . The reading can be directly sent for viewing or for use by another system, but in the preferred embodiment, the map C is recorded.
- the survey device 1 comprises a recording device 5 for recording a map C of the spectral densities of the measured powers DSP(P s ,f,t) having been measured by the antenna 2 at date t while it was clocked in the clocking position P, .
- the recording device 5 may comprise one or more permanent memories 51 or others for recording the cartography C therein and/or one or more display screens 52 for displaying an image I of the cartography C and/or one or more physical outputs 53 to supply the cartography C or an image I thereof, and/or one or more modules 54 for processing the cartography C.
- the noted power spectral density DSP(P s ,f,t) is taken directly equal to the raw power spectral density DSb(P s ,t,f) calculated in step E3.
- the noted power spectral density DSP(P s , t, f ) is calculated by the computer 3 with a reprocessing which refines the power spectral density gross DSb(P s ,t,f).
- each pointing position P, of the cartography C it is possible to keep the last DSP spectral density reading or keep any depth history, depending on the need and the available memory capacity 51.
- Organization of storage in memory 51 of the mapped pointing positions P is a priori independent of the succession of prescribed orbital positions P,.
- the maps established by each are grouped together, knowing that at step EO each is preferably planned to follow different orbits or portions of orbits, if not more generally sequences of pointing positions P, prescribed disjoint.
- the DSP at the pointing position P in fact incorporates spectral components collected in the cone of lobe width 0 around the axis 21 of sight at the date t.
- the signal of a zone of positions in the vicinity of the pointing position P, prescribed P, is therefore collected.
- the satellites having an orbital period equal to that of the prescribed pointing position P remain in the vicinity of the latter, but those having a slightly different orbital period Ps drift regularly with respect to the latter.
- the mapping C incorporates satellites of the same plane having close quasi-circular orbits but of the same orbital period and it will be noted that these satellites oscillate in time around the position of prescribed pointing Pi which is perfectly circular.
- a satellite of the same plane having a slightly lower or higher orbital period, although in a perfectly circular orbit, will appear to have an anomaly which increases or decreases in a linear fashion.
- a C cartography can thus be expressed graphically in easily interpretable images for objects whose relative positions vary little and slowly.
- the images I constituted to represent the cartography C therefore consist in forming the function of the power spectral density DSP for the last reading, if not a previous reading specified by the user, corresponding to a pointing position P, of the map given according to a two-dimensional variable: the frequency and a parameter of variation of the pointing position Pi.
- the image I of the cartography C represents on the abscissa the successively prescribed pointing positions P, of a reading, which are thus arranged side by side in the chronological order of each reading and the frequency f.
- the axes can be reversed with the pointing positions P, on the ordinate and the frequencies on the abscissa.
- the successive pointing positions P correspond to increasing or decreasing anomalies on this orbit.
- the pointing position variation parameter P is synthetically reconstructed from a map C which contains DSP power spectral density readings for a multitude of orbits at the same period orbital.
- the pointing positions P have anomalies and variable ascending nodes, we can then reconstruct an image I whose pointing position variation parameter P, is the ascending node, even though the prescribed sequences P, have been acquired in a different order, in particular by scanning each orbit.
- the pixel value at each ordinate and at each abscissa of the image I represents the level A of the raised power spectral density DSP, measured at the frequency f during a sweep B(t).
- the DSP spectral densities are therefore arranged vertically in the I image, with a spectrum by abscissa of the I image.
- the level A of each DSP raised power spectral density is represented by a color, typically according to a decreasing wavelength from blue to red, or a level of luminosity or a level of gray, which varies unequivocally as a function of the level ⁇ , for example in a monotonous, increasing or decreasing manner.
- level ⁇ is expressed in dBm in Figures 4 and 5.
- the pixel value represents the DSP function
- the level A is represented according to a third dimension axis perpendicular to the abscissa and ordinate axes, which provides a three-dimensional surface which is then projected into two dimensions. It is possible to make an isometric projection of the surface in a grid, according to a succession of cutting lines arranged with an offset. You can also create an image by viewing the cutaways that we move forward or backward, but we can't represent everything in a single image. Other image constitution techniques exist in the state of the art and are applicable.
- I images therefore constitutes a preferred realization for representing the cartography, because it makes it possible to easily visualize the use of the radiofrequency spectrum by artificial celestial objects.
- a history of the last I-frames displayed is saved.
- a sending to the tracking system can be planned to refine the precise orbital position of each portion of the spectrum and thus separate the collocated objects, that is to say whose orbital positions are sufficiently close to be captured in the main lobe of single spectrum measurement.
- the antenna 2, the computer 3, the control device 4 and the recording device 5 are capable of recording histories C1, C2 (or more) of the cartography then to deduce therefrom several images I1, I2 for two scans of the same sequences of prescribed pointing positions Pi(ti).
- the image I2 extracted from the map C2 is produced in an acquisition time interval, which is later, for example by several hours or a few days as represented in FIGS. 4 and 5, with respect to the acquisition time interval of the image 11 extracted from the cartography C1.
- the consecutive acquisitions are by definition spaced out by the revisit time R. The accumulation of acquisitions from consecutive cycles at the same position makes it possible to average the effects of noise beyond the averaging depth.
- differential mapping the antenna 2, the computer 3, the control device 4 are able to calculate at least one differential mapping CD between two distinct historical recordings C1, C2 of the cartography, at the same prescribed pointing positions Pi.
- a differential image ID represented in FIG. 6 and which is equal to image I2 in FIG. 5 is deduced therefrom, from which is subtracted the image 11 in FIG. 4 by subtracting the power levels A, that is to say the values of pixels between them, for identical abscissas and ordinates, that is to say at the frequencies and pointing positions P , identical.
- This differential processing of the consecutive maps C1, C2 makes it possible to detect with certainty the events of change of use of the spectrum of duration greater than the revisit time R (positioning or decommissioning, change of frequency plan, position, etc. ).
- Image 11 in Figure 4 was made on April 1 , 2021
- Image I2 in Figure 5 was made on April 5, 2021.
- the differential image ID in Figure 6 shows three appearances and ID1, ID2, ID3 disappearances of lines in the DSP power spectral density of satellites located at position P6, the frequencies f of which can be determined, and an ID4 appearance and disappearance of a spectral line from a satellite located at position P8, whose frequency f can be determined.
- the computer 3 and the recording device 5 are configured to discriminate the spatial lines of the power spectral density DSP by peak detection algorithms, that is to say local maximum.
- the peaks with their level ⁇ can be used to summarize the contents of the longitudinal ⁇ level curve of power spectral density, which is shown in Figure 9.
- the computer 3 and the recording device 5 are able to reprocess the mapping by transforming the raw power spectral density DSb(Pi, ti, f) into a spectral density of refined power DSa by applying an inverse convolution processing aimed at reducing the effect induced by the radiation pattern of the antenna 2.
- an inverse convolution processing aimed at reducing the effect induced by the radiation pattern of the antenna 2.
- the refined power spectral density DSA or DSa(Pi,ti,f) is a linear combination of the raw power spectral densities DSb(Pi + k,ti + k,f ) taken at pointing positions P, times ti +k, where k takes values from -m to +m.
- the antenna pointed at an axis 21 of sight p collects the signal from a satellite S transmitting from the direction of angle y according to a received power proportional to Pe.D(yp, f) , where Pe is the EIRP of the satellite and D the pattern of antenna 2 of the station.
- the antenna pattern has the effect of spreading the contribution of the satellite over the width of the main lobe 0 and of creating responses which are artefacts at the positions of the secondary lobes.
- DSb(p,f) S Pj.D( yj- ,f).
- the spectrum of the signal coming from the sky at a frequency f can be represented as a series of Diracs lines, positioned at the sighting axes yj and whose amplitude is the EIRP Pj.
- the distribution P S Pj.S(y-yj), where 8 is the Kronecker symbol designating a Dirac at position 0, illustrated in figure 7, is the perfect mapping that we seek to measure, that which would obtain an antenna with infinitely thin main lobe and infinitely low side lobes.
- the power received by antenna 2 at frequency f is then proportional to the integral: where ⁇ j(y) is the Dirac pulse at line of sight yj.
- the integral calculates a convolution at position p of the ideal map formed by Dirac lines with an impulse response which is the radiation pattern of antenna 2, turned over by 180°.
- the effect of the convolution is also perfectly visible in Figures 4 and 5 where we see that each satellite is signaled by a 4° wide spot with several levels of gray attenuating on the edges and corresponding to each secondary lobe of the antenna
- the convolution of the above equation applies with an integration variable which is the viewing angle of the satellites and not the pointing position Pi.
- an integration variable which is the viewing angle of the satellites and not the pointing position Pi.
- the computer 3 is capable of calculating during the step E6 the refined power spectral density DSa(B,f) by inverse convolution of the raw power spectral density DSb(B,f) of the signal picked up by the antenna 2 at a frequency f in a sub-band W x , the inverse convolution being carried out according to the viewing angle variable B.
- the impulse response of the inverse convolution is calculated from the radiation diagram D(B,f) of the antenna 2 which was measured beforehand at the same frequency f and has been tabulated in memory 51 of computer 3, during step E0 of the method.
- Step E7 Monitoring.
- Mapping C can be reprocessed by tracking, which makes it possible to improve the spatial resolution. Thanks to the correlation calculation of the signals picked up by antennas distant from each other, the orbital tracking system allows a very precise resolution of the orbits, which approaches the resolution of perfect Diracs since precisions of the order of 150 meters at geostationary arc are possible.
- the individual characteristics of these spectral lines can be transmitted to the known orbital tracking system which will be able to carry out new remote acquisitions, thus making it possible to separate all of them.
- celestial objects by correlation-based processing. We can then follow these celestial objects individually by techniques requiring more computing power or acquisition time, in particular by the correlation of distant acquisitions used in the known orbital tracking system.
- the spatial separation of the objects detected at a pointing position P, by the device according to the invention can thus be performed by the orbital tracking system.
- the technique of determining orbits by the orbital tracking system can be used to separate the objects detected at a given pointing position P, thanks to an acquisition at this single pointing position P, which reduces to a minimum the duration of the orbit determination process.
- the known orbital tracking system will correlate distant acquisitions made only at tracked orbital positions.
- the orbital tracking system and the radiofrequency activity survey device can use identical antennas 2, or even share the same set of antennas. Indeed, the constraint of a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to detect the signal from the satellites is the same for these two systems.
- the cartography established by the radiofrequency activity survey system provides a spatial resolution which, once refined by one or more processes of step E6, makes it possible to locate the emission in a cone of width less than the width of the lobe antenna main. Tracking is therefore immediate, the orbital tracking system merely collecting this single pointing position P, from its remote sites, without having to perform any scanning, unlike the radiofrequency activity survey system.
- the acquisition by the tracking system is therefore optimized in time.
- mapping advantageously replaces the use of operator declarations.
- the combination of the two systems militates for the choice, according to an embodiment of the invention, of small antennas 2.
- the device is then less expensive, faster and ultimately more precise than a single antenna thanks to the reprocessing by the system of orbital tracking.
- the embodiments, characteristics, possibilities and examples described above can be combined with each other or be selected independently of each other.
- the invention thus allows space monitoring by observing the use of the radiofrequency spectrum and makes it possible to map the spectral situation in space.
- the surveying method and device 1 according to the invention allow detection of any emitting active object in terrestrial orbit without using extrinsic information from the operators.
- the invention makes it possible to monitor the activity of satellites, whether LEO, MEO or geostationary. .
- the invention makes it possible to determine the life cycle of space objects, that is to say the evolution of their use of the frequency spectrum.
- Orbital positions emitting signal can be tracked by a system using the same antennas
- mapping system described by the invention can replace the use of operator declarations, making all of the two services autonomous without reducing the performance of the known orbital tracking system.
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EP23706822.6A EP4473332A1 (fr) | 2022-02-02 | 2023-02-02 | Dispositif, procédé et programme de relevé d'activité radiofréquence de satellites artificiels |
CN202380024754.8A CN118843802A (zh) | 2022-02-02 | 2023-02-02 | 用于记录人造卫星的射频活动的装置、方法和程序 |
US18/835,308 US20250141572A1 (en) | 2022-02-02 | 2023-02-02 | Device, method and program for recording radiofrequency activity of artificial satellites |
JP2024545920A JP2025507284A (ja) | 2022-02-02 | 2023-02-02 | 人工衛星の無線周波数活動を記録するための装置、方法、及びプログラム |
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FR2200924A FR3132359B1 (fr) | 2022-02-02 | 2022-02-02 | Dispositif, procédé et programme de relevé d’activité radiofréquence de satellites artificiels |
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CN105137408B (zh) * | 2015-07-23 | 2017-06-27 | 电子科技大学 | 一种最优天线方向图选取的雷达角超分辨方法 |
CN114236516A (zh) * | 2021-10-12 | 2022-03-25 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | 一种基于r-l迭代算法的反卷积波束形成加速方法 |
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CN105137408B (zh) * | 2015-07-23 | 2017-06-27 | 电子科技大学 | 一种最优天线方向图选取的雷达角超分辨方法 |
CN114236516A (zh) * | 2021-10-12 | 2022-03-25 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | 一种基于r-l迭代算法的反卷积波束形成加速方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
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"Report ITU-R SM.2182, Measurement facilities available for the measurement of emissions from both GSO and non-GSO space stations", 30 September 2010 (2010-09-30), XP055019129, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-SM.2182-2010-PDF-E.pdf> [retrieved on 20120213] * |
HUAJIAN CUI ET AL: "A deconvolution method to remove distortion caused by antenna radiation pattern from measurement", ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY (IWAT), 2010 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, USA, 1 March 2010 (2010-03-01), pages 1 - 4, XP031676308, ISBN: 978-1-4244-4883-8 * |
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JP2025507284A (ja) | 2025-03-18 |
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