WO2023079161A1 - Bambuselemente als tragende bauteile und t-träger element und deckenelement und verfahren zur herstellung eines bambusrohling - Google Patents
Bambuselemente als tragende bauteile und t-träger element und deckenelement und verfahren zur herstellung eines bambusrohling Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023079161A1 WO2023079161A1 PCT/EP2022/081062 EP2022081062W WO2023079161A1 WO 2023079161 A1 WO2023079161 A1 WO 2023079161A1 EP 2022081062 W EP2022081062 W EP 2022081062W WO 2023079161 A1 WO2023079161 A1 WO 2023079161A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bamboo
- blanks
- adhesive
- preferred
- lamellae
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27J—MECHANICAL WORKING OF CANE, CORK, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- B27J1/00—Mechanical working of cane or the like
- B27J1/003—Joining the cane side by side
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27J—MECHANICAL WORKING OF CANE, CORK, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- B27J1/00—Mechanical working of cane or the like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- B27K9/00—Chemical or physical treatment of reed, straw, or similar material
- B27K9/002—Cane, bamboo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
- B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
- B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
- B27M3/0086—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by connecting using glue
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
- B32B3/18—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by an internal layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side
- B32B3/20—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by an internal layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side of hollow pieces, e.g. tubes; of pieces with channels or cavities
Definitions
- the invention relates to glued bamboo elements.
- the bamboo elements include bamboo blanks, bamboo sticks and single-layer bamboo layers, multi-layer cross-laminated timber elements, wall, ceiling and roof elements.
- the bamboo blanks can be processed into posts (e.g. T-posts), beams and panels of any size by gluing.
- the bamboo elements according to the invention can be used as load-bearing components or as parts of load-bearing components, preferably for the construction of sustainable structures.
- Cross-laminated timber (BSP or X-Lam) is a solid wooden panel and consists of at least three layers of sawn timber, usually glued at right angles to one another, whereby the individual sawn timber can be arranged along their narrow sides with no or a planned lateral distance from one another.
- Cross laminated timber is currently made exclusively from softwood. Individual layers may also be replaced by wood-based materials such as OSB, insulating foam and laminated veneer lumber. Due to the crosswise structure, cross laminated timber elements are very dimensionally stable and can transfer loads both longitudinally and transversely to the main load-bearing direction.
- CLT was developed in Austria and Germany in the early 1990s and deployed in Europe in the 2000s.
- the bonding of the cross laminated timber elements as well as BSH and KVH is typically done using a MUF adhesive.
- the advantage of this adhesive lies in the fast curing time and in transparent adhesive joints, which is important for visual optics.
- CLT products have gained in importance in modern timber construction since the 1990s. They are used as load-bearing components in residential construction as well as in municipal and commercial building construction.
- Cross laminated timber can be used not only for the construction of exterior and interior walls and roof and ceiling elements, but also for staircases and balcony slabs.
- CLT panels are assembled on site at the construction site or can be used to create prefabricated components. Insulation, facing shells, furniture and facade elements can be easily attached to the cross laminated timber. Due to the significantly higher rigidity compared to lightweight or frame construction, the number and length of the bracing wall elements can be reduced. In comparison to lightweight wooden constructions, where fire protection is achieved by planking, fire resistance class F90 (“fire-resistant”) can be achieved with cross laminated timber panels without additional fire protection panels.
- bamboo Similar to timber construction, the bamboo industry has also experienced dynamic growth over the past 20 years, particularly in Asia and South America.
- bamboo as a building material can promote sustainable development in the construction industry. Giant bamboo grows very quickly and, due to its high density, can store at least twice the amount of CO2 as spruce and thus make an important contribution to combating climate change.
- bamboo products have good mechanical properties, including tensile and flexural strength along the grain, and can effectively replace more emission-intensive materials such as cement, steel and plastic.
- bamboo products have been known for use as bamboo flooring or scaffolding in building construction.
- Other well-known applications of bamboo products include interior design, furniture construction or decorative panels.
- such products are not suitable for use in building constructions, in particular as load-bearing components, since they have not yet met the high requirements for strength, size and load-bearing capacity.
- Adhesives currently used in the engineered wood industry include the aminoplast resins (resin formaldehyde [UF], melamine formaldehyde [MF], melamine urea formaldehyde [MUF] resins) and the phenolic resins (phenol formaldehyde [PF] and tannin formaldehyde resins).
- Adhesives containing formaldehyde are extremely inexpensive and therefore economically predestined for the wood-based materials industry. In Germany, around 0.75 million tons of adhesives are used in the manufacture of wood-based materials every year, of which over 95% are formaldehyde-based amino resins. However, the biggest problem with commercial adhesives is formaldehyde emissions. Formaldehyde was classified as carcinogenic (category 1B) and mutagenic (category 2) in the EU in 2014 [Regulation 605/2014 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances]).
- the insulation of building elements is becoming increasingly important in order to reduce the energy consumption of buildings in the long term and reduce their carbon footprint.
- These insulating materials are also generally non-renewable and often cannot be biodegraded. Therefore, the challenge is to provide building elements that leave a low carbon footprint during their manufacture and improve the energy efficiency of buildings through their insulating properties.
- the object of the invention is to provide load-bearing components made from renewable raw materials without the disadvantages of the prior art.
- an object of the invention was to provide bamboo elements for use as load-bearing components, which are obtained from raw materials that grow very rapidly.
- a further object of the invention was to provide bamboo elements with sufficient dimensions and material properties for use in construction.
- it was an object of the invention to provide bamboo blanks from which bamboo sticks and bamboo layers can be manufactured.
- bamboo sticks, bamboo layers and cross laminated wood panels were provided.
- a further object of the invention was to provide more complex ceiling, wall and roof elements in the form of beams, posts, ribbed plates, box slabs, ribbed ceilings, ribbed wall elements, trusses for roofs, T-posts and H-posts.
- a further object of the invention was to combine bamboo elements with softwood or hardwood elements to form structural elements. Another task was to connect bamboo panels with other elements such as insulating foam and to attach the composite ("sandwich element") preferably statically.
- a further object of the invention was to provide a method for the production of the bamboo elements mentioned above. Furthermore, it was an object of the invention to produce said bamboo elements from materials that are as controlled and quality-assured as possible with minimal environmental pollution.
- the invention relates to a bamboo blank, in particular for the creation of load-bearing structural elements.
- the bamboo blank comprises a large number of bamboo slats arranged next to one another parallel to the fibers and connected to one another by means of an adhesive.
- the bamboo slats are pressed together and glued with a pressure of 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 .
- the bamboo slats also have a thickness of at least 5 mm.
- bamboo slats that are at least 5mm thick, the natural strength of the bamboo could be exploited, creating a more natural product with a surprisingly low amount of adhesives.
- the bamboo slats could also be configured particularly evenly, straight, right-angled and dimensionally stable.
- the proportion of non-bamboo materials in the blank is thereby reduced, so that the environmental compatibility of the blank and the other products is increased.
- the environmental impact of the production of the bamboo blank for example due to the release of volatile organic components when the adhesive is applied, has surprisingly been minimized.
- the lower amount of non-bamboo materials required also means, for example, that the bamboo blank is essentially fully biodegradable, without the need for complex separation processes for recycling/disposal of its various components.
- the bamboo blank Due to the sufficient thickness of the bamboo slats, the bamboo blank only had to include a few layers of bamboo slats to be strong enough for cutting, sizing, grinding, transportation and/or further processing into other bamboo elements.
- the bamboo blank was therefore surprisingly easy to handle. Being easy to handle, the bamboo blanks could be easily smoothed and machined to create flush surfaces. The need for multiple thinner layers, which could potentially separate during further processing, is eliminated.
- the bamboo blanks with bamboo lamellae at least 5 mm thick were surprisingly impervious to water and invulnerable to mould. Because of the thick, uninterrupted material sections of the bamboo slugs, the bamboo slugs were very uniform, with the continuous fiber increasing their strength. Since they could also be processed to a very smooth surface quality, the number of surface defects in which fungus and mold fibers or insects could settle was reduced. The service life of the bamboo blanks was extended as a result.
- bamboo slugs with bamboo lamellae with a thickness of at least 5 mm surprisingly discolored much more slowly than bamboo slugs formed from thinner pieces of bamboo material. Wood discoloration often occurs from exposure to UV light and air pollution. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the use of bamboo lamellae with a thickness of at least 5mm limited the absorption capacities of the bamboo canes so that fewer gaseous pollutants could be absorbed. Since a surprisingly good surface quality could be achieved at a thickness of 5mm, there was also a lower surface area for UV light degradation. Aesthetic deterioration of the bamboo blanks over time has been significantly reduced compared to other natural building products.
- the bamboo blank with bamboo slats of at least 5 mm was visually very appealing as it revealed the uninterrupted natural fiber patterns of the bamboo slats. If bamboo lamellae of at least 5 mm thickness were connected with a pressure of 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 , the bamboo blank received an increased density and possible air gaps and cavities could be eliminated. In combination with the lower proportion of glue that could contain flammable organic components, the resulting bamboo cane had surprisingly improved fire resistance compared to bamboo canes that did not combine these features.
- the resulting bamboo blanks achieved a surprisingly good modulus of elasticity. That is, the elastic modulus was so low that the bamboo blanks were not brittle and did not break easily, but also high enough to bear heavy loads without buckling. With the achieved modulus of elasticity, the bamboo lamellas were particularly suitable for use in building products.
- the bamboo slats are steamed and preferably dried before they are glued together.
- the steaming is particularly preferably carried out at a temperature between 70-200.degree.
- a surprisingly high durability of the bamboo slats against insect and fungal infestation could be achieved through the process step of steaming (preferably at 70°C-200°C) and then drying the bamboo slats.
- the result of the steaming process step was very straight, parallel bamboo slats that do not have to be impregnated with environmentally harmful substances.
- the material for the bamboo slats comes from a giant bamboo species. At least the following species are considered to be giant bamboos for the purposes of the invention: Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa spinosa, Bambusa blumeana, Bambusa polymorpha, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa tulda, Bambusa vulgaris, Cephalostachyum pergracile, Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Dendrocalamus barbatua, Dendrocalamus brandisii, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dendrocalamus sinicus, Dendrocalamus dianxiensis, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus hookeri, Dendrocalamus sikkimensis, Dendrocalamus xishuangbannaensis, Gigantochloa apus, Gig
- Dendrocalamus asper Phyllostachys edulis (also known as "Moso bamboo"), Dendrocalamus giganteus and/or Guadua angustofoilia (also known as “Guadua”) may be particularly preferred. Even more preferred is the use of Phyllostachys edulis.
- the giant bamboo species Phyllostachys edulis grows in the temperate climate zone and is frost-resistant. Giant bamboo differs from ordinary bamboo in that giant bamboo can reach sizes of up to 40 meters with trunk diameters of up to 35 cm. The natural length, physical properties and cleavage of the raw harvested bamboo canes make it possible to construct longer sticks (e.g.
- the daily increase in length of giant bamboo is up to 70 cm/day.
- Giant bamboo species are mainly found in the tropics and subtropics. Due to the short time span of three to five years between planting and harvest, giant bamboo plantations have the potential to provide very inexpensive, CO2-saving and CC>2-storing raw materials for the production of building materials. After only 3 to 5 years of growth, the lignification process in the bamboo plant is so far complete that the bamboo stalks have reached a strength and elasticity that they can be harvested and processed into building materials.
- bamboo with completed lignification is tough and hard. It has technical properties that correspond to those of domestic and tropical hardwoods. One speaks of a tensile strength that comes close to that of steel. It is advantageous according to the invention that bamboo is not a woody plant, but a woody grass.
- the material for the bamboo slats comes from the first 7-10 meters of the bamboo stem. That means the bamboo slats are preferably made from the 7 - 10 meters of bamboo closest to the ground. This is because the bamboo culms have a conical shape throughout their length. Also, the thickness of the walls of the bamboo culms and the number of knots vary along their length. Surprisingly, it was found that the first 7-10 meters of bamboo stalks from the ground were not only roughly cylindrical, but also included sufficient wall thickness to harvest bamboo stalks of sufficient strength. Also, the bamboo slats harvested from this section were more continuous and consistent in their material properties.
- the bamboos used are from a specific geographic region.
- the number of species used in a single bamboo element is only one bamboo species.
- Dendrocalamus asper from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil is preferably used.
- Lumber made from giant bamboo achieves a significantly higher Brinell hardness (9.5 kg/mm 2 ) than oak, which takes around 120 years to grow before being harvested.
- the wood made of giant bamboo is therefore not only stronger, but can also at least achieve all the formats and dimensions usual in timber construction through bonding and high pressure.
- a bamboo slat is preferably manufactured from a raw bamboo slat by a calibration and/or surface improvement process.
- a calibration method can be, for example, a pre-planing or planing method (also “fine planing” within the meaning of the invention).
- a bamboo tube slat is preferably split as a continuous piece from a bamboo plant and not formed from smaller components such as sawdust or individual fibers that have been bonded together.
- a bamboo cane slat is consistent and uniform in material.
- the raw bamboo is particularly strong and invulnerable to mold and insect infestation.
- the number of glued joints and the amount of non-bamboo materials in the bamboo blanks could also be kept particularly low, so that the bamboo blanks and bamboo elements were easily recyclable.
- bamboo canes are separated into bamboo cane lamellae.
- the separation preferably takes place by means of a star-shaped splitting knife. In this way, the raw bamboo slats can be manufactured very quickly and uniformly.
- the bamboo canes are split with knives to produce bamboo cane lamellae.
- the bamboo canes are then planed, steamed and/or dried on both sides.
- the raw bamboo lamella has a wood moisture content of 30 - 50%.
- the raw bamboo lamella is preferably finely planed on four sides and is ready for gluing.
- the finished bamboo slat has a residual moisture content of between 3% and 12% +/- 2%. Due to the steaming process, the raw bamboo lamella has a reduced sugar and starch content, preferably ⁇ 5%. This is particularly beneficial for reducing fungal infestation and insect damage.
- bamboo lamellae in contrast to fibers, also resulted in the bamboo blank having a surprisingly high diffusion resistance. This reduces the risk of mold and insect infestation.
- the product was more ecological as it had a lower percentage of glue compared to the bamboo material.
- the maximum thickness and/or width of the bamboo slats can be limited, for example, by the circumference and/or wall thickness of the bamboo cane. Likewise, the thickness and / or width of the bamboo lamellas result from how much strength the cross-section of the bamboo lamella loses through pre-planing, steaming, drying and fine planing.
- the finished bamboo slats preferably have a thickness of 5 - 40 mm and a width of 15 - 50 mm. It can be particularly preferred that the bamboo lamellae have a thickness of between 7-35 mm, more preferably 10-30 mm or 15-20 mm. It can also be particularly preferred that the bamboo slats have a width of between 20-40 mm, particularly preferably 20-30 mm.
- the bamboo slats could be substantially free of the natural curvature of the bamboo walls and bamboo skins, and square in cross-section. At the same time, the bamboo slats could essentially use the cross-section of the bamboo cane with minimal waste.
- the bamboo slats were found to be strong enough to be machined to have a regular, rectangular cross-section.
- bamboo lamellas thinner than 5 mm are not suitable for processing, since the planing machines can no longer work precisely with these thicknesses and the resulting amounts of adhesive are also not economical.
- the bamboo slats could also be transported and made into bamboo blanks strong enough to be pressed and glued to create more complex bamboo elements.
- the bamboo canes are preferably sorted automatically with scanning devices according to diameter and wall thickness in order to keep production capacity high.
- both raw and finished bamboo slats with defects such as wood beetle infestation, breakage and lack of dimensional accuracy are sorted out.
- the scanning apparatus can be used as part of a production line.
- the scanning apparatus has an inlet and an outlet for the bamboo slats.
- the inlet and outlet may comprise or be connected to a conveyor belt or other continuous means of transport for the bamboo slats.
- the scanning device can, for example, work according to the principle of tomography in order to reconstruct the inner structure of each bamboo cane and each bamboo lamella.
- Such a scanning apparatus may use X-ray emitters and sensors positioned around the bamboo lamella, or it may allow the bamboo lamella to be rotated so that it can be analyzed from multiple angles. This is particularly useful for sorting out bamboo lamellas with internal defects.
- the scanning apparatus may include levitation means such as air dispensers and vibration means. This can be particularly useful for examining the characteristic resonance of the bamboo lamella. This can improve the safety of a structure made with the bamboo slat, such as a bridge frame.
- the scanning apparatus may include means for measuring the strength of the bamboo slats.
- Such means can be an optical laser interferometer and/or a high power laser vibrometer.
- the scanning apparatus also includes a Processor with an algorithm that calculates important strength parameters such as the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the bamboo slats and decides whether a bamboo slat is of acceptable quality and should be forwarded to further processing stations or discarded.
- the scanning apparatus preferably also comprises means for detecting the thickness, width, length, curvature, density and/or surface quality of the bamboo lamella. For example, color, laser, and x-ray emitters and/or sensors can be combined to detect these features.
- the scanning apparatus also includes a processor with a decision algorithm to decide whether a bamboo slat is of acceptable quality and should be forwarded to further processing stations or discarded.
- the bamboo lamellae are pressed together and glued with a pressure of 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 , preferably 0.15-1 N/mm 2 , more preferably 0.2-0.3 N/mm 2 .
- a pressing pressure of 0.15 - 1 N/mm 2 in particular 0.2 - 0.3 N/mm 2
- the bamboo material was not deformed under this pressure and its strength was retained.
- the adhesive has bonded sufficiently to the bamboo fibers to ensure a long-term, high-strength bond with high resistance to material failure such as fracture or shearing under stress or water diffusion.
- cold pressing methods have proven to be particularly efficient, and the use of high-frequency pressing methods is even more preferred.
- the blanks according to the invention are preferably processed into further bamboo elements.
- the bamboo blanks can be connected to each other.
- the bamboo blanks are preferably connected to one another to form endless lengths by means of finger-joint bonding.
- the endless blanks are glued parallel to the fibers and preferably with offset finger joints to form beams or layers. Larger and more complex components can be produced with bars or layers by gluing.
- the bamboo blanks or bamboo elements can be connected to one another by connections such as gluing, screws, nails, dowels, finger joints, corner connections, combing, overlapping, groove or rabbet connections and/or mortise and tenon connections.
- the bamboo blanks or bamboo elements are preferably joined to form supporting structures and supporting structure systems. It goes without saying that these connections can be combined. In particular, both an adhesive and a non-positive connection can be used.
- bamboo elements which comprise several bamboo blanks, surprisingly showed a improved specific strength, a higher modulus of elasticity and a higher modulus of rupture.
- the larger dimensions achieved by combining bamboo blanks reduced the surface area to volume ratio of the resulting bamboo elements. The bamboo elements were therefore surprisingly invulnerable to moisture, mold and insects.
- FIG. 41 schematically shows the connection of two bamboo blanks by means of finger-jointing at their end faces in order to produce a longer ("endless") bamboo blank.
- Fig. 42 schematically shows the joining of a plurality of endless bamboo slugs along their longitudinal side surfaces to produce a bamboo pole of any desired cross-section.
- 43 schematically shows the connection of several bamboo sticks by means of an adhesive connection a along their elongated side surfaces (narrow sides) in order to produce a bamboo layer.
- the bamboo blanks can be arranged into a variety of shapes of virtually unlimited dimensions, even with simple connecting mechanisms. Due to the special properties of bamboo, it could not only be successfully bonded over long dimensions, but also withstood bending and twisting forces as its dimensions increased. This reduced the risk of material failure due to deformations such as fracture, shearing, twisting or delamination. Instead, the elements could be expanded in all dimensions, making them thicker, longer, or wider. This result is particularly promising for construction purposes, where large building elements are advantageous because they require less manual work (e.g. compared to brick) and have fewer weak points.
- bamboo cells tend to be longitudinally arranged. Ray cells, which are present in the transverse direction in most woods, do not exist in bamboo. Bamboo therefore has very limited lateral tissue porosity and permeability compared to wood. This poses a challenge when selecting a suitable adhesive, especially when applying the adhesive in the direction of the bamboo fibers.
- the adhesive used is a one-component adhesive comprising polyurethane adhesive (PUR).
- PUR polyurethane adhesive
- the use of PUR as an adhesive is particularly advantageous due to its high strength and ease of use. It is also advantageous that no high-frequency or infrared process is required for the curing of PUR, so that the manufacturing process to produce the components is less energy-intensive and more environmentally friendly. When using or disposing of PUR, no climate-damaging formaldehyde has to be released.
- PUR can be synthesized from renewable materials such as castor oil and does not have to be based on petroleum products, making the bamboo elements more ecological overall.
- PUR is a so-called pre-polymerized adhesive. This means that it includes longer molecular chains that give it a high level of elasticity. PUR reacts with the residual moisture in dried bamboo slats, so that it hardens very quickly and makes an excellent connection. It was completely surprising that PUR, in combination with the pressure of 0.05 - 1.5 N/mm 2 , reacted with the moisture from the fibers that lay deeper than the surface of the bamboo slats, making the bamboo blanks more resistant to breakage, shearing, Deformation and delamination along the joint. In order to arrive at this advantageous combination, the prejudice had to be overcome that the long chains of the PUR would limit its absorption into the bamboo surface too much. In combination with the particularly flexible joints formed by PUR, the resulting bamboo blank was able to withstand stress from swelling or shrinkage, resulting in a particularly long durability of the joint.
- the adhesive is a two-component adhesive, preferably comprising melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive.
- MUF melamine-urea-formaldehyde
- MUF is a so-called "in-situ polymerized" adhesive.
- MUF consists of monomers that are crosslinked during the curing process. Due to the small size of the monomers, MUF penetrates deep into the bamboo slats, resulting in a wide adhesive layer. It was particularly surprising that MUF created very strong bonds regardless of the moisture content of the bamboo lamellae. The bamboo slats could be assembled with particularly low amounts of MUF, which improved the ecological character of the end product.
- a “one-component adhesive” within the meaning of the invention is preferably an adhesive with a predetermined composition, which is essentially not changed during use.
- the one-component adhesive is preferably supplied directly from a storage unit to an application unit without being mixed with other components. This means that in situ mixing is preferably not necessary with a one-component adhesive. This can result in a simplified and more efficient process.
- a “two-component adhesive” within the meaning of the invention is preferably an adhesive which can be used by mixing two predetermined compositions in situ.
- the two compositions are supplied from two separate storage units to an application unit such that mixing of the two compositions occurs during or just prior to application.
- two-component adhesives led to surprisingly high-strength bamboo elements.
- bamboo canes are split by star-shaped splitting knives into bamboo lamellae with a wood moisture content of 30-50%.
- the raw bamboo slats are pre-planed on two sides, so that in particular the outer skin of the bamboo is removed and two straight and parallel sides are planed.
- the bamboo slats are pre-planed prior to calibration and prior to steaming and drying.
- the outer layer of the bamboo lamella is removed by the rough planing. This layer has an increased oil and wax content and can make bonding more difficult. By removing this layer, the bamboo slats can be better glued together.
- the intermediate floors ie the diaphragms
- the intermediate floors are preferably also removed from the inside (ie the concave hollow side) of the bamboo lamellae.
- FIGS. 46 (fifth step) and 47 This makes it easier to plane and/or calibrate the bamboo slats after drying.
- This process is shown in FIGS. 46 (fifth step) and 47.
- the tools used for planing deteriorate in an accelerated manner.
- it has proven advantageous to remove these layers during pre-planing before drying. As a result, you can work surprisingly wear-free when planing.
- the planing step provides a higher degree of uniformity and better surface quality than the rough planing step.
- the planing step may require the use of sharper and/or more specialized tools.
- the pre-planed raw bamboo lamellae are steamed, preferably in an autoclave, for at least 3 hours at temperatures of 70°C - 200°C.
- the steaming process reduces the starch and sugar content of the bamboo lamella to be produced to preferably ⁇ 5%. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the steaming process reduces the starch and sugar content of the bamboo, which attracts insects and microorganisms.
- the bamboo slats can be produced so evenly, dimensionally accurate and straight.
- the bamboo lamellae are even more precise and dimensionally stable if the steaming process is repeated.
- the bamboo lamellae are dried in a drying chamber, preferably a vacuum drying chamber, for at least 6 hours at temperatures of 55°-130°C.
- the dried bamboo slats preferably have a wood moisture content of between 3-12%, with the wood moisture content preferably deviating from these preferred minimum and maximum wood moisture contents by up to ⁇ 2%.
- the temperature for the drying reaches not more than 100°C, preferably not more than 90°C, more preferably not more than 80°C.
- the temperature is particularly preferably between 70-80.degree.
- the bamboo lamellae clearly retained their elasticity and strength without becoming brittle at this moisture content.
- the bamboo was dry enough to be planed or sanded and was significantly more resistant to mold and insect infestation. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that this is due to a reduction in the starch and sugar content of the bamboo, which attracts insects and microorganisms.
- the bamboo slats permanently retained their shape and dimensions after drying and were not prone to shrinkage or swelling due to fluctuating humidity levels during storage or use.
- the bamboo slats are planed.
- the bamboo slats are preferably planed from four sides, , top and bottom and right and left.
- the distance between two opposite planed sides, i.e. a width and a thickness of the bamboo slats, is preferably calibrated and unified by the planing.
- each bamboo slat Preferably, two parallel longitudinal faces of each bamboo slat are planed so that they are perfectly parallel. This aids in stacking the bamboo slats side by side to form an element of uniform thickness. Any irregularities on the other sides of the bamboo slats can be compensated for with a layer of adhesive. Surprisingly, the adhesives were found to interact better with the slightly rough, unplaned sides of the bamboo slats, reducing the risk of delamination. It was also totally surprising that at the same time a very even and calibrated end product could be produced with the planed surfaces facing outwards.
- bamboo lamellas were easy to press due to the process steps described and at the same time the consumption of glue could be reduced because the surface of the bamboo lamellas was very smooth.
- the bamboo slats are planed on four sides and at right angles, so that all bamboo slats have a uniform cross-section. This allows the laminations to be packed tightly together in the later process, resulting in a final product with more predictable and consistent properties.
- All bamboo slats used for a given blank can have a rectangular cross-section with identical dimensions. Calibration can also be used to give each bamboo slat a smooth outer surface. It may also be preferred that all six sides of the bamboo slats are calibrated. The dimensions of the end product produced in this way can be predetermined with surprising accuracy.
- the bamboo slats preferably have a thickness of between 5-40 mm, in particular 7-35 mm, particularly preferably 10-30 mm, and a width of between 20-70 mm. It can be preferred that the bamboo slats have an average length of between 1000-6000 mm. The preferred method of manufacturing the bamboo slats are explained in the detailed description using the drawings.
- the finished bamboo slats preferably have a thickness of 5 - 40 mm and a width of 15 - 50 mm. It can be particularly preferred that the bamboo lamellae have a thickness of between 7-35 mm and a width of 20-40 mm, more preferably 10-30 mm or 15-20 mm and a width of 20-30 mm.
- the wood chips resulting from the planing process can be used to produce chipboard, MDF panels, wood foam or other insulation products, terra preta (fertilizer) and bioethanol production.
- a layer of insulation from wood foam can form part of a sandwich panel in which the top layers are preferably formed from 1-3 layers of bamboo lamellae and the core layer is preferably formed from wood foam panels.
- the cover layers particularly preferably comprise layers of bamboo slats and the insulation layer consists of wood foam made of bamboo.
- a resulting composite product could have a particularly low carbon footprint while being surprisingly easy to recycle, since it comprises the same materials across layers that can be disposed of in a similar way.
- the bamboo slats are sorted according to strength and appearance before they are glued together.
- the sorting can be done visually, mechanically or electronically.
- the bamboo lamellae for surface layers are preferably sorted according to stricter criteria. They should preferably have higher strength as well as better optical quality. During sorting, unsightly deviations in growth, lamellae that are not true to size, are not right-angled or insect-infested can be completely sorted out, or the faulty areas can be cut off.
- the finished bamboo slats are preferably sorted automatically with scanning devices according to the criteria of beetle infestation, dimensional accuracy, parallelism and/or squareness. As described above, such a scanning apparatus can have various configurations and functions.
- the bamboo lamellae are pressed into blanks using a pressing device.
- a cold pressing process can be used.
- a high-frequency method can preferably be used.
- the press can be released after the adhesive has hardened sufficiently.
- the bamboo blank is calibrated at right angles after the optical sorting.
- This calibration can also be carried out by a planing machine, for example a four-sided planing machine. This ensures that the blanks used to manufacture a given element all have a smooth surface and a rectangular cross-section with identical dimensions.
- bamboo slats with a width of 20 - 70 mm have proven to be optimal.
- the bamboo cane can be cut in half, which can be flattened with a heated roller press, resulting in much wider bamboo slats.
- the bamboo lamellae could be harvested from the bamboo cane without exhibiting any significant curvature that flattening must eliminate. The flattening process has been shown to introduce unwanted cracks into the material.
- bamboo slats with a width of 20 - 70 mm could go through planing surprisingly smooth and square without compromising the integrity of the material.
- the width has also been found to be sufficient to produce bamboo slabs with a low density of glue lines where delamination can occur. The resulting blank turned out to be surprisingly strong.
- the length of the bamboo lamellae is basically limited only by the length of the giant bamboo cane from which they are harvested. However, up to a length of 6000mm, the bamboo lamellae can only be harvested from the first 7 meters of the bamboo cane, which comprises the perfectly cylindrical and most woody material. Surprisingly, at this length, bending could also be avoided due to the inherent flexibility of the bamboo material.
- bamboo slats with a length of at least 2000 mm, the material of the bamboo slats could be present as uninterrupted as possible in the blanks, so that the number of finger joints was kept low. This is surprisingly beneficial to the overall strength of the resulting bamboo elements since the elements tend to fail along the finger joints first.
- Thickness means the shorter dimension of a rectangular cross-section of a part unless otherwise specified.
- Width means the longer or equal side of a rectangular cross-section of the part, unless otherwise specified.
- Length refers to the longest dimension of a part - usually in the direction parallel to the fiber.
- an element or dimension referred to as "endless” is an element or dimension that can be of any size.
- Such an element preferably comprises a plurality of subunits connected to one another, the number of subunits being limited only by transport and/or the desired end use.
- the size of an endless element and the number of sub-units can only be limited by the size of a shipping container.
- the bamboo lamellae are glued together lengthwise and/or parallel to the fibers. This is preferably done by means of an adhesive joint that is arranged lengthwise between two bamboo slats.
- the width of the adhesive joint is preferably up to 0.3 mm and is preferably transparent.
- the adhesive joint preferably comprises a non-toxic adhesive, in particular a formaldehyde-free adhesive. It was completely surprising that an adhesive joint of up to 0.3 mm was able to compensate for surface defects in the adjacent bamboo slats and at the same time was very flexible. In some embodiments it was preferred that the glue line was at least 0.05 mm.
- the glue line was at least 0.05 mm.
- the adhesive comprises one of the following formaldehyde-free, bio-based adhesives: amino resins based on glycol aldehyde, a lignin-based adhesive, a tannin-based adhesive, a starch-based adhesive, a soy protein-based adhesive, a furfural-based adhesive, a natural phenol-based adhesive, a polyvinyl acetate-based adhesive, a Adhesive based on sugar derivatives, an epoxy resin adhesive based on epoxidized vegetable oils and/or an adhesive based on hydroxy-functional polyesters.
- the bio-based adhesives created a very strong bond with the dried bamboo slats and delivered a much more ecological product compared to products made with traditional adhesives.
- the preferred adhesives suitable for bamboo can be used between bamboo lamellae, bamboo blanks, finger joints, bamboo sticks, bamboo layers and/or cross-laminated timber elements.
- Purbond HB 110 1 K Pur can be mentioned.
- the bamboo slats are glued together using a pressure of 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 .
- This pressing pressure is preferably between 0.15-1 N/mm 2 .
- the pressure in this and other method steps can preferably be applied for a pressing time of between 5 and 300 minutes. More preferably, the pressure is applied for a pressing time of 5-120 minutes, more preferably about 60 minutes. It is also preferred in embodiments to reduce press times to less than 10 minutes to ensure high production yields. Especially when using high-frequency presses, a pressing time of 5 - 10 minutes can lead to particularly strong and thin adhesive joints.
- an endless bamboo cane comprises a first and a second bamboo cane, the first and the second bamboo cane each having two end faces.
- the first bamboo blank is preferably joined to a front side of the second bamboo blank by a finger joint on its front side with a pressure of between 0.05-0.3 N/mm 2 .
- a large number of bamboo slats preferably at least five bamboo slats, are glued and pressed together along their broad sides to form blanks A by a pressing process. This preferably takes place under a pressure of between 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 , particularly preferably under a pressure of between 0.15-1.0 N/mm 2 .
- Purbond HB 110 1 K Pur can be used as an adhesive, for example.
- a preferred thickness of the blank A is 20 - 60 mm.
- a preferred width of the blank A is 60 - 300 mm.
- the bamboo slats could be glued together surprisingly well. Because of these dimensions warder Bamboo blank A also surprisingly easy to handle and transport.
- the bamboo blanks A also had a high density of glue joints, which made them particularly resistant to moisture, mold and insect infestation.
- the term "longitudinal direction" refers to the direction of the bamboo fibers unless otherwise specified.
- a transverse direction is orthogonal to these fibers.
- the bamboo stick comprises a multiplicity of blanks.
- the bamboo canes can be stacked and/or lined up to form the bamboo sticks.
- the blanks are preferably joined and connected to one another in the longitudinal direction by force-locking connections, preferably finger-joint joints, with each blank comprising a large number of bamboo slats arranged next to one another fiber-parallel and connected to one another by means of an adhesive, with a distance between each two successive force-locking connections of at least 0.3 m, so that the bamboo stick has a preferred length between 2000 - 30000 mm.
- finger joints are particularly effective when it comes to creating a stable, long-lasting joint between longitudinally consecutive bamboo slats or bamboo blanks. Especially when compared to hook and blade joints, the finger joints could withstand much greater loads.
- the bamboo poles tended to fail along the finger-joint joints first, separating these joints by at least 0.3 m resulted in surprisingly strong bamboo poles. It was particularly surprising that the bamboo poles could be extended to lengths of 2,000 - 30,000 mm using friction-locked connections, without deformations occurring as a result of loads (e.g. simulated traffic load, wind) or the bamboo poles' own weight.
- a bamboo stick comprises two or more bamboo blanks, the bamboo blanks comprising finger joints and being glued to one another by means of an adhesive and a pressure of 0.05 - 0.3 N/mm 2 along one or more of their longitudinal sides, the finger joints of adjacent bamboo blanks are arranged offset to one another in the longitudinal direction.
- two or more blanks A are glued and pressed together by finger joints in the longitudinal direction. These are finger-shaped non-positive connections between two correspondingly shaped ends of the blanks.
- the prong lengths are preferably between 5 - 40 mm in the longitudinal direction of the blanks. It was totally surprising that prong lengths of 5 - 40mm could provide sufficient surface area to absorb glue as well as create enough friction between the joined bamboo canes that the joint lasted very long.
- the resulting "endless” bamboo blanks preferably have a length of between 1000 - 18000 mm. It was also completely surprising that with the help of such compounds stable bamboo blanks of up to 18000 mm in length could be produced. At this length, even the single-layer bamboo blanks A were surprisingly strong and could withstand high loads. Due to the enormous potential for length expansion through these finger joints, the resulting parts are referred to as "endless".
- a distance between two longitudinal finger joint connections is preferably at least 0.3 m. With this minimum distance, the processing of the parts during manufacture is particularly reliable.
- the blanks A or the endless blanks A are considered the end product.
- two or more blanks A are glued together along their thickness to form bamboo layers A and pressed. This preferably takes place under a pressure of between 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 , particularly preferably under a pressure of between 0.15-1 N/mm 2 .
- Suitable adhesives are used for this purpose.
- Various suitable adhesives are currently used for the approval process, preferably one-component and two-component adhesives, particularly preferably bio-based formaldehyde-free adhesives.
- a width of the bamboo sheets A is preferably 200 - 4000 mm.
- a thickness of the bamboo sheets A is preferably 10 - 400 mm.
- the layers can also be made "endless" with finger joints. A distance between two longitudinally consecutive finger joints is preferably at least 0.3 m.
- a bamboo layer comprises a large number of bamboo blanks, the bamboo blanks being glued to one another by means of an adhesive and a pressure of 0.05 - 0.5 N/mm 2 along one or more of their longitudinal sides, the finger joints of the adjacent bamboo blanks being in Longitudinally offset from one another.
- the bamboo layers are glued on as visible cover layers for cross-laminated timber panels made of softwood.
- a bamboo stick in particular for use as a load-bearing structural element.
- the bamboo stick includes a variety of blanks.
- the blanks have four long sides and two end faces, with a large number of blanks being glued to one another by means of an adhesive and a pressure of 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 along one or more of their long sides.
- the beams then have an even higher load-bearing capacity.
- bamboo sticks were extremely strong while still having enough elasticity and flexibility to serve various purposes in the construction industry.
- the strength resulting from the joining of several bamboo blanks was far greater than expected considering the strengths of each piece.
- these bamboo poles were strong enough to replace steel and wooden beams in buildings, as illustrated below with experimental data. This is particularly advantageous because these traditional materials are not only expensive and less environmentally friendly, but also because the bamboo sticks have comparatively slimmer dimensions, were very light and statically lower construction heights and widths can be used for building elements made of bamboo sticks. This opened up new possibilities in the construction industry, such as building multi-story buildings, bridges and the like without having to resort to traditional building materials.
- bamboo sticks could be obtained from very fast-growing sources and would be essentially free of foreign materials like concrete and steel, making them surprisingly easy to recycle in the event of demolition.
- two or more blanks A are glued together along their width to form bamboo sticks A and pressed. This preferably takes place under a pressure of between 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 , particularly preferably 0.15-1 N/mm 2 .
- HB 110 1 K Pur can be used as an adhesive.
- a width of a bamboo stick A is preferably 40 - 1000 mm, particularly preferably 60 - 400 mm.
- a thickness of the bamboo stick A is preferably 40 - 400 mm, more preferably 40 - 300 mm.
- Two or more bamboo sticks A can be glued and pressed together by finger joints along their end faces.
- the tine lengths are preferably 5-40 mm in the longitudinal direction and the resulting endless bamboo sticks A preferably have a length of between 2000-30000 mm.
- a pressing process preferably takes place under a pressing pressure of at least 0.03 N/mm 2 , preferably under a pressing pressure of between 0.05-0.3 N/mm 2 .
- Purbond HB 110 1 K Pur can be used as an adhesive.
- a distance between two longitudinally consecutive finger joints is preferably at least 0.3 m.
- bamboo sticks could form particularly strong building structures, especially as a replacement for wood skeleton construction, timber frame construction, roof trusses, ceiling and Wall elements with practically no optical or mechanical interruptions through the use of metal connectors or the like.
- the result was not only a visually appealing design, but also a very stable structure with no weak points caused by additional connections.
- the blanks A and the rods and layers made from blanks A can be planed and calibrated at any stage of the process.
- the rods and layers produced from blanks A can be subjected to a surface treatment.
- the surface treatment preferably comprises a treatment by grinding and/or moisture impregnation.
- blanks B are prepared from bamboo lamellae.
- a large number of bamboo slats, preferably at least five bamboo slats, are glued and pressed together along their narrow longitudinal side in a pressing process to form blanks B.
- a pressing process preferably takes place under a pressure of between 0.05-1.5 N/mm 2 , particularly preferably under a pressure of between 0.15-1 N/mm 2 .
- Purbond HB 110 1 K Pur can be used as an adhesive.
- the blank B preferably has a width of between 60-300 mm.
- the blank B preferably has a thickness of between 5 and 40 mm.
- the bamboo slugs B were thinner and had a lower density of glue lines than bamboo slugs A. It was surprising that stable bamboo slugs could form with these dimensions.
- the bamboo blanks B were very light per square meter and are therefore particularly suitable for processing into bamboo layers from which multi-layer panels such as cross laminated timber or two- or three-layer panels can be made. They were also surprisingly easy to work without splitting or breaking, allowing bamboo slugs of various shapes to be used as building blocks for larger constructions.
- the bamboo layers are perfect for being glued on as visible top layers on cross laminated timber panels made of softwood. Thanks to the thin glue lines, the bamboo blanks were aesthetically very pleasing, making them suitable also as outer layers for more complex bamboo elements.
- two or more blanks B are glued and pressed together along their end faces by finger joints.
- the prong lengths are preferably 5-40 mm in the longitudinal direction and the resulting endless blanks B preferably have a length of between 2000-18000 mm, in particular 2000-12000 mm. At that length, the blanks could fit in a shipping container. At the same time, these lengths were particularly suitable for e.g. covering a floor-to-ceiling length of a building without interruption.
- a distance between two longitudinally consecutive finger joints is preferably at least 0.3 m.
- two or more, preferably at least five, blanks B or endless blanks B are glued together along their thickness (their narrower longitudinal side) to form bamboo layers B and pressed. This is preferably done under a pressure of between 0.1-1.5 N/mm 2 , particularly preferably under a pressing pressure between 0.15 - 1 N/mm 2 .
- Purbond HB 110 1 K Pur can be used as an adhesive.
- a width of the bamboo sheets B is preferably 200 - 4000 mm.
- a thickness of the bamboo sheets B is preferably 5 - 400 mm.
- the layers can also become "endless" with finger joints.
- a distance between two longitudinal finger-joint joints is preferably at least 0.3 m.
- bamboo layers from bamboo blanks B could be made thin, so that they were suitable for coverings such as floor and wall coverings. It was surprising that the bamboo layers were very stable with these dimensions and could withstand high loads. At the same time, the flexibility of the bamboo plies could be exploited to produce bamboo plies that could seamlessly cover slight deformations, such as the deformations that occur in a floor over time.
- the bamboo layers are glued on as visible cover layers for cross-laminated timber panels made of softwood.
- two or more bamboo layers B are glued and pressed together in the longitudinal direction by finger joints.
- the prong lengths are preferably between 5 - 40 mm in the longitudinal direction of the blanks.
- the resulting endless bamboo layers B preferably have a length of between 2000-30000 mm.
- a pressing process preferably takes place under a pressing pressure of at least 0.03 N/mm 2 , particularly preferably under a pressing pressure of between 0.1-1.5 N/mm 2 .
- two or more, preferably at least five, blanks B or endless blanks B are stacked on top of one another and glued together to form bamboo sticks B and pressed.
- a pressing process preferably takes place under a pressure of between 0.1-1.5 N/mm 2 , preferably under a pressure of 0.3
- a bamboo stick B preferably has a width between 50 - 400 mm and a thickness between 50 - 400 mm.
- two or more, preferably at least five, bamboo sticks B are glued and pressed together in the longitudinal direction by finger joints. These connections are finger-shaped non-positive connections between two correspondingly shaped ends of the bamboo sticks B.
- the prong lengths are preferably between 5 and 40 mm in the longitudinal direction of the blanks.
- the resulting endless bamboo sticks B preferably have a length between 2000
- a distance between two longitudinally consecutive finger joints is preferably at least 0.3 m.
- a pressing process preferably takes place under a pressing pressure of at least 0.03 N/mm 2 , particularly preferably under a pressing pressure of between 0.05-0.3 N/mm 2 .
- Half-timbered walls, beam layers and roofs can be constructed with such bamboo sticks. This applies to half-timbered buildings, wooden skeleton buildings, wooden frame buildings, but also special structures with even larger spans and loads, such as in hall or bridge construction and wind turbine tower construction.
- the blanks B and the rods and/or layers formed from the blanks B can be planed and calibrated at any stage of the process. Alternatively or additionally, the rods and/or layers produced from blanks B can be subjected to a surface treatment.
- the surface treatment preferably includes treatment by grinding and/or moisture, insect and fungus impregnation.
- edges of the bamboo sticks and/or the bamboo layers are shaped and/or trimmed with saws or milling machines for the purpose of creating recesses and openings or for connection to components.
- two or more blanks are connected to one another through their end faces by non-positive connections, preferably by finger joints.
- a distance in the longitudinal direction between two consecutive non-positive connections is at least 0.3 m.
- the finger joints should be offset.
- the beams then have an even higher load-bearing capacity.
- the bamboo stick preferably has a length of between 2000 and 30000 mm.
- the blanks in particular the blanks A and B, can serve as the basic element for the following structural elements: bamboo rods, bamboo layers, cross-laminated timber panels, hollow box ceilings, ribbed ceilings, ribbed wall elements, T-posts, H-posts, wall and ceiling elements.
- bamboo sticks can be connected to one another parallel to the fiber direction of the bamboo slats.
- the bamboo poles can be pushed together and connected with finger joints. When gluing the blanks, it is preferable to offset the finger joints. Surprisingly, the beams then have a higher load-bearing capacity.
- the bamboo rods can also be processed into bamboo layers and then in cross layers into more complex components. As is clear in this application, the possibilities for processing the bamboo rods into structural elements are numerous and varied. This processing is shown schematically in Figures 41-46. By combining the bamboo elements in layers with alternating fiber directions and also parallel fiber directions, the strength of the individual elements could be combined synergistically to produce extremely strong, lightweight construction elements with large dimensions. These could greatly simplify construction as they are prefabricated and used to create building structures without the need for further connections and complex in situ joining processes. The result is extremely strong, unified, climate-friendly and aesthetically pleasing buildings constructed with bamboo elements.
- bamboo sticks are glued to glulam beams made of softwood on the narrow sides to form beams.
- the load-bearing capacity of the beams is higher than pure glued laminated timber of the same height.
- two bamboo sticks are glued to form T-beams.
- a first bamboo stick forms the lower flange and a second bamboo stick forms one jetty off.
- the load-bearing capacity of the beams is higher than pure glued laminated timber of the same height.
- a bamboo stick and a laminated veneer lumber beam are glued to form a T-beam figure.
- a bamboo stick forms the bottom flange and a laminated veneer lumber beam (LVL) forms a web.
- the load-bearing capacity of the beams is higher than pure glued laminated timber of the same height.
- three bamboo sticks are glued together to form double T-beams.
- a first bamboo stick forms the lower flange
- a second bamboo stick forms the web
- a third bamboo stick forms the upper flange.
- the load-bearing capacity of the beams is higher than pure glued laminated timber of the same height.
- two bamboo sticks and a laminated veneer lumber beam are glued to double T-beams.
- a first bamboo stick forms the bottom flange
- a laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beam a web
- a second bamboo stick makes the top flange.
- the load-bearing capacity of the beams is higher than pure glued laminated timber of the same height.
- T-beams and chipboard, plywood or three-ply panels are constructed as ceiling elements.
- chipboard, plywood or three-layer sheets are connected to the lower flange with glue, nails, staples, screws.
- double T-beams and chipboard, plywood or three-layer panels are constructed as ceiling elements.
- chipboard, plywood or three-layer sheets are connected to the lower flange with glue, nails, staples, screws.
- the invention relates to a bamboo layer, in particular for use as a load-bearing structural element.
- the bamboo ply includes a variety of bamboo slugs.
- the bamboo blanks are arranged next to each other parallel to the fibers and glued together by means of an adhesive under a pressure of 0.15 - 1.5 N/mm 2 .
- the bamboo layer preferably has a width of 1000 - 3000 mm and a preferred length of 2000 - 30000 mm. At these sizes, entire wall panels or ceiling panels can be formed smoothly and without interruption. This greatly simplifies the construction process and reduces the number of mechanical joints that can create weak points in a building.
- cross laminated timber elements are constructed from bamboo layers.
- the bamboo layers are preferably stacked and by means glued together and pressed with an adhesive.
- the individual bamboo layers can be "endless”.
- a fiber direction of each bamboo ply is preferably perpendicular to a fiber direction of the adjacent bamboo ply.
- the invention relates to a cross-laminated timber element for use as a load-bearing structural element.
- the cross-laminated timber element comprises a large number of bamboo layers stacked on top of one another and connected to one another by means of an adhesive.
- a grain direction of the bamboo lamellae of each bamboo layer is perpendicular to a grain direction of the bamboo lamellae of an adjacent bamboo layer.
- the difference in direction between the fibers of successive layers is 25° - 75°, preferably 30° - 80°, more preferably 45° - 90°.
- Adjacent bamboo layers can lie directly on top of each other and/or be glued together or be separated by a different intermediate layer.
- the intermediate layer is, for example, a layer of wood or an insulating layer.
- the bamboo layers are glued together using a pressure of 0.15-1.5 N/mm 2 .
- the cross laminated timber element has a preferred thickness of 30-300 mm, a preferred width of 500-5000 mm and a preferred length of 3000-18000 mm. It has been found that these dimensions work synergistically with the effect of using multiple layers and multiple grain directions to form a cross laminated timber element that is both exceptionally strong and sufficiently resilient. Such cross-laminated timber elements were particularly useful for use as load-bearing structural elements. Also, due to their aesthetically pleasing appearance, it was not necessary - but remained an option - to combine them with top layers. The construction process is greatly simplified by using these prefabricated cross laminated timber elements in the preferred dimensions. They can also eliminate the need for other materials to be brought into the building due to their multiple load bearing functions, good fire barrier and aesthetically pleasing finish. This makes the recycling of building materials much easier when a building is demolished, since it is no longer necessary to separate the various materials.
- At least one insulation layer is arranged between two bamboo layers arranged one on top of the other, the insulation layer preferably comprising a wood foam which is preferably made from bamboo wood residues becomes.
- the insulation layer has a preferred density of between 40 and 250 kg/m 3 .
- the cross laminated timber element preferably has a length and/or width of 12000-30000 mm.
- the layers of the sandwich panel are bonded to one another by a pressure of 0.1-0.5 N/mm 2 .
- a sandwich panel comprises a bamboo layer and/or a cross-laminated timber element.
- the sandwich panel preferably comprises at least one insulation layer between two bamboo layers arranged one on top of the other, the bamboo layers being bamboo layers, cross-laminated timber elements or a combination thereof.
- the insulation layer preferably comprises a wood foam, which is preferably made from bamboo wood residues, the insulation layer having a preferred density of between 40 and 250 kg/m 3 .
- the sandwich panel has a preferred width of between 600-2000 mm, a preferred thickness of between 100-400 mm and a preferred length of between 2000-18000 mm.
- sandwich elements are particularly suitable for multi-storey residential construction. Because of their very high strength-to-weight ratio, they could be used in tall buildings, replacing traditional materials like steel.
- the sandwich elements had a surprisingly high static load-bearing capacity at a comparatively low weight.
- the structural thickness of the sandwich elements could be kept low thanks to the efficient bamboo layers. It was also particularly surprising that the sandwich elements have a very high resistance to fire.
- the sandwich panels further facilitate the construction of a building as they can be supplied in prefabricated form and assembled quickly. In addition, the aesthetic quality of the sandwich elements is particularly high, which makes further finishing steps and layers superfluous (but possible).
- the invention relates to a ceiling or wall element (also referred to as "ribbed elements" within the meaning of the invention), the ceiling or wall element comprising a large number of bamboo layers and/or cross-laminated timber elements as components, the bamboo layers or cross-laminated timber elements being connected to one another and define a main level.
- the ceiling or wall element comprises one or more ribs, the ribs being arranged parallel to the main plane of the ceiling or wall element.
- the ceiling or wall element has a preferred width of between 600-2000 mm, a preferred thickness of between 100-400 mm and a preferred length of between 2000-18000 mm.
- the ribs combined with three-layer panels enable the production of large-area wall and ceiling elements with high strength and stability and low weight at the same time.
- Such ceiling or wall elements are particularly suitable for multi-storey residential construction.
- the ceiling and wall elements also showed a surprisingly high static load-bearing capacity with a comparatively low weight and a surprisingly high resistance to fire established.
- With the wall and ceiling elements particularly large spans and thus column-free rooms are possible. Thanks to the high efficiency of the ceiling or wall elements, a thickness and/or height of the ceiling or wall elements could also be kept surprisingly small in order to save space.
- the ceiling or wall elements further facilitate the construction of a building since they can be supplied in prefabricated form and can be assembled quickly. In addition, the aesthetic quality of the ceiling or wall elements is particularly high, which makes further finishing steps and layers superfluous (but possible).
- the ribs comprise at least one bamboo slug or at least one bamboo stick.
- the ribs or panels of the wall and ceiling element are made of alternative materials such as wood.
- the ribs with the bamboo layers or cross-laminated timber elements define a cavity.
- Such an element is also referred to as a “hollow box element” within the meaning of the invention.
- two parallel cross laminated timber members are separated by at least two ribs to define a rectangular cavity.
- Such an arrangement not only turned out to be surprisingly stable, but also showed excellent thermal and acoustic insulation properties.
- the arrangement of ribs and bamboo layers has increased the static load-bearing capacity even further. Similar benefits outlined above for the sandwich panels and rib panels were also observed for the box girder panel, particularly in terms of strength to weight ratio, space saving, fire resistance and aesthetic quality.
- various other configurations of the bamboo canes are used to form, for example, U, H and T posts or larger beams.
- the blanks can also be combined with other materials to provide more complex components.
- glued laminated timber beams made of softwood are bonded with bamboo blanks and bamboo sticks to form highly efficient beams. Surprisingly, it turned out that the combined beams have a higher load-bearing capacity than pure glulam beams with the same dimensions made of softwood.
- a beam member comprises a multiplicity of bamboo rods, the bamboo rods being present glued along their narrow sides to a cross-laminated timber element made of softwood in order to form the beam element.
- the beam element has a preferred width between 60 - 200 mm, a preferred thickness between 100 - 400 mm and a preferred length between 3000 - 18000 mm.
- a T-bar element in a further preferred embodiment of the invention, is provided.
- the T-bar includes at least a first bamboo pole.
- the first bamboo stick is glued to another element to form the T-bar element.
- the first bamboo stick forms a bottom flange and the other element forms a web.
- the further element is preferably a second bamboo stick or a laminated veneer lumber beam (LVL).
- the T-support element has a preferred width of between 60-200 mm, a preferred thickness of between 100-1000 mm and a preferred length of between 3000-18000 mm.
- an I-beam element comprises a first and a second bamboo pole, with the first bamboo pole forming a top flange and the second bamboo pole forming a bottom flange.
- a web is formed from another element.
- the further element is preferably a third bamboo stick or a laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beam.
- the I-beam element has a preferred width of between 60-200 mm, a preferred thickness of between 150-1000 mm and a preferred length of between 3000-18000 mm.
- a ceiling element comprising a plurality of T-beam elements or double-T-beam elements.
- the T-support elements or I-support elements are connected to one or more wood-based panels, one or more wood-based panels preferably being connected to lower flanges of the T-support elements or double-T support elements with adhesive, nails, staples and/or screws.
- the ceiling element has a preferred width of between 600-4000 mm, a preferred thickness of between 100-1000 mm and a preferred length of between 3000-18000 mm.
- the glue used to glue one or more bamboo elements preferably comprises one of the following formaldehyde-free glues: amino resins based on glycolaldehyde, a lignin-based glue, a tannin-based glue, a starch-based adhesive, a soy protein-based adhesive, a furfural-based adhesive, a natural phenol-based adhesive, a polyvinyl acetate-based adhesive, a sugar-derivative-based adhesive, an epoxidized-based epoxy resin adhesive vegetable oils and/or an adhesive based on hydroxy-functional polyesters.
- the bio-based adhesives created a very strong bond with the dried bamboo slats and delivered a much more ecological product compared to products made with traditional adhesives.
- the dimensions of the panels are only limited by transport limitations such as regulations, road widths or bridge heights.
- transport limitations such as regulations, road widths or bridge heights.
- Widths of 1100 mm and lengths of 21000 mm are particularly preferred as standard dimensions for the bamboo elements, in particular the bamboo blanks, bamboo rods, bamboo layers and cross-laminated timber elements (also referred to as “CLB panels” in this description).
- CLB panels cross-laminated timber elements
- the bamboo elements made from giant bamboo are surprisingly airtight, particularly in the case of 3-layer CLB panels with a panel thickness of at least 3 cm or in the case of 5-layer CLB panels with a panel thickness of at least 5 cm, in particular at least 9 cm.
- CLB panels are also particularly well suited for optional impregnation, especially moisture impregnation. If the rules of structural timber construction are observed with the preferred construction elements made of bamboo according to the invention, there will essentially be no risk of structural damage from wood-destroying insects or fungal infestation.
- Cross laminated timber elements are preferably CLB panels.
- CLB stands for Cross Laminated bamboo.
- the cross laminated timber elements preferably comprise at least three bamboo layers stacked on top of one another.
- the first and third bamboo layers are continuous bamboo layers B.
- a second bamboo layer is arranged between the first and third bamboo layers and is preferably a continuous bamboo layer A.
- the fiber direction of the second bamboo layer preferably runs perpendicular to the fiber direction the first and third bamboo layer.
- the three bamboo layers are preferably pressed together under a pressure of between 0.15-1.5 N/mm 2 .
- Purbond HB 110 1 K Pur can be used as an adhesive.
- a width of the cross laminated timber element is preferably 1000-5000 mm, a thickness is preferably 30-300 mm and a length is preferably 3000-18000 mm.
- two or more cross laminated timber elements are glued and pressed together by finger jointing in the transverse direction to form endless cross laminated timber elements.
- the tine lengths are preferably 10 - 40 mm.
- a length of the endless cross-laminated timber element is preferably 12000-30000 mm.
- the cross-laminated timber element comprises at least three, in particular at least five bamboo layers stacked on top of one another.
- the cross-laminated timber element comprises at least one insulation layer between two layers of bamboo arranged one on top of the other.
- the layers of the sandwich panel are glued together using a pressure of 0.1-0.5 N/mm 2 .
- the insulation layer preferably comprises a wood foam, the wood foam preferably comprising bamboo wood residues.
- the insulation layer has a preferred density of between 40 and 250 kg/m 3 , in particular between 60-100 kg/m 3 . It has been found that the sandwich panel's bamboo slats bond surprisingly well with the insulation material, creating a very strong, shock-absorbing and durable element. It was also totally surprising that the construction process could be dramatically simplified by providing prefabricated insulated building elements.
- the invention further relates to a method for producing a bamboo blank, bamboo stick, bamboo layer, cross-laminated timber element, ceiling element and/or wall element, the method comprising the following steps:
- bamboo slats from a giant bamboo species, the bamboo slats having a thickness of at least 5 mm,
- providing the plurality of bamboo slats includes the following steps:
- the method further comprises one or more of the following steps:
- Removal of a bamboo skin and/or intermediate floors preferably by pre-planing the bamboo slats on two sides, optional steaming of the raw bamboo slats, preferably in an autoclave, preferably for at least 2 hours at temperatures of 70 °C - 200 °C, optional drying of the raw bamboo slats at a temperature of 55 °C C to 130 °C, preferably 70 °C - 80 °C, optional fine planing of the raw bamboo lamellas on at least two parallel surfaces, preferably on four surfaces to finished bamboo lamellas, optional sorting of the bamboo lamellas.
- the method further comprises the application of an adhesive to a fiber-parallel surface of a bamboo slat before gluing to another bamboo slat,
- the method comprises pressing the bonded bamboo slats to form bamboo blanks in a cold pressing process and/or high-frequency pressing process.
- the method includes calibrating the bamboo blanks with a four-sided planer.
- the method comprises further processing of the blanks with finger joints to form endless bamboo blanks.
- the method comprises gluing the endless blanks parallel to the direction of the fibers to form bamboo sticks or bamboo layers, preferably with offset finger-jointing joints.
- the method comprises gluing the bamboo sticks and/or layers to form larger, preferably refined and more complex components.
- Some or all of the process steps preferably take place in an automated production line.
- the process steps preferably take place at a corresponding station in the production line.
- the bamboo cane slats, bamboo slats, bamboo slugs or other elements are transported between the stations by automated means such as conveyor belts, elevators and cranes.
- the processing stations can include state-of-the-art machines, such as precision cutting machines, pre-planing machines, steaming chambers, drying chambers, planing machines, scanners, sorting machines, glue application machines and/or high-frequency presses.
- a planing machine can be deployed at a planing station. This can be configured for an exemplary processing speed of 4 - 40 m/min.
- the planing machine is preferably equipped with an extraction system to quickly remove dirt so that the subsequent application of the adhesive can be carried out optimally.
- an extraction system to quickly remove dirt so that the subsequent application of the adhesive can be carried out optimally.
- a MOULDTEQ M-300 machine by HOMAG, Dürr Group
- HOMAG, Dürr Group can be used.
- a glue application station can be configured to process bamboo slats at a speed of 4-40 m/min.
- the station is equipped with temperature control and air extraction, for example in a fully or semi-closed chamber. This enables the bamboo slats to be processed quickly and safely.
- a continuous press can be used at a pressing station for the production of the bamboo blanks and the more complex bamboo elements.
- the continuous press is preferably a high-frequency press.
- the continuous press is preferably designed for full-surface pressing.
- the continuous press preferably includes means for compensating tolerances for slight size differences in the bamboo slats or other elements.
- the continuous press is configured to automatically position the bamboo slat or other element in the machine.
- the CABTEQ S-200, CABTEQ S-250 or CABTEQ T-200 (from HOMAG, Dürr Group) can be used.
- FIG. 46 Preferred method steps are shown schematically in FIG. 46 up to the blank (A and B) and discussed in the detailed description based on the exemplary embodiments.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a cross-section through a bamboo cane, showing the lamella-forming regions.
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of a cross section through a bamboo pole, without showing the raw bamboo lamellae.
- 3 schematically shows a method for splitting a bamboo pole into raw bamboo lamellae with splitting knives arranged in a star shape.
- FIG. 4 shows schematically in cross-section a series of splits which are processed into split, circular segment-shaped raw bamboo lamellae 4A.
- FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 schematically show a two-sided pre-planing pass of the raw bamboo slats 4A.
- 8A and 8B show schematically at 16A an autoclave for steaming raw bamboo lamellae 4A and at 16 a drying chamber, preferably a vacuum drying chamber, for drying raw bamboo lamellae 4A.
- 9 and 10 schematically show a method for planing raw bamboo lamellae at least on two sides, preferably four-sided planing. After planing, finished bamboo slats are created.
- Fig. 11 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing bamboo lamellae arranged next to one another along their narrow side (d) to form blanks B.
- Fig. 12 shows schematically a method for gluing and pressing by finger joints of blanks B to form endless blanks B.
- Fig. 13 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing stacked blanks B to form bamboo sticks B.
- Fig. 14 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing bamboo sticks B arranged lengthwise one after the other by finger jointing to form endless bamboo sticks B.
- Fig. 15 shows a schematic of a method for gluing and pressing blanks B arranged next to one another to form bamboo layers B.
- Fig. 16 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing bamboo layers arranged one after the other from blanks B by finger jointing to form endless bamboo layers B.
- Fig. 17 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing bamboo lamellae arranged next to one another along their broad side (w) to form blanks A.
- Fig. 19 shows a schematic of a method for gluing and pressing blanks A arranged next to one another along their thickness to form bamboo layers A.
- Fig. 20 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing stacked blanks A to form bamboo sticks A.
- Fig. 21 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing bamboo sticks A arranged lengthwise one after the other by finger jointing to form endless bamboo sticks A.
- 22A-22C schematically show a method for gluing and pressing endless blanks A to form stronger and/or longer bamboo sticks A.
- the finger-jointed joints of the blanks A are preferably offset.
- FIG. 23 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing endless bamboo sticks A arranged next to one another to form stronger bamboo sticks and/or bamboo layers.
- the finger-jointed joints of the bamboo poles A are offset when gluing.
- FIG. 24 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing endless blanks A arranged next to one another to form bamboo layers.
- the finger-jointed joints of the bamboo poles A are offset when gluing.
- FIG. 25 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing a bamboo layer A with a barrier layer stacked underneath to form a cross-laminated timber element.
- the barrier layer is preferably produced with bamboo layers from blanks B.
- 26 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing two bamboo layers A and a barrier layer in between to form a cross-laminated timber element.
- the middle layer is preferably made with bamboo layers from blanks B.
- Fig. 27 shows a schematic of a method for gluing and pressing two bamboo layers A and an insulating layer between them to form a thermally bridge-free, insulated wall or roof element (also known as a “sandwich panel”).
- ribbed support element made of bamboo in particular as a wall or ceiling element made from a two-layer panel and bamboo sticks
- a ribbed support element made from bamboo in particular as a wall or ceiling element made from a three-layer panel and bamboo sticks.
- FIG. 29 schematically shows a hollow box element made of bamboo, in particular as a wall or ceiling element made of two two-layer panels and bamboo sticks, and a hollow box element made of bamboo, in particular as a wall or ceiling element made of two three-layer panels and bamboo sticks.
- 30-33 schematically show several cross sections through ribbed bamboo panels and hollow box elements which can be produced from the bamboo sticks and/or bamboo panels according to the invention.
- Fig. 34 shows a schematic of a method for gluing and pressing bamboo layers A arranged lengthwise one after the other by finger jointing to form endless bamboo layers A.
- FIG. 35 schematically shows a method for gluing and pressing bamboo layers A (middle layer) and B (cover layers) stacked crosswise at right angles to one another to form cross-laminated timber elements.
- CLB can be made with only bamboo layers A or only with bamboo layers B.
- Fig. 36 shows a schematic of a method for gluing and pressing longitudinally arranged cross-laminated timber elements by finger-joint connections, the general galvanizing joint to form endless cross-laminated timber elements.
- FIG. 38 shows a sandwich element with an insulating layer preferably made of wood foam in the middle and two preferred cross-laminated timber elements which form a composite panel by gluing the insulating layer to the cross-laminated timber elements.
- FIG 39 shows a wood-wood connector, in particular a so-called X-Fix-Connector®, which consists of two parts.
- X-Fix-Connector® the cross laminated timber elements (CLB) made of bamboo can be connected.
- Fig. 40 illustrates the implementation of wood-wood connectors for connecting bamboo elements.
- 41 schematically shows the connection of blanks by means of finger joints to form endless blanks.
- Fig. 42 shows schematically the connection of endless blanks along their narrower elongate sides into bamboo sticks of any desired cross-section.
- Fig. 43 schematically shows the connection of bamboo sticks to bamboo layers by means of an adhesive.
- Fig. 44 schematically shows the pressing and connection of several (at least two) bamboo layers to cross laminated timber elements made of bamboo (CLB panels).
- Fig. 47 shows the processing of the bamboos into splits, planed bamboo lamellas, calibrated and dried bamboo lamellas.
- 50, 51 and 52 show a bamboo stick according to the invention in the course of an edgewise bending test with shear failure.
- FIG. 53 shows a bamboo stick according to the invention in the course of a flat-edge bending test.
- 54 graphically shows the results of flat edge bend tests of several bamboo sticks according to the invention.
- 55 and 56 show a bamboo pole A according to the invention in the course of a bending test of the finger joint between two blanks A connected to one another at the end faces.
- Fig. 58 schematically shows a laminated beam made of bamboo sticks 51 and BSH coniferous wood.
- Fig. 59 schematically shows a T-beam made of bamboo sticks 51 and laminated veneer lumber beams LVL 55.
- Fig. 60 schematically shows a double T-beam made of bamboo sticks 51 and laminated veneer lumber beams LVL 55.
- Fig. 61 schematically shows a ceiling element made of T-beams and wood-based panels 59.
- Fig. 62 schematically shows a ceiling element made of I-beams and wood-based panels 59.
- the invention relates to several bamboo elements glued together, which either themselves act as load-bearing components or can be part of a load-bearing component.
- These high-performance construction elements made from giant bamboo can take the form of blanks, rods, layers or cross-laminated panels.
- the structural elements can also have a combination of rod-shaped and plate-shaped elements, such as ribbed ceiling, roof or wall elements or hollow box elements for walls, ceilings and roofs or sandwich panels or roof trusses.
- the preferred construction elements according to the invention are glued together from bamboo lamellae which originate from at least one giant bamboo species.
- the preferred building elements are surprisingly well suited for the construction of supporting structures.
- bamboo poles are preferably harvested from the giant bamboo for this purpose.
- the bamboo poles are cut to a usable and transportable length with saws, for example chain saws.
- the length is measured in the direction of the fibers of the bamboo. It is particularly preferable that the average or the uniform length of the cut bamboo stalks is preferably at least 2000 mm.
- the length is preferably 1000 - 3000 mm.
- the bamboo poles can be sorted according to bamboo species, diameter, wall thickness and/or quality.
- the bamboo canes are preferably sorted automatically with scanners in order to keep production capacity high.
- bamboo When processing bamboo, it is preferably harvested and processed at the earliest after 3 years.
- the bamboo slats are preferably cut from the bottom 7 - 10 m of the bamboo pole.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross section a bamboo pole, the finished raw bamboo slats 4A are shown here.
- the cross section perpendicularly crosses a direction of the fibers in the bamboo pole.
- Figure 3 The circumference of the bamboo cane can be divided into twelve raw bamboo lamellae, 4 according to the scheme.
- the bamboo poles are preferably split into 6 - 20 splits with star-shaped splitting knives.
- the number and size of the bamboo raw lamella, 4A will be adjusted according to the diameter and wall thickness of the harvested giant bamboo.
- the number and size of the raw bamboo slats, 4A can vary depending on the growth size and bamboo species.
- the raw bamboo slats 4A are preferably sorted according to strength, damaged areas, dimensional accuracy and appearance before they are pre-planed.
- the sorting can be done visually, mechanically or electronically.
- the bamboo slats for visible components are preferably sorted according to stricter criteria. They should preferably have better optical quality. Unsightly deviations in growth, damaged areas, dimensionally incorrect and/or twisted bamboo lamellas can be sorted out during sorting.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross section through a bamboo cane 2.
- FIG. 3 shows schematically a first method for splitting the bamboo cane 2 into raw bamboo lamellae 4A.
- one or more splitting knives 14 are placed around the perimeter of the bamboo stalk.
- a single star-shaped splitting knife is preferably used for this purpose.
- the splitting knives 14 are preferably arranged in a star-shaped device and distributed evenly radially.
- the number of segments of the splitting knife is preferably variable depending on the diameter of the bamboo poles.
- the bamboo poles are divided according to the scheme into at least 6, preferably at least 8, slightly curved raw bamboo lamellae 4A (also “split pieces” or “circle segments” in the sense of this invention) of the same size.
- the number and size of the raw bamboo slats per bamboo pole are only given here as an example.
- Fig. 4 shows schematically (in cross section) the twelve separated bamboo cane slats 4A. As you can see, these have a curved shape that can be modified for certain further processing. The freshly separated bamboo lamellas also have a high water content, which affects the structural properties and later workability. Although the curved slats pictured here are identical, in reality they may vary slightly in size and shape due to natural variations within and between bamboo plants. It is therefore preferred to subject the bamboo lamellae to various conditioning and unification processes prior to use in the preferred bamboo elements.
- Fig. 5 shows a two-sided pre-planing operation in which the intermediate floors and the outer skin of the raw bamboo slats are removed.
- the intermediate floors preferably define the concave inner surfaces of the bamboo slats, while the outer skin is defined by the convex, outwardly curved surface of the freshly harvested bamboo slats.
- This process is further shown schematically in Fig. 6, where the thickness d and width w of the pre-planed raw bamboo slats are also shown.
- the raw bamboo lamella has two parallel sides.
- Fig. 7 shows schematically how the pre-planed raw bamboo slats are sorted according to quality in an optional step.
- FIG. 8A shows a schematic of an autoclave in which the pre-planed raw bamboo lamellae are steamed with steam at temperatures of 70° C.-200° C. for at least 2 hours.
- the steaming process reduces the starch and sugar content of the bamboo lamella to be produced to preferably ⁇ 5%. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the steaming process reduces the nutrient content of the bamboo, which attracts insects and microorganisms. In addition, it has been found that the bamboo slats can be produced so evenly, dimensionally accurate and straight. In addition, it has been found that the bamboo lamellae are even more precise and dimensionally stable if the steaming process is repeated.
- FIG. 8B schematically shows a drying chamber 16 in which the bamboo lamellae 4 are dried. It is preferred to dry the bamboo lamellae for a residence time of at least 6 hours at a temperature of at least 55°C, preferably 70°C, to a wood moisture content of 3-12% ⁇ 2%. A temperature of 100° C., more preferably 90° C. and even more preferably 80° C., is preferably not exceeded during drying. Therefore, the most preferred temperature for the drying process is 70 - 80 °C.
- the drying chamber can function continuously (e.g. as a continuous dryer) or in the form of batches. It is preferred to work with vacuum drying chambers. In order to avoid tearing or twisting of the bamboo slats, the temperature is raised slowly and evenly after the introduction of fresh bamboo slats.
- the bamboo slats Before using them in the bamboo elements, it is preferable to unify the cross-section of the bamboo slats so that they all have a cross-section of the same shape and dimension. It is particularly preferred that the shape is rectangular. It should also be noted that different cross-sections may be appropriate for different elements or different parts of the same device.
- a production plant In order to maximize the yield of the bamboo lamellae, a production plant should be able to react flexibly to the different wall thicknesses, diameters and lengths of the bamboo canes 2 and be able to produce bamboo lamellae 4 with different cross sections.
- the cross-section is calibrated by planing on at least two sides, parallel to the natural fiber direction, as shown schematically in FIG.
- All bamboo slats are given a cross-section with a thickness d that is as uniform as possible.
- the width w of the bamboo slats is preferably 20 - 70 mm.
- the thickness d of the bamboo lamellae is preferably 5-40, in particular 7-35 mm.
- the length of the bamboo slats can also be standardized here to an exemplary length of 1000 - 3000 mm. It is also possible and may be preferable to uniform the width of the bamboo slats by four-sided planing.
- the wood chips and waste produced during this process can be further processed as insulation material, e.g. B. as a wood foam layer in a preferred bamboo element according to the invention.
- insulation material e.g. B. as a wood foam layer in a preferred bamboo element according to the invention.
- FIGS. 1-10 The results of the process illustrated in FIGS. 1-10 are surprisingly dry, stable, uniform, dimensionally stable, smooth, straight, sugar- and low-starch bamboo lamellae, which can be used as building blocks in later processes.
- the bamboo slats resulting from the process described above are then optionally re-sorted to ensure that only bamboo slats with the required properties, free from defects (fungus and insect infestation) and the required quality are used in the preferred bamboo elements according to the invention.
- the sorting can be done visually, mechanically or electronically. Additional criteria, such as aesthetic criteria, can be applied to bamboo slats intended for visible components. Bamboo slats with unacceptable natural deformations can be discarded, cut and/or recycled.
- the finished bamboo slats can preferably be classified according to their strength and appearance (in the case of visible quality) and then assigned to different layers or parts of bamboo elements as required.
- the finished bamboo slats are preferably sorted automatically with scanning devices according to the criteria of beetle infestation, dimensional accuracy, parallelism and squareness.
- the quality and sorting criteria can be created based on or in accordance with EN 13017-1.
- EN 13017-1 Several surface qualities are available:
- High-performance bamboo structural elements made from blanks A and B have a preferred wood moisture content of 3 - 10% ⁇ 2%.
- FIG. 11 shows schematically a process for the production of blanks B which can function as a component (or sub-assembly) for a more complex bamboo element according to the invention.
- a large number of bamboo slats preferably at least five, are provided and arranged next to one another.
- a glue suitable for bamboo is then applied along the narrow sides of the bamboo slats.
- the amount and type of glue should be selected so that a transparent glue gap of preferably up to 0.3 mm can form between the bamboo slats.
- the adhesive Purbond HB 110 1 K Pur has proven to be effective here.
- Adhesives such as MUF and melanin resin have also proven to be suitable. However, a bio-based formaldehyde-free adhesive is particularly preferred.
- an adhesive joint thickness of up to 0.3 mm is achieved between glued blanks, bamboo sticks, bamboo layers and/or cross laminated timber construction elements.
- the bamboo lamellae are pressed together by means of a pressing force 22 in the directions of the thicker arrows in FIG.
- the pressing process can take place in a pressing device.
- the effect of the adhesive and the pressure creates a non-positive connection along the thickness of the bamboo slats. It is preferred to use a pressing pressure between 0.15 - 1 N/mm 2 .
- the resulting part 30 is referred to as blank B.
- Blank B has one preferred thickness between 5 - 40 mm, in particular 7 - 35 mm and a preferred width between 60 - 300 mm.
- Fig. 12 shows a method for connecting a plurality of blanks B 30 aligned one after the other in the longitudinal direction to form endless blanks B.
- the term "endless” denotes any length, in particular a length of at least 500 mm, at least 1000 mm, at least 2000 mm, at least 10000 mm or more.
- These endless blanks are non-positively connected to one another by the finger joints 24 by means of the adhesive and a pressing force 22 .
- a finger-shaped edge is cut into the ends (the smallest areas) of the blanks B to produce the finger-joint joints. These cuts essentially run in the longitudinal direction, ie in the direction of the fibers.
- the finger-like projections formed can have a preferred length of between 10-40 mm, preferably at least 15 mm.
- the glue and pressure used can be the same as used to make the bamboo slat blanks or any other suitable glue.
- the same glue or other suitable glue and pressure as well as the same dimensions of the finger joints can also be used when joining bamboo sticks, bamboo layers, cross laminated timber elements, etc.
- the resulting “endless” blank B preferably has a length of between 2000-18000 mm.
- the blank B or the "endless" blank B can represent a preferred bamboo element according to the invention. If this is to be the end product, a finishing process is also preferred. This includes one or more steps such as: planing, a surface treatment by grinding, a surface treatment by moisture impregnation and/or a quality control.
- FIG. 13 shows a method for connecting several, preferably at least five, (optionally endless) blanks B 30 stacked on top of one another to form a bamboo stick B 6 .
- An adhesive is preferably used between the blanks B 30 .
- a pressing force 22 is preferably also applied in the direction of the thicker arrows. This creates a non-positive connection between the blanks 30.
- the resulting bamboo stick B preferably has a width of between 50-400 mm and a thickness of between 50-400 mm.
- bamboo sticks B can also be connected by finger joints to form endless bamboo sticks.
- the (optionally endless) bamboo stick B can also be considered a preferred end product within the meaning of the invention. In this case, a finishing process as described above is also preferred.
- the finger-jointed joints of the bamboo sticks B are preferably arranged offset when gluing, Figure 22A - C.
- Fig. 15 shows a method in which a plurality of blanks B 30 are glued and pressed into bamboo sheets B along their narrow side (their narrower longitudinal surface).
- a pressing force 22 is preferably applied in the direction of the thicker arrows.
- the resulting bamboo layers 10 preferably have a width of between 200-4000 mm and preferably a thickness of between 10-400 mm.
- a suitable press can be used for this procedure.
- FIG. 16 shows how several bamboo layers B 10 can be produced by finger jointing 24 to form endless bamboo layers with larger dimensions and dimensions.
- An adhesive and a pressing force 22 are also used here.
- a resulting endless bamboo layer B 12 preferably has a length of between 2000-30000 mm.
- Both the bamboo sheet B 10 and the endless bamboo sheet B 12 are considered to be preferred end products according to the invention.
- a finishing process as described above is also preferred here.
- the edges of the bamboo layers can also be trimmed with saws or milling machines.
- the bamboo layers can be constructed into cross-laminated timber elements, ribbed elements and/or hollow box elements.
- FIG. 17 shows a method for producing blanks A from a large number, preferably at least five, of bamboo slats 4.
- the bamboo slats are glued together along their broad side w (their broader longitudinal surfaces) and pressed.
- a pressing force 22 as described above is preferably used here as well.
- the glue line is also preferably configured according to the above criteria with a thickness of up to 0.3 mm.
- the resulting parts 28 are referred to as "blanks A".
- the blanks A are preferably between 20-70 mm thick and preferably between 60-300 mm wide.
- FIG. 18 shows how the blanks A can be connected by finger joints 24 by means of an adhesive and a pressing force 22 to form endless blanks A 42 .
- These endless blanks 42 have a preferred length of 2000-18000 mm.
- blanks can also serve as the end product, with a finishing process being preferred.
- the (optionally endless) blanks A can be further processed as a component of a more complex bamboo element.
- FIG. 19 shows the production of a bamboo layer 44 from several, preferably at least five, blanks A arranged next to one another.
- the blanks A are pressed together along their thicknesses by means of an adhesive and a pressing force 22 and glued together.
- the resulting layers have a preferred width of between 200-4000 mm and a preferred thickness of between 10-400 mm. Production conditions analogous to those already described can also be used here.
- the 20 shows the production of a bamboo stick 48 from a plurality of blanks A stacked on top of one another.
- the blanks are pressed together and glued using an adhesive and a pressing force 22 .
- the bamboo stick 48 preferably comprises at least two or at least three blanks A 42 stacked on top of one another. These can be glued together along their widths w by an adhesive and pressed together.
- An adhesive as described above and a press force 22 are preferably used here.
- the bamboo stick 48 has a preferred width of between 50 - 400 mm and a preferred thickness of between 50 - 400 mm.
- Fig. 21 shows the production of endless bamboo sticks A 50.
- the bamboo sticks A 48 are provided with finger joints and connected to each other by means of a pressing force and an adhesive. Both the bamboo sticks A 48 and the "endless" bamboo sticks A 50 can be considered the end product and can be subjected to the refinement process described above.
- the Endless bamboo sticks A 50 have a preferred length between 2000 - 30000 mm.
- the finger-jointed joints of the bamboo poles A are preferably arranged offset when gluing, Figure 22A - C.
- Fig. 22A shows the production of an endless bamboo pole A 51 from several endless bamboo blanks A 42.
- the several blanks glued together by finger-jointing can be glued together using a glue press to form an endless, reinforced bamboo pole 51 (in this text also "beam” or "HBB beam “) are glued.
- the finger-jointed joints 24 are preferably arranged in an offset manner.
- the finger joints of the stacked blanks should preferably be offset by half the distance A (the longitudinal distance between two consecutive finger joints in a continuous blank) as shown in Figures 22A and 22B.
- FIG. 22A is a bird's-eye view of the width of the bamboo stick 51, while FIG. 22B is a side view showing its thickness.
- FIG. 23 shows how the endless bamboo rods A 51 are glued together using a glue press to form bamboo rods 51 A with larger cross sections (or to form bamboo layers or bamboo panels).
- the finger-jointed joints are preferably arranged in an offset manner.
- the joints of the finger joints of the stacked endless bamboo canes are preferably offset by half the longitudinal distance A between successive finger joints. Offsetting the finger joints eliminates the weak point of the finger joint, so that the bar can be statically applied continuously.
- An endless bar A having homogeneous properties despite the impacts is obtained.
- the offsetting of the finger joint to the adjacent layer has proved to be a particularly advantageous property which is preferably applicable to all the bars described above and increases the load-bearing capacity of the structural elements.
- FIG. 24 shows schematically how the finger-jointed blanks (“endless” blanks A 42) are glued together to form an endless bamboo layer 46 with the aid of a size press.
- the finger-joint joints of the adjacent blanks are preferably arranged in a staggered manner.
- the joints of the finger joints of adjacent plies are offset by half the longitudinal distance between successive finger joints. Offsetting the finger joints eliminates the weak point of finger joints, so that the bamboo layers 46 can be statically homogeneous.
- An endless bamboo layer 46 thus has homogeneous properties despite the impacts.
- the offsetting of the finger joint to the adjacent endless blanks has proven to be a particularly advantageous property, which is preferably applicable to all the previously described layers and increases the load-bearing capacity of the structural elements.
- a first endless bamboo layer 46 comprises blanks A, as shown in FIG.
- a second underlying continuous bamboo layer 12 is a barrier layer and comprises a plurality of blanks B.
- the bamboo laminae of the barrier layer are bonded together along their narrow sides, while the bamboo laminae of the first layer are bonded along their broad sides. This allows bamboo layers of different thicknesses and fiber directions to be combined with one another.
- the grain direction of the bamboo lamellae of the barrier layer is orthogonal to the grain direction of the bamboo lamellae of the first layer.
- the bamboo lamellae of the barrier layer can be connected to one another along their widths (blanks A).
- the two plies are joined using a size press, similar press force, and adhesive as described above for joining blanks.
- Offsetting the finger joints eliminates the weak point of finger joints, so that the bamboo layer 46 can be statically homogeneous.
- An endless bamboo layer 46 thus has homogeneous properties despite the impacts.
- the offsetting of the finger joint to the adjacent endless blanks has proven to be a particularly advantageous property, which is preferably applicable to all bamboo layers described above and increases the load-bearing capacity of the structural elements.
- the Fig. 26 shows schematically the connection of three bamboo layers 46, 12, 46 to form a three-layer cross-laminated timber element made of giant bamboo (CLB panel) 52.
- the three-layer CLB panel 52 is produced analogously to the two-layer endless bamboo layer 47 of FIG third layer 46 is positioned below barrier layer 12.
- the third layer is preferably constructed analogously to the first layer 46 .
- the three plies are joined using a size press, similar press force, and adhesive as described above for joining blanks. Offsetting the finger joints eliminates the weak point of finger joints, so that the bamboo layers 46 can be statically homogeneous. An endless bamboo layer 46 thus has homogeneous properties despite the impacts.
- the offsetting of the finger joint to the adjacent endless blanks has proven to be a particularly advantageous property, which is preferably applicable to all bamboo layers described above and increases the load-bearing capacity of the structural elements.
- FIG. 27 schematically shows the connection of two endless bamboo layers A 46 with an intermediate insulating material panel 57 in order to produce a sandwich panel 56.
- a sandwich panel 56 is preferably produced using a size press by arranging a rigid insulation panel 57 as the middle layer.
- the three plies are joined with a similar pressing force and adhesive as described above for joining blanks.
- Offsetting the finger joints eliminates the weak point of finger joints, so that the bamboo layers 46 can be statically homogeneous.
- An endless bamboo layer 46 thus has homogeneous properties despite the impacts. This is an essential distinguishing feature of the invention.
- the offset of the finger joint to the adjacent endless blanks has proven to be a particularly advantageous property, which is preferably applicable to all bamboo layers described above and increases the load-bearing capacity of the components.
- the ribbed panel can be produced by cross-gluing a two-layer bamboo panel 47 (preferably analogous to FIG. 25) to an orthogonally arranged bamboo rod (e.g. bamboo rod A 48) using a glue press.
- a main plane of the bamboo stick, running along the aligned bamboo fibers and passing through several of its bamboo lamellae, is preferably orthogonal to a main plane of the bamboo panel.
- the dimensions of the U-shaped cross-section may depend on the desired application. The example shown shows relative dimensions suitable for use as a reinforced wall or ceiling.
- a smaller width bamboo board can also be used to form a U-shaped support post.
- Alternative rib arrangements can also be used to form T, H or other posts.
- the board and the bamboo sticks are made of different materials.
- the two-ply top is made of softwood or hardwood, while the ribs are made of giant bamboo. The opposite can also be preferred.
- the panel can be single-layer, double-layer, three-layer or more.
- Fig. 28 also shows an embodiment where the panel is three-layered. As shown in FIG. 28, another layer of bamboo can be applied to form a three-ply ribbed panel 64.
- FIG. The three-layer board 64 preferably comprises at least one layer which is constructed from bamboo slugs as the basic element. Another layer may comprise an insulating material or another material such as hardwood. It may be preferred that an outer layer comprises a hardwood or a softwood to aesthetically mimic a more traditional building product.
- FIG. 29 schematically shows the production of a further bamboo element, which is referred to as a “hollow box element” 66 within the meaning of the invention.
- the hollow box element 66 is produced analogously to the ribbed plate 62 .
- two parallel panels are separated by at least two ribs orthogonal to the panels.
- the panels are three-layer panels.
- the plates and ribs define a cavity 70.
- cavity 70 is filled with air.
- the cavity 70 is filled with an insulating material.
- cavity 70 is additionally sealed by panels covering both ends thereof. In such embodiments, the sealed cavity 70 may have an air pressure lower than the ambient air. This is incredibly effective at thermal and acoustic insulation.
- both the panels and the ribs of the box members 66, 68 can be made of giant bamboo.
- the plates and ribs can be made of different materials, with at least part of one of the plates or ribs made of giant bamboo. It may be preferred that one or both of the plates or ribs combine layers of different materials such as insulating layers and aesthetic layers. The number of layers can be determined by one skilled in the art according to the desired application.
- FIGS. 30-33 show other preferred embodiments of giant bamboo structural members which include ribs 72.
- FIG. The type and number of ribs shown and the type and number of plates or layers are of course only examples. Those skilled in the art will understand that different combinations of blanks A/B can be combined into different layers, plates and bars to form different ribbed plates and box members, not shown.
- FIG. 30 schematically shows a cross section through a ribbed panel 62 comprising a two-layer bamboo panel 47 and three bamboo sticks A as ribs 72.
- This ribbed panel is particularly suitable for use in the walls and ceilings of a building.
- the ribbed plate can also be made with at least two ribs 72 .
- FIG. 31 schematically shows a cross section through another ribbed panel 64 comprising a three-layer bamboo panel 52 and three bamboo rods A as ribs 72.
- This ribbed panel is also particularly suitable for use in the walls and ceilings of a building.
- the ribbed plate can also be made with at least two ribs 72 .
- FIG. 32 schematically shows a cross section through a hollow box element 66 comprising two parallel two-layer bamboo panels 47 and three bamboo sticks as ribs 72.
- This hollow box element 66 is particularly suitable for use in the ceilings of a building.
- the cavity of the box element makes it possible to surprisingly successfully combine high flexural strength with a high degree of thermal and sound insulation and low weight. The use of such elements therefore allows the construction of buildings that are more visually appealing and at the same time more sustainable in terms of the materials used and heating needs.
- the hollow box element can also be produced with at least two ribs 72 .
- FIG. 33 schematically shows a cross section through a hollow box element 68 comprising two parallel three-layer bamboo panels 52 and three bamboo sticks as ribs 72.
- This hollow box element is also particularly suitable for use in the ceilings of a building.
- the hollow box element can also be produced with at least two ribs 72 .
- 34 - 38 show in more detail the manufacture and construction of several bamboo panels including cross laminated timber elements (CLB panels) and sandwich panels.
- CLB panels cross laminated timber elements
- the following embodiments of plates can of course be combined with ribs to form variations of the rib plates shown in Figures 28-33.
- FIG. 34 shows how several bamboo layers 44 can be connected from blanks A to form endless blanks A 46 .
- Finger joint connections 24 by means of an adhesive and a pressing force 22 are preferably used here.
- the endless bamboo layers 46 have a preferred length between 2000 - 30000 mm.
- the (optionally endless) bamboo layers from blanks A are also considered to be preferred end products according to the invention.
- the finishing processes mentioned above can also be applied here, as well as an improvement process (e.g. calibration by means of grinding, planing and milling) for the edges of the bamboo layers.
- bamboo Cross Laminated Timber (CLT or CLP) elements can optionally be made with layers of type A blanks only or layers of type B blanks only. Although a single type of bamboo ply can be used to form a cross laminated timber element, it is preferred that bamboo plies A and B are combined as shown in the example of FIG.
- FIG. 35 shows a method for producing a cross-laminated timber element 38 according to a first preferred embodiment.
- the first and third bamboo plies 12 can be made from blanks B, while the second bamboo ply 46 is a bamboo ply made from blanks A.
- the first and third bamboo plies 12 may also be of preform A type, while the second bamboo ply 46 is a preform type B bamboo ply.
- the second bamboo layer is between the first and the third bamboo layer.
- a fiber direction of the bamboo slugs of each bamboo ply is perpendicular to a fiber direction of the bamboo slugs of an adjacent bamboo ply.
- the fiber direction of the second bamboo layer is perpendicular to the fiber direction of the first and third bamboo layers, so that a CLB panel 38 is formed.
- the three layers of bamboo are glued and pressed together by an adhesive and a pressing force 22 . It is particularly preferred to use a pressure of between 0.15-1.5 N/mm 2 for this purpose.
- the pressing process can be carried out in a suitable pressing device.
- the resulting CLB panel 38 has a preferred width of between 1000-5000 mm, a preferred thickness of between 30-300 mm and a preferred length of between 3000-18000 mm.
- the CLB panel 38 is a cross-laminated timber element within the meaning of the invention. It can be considered a finished product or further processed into endless CLB panels 52 by finger jointing.
- Finger joints or general zinc joints 26 are preferably used for this purpose in the transverse direction of the panel. These finger joints include a deep zig-zag pattern at the ends of each CLB panel that is to be joined together.
- the deep grooves of the zigzag pattern preferably have a length of 10 - 40 mm.
- the grooves and corresponding projections run along the edge of the CLB Board essentially orthogonal to the fiber direction of the bamboo sticks of the first and third layer.
- the resulting endless CLB plates 52 have a preferred length of between 2000-30000 mm, in particular 10000-18000 mm.
- Figure 37 shows another preferred embodiment of the invention wherein a CLB panel 54 having five bamboo plies is provided.
- all five bamboo plies are of the same type, namely bamboo ply B 12.
- the fiber directions alternate between adjacent bamboo plies, so that the fiber directions of two directly superimposed bamboo plies are preferably always orthogonal to one another.
- Alternative embodiments of the invention are CLB panels with a larger number of bamboo plies.
- CLB panels can be made with seven, nine, and eleven layers of bamboo. It is particularly preferred that a CLB board has an odd number of bamboo layers.
- the types can be combined if necessary.
- a CLB panel may only contain plies of the same type.
- FIG. 38 shows another preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein a CLB plate 56 comprises an insulating layer 58.
- the insulating layer 58 is formed from bamboo foam, which is preferably made from bamboo scraps from a previous process step.
- the outer layers can themselves be a CLB board.
- the CLB plates 52 shown in FIG. 36 or 37 are applied.
- Each of the three-layer CLB board of Fig. 35, the endless three-layer CLB board of Fig. 36, the five-layer CLB board of Fig. 37 and the CLB board including the insulation layer of Fig. 38 apply as cross laminated timber construction elements within the meaning of the invention. All can serve as an end product and are suitable for load-bearing purposes.
- edges or openings (e.g. for windows, doors) of the cross laminated timber construction elements are preferably calibrated and/or smoothed by sawing or milling.
- the cross laminated timber construction elements can also be sanded and surface treated.
- one or more wood-to-wood connectors 60 can be used, as shown in Figs. 39 and 40.
- the wood-wood connectors take into account the fact that the bamboo elements to be created are difficult to connect with metal screws due to their hardness.
- the wood-wood connectors are an additional element, preferably made of bamboo wood, which has a particularly advantageous shape.
- the additional element preferably has a so-called dovetail shape, which has a tensile and bending-resistant effect similar to the fingers and/or grooves of the finger joints.
- the dovetail shape includes a plurality of acute-angled protrusions. It is particularly preferred that the wood-to-wood connections comprise two opposing bases 60a and 60b.
- the wood-wood connection is inserted at the ends of the parts to be connected in a form-fitting manner, optionally manually with heavy hammers, and then remains in position.
- the connectors and the recesses provided for them are preferably worked out by milling and sawing in such a way that they form a complementary precise shape and a non-positive connection is created.
- the use of an adhesive is optional here, but can be preferred.
- the preferred components according to the invention can be prefabricated and transported within Europe as special transports to construction sites and screwed there to form entire wall-ceiling-roof units. For overseas projects, it is preferable to reduce the maximum dimensions to container dimensions. The components can then also be screwed together to form complete wall-ceiling-roof units at overseas construction sites.
- An X-shaped insert (X-fix) as a self-tightening, non-positive wood-wood connection system can simplify assembly many times over.
- the X-fix connection system can withstand about three times the load compared to screw systems.
- the X-fix connection system preferably consists of two dovetail-shaped, conically opposing wedges made of birch veneer plywood, which can be hammered into milled, dovetail-shaped connecting grooves in the CLB panels. In this way, the components are firmly and non-positively connected to each other.
- FIG 46 schematically shows an exemplary method of processing giant bamboo to produce the bamboo elements described herein.
- a first phase 74 of the method occurs on a bamboo plantation and preferably includes fertilizing, watering, felling and/or cutting the bamboo.
- the bamboo tubes are preferably cut to a manageable length of up to 7 - 10 m. This facilitates transport and handling.
- the bamboo canes are at least 3 years old at the time of harvest.
- the bottom 7-10 meters of the bamboo cane are preferably harvested as this part can be used to produce uniform bamboo lamellae.
- the bamboos preferably belong to the species Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Phylostachys edulis or Guadua angustofolia. Phylostachys edulis is particularly preferred. It is disclosed, without limitation, that the giant bamboos are preferably grown and harvested in Central or South America, preferably in Brazil, most preferably in the province of Sao Paulo.
- a second phase 76 of the method relates to the production of bamboo slats and is preferably carried out in one or more production facilities.
- the harvested bamboo canes are transported to a sorting station, where they are preferably cut to lengths of 1 - 3m.
- the bamboo canes are optionally sorted according to criteria such as diameter and wall thickness.
- the bamboo canes are preferably sorted automatically with scanners in order to keep production capacity high.
- the bamboo canes can then be separated into splits 6 - 20.
- the split pieces are preferably planed on two sides.
- the outer skin is preferably removed in this case.
- the bamboo lamellae are then preferably steamed at a temperature of up to 200°C, then preferably between 80°C - 120°C and dried at a temperature of up to 100°C, preferably between 70°C - 80°C.
- the raw bamboo slats are then preferably planed on four sides. Alternatively, this can be one-sided, two-sided, three-sided or four-sided planing.
- the finished bamboo slats are preferably sorted automatically with scanners according to the criteria of beetle infestation, dimensional accuracy, parallelism and squareness.
- a third phase 78 of the method relates to the production of bamboo blanks 28, 30, endless bamboo blanks 31, 42 and other bamboo elements.
- bamboo blanks are produced as a basic element in order to be manufactured into endless bamboo blanks 31, 42 by finger jointing.
- the bamboo blanks 28, 30, 31, 42 can be regarded as the end product or can be manufactured into more complex elements.
- the end products are preferably calibrated by being planed, milled and/or surface treated, etc.
- rods with staggered finger joints are produced from at least two endless blanks.
- the finished end products are then packaged and transported or, preferably, further processed.
- Several bamboo blanks are arranged next to each other parallel to the fibers and glued together under pressure and calibrated after hardening.
- a fifth phase 80 of the method relates to the optional use of the bamboo elements in a construction method and/or the further processing into even more complex elements.
- Fig. 47 illustrates the harvested bamboo canes, the split sticks, the pre-planed bamboo lamellas, the dried bamboo lamellas, the planed bamboo lamellas, the sorted and surface-treated bamboo lamellas and blanks.
- Fig. 58 shows a schematic of a glued laminated beam made of bamboo sticks and BSH coniferous wood.
- bamboo sticks 51 are glued to glued laminated timber beams made of softwood on the narrow sides to form beams of figure 58.
- the resulting laminated beam 81 has a preferred width of between 60-200 mm, a preferred thickness of between 100-400 mm and a preferred length of between 3000-18000 mm.
- FIG. 59 schematically shows a T-beam made of bamboo sticks 51.
- Two bamboo sticks 51 are glued together to form T-beams (FIG. 59).
- a bamboo stick 51 forms the bottom flange and a bamboo stick 51 forms a web.
- the load-bearing capacity of the beams 59 is higher than pure glued laminated timber of the same height.
- a bamboo stick 51 and a laminated veneer lumber beam (LVL) 56 are glued to form a T-beam ( Figure 59).
- a bamboo stick 51 forms the bottom flange and a laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beam 55 forms a web.
- the load-bearing capacity of the beams 59 is higher than pure glued laminated timber of the same height.
- the resulting T-beam 82 and 83 has a preferred width of between 60-200mm, a preferred thickness of between 100-1000mm and a preferred length of between 3000-18000mm.
- FIG. 60 schematically shows a double T-beam made of bamboo sticks.
- Three bamboo sticks 51 are glued to double T-beams (Figure 60).
- a bamboo stick 51 forms the lower flange, a bamboo stick 51 the bridge and a bamboo stick 51 forms the upper flange.
- two bamboo sticks 51 and a laminated veneer lumber beam (LVL) 56 are glued to double T-beams (figure) 60.
- a bamboo stick 51 forms the bottom flange, a laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beam 55 a web and a bamboo stick 51 forms the top flange.
- the resulting double T-beam 84 and 85 has a preferred width between 60 - 200 mm, a preferred thickness between 150 - 1000 mm and a preferred length between 3000 - 18000 mm.
- FIG. 61 schematically shows a ceiling element made of T-beams (FIG. 59) and wood-based panels 58.
- Ceiling elements are constructed from T-beams (FIG. 59) and chipboard, plywood or three-layer panels 58 (FIG. 61).
- chipboard, plywood or three-layer boards 59 are connected to the lower flange 51 with glue, nails, staples, screws.
- the resulting ceiling element made of T-beams 86 has a preferred width between 600 - 4000 mm, a preferred thickness between 100 - 1000 mm and a preferred length between 3000 - 18000 mm.
- Fig. 62 schematically shows a ceiling element made of double T-beams ( Figure 60) and wood-based panels 58.
- ceiling elements are constructed from double T-beams ( Figure 60) and chipboard, plywood or three-layer panels 59 ( Figure 62).
- chipboard, plywood or three-layer boards 58 are connected to the lower flange 51 with glue, nails, clamps, screws.
- the resulting ceiling element made of I-beams 87 has a preferred width of between 600-4000 mm, a preferred thickness of between 150-1000 mm and a preferred length of between 3000-18000 mm.
- the tests included two groups, the first of which included bamboo lamellae from Giant bamboo ('Dendrocalamus giganteus') and the second bamboo lamellae from Moso bamboo ('Phylostachys edulis').
- the sample bamboo elements made of giant bamboo (or Dendrocalamus giganteus) had dimensions of 40 x 100 x 1900 mm (bamboo sticks) and 80 x 80 x 80 mm.
- a polyurethane adhesive was used for the surface bonding and a joint-filling melamine resin adhesive for the finger joint cladding.
- EN 408 the parameters of raw density, flexural strength and the shear and compressive strength of the sample bamboo elements were determined.
- the flexural strength of the finger joints was determined in accordance with EN 14080 using flat edge bending tests.
- the sample bamboo elements were installed as four-point bending tests on the universal testing machine TIRA 500 kN (PMN 16001). Deformations in the center of the beam were also documented with the help of inductive displacement sensors.
- the pressure tests on the test specimens measuring 80 x 80 x 80 mm were carried out on an Amsler 5000 kN machine (PMN 15002).
- the characteristic values were calculated in accordance with EN 14358. Table 1 below briefly summarizes the results.
- the difference between the characteristic upright bending strength and the flat edge bending strength shows a clear volume effect or influence of the orientation of the fibers of the bamboo lamellae.
- the different blanks, when put together contribute synergistically to the overall strength of the bamboo stick.
- Edgewise and flat edge bending tests were also performed on sample bamboo sticks made from giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus). In the edgewise bending test, the strength of the bamboo sticks was limited by the occurrence of combined bending and shear fractures. A partial failure in the tension zone was detected, which then turned into a sudden shear fracture.
- FIG. 48 shows a sample bamboo stick 50 made from giant bamboo according to an embodiment of the invention during an edgewise bend test.
- the bamboo stick 50 was placed in the on-end position known to those skilled in the art.
- the width w of the bamboo stick was arranged vertically so that the thickness d (the narrower oblong face) was arranged horizontally.
- the upper, narrower, oblong surface (thickness d) that is left blank is referred to herein as the edgewise.
- a load was applied orthogonally (in the direction of gravity) to the upright until the bamboo stick broke.
- the figure shows a typical failure mode for this bamboo stick.
- Figure 49 graphically shows the results of the edgewise bend test for several bamboo sticks according to the invention. All bamboo sticks required a force of at least 22000 N to break the bamboo stick. For some bamboo sticks tested, the minimum breaking force was at least 32800 N.
- FIG. 52-53 show a bamboo stick 50 made of giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) according to an embodiment of the invention during a flat edge bend test.
- the bamboo stick 50 was placed in the flat-edged position known to those skilled in the art. That is, the width w of the bamboo stick 50 was arranged horizontally, leaving an upper width surface (the flat edge) exposed. A load was applied orthogonally (in the direction of gravity) to the flat edge until the bamboo stick broke. As can be seen in the figures, due to the high tensile strength of the bamboo sticks tested, there was increased ductile compression failure in the bending compression zone.
- Figure 54 graphically shows the results of the flat edge bend test for several bamboo sticks according to the invention. All of the bamboo sticks required a force of at least 32000 N to break the bamboo stick. For some bamboo sticks, the force required was over 37,000 N. These results are presented quantitatively in Table 4. All samples 1 - 4 from Table 4 had a length L of 800 mm (not listed for reasons of space). The table shows that an average flexural strength of 151 N/mm 2 and an average modulus of elasticity of 23332 N/mm 2 were calculated from the raw data.
- Table 4 Quantitative results of the flat edge tests for bamboo sticks made from giant bamboo 55-56 show a bamboo stick made from giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) according to the invention in the course of a bending test of the finger joint 24 between two bamboo sticks 48.
- the results of testing several bamboo sticks 50 according to the invention are shown in FIG. It can be seen that all bamboo poles tested required a force of at least 12535 N for the finger joint to fail. These results are also shown quantitatively in Table 5.
- the modulus of elasticity calculated from the experimental raw data is given in the last column of Table 5. Despite the presence of the finger joints, an average Young's modulus of 21380 MPa was determined.
- Table 7 shows a comparison between the mechanical properties of a bamboo stick 48 and 50 according to the invention with sticks of the same dimensions made of spruce C24, BauBuche and steel S235. As the table shows, the properties of the bamboo stick 48 and 50 far exceed those of the other types of wood and are comparable to those of steel.
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Abstract
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US18/708,404 US20250121528A1 (en) | 2021-11-08 | 2022-11-08 | Bamboo elements as load-bearing components and t-beam element as ceiling element, and method for producing a bamboo blank |
EP22814338.4A EP4429855A1 (de) | 2021-11-08 | 2022-11-08 | Bambuselemente als tragende bauteile und t-träger element und deckenelement und verfahren zur herstellung eines bambusrohling |
CA3235541A CA3235541A1 (en) | 2021-11-08 | 2022-11-08 | Bamboo elements as load-bearing components and t-beam element as ceiling element, and method for producing a bamboo blank |
AU2022383520A AU2022383520A1 (en) | 2021-11-08 | 2022-11-08 | Bamboo elements as load-bearing components and t-beam element as ceiling element, and method for producing a bamboo blank |
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DE202021106086.7U DE202021106086U1 (de) | 2021-11-08 | 2021-11-08 | Bambuselemente als tragende Bauteile |
DE102022003301.1 | 2022-09-08 | ||
DE102022003301 | 2022-09-08 |
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EP2397289A1 (de) * | 2009-02-13 | 2011-12-21 | Research Institute Of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy Of Forestry | Künstliche bambusplatte und herstellungsverfahren dafür |
US20190105798A1 (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2019-04-11 | Neauvotec, LLC | Process for shaping a reinforcing or structural material for extruding/molding operations |
US20210355673A1 (en) * | 2020-05-15 | 2021-11-18 | Bamboo Ecologic Corporation | Fire-resistant bamboo structural building material |
CN115284405A (zh) * | 2022-07-22 | 2022-11-04 | 上海伊竹一鼎科技有限公司 | 一种货车地板制造工艺及其产品 |
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CN102978993A (zh) * | 2012-11-26 | 2013-03-20 | 四川银鸽竹浆纸业有限公司 | 竹纤维溶解浆及其生产工艺 |
CN102990759B (zh) * | 2012-12-30 | 2014-11-26 | 南京林业大学 | 浸渍压缩强化地板及其制造方法 |
CN107263626A (zh) * | 2017-06-16 | 2017-10-20 | 中南林业科技大学 | 连续长竹方材的制造方法及其产品 |
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EP2397289A1 (de) * | 2009-02-13 | 2011-12-21 | Research Institute Of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy Of Forestry | Künstliche bambusplatte und herstellungsverfahren dafür |
US20190105798A1 (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2019-04-11 | Neauvotec, LLC | Process for shaping a reinforcing or structural material for extruding/molding operations |
US20210355673A1 (en) * | 2020-05-15 | 2021-11-18 | Bamboo Ecologic Corporation | Fire-resistant bamboo structural building material |
CN115284405A (zh) * | 2022-07-22 | 2022-11-04 | 上海伊竹一鼎科技有限公司 | 一种货车地板制造工艺及其产品 |
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EP4559673A1 (de) * | 2023-11-23 | 2025-05-28 | BAUSSMANN Collated Fasteners GmbH | Holznagel |
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