WO2022096675A1 - Procede de mesure du potentiel oxydant d'echantillons, notamment d'aerosols, l'appareillage pour sa mise en œuvre et son utilisation pour analyser en ligne la qualite de l'air - Google Patents
Procede de mesure du potentiel oxydant d'echantillons, notamment d'aerosols, l'appareillage pour sa mise en œuvre et son utilisation pour analyser en ligne la qualite de l'air Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/84—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving inorganic compounds or pH
Definitions
- TITLE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE OXIDIZING POTENTIAL OF SAMPLES, IN PARTICULAR AEROSOLS, THE APPARATUS FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND ITS USE FOR ONLINE ANALYSIS OF AIR QUALITY
- the present invention relates to the analysis of the toxicity of ambient environments, in particular aerosols, and more broadly the analysis of the quality of the air, or the toxicity of the vapors emitted by various devices or installations (electronic vaporizers, stoves, vehicles , etc).
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- PO oxidizing potential
- oxidizing potential is also considered to assess the health effects of air quality, or polluting emissions.
- PO is defined as the ability of a sample to oxidize the lung medium, by generation of reactive oxygen species and/or by consumption of antioxidants. This measurement of PO therefore assesses the ability of polluting particles and gases to generate oxidative stress on the lungs.
- Current measurements of PO are very generally made from atmospheric samples on filters, then analyzed in the laboratory.
- filter technology involves a high detection limit, imposes the collection of material in large quantities and therefore requires long exposure times, then filter processing.
- Yu et al Aerosol science and technology vol.54, 304-320, 2020 describes a semi-automatic analysis of the PO of samples which are however prepared in the laboratory, after the extraction of the filters brought back from the collection site.
- a single sample is subjected to several consecutive tests, leading to a significant increase in the time required to acquire the results.
- the detection thresholds must be low enough to allow a determination under conditions generally encountered in the atmospheres of developed countries.
- the present invention therefore proposes an “on-line” automatic PO measurement method, and the corresponding apparatus.
- the present invention relates to a method for measuring the oxidizing potential (PO) of a test medium, comprising:
- test sample or a fraction thereof with a sample of artificial lung fluid, so as to obtain a liquid test sample, Conducting on said liquid test sample one or more parallel quantification tests oxidative potential,
- the oxidizing potential (PO) designates the ability of a sample to oxidize the lung medium, by supplying or generating reactive oxygen species which consume the antioxidants in the medium.
- the test medium may in particular be an aerosol.
- aerosol defines according to the present invention a mixture of particles in suspension in a gas.
- the particles may be identical or different in terms of their chemical constitution or their physico-chemical characteristics.
- test medium is the ambient air or the atmosphere at the outlet of a device or installation emitting particles (industrial processes, vehicles, vaporizers, chimneys, etc.) or seeking to clean up ambient air or a device or installation presenting emissions polluting.
- test medium designates the medium to be tested.
- test sample designates a sample of the test medium. It therefore contains a gaseous fraction and/or a particulate fraction.
- the test sample can be analyzed as is.
- the gaseous phase and/or the particulate phase of the sample can be analyzed alone, thanks to separation processes, in particular separation processes already existing on the market.
- the test sample or the particulate fraction thereof consists of particles of determined size. Any size fraction can be considered, depending on the method used at the input of the device. According to one embodiment, the sample corresponds to the fraction in PM 2.5 or in PM10 (particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 or 10 ⁇ m, respectively).
- test sample can be taken by any method, in a reaction chamber, such as a nebulization chamber, for example by aspiration of a determined quantity of the medium to be tested.
- a reaction chamber such as a nebulization chamber
- the sample can be taken by a cyclone when the test medium is an aerosol for example.
- a cyclone makes it possible to obtain an aerosol sample made up of particles in their gas, according to the aerodynamic diameter (Dae) of said particles.
- the fine particles, of lower inertia move less away from the axis of the cyclone and are driven by an ascending vortex towards an axial outlet located in the upper part of the cyclone where they are collected.
- the cyclone thus makes it possible to carry out a classification in size of the particles.
- the flow rate of the cyclone pump can be between 1 and 10 l/min, typically around 5 l/min.
- the method comprises, after the sampling step and before the mixing step, the step of fractionating the test sample into a gaseous fraction and/or a particulate fraction.
- This step can be done using a stripper, for example.
- the fraction may be the PM2.5 particulate fraction.
- test sample or a fraction thereof obtained in the event of fractionation, as discussed above, is then mixed with a liquid phase mimicking the pulmonary medium.
- the liquid phase is an artificial lung medium.
- it is the Gamble solution, described by Marques et al Dissolution technologies 15-28, 2011.
- Gamble's solution typically includes: - 0.095 g/l of magnesium chloride,
- Gamble's solution has a pH of 7.4.
- this pulmonary interstitial fluid is pressed against the walls of the respiratory system thanks to a surfactant, 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC).
- DPPC 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- DPPC 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- the artificial lung medium according to the invention therefore differs in particular from the medium used by Yu et al Aerosol science and technology, 2020 (supra) in that the fluid used by Yu et al ("surrogate lung fluid") is only a mixture of antioxidants whose depletion the authors then measure.
- the liquid phase can be carried out by nebulization.
- the nebulization comprises the projection into fine droplets of the artificial pulmonary medium and of the test sample or of a fraction thereof, so as to obtain a liquid phase comprising the particles and/or the soluble gases, mixed in artificial lung medium.
- the artificial lung medium and the liquid test sample are maintained at conditions representative of physiological conditions, with in particular a temperature between 30 and 40° C., typically around 37° C., and/or a pH maintained between 7 and 8, to 7.4 in particular.
- the liquid test sample obtained can be a suspension or a solution:
- the liquid test sample resulting from the mixture is a suspension.
- “Suspension” means any dispersion of a solid in a liquid.
- the liquid test sample resulting from the mixture is a suspension.
- the liquid test sample resulting from the mixture is a solution.
- the liquid sample thus obtained is then subjected to one or more test(s) to quantify its oxidizing potential.
- Oxidant potential quantification test means a test measuring the consumption by the test sample of a given antioxidant species.
- these tests are based on the measurement of the depletion of the antioxidant species when it is brought into contact with the sample to be tested.
- the depletion of antioxidant species (when it is in excess) is proportional to the concentration of reactive species in the sample tested.
- a calibrated volume fraction of the sample is used, said fraction being calibrated by sampling with a syringe pump in the reaction chamber.
- the unused volume being evacuated at the end of the reaction to a recycling bin.
- test lines typically, at least two different test lines are run in parallel.
- Each test line comprises the mixing of a determined quantity of the liquid test sample with a determined quantity of the antioxidant species of the test considered.
- the test lines are based on complementary antioxidant species in that they react in distinct ways to the reactive species of the test medium.
- AA - ascorbic acid
- DTT dithiothreitol
- DCFH dichlorofluorescein
- RTLF mixture (respiratory tract lining fluid, is a mixture of AA, GSH and uric acid (UE))
- the reaction mixture considered is generally carried out under physiological conditions (temperature of approximately 37° C., and pH maintained between 7 and 8, at 7.4 in particular), and preferably away from light.
- physiological conditions temperature of approximately 37° C., and pH maintained between 7 and 8, at 7.4 in particular
- the incubation of the test sample with the antioxidant species is carried out for a period of between 5 min and 1 h.
- two pre-measurements are carried out and will be subtracted from the measurement of the sample when calculating its oxidizing potential:
- a measurement of the intrinsic absorbance/fluorescence of the test sample alone A “blank” measurement of the device which consists in measuring the absorbance/fluorescence of the antioxidant without the presence of the test sample which is replaced by ultra-pure water.
- the decrease in the concentration of the antioxidant species in the reaction mixture is determined by optical measurement, in particular by spectrophotometry ( absorbance, UV-visible, fluorescence, etc.).
- the optical data obtained can be retrieved on a computer using the control interface (for example under LabVIEW).
- the consumption of antioxidant species by the sample is correlated to the concentration of reactive oxygen species in the sample.
- This concentration of reactive species is then correlated to the PO of the test sample, and ultimately to the medium tested.
- tests can be implemented by application or adaptation of the methodologies described by Calas et al Scientific reports 7, 1 1617, 2017.
- the methodology includes first measuring the intrinsic absorbance of the liquid test sample at the desired wavelength, UV or visible, then a quantity of the antioxidant species is injected into the sample. liquid test and in a blank sample (ultra-pure water). In each case, the concentration of the antioxidant species is then quantified at several time intervals after mixing. The remaining quantity of the antioxidant species at the end of the exposure (typically after a reaction time of approximately 30 min with the sample) can either be read directly by absorbance or fluorescence or assayed. Typically, for DTT, the remaining amount can be dosed with 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB).
- DTNB 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid
- the antioxidant species depletion rate (nmol.min ⁇ 1 ) is determined from the linear regression slope of the concentration of the antioxidant species (nmol) vs. the contact time with the sample.
- the intrinsic absorbance is then subtracted from the final absorbance, and the loss of antioxidant species from the blank (ultra-pure water) is subtracted from the loss of antioxidant species from the sample, in order to obtain the depletion effective of the antioxidant species of the sample.
- the RTLF test is based on a synthetic mixture containing equimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA), urate (UA) and reduced glutathione (GSH).
- the GSH analysis is obtained from the analysis of total glutathione and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), by modifying the method described by Baker et al Anal. Biochem. 190, 360-365, 1990, with Ellman's reagent (DTNB, 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid).
- DTNB Ellman's reagent
- TNB yellow thio-2-nitrobenzoic
- the method according to the invention implements the PO quantification test by measuring the depletion of ascorbic acid (AA), and optionally the PO quantification test by measuring the depletion of dithiothreitol (DTT).
- AA ascorbic acid
- DTT dithiothreitol
- the test is based on AA consumption, followed by UV spectrophotometry (at 265 nm).
- DTT DTT
- DTNB 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid
- the determination of the oxidizing potential of said test medium is carried out by recalculating the PO of the initial test medium from the PO obtained from the test sample thus obtained.
- the method according to the invention can be fully automated and carried out on the collection site (“on-line” implementation) of the test sample. It is not necessary to carry out an intermediate extraction of the collected samples, as is required for the samples collected on filter. In fact, the measurement and quantification of PO can be obtained in near real time with a real time objective.
- the method according to the invention allows a detection limit of the order of 3.10 3 nmol.min -1 for the AA test and of 10 -5 nmol.min -1 for the DTT test.
- the detection limit is determined as three times the standard deviation of blanks measured with ultrapure water. Expressing the detection limit as a function of the PM mass concentration in the atmosphere is impossible because it depends on the reactivity of the atmospheric mixture present at the time the measurement is made. Thus the device will be able to be sensitive to very low concentrations near a source of very oxidizing particles but higher for places with fewer oxidizing species in the atmosphere. This is why research groups use this common name.
- the detection limit can also be calculated for known reference compounds found in the atmosphere.
- the apparatus can detect 5.10 -4 pM of Cu (CuCh solution) for the AA line and 1.10 -4 pM of Cu for the DTT line.
- detection limits advantageously differ from technologies involving filters which require detection limits typically of the order of 10 -2 nmol.min -1 for the AA test and 10 -3 nmol.min -1 for the DTT test.
- PO is a health indicator (whose results correlate with toxicological tests on the same samples) of air pollution or emissions.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a method for determining atmospheric pollution or emissions of gases and/or particles, said method comprising:
- said correlation may in particular comprise the comparison of the value of the PO thus obtained with the value of samples already characterized.
- the method according to the invention therefore allows the measurement in real time of the health exposure to atmospheric pollution, that is to say in a period of time of approximately one hour, or less.
- This reactivity measurement can be associated with several physicochemical properties (composition, size, solubility, speciation, etc.) of the samples, according to the results obtained according to the antioxidant species used for the tests.
- the ascorbic acid test is indeed selective vis-à-vis metals in particular and the DTT test is sensitive to many organic and inorganic compounds in a balanced way.
- the method according to the invention finds its application in particular for the monitoring and possibly the forecasting of the air quality by the organizations which carry out these measurements.
- the present invention also relates to an apparatus for the automatic online determination of the PO of a test medium, comprising:
- nebulization chamber of at least a fraction of the test sample with a sample of artificial lung fluid to form a liquid test sample
- At least one test module configured to react the liquid test sample obtained with a reagent
- said apparatus may further comprise a system configured to power the test module(s):
- said apparatus may also comprise one or more test modules in parallel, each test module being configured to react the liquid test sample with a respective reagent.
- the measurement module includes an optical measurement system.
- said apparatus may also comprise a system configured to circulate a washing solution in the test module(s). tricks
- Figure 1 shows an operating diagram according to one embodiment of the method and apparatus according to the invention.
- Figure 2 represents the correlation between the results obtained with the on-line method of the invention, compared to the filter measurement method.
- Figure 3 represents the reactivity of the test medium (ambient aerosol medium of the laboratory) for different sampling times.
- Figure 4 represents the response of the device for the AA line for ranges of CuCls between 0.001 pmol.L -1 and 0.01 pmol.L -1 , that is to say concentrations representative of the atmospheric concentrations of copper found in European cities (5-20 ng.m -3 ).
- Figure 5 represents the response of the device for the DTT line for ranges of CuCls between 0.001 pmol.L -1 and 0.02 pmol.L -1 , that is to say concentrations representative of the atmospheric concentrations of copper found in European cities (5-20 ng.m -3 ).
- Figure 6 represents measurements of the Oxidizing Potential (AA test, lower curve) as a function of a time scale (month-day), by the method according to the invention (ROS On-line) equipped with a PM2.5 head, located on the roof of the IGE (Grenoble).
- the colocalized mass measurements (upper curve) are carried out by GRIMM particle counter.
- Figure 1 illustrates the succession of the following 4 modules:
- sample preparation module 1 comprising a collection module, for example with a cyclone effect 11 and a nebulization chamber 13;
- the sample preparation module 1 has the function of preparing a liquid test sample from a medium to be tested, such as an aerosol.
- a collection module 11 extracts the test sample, for example an aerosol test sample, into a reaction chamber.
- the reaction chamber can be a cyclone effect module, and extracted from the aerosol medium to test the particles contained therein, depending on the size of the particles.
- a stripper 12 or high-efficiency air filter may be present between the collection module 11 and the spray chamber 13 to limit the aerosol test sample to either the particle fraction or the gaseous fraction.
- test sample or a fraction thereof thus collected is led into a nebulization chamber 13 where it is brought into contact with a sample of artificial lung fluid.
- the liquid test sample thus obtained is then led to the test module 2.
- a system 16 such as a syringe pump takes the liquid test sample from the outlet of module 1 to the test module.
- System 16 also draws a sample of reagent stored in reservoir 14 for reaction with the liquid test sample. Control measurements, not represented in FIG. 1, are carried out in parallel.
- test modules 2 can be present in parallel, each test being conducted with a given reagent.
- a determined fraction of the liquid test sample is taken by the system 16 to be reacted with a given reagent.
- test module 2 is advantageously maintained under physiological conditions:
- the temperature is maintained between 30 and 40°C, typically at about 37°C.
- the pH maintained between 7 and 8, at 7.4 in particular
- the system 17 typically a pump, such as a peristaltic pump, conveys the reaction mixture of said test to the measurement module 3.
- the data can be acquired on a portable broad-spectrum spectrophotometer.
- the measurement module 3 typically comprises an optical measurement system 19 such as a spectrophotometer for example, making it possible to measure an optical property (such as absorbance or fluorescence for example) of the reaction mixture by means of a light source 18.
- an optical measurement system 19 such as a spectrophotometer for example, making it possible to measure an optical property (such as absorbance or fluorescence for example) of the reaction mixture by means of a light source 18.
- the optical measurement ultimately leads to the value of the oxidizing potential of the test medium: It can first of all be correlated with the concentration as a reagent after incubation, according to the Beer-Lambert law.
- concentration of the reagent in the reaction mixture after incubation can make it possible to determine the depletion of reagent relative to the quantity of reagent injected into the test module 2. This depletion is attributable to the concentration of reactive oxygen species present in the test sample or a fraction thereof. This value can be associated with the oxidizing potential of the mixture tested.
- the calculation module 4 can also include a data processing system 20
- a measuring device has been produced, with the following specifications:
- Measurement frequency 1 integrated measurement over 40 min per hour.
- Measurement range from 0.05 to 25 nmol of antioxidant AA. min -1 , over a linear range
- Apparatus blank approx. 5 pmol of antioxidant AA.min -1 Contamination of measurements by hysteresis: less than 3% Autonomy of consumables of the order of 3 to 4 days
- the aerosol medium to be tested was the ambient air of the laboratory in which the device according to the invention is located.
- test aerosol sample was taken by a pump and all of the aerosol was taken successively for 10, 20 and 30 min at 5 L.min -1 .
- the detection limit was measured at 4.1 pmol.min-1 for the AA test.
- the invention was also deployed in the ambient air of the city of Grenoble for several days.
- the results are presented in Figure 6.
- the mass concentrations are particularly low, less than 10 pg/m 3 on average over the last days of the campaign (current European regulations are not to exceed 25 pg/m 3 as an annual average).
- This last observation is particularly interesting, and shows the sensitivity of the device, the interest of the measurement time step, the low hysteresis of the signal, and the ability to follow “fast” episodes.
- the “on-line” method according to the invention was also compared with the “offline” methods used to carry out the measurements on filters (typically by plate spectrophotometry), for various atmospheric compounds.
- the results are shown in Figure 2 for a copper-based compound (CuCls) at concentrations typical of those found in the atmosphere.
- CuCls copper-based compound
- the oxidizing potential was measured with the AA test with a plate spectrophometer in the laboratory, or with the invention.
- the results are similar between the two methods for concentrations between 0.1 and 5 pM of CuCh including extreme values of copper encountered in the atmosphere (correlation close to 1 for 6 points (6 concentrations tested); slope of the straight line of regression close to 1; y-intercept very low).
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN202180075162.XA CN116529606A (zh) | 2020-11-06 | 2021-11-05 | 测量样品、特别是气溶胶的氧化电位的方法,其实施设备及其在线分析空气质量的用途 |
EP21807058.9A EP4241090A1 (fr) | 2020-11-06 | 2021-11-05 | Procede de mesure du potentiel oxydant d'echantillons, notamment d'aerosols, l'appareillage pour sa mise en oeuvre et son utilisation pour analyser en ligne la qualite de l'air |
US18/251,975 US20240011971A1 (en) | 2020-11-06 | 2021-11-05 | Method for measuring the oxidation potential of samples, in particular aerosols, equipment for the implemention thereof and use of same for on-line analysis of air quality |
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FRFR2011431 | 2020-11-06 | ||
FR2011431A FR3116122B1 (fr) | 2020-11-06 | 2020-11-06 | Procede de mesure du potentiel oxydant d’echantillons, notamment d’aerosols, l’appareillage pour sa mise en œuvre et son utilisation pour analyser la qualite de l’air |
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US (1) | US20240011971A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP4241090A1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN116529606A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3116122B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2022096675A1 (fr) |
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- 2021-11-05 EP EP21807058.9A patent/EP4241090A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-11-05 US US18/251,975 patent/US20240011971A1/en active Pending
- 2021-11-05 WO PCT/EP2021/080824 patent/WO2022096675A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2021-11-05 CN CN202180075162.XA patent/CN116529606A/zh active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (12)
Title |
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AINSI, YU ET AL., AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 54, 2020, pages 304 - 320 |
BAKER ET AL., ANAL. BIOCHEM., vol. 190, 1990, pages 360 - 365 |
BARRAZA F ET AL: "Contrasts in chemical composition and oxidative potential in PM10 near flares in oil extraction and refining areas in Ecuador", ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, PERGAMON, GB, vol. 223, 23 January 2020 (2020-01-23), XP086057830, ISSN: 1352-2310, [retrieved on 20200123], DOI: 10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2020.117302 * |
CALAS AUDE ET AL: "Comparison between five acellular oxidative potential measurement assays performed with detailed chemistry on PM<sub>10</sub> samples from the city of Chamonix (France)", ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, vol. 18, no. 11, 5 June 2018 (2018-06-05), pages 7863 - 7875, XP055827664, DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-7863-2018 * |
CALAS AUDE ET AL: "The importance of simulated lung fluid (SLF) extractions for a more relevant evaluation of the oxidative potential of particulate matter", vol. 7, no. 1, 14 September 2017 (2017-09-14), XP055827668, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-11979-3> DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11979-3 * |
CALAS ET AL., SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, vol. 7, 2017, pages 11617 |
MARQUES ET AL., DISSOLUTION TECHNOLOGIES, 2011, pages 15 - 28 |
MOUFARREJ LAMIA ET AL: "Assessment of the PM2.5 oxidative potential in a coastal industrial city in Northern France: Relationships with chemical composition, local emissions and long range sources", SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 748, 6 August 2020 (2020-08-06), XP086308309, ISSN: 0048-9697, [retrieved on 20200806], DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.141448 * |
QUE CALAS ET AL., SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, vol. 7, no. 1, 2017 |
WEBER SAMUEL ET AL., ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, vol. 18, no. 13, 2018, pages 9617 - 9629 |
WEBER SAMUËL ET AL: "An apportionment method for the oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter sources: application to a one-year study in Chamonix, France", ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, vol. 18, no. 13, 9 July 2018 (2018-07-09), pages 9617 - 9629, XP055827660, DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-9617-2018 * |
YU HAORAN ET AL: "A semi-automated multi-endpoint reactive oxygen species activity analyzer (SAMERA) for measuring the oxidative potential of ambient PM 2.5 aqueous extracts", AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY., vol. 54, no. 3, 6 December 2019 (2019-12-06), US, pages 304 - 320, XP055827659, ISSN: 0278-6826, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1693492 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20240011971A1 (en) | 2024-01-11 |
FR3116122B1 (fr) | 2024-09-27 |
EP4241090A1 (fr) | 2023-09-13 |
CN116529606A (zh) | 2023-08-01 |
FR3116122A1 (fr) | 2022-05-13 |
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